Index
alternative hypothesis 47
analysis of covariance 156
analysis of variance (ANOVA) 77-
89
and experiment-wise error rate
81
and pairwise error rate 81
arithmetic mean see mean
asymptotic standard error (ASE) 146
average see mean
bar graphs see graphics
Bernoulli trial 95
bias, and selective factors 7-8
binomial theory
and the binomial distribution 95
and Bernoulli trials 95
and the sign test 108
bivariate normality 122
block design see experimental design
box plots see graphics
central tendency
as a measure of location 9-17
mean 9-10,14
median 14
mode 10-13
proportions as a measure 90
chisquare(x²)
distribution 99
test 91-103
coefficient of determination, r² 123
coefficient of variation 23
completely randomized design 159
confidence interval 146-7
confounding 152,154
control groups 156
correlation 121
the true correlation coefficient, p
122
the sample (Pearson’s) correlation
coefficient, r 122
the non-parametric sample
(Spearman’s) correlation
coefficient, rs 126
the coefficient of determination, r²
123
covariables see experiment design
critical ratio 53, 59, 73, 96
critical value 46, 50
CV see coefficient of variation
degrees of freedom 22,5940
descriptive statistics 3
dispersion
choice of ‘center’ and the mean
19-20
interquartile range 27
kurtosis 27
mean deviance 21
skewness 26
standard deviation 22-3
standard error of the mean 234
variance 20-2
distribution
frequency and the histogram
41-2
Gaussian 51
sample 16
skewed 17, 26
underlying 6
distribution-free statistics see non-
parametric statistics
dose response curves 142-5
dot plots see graphics
Dunnett’s test 88
error bars see graphics
estimation
and confidence intervals 146-7
and mathematical models 117-18
and linear regression 133
and non-linear regression 140
experiment design
and equivalence 157
and confounding 152,154
and operating characteristics 155
170 The Biostatistics Cookbook

and power 157 stacked 32

and research hypothesis 150 three-dimensional 32
and sequence effects 161 box plots 43
and study population 150 control charts 34
central composite design 163 dot plots 40
complete block designs 160 error bars 37-8
completely randomized (one way) histograms 42
designs 159 line graphs 334
control groups 156 multigraphs 37
covariables 156 multi-line graph 34
factorial designs 162 stem-and-leaf plots 41
fractional factorial designs 163 scattergrams (scatterplots) 40-1,
Latin square designs 160-1 120
multifactor designs 161-3 step graphs 34
regression design 164 Gaussian curve 51
repeated measures designs 165
sequential designs 157 histograms see graphics
strata 156 heteroscedasticity 83
experimental strata and covariables homoscedasticity 83, 84
156
experiment-wise error rate 77, 81 inference
expected value see mean and the critical ratio 53
events and event space 6 and the inferential paradigm 45
and the null hypothesis 45–6
F-distribution, and tests of variances and the p-value 46
86 information metric
F-test and F-ratio, in analysis of and the p-value 152-3
variance 87 and the confidence interval 152-3
factorial designs see experiment interquartile range 27
design
Fisher’s exact test, and the Rule of Kruskall Wallis test see non-
Five 102-3 parametric statistics
fractional factorial designs see kurtosis 27
experiment design
frequency distribution and Latin squares see experimental
probability space 10 designs
law of parsimony 142
goodness of fit, and linear regression
135 marginals in chi-square table 97
graphical annotation see graphics mathematical models, and variables
graphics in regression 130,140
and exploration 39-43 mean
and presentation 29-34 arithmetic mean 9-10,14
and annotation 35-7 geometric mean 17
and scaling 37-9 sample mean, 15, 53
bar graphs 29-32 true mean, 52-3
grouped 32 mean deviance 21
pareto chart 32 median 14