ENM221-0228/2016

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SECTION A

QUESTION 1

 To identify the risks and benefits and weigh them

 To decide on designs and advisability of product/project

QUESTION 2

A conflict of interest arises when what is in a person’s best interest is not in the best interest of another
person or organization to which that individual owes loyalty.

The duty of loyalty means an employee is obligated to render “loyal and faithful” service to the
employer, to act with “good faith,” and not to compete with but rather to advance the employer's
interests.

The two senses of loyalty in professional ethics are:

1) Agency loyalty
It is acting to fulfill one’s contractual duties to an employer and is obligatory.
Agency loyalty makes it clear that there should be honesty and truthfulness in the contracts
made with users, and to avoid any kind of contract breaching activity. This is entirely a
matter of specific actions which one is assigned, such as doing one’s job and not stealing
from one’s employer.
2) Identification loyalty.
It deals with attitudes, emotions and sense of personal identity with actions. It includes
willingness to meet moral duties, with attachment, conviction, and trust with employer.
People who grudgingly do their work are not having identification loyalty.

QUESTION 3
Moral Autonomy is the philosophy which is self-governing or self-determining, i.e., acting
independently without the influence or distortion of others. Moral autonomy relates to the
individual ideas whether right or wrong conduct which is independent of ethical issues.
A morally autonomous engineer should question the adequacy of existing economic and safety
standards as a means of anticipating unknown consequences.
QUESTION 4
Standardization is the process of defining and applying conditions required to ensure that a
given range of requirements can be easily met in an economical and reproducible manner by the
latest technique.
Role of Standardization
•Interchangeability- This is the ability to replace the components, parts, or equipment of one
manufacturer with those of another, without losing function or suitability. Interchangeability as
a result of standardization leads to higher productivity and lower manufacturing costs.
•Accuracy in measurement- Ensures the quantity of a measured value is close to the correct
value. Sizes and dimensions are coordinated and adapted.
•Ease of handling
•Prevention of harm- Unambiguous testing methods are established to ensure product/process
safety.
•Decreased production costs-Since the organization has standardized the product/process, it
employs similar mode of production all across and this helps them enjoy economies of scale.
•Quality products- Standardization ensures quality control guaranteeing uniformity of the
outputted products.
Role of law for Engineers
1.The rules which govern engineering practice should be construed as of responsible
experimentation rather than rules of a game. This makes the engineer responsible for the safe
conduct of the experiment.
2.Precise rules and sanctions are suitable in case of ethical misconduct that involves the
violation of established engineering procedures,which are aimed at the safety and the welfare
of the public.
3.In situations where the experimentation is large and time consuming, the rules must not try to
cover all possible out comes, and they should not compel the engineers to follow rigid courses
of action.
4.The regulation should be broad, but make engineers accountable for their decisions
5.Through professional societies, the engineers can facilitate framing the rules, amend wherever
necessary, and enforce them, but without giving-in for conflicts of interest.

QUESTION 5
Manufacturers’ understanding of the risk in a product is necessary in order to help reduce
secondary costs as well as to know the possible risk for purposes of pricing, disclaimers, legal
terms etc.
The cost of products is high if designed unsafely due to the reasons outlined below:
•Returns and Warranty Expenses
 •Loss of Customer Goodwill
•Cost of litigation
•Loss of Customers due to injuries in using it
•Cost of rework and lost time in attending to design problems
SECTION B
QUESTION 6
Scenario analysis
Consider the loss scenarios below:
 Scenario A: A truck carrying the raw materials overturns in a populated area.
 Scenario B: The company is found liable for an accident involving bodily injury from the
heaps of raw materials deposited in the factory compound. No spill or disruption of
cargo is involved.
 Scenario C: Involves destruction/loss of the raw materials deposited on the factory
compound due to lack of protection from environmental hazards and theft by
employees.
 Scenario D: The raw materials acquired are substandard due to the suppliers being pre-
qualified.

Probability/Loss combinations:

 Scenario A: Probability of occurrence of is high as well as the potential cause of harm to the
public hence this scenario is deemed sufficiently possible and significant- RISKY
 Scenario B: More probable in occurrence ,but affordable to the firm– NOT RISKY
 Scenario C: The probability of this occurrence is high hence this scenario is deemed sufficiently
possible and significant- RISKY
 Scenario D: The probability of this occurrence is high hence this scenario is deemed sufficiently
possible and significant, but affordable to the firm– NOT RISKY.

QUESTION 7

Reducing the possible risks involves:

 Choosing a qualified supplier for the raw materials.

 Ensuring the infrastructure leading from the quarry to the factory compound is in good
condition to reduce the risk of truck accidents during transportation of the raw materials.
 Hiring an experienced supplying company.
 Ensure the raw materials deposited are protected from harm by environmental factors and
humans by depositing the heaps in enclosed areas in the compound.