TYPESOFLI

STENI
NG

LI
steni
ng

t
heprocessofreceivi
ng,constr
ucti
ngmeaningf
rom,
andr
espondi
ngt
oaspokenand/ornon-
ver
bal
message(I
nter
nationalReadingAssoci
ati
on)

Ty
pesofLi
steni
ng

Appr
eci
ati
veLi
steni
ng

-l
i
steningforpl
easur
eandenj
oyment
,aswhenwel
i
stent
omusi
c,t
oacomedyr
out
ine,
ort
oan
enter
taini
ngspeech.

-descr
ibeshowwel
lspeaker
schooseandusewor
ds,
usehumor
,askquest
ions.t
ell
stor
ies,
andar
gue
persuasi
vel
y

Emphat
icLi
steni
ng

-
li
steni
ngt
oprovi
deemoti
onal
suppor
tfort
hespeaker
,aswhenapsy
chi
atr
istl
i
stenst
oapat
ientorwhen
welendasympat
het
iceart
oafri
end

-
focusesonunder
standi
ngandi
dent
if
yingwi
thaper
son’
ssi
tuat
ion,
feel
i
ngs,
ormot
ives

-
ther
eisanat
temptt
ounder
standwhatt
heot
herper
soni
sfeel
i
ng

-
li
stenerdoesnotnecessar
il
yagr
eeorfeelt
hesamewaywiththespeakeri
nst
eadunder
standt
het
ypeand
i
ntensit
yoffeel
i
ngsthespeakeri
sexperi
enci
ngwit
houtj
udgemen

Compr
ehensi
ve/
Act
iveLi
steni
ng

-l
i
steni
ngtounder
standt
hemessageofaspeaker
,aswhenweat
tendacl
assr
oom l
ect
ureorl
i
stent
o
dir
ecti
onsf
orfi
ndi
ngaf r
iend’
shouse

-
focusesonaccur
atelyunder
standi
ngthemeaningofthespeaker
’swordswhil
esimult
aneousl
y
i
nter
preti
ngnon-
verbalcuessuchasfaci
alexpr
essi
ons,gest
ures,
posture,
andvocalqual
i
ty

St
epsi
nAct
iveLi
steni
ng

1.l
i
steni
ngcar
eful
l
ybyusi
ngal
lav
ail
abl
esenses

2.par
aphr
asi
ngwhati
shear
dbot
hment
all
yandv
erbal
l
y

3.checki
ngy
ourunder
standi
ngt
oensur
eaccur
acy

4.pr
ovi
dingf
eedback

-
Duri
ngaquesti
on-and-answersessi
ons,
speaker
susecompr
ehensi
vel
i
steni
ngski
l
lst
oaccur
atel
y
i
nter
prett
heaudi
ence’squesti
ons
Cr
it
ical
/Anal
yti
cal
List
eni
ng

-l
i
steni
ngt
oev aluat
eamessageforpur
posesofaccept
ingorreject
ingit
,aswhenwel
i
stent
othesal
es
pit
chofaused-cardeal
erort
hecampai
gnspeechofapolit
icalcandidat
e

-
focusesonev
aluat
ingwhet
heramessagei
slogi
cal
andr
easonabl
e

-
asksy
out
omakej
udgement
sbasedony
ourev
aluat
ionoft
hespeaker
’sar
gument
s

-
chal
l
engest
hespeaker
’smessagebyev
aluat
ingi
tsaccur
acyandmeani
ngf
ulness,
andut
il
it
y

-
usescr
it
ical
thi
nki
ngski
l
ls

BASI
CSENTENCEPATTERN

ELEMENTSOFASENTENCE

•Subj
ect–doeroft
heact
ion/t
opi
coft
hesent
ence

•Pr
edi
cat
e–st
atessomet
hingaboutt
hesubj
ect

•Di
rectObj
ect–r
ecei
vest
heact
iondonebyt
hesubj
ect

•Indi
rectObject-precedesthedir
ectobj
ectandt
ell
stowhom orf
orwhom t
heact
ionoft
hev
erbi
sdone
andwhoi sreceivi
ngt hedi
rectobj
ect

Subj
ect–I
ntr
ansi
ti
veVer
b

Mar
iacooper
atedv
olunt
ari
l
y

Mar
ia(
S)Cooper
ated(
IV)

Whati
sani
ntr
ansi
ti
vev
erb?

Ani
ntr
ansi
ti
vev
erbi
sav
erbwi
thoutadi
rectobj
ect

Exampl
esofS-
IVsent
ences

Iwr
otel
egi
bly
.

Mi
chael
andGabr
iel
wokeandy
awned.

Hepr
aysev
ery
day
.

St
udent
sshoul
dst
udyev
eryni
ght
.

Sher
eadssi
l
ent
ly.
Subj
ect
-Tr
ansi
ti
veVer
b-Di
rectObj
ect

Thest
udent
shel
pedt
hebar
angay

St
udent(
S)hel
ped(
V)bar
angay(
DO)

Whati
sat
ransi
ti
vev
erb?

At
ransi
ti
vev
erbi
sav
erbt
hatr
equi
resbot
hasubj
ectandadi
rectobj
ect

Exampl
esofs-
tv-
dosent
ences

Someoneat
emysandwi
ch.

Mi
kkor
eadst
hedi
cti
onar
yforpl
easur
e.

Thecamper
sfeart
hebear
s.

Theboar
dshowedt
hei
rappr
oval
.

Ipl
ayedt
hepi
ano.

Subj
ect–Li
nki
ngVer
b–Pr
edi
cti
veNomi
nat
ive

Teacher
sar
eoursecondpar
ent
s.

Teacher
s(S)ar
e(l
i
nki
ngv
erb)par
ent
s(PN)

Whati
saPN?

Apr
edi
cat
enomi
nat
iveorapr
edi
cat
enouncompl
etesal
i
nki
ngv
erbandr
enamest
hesubj
ect
.

Exampl
esofs-
LV-
PNsent
ences

Annei
stheboss.

Whal
esandshar
ksar
emammal
s.

Thegi
rlshoul
dbet
hecapt
ain.

Mymot
heri
sat
eacher
.

Phi
l
ippi
nesi
sthe“
Pear
loft
heOr
ientSeas.
”

Subj
ect–Li
nki
ngVer
b–Pr
edi
cti
veAdj
ect
ive

Herpi
esar
ever
ysweet
.

pi
es(
S)ar
e(LV)sweet(
PA)

Whati
saP.
A.?

Apr
edi
cat
eadj
ect
ivef
oll
owsal
i
nki
ngv
erbanddescr
ibest
hesubj
ect
.
Exampl
esofs-
lv-
pasent
ences

Hi
sbehav
iorhasbeenout
rageous.

Ni
ñai
ssobeaut
if
ul.

Thatgar
bageont
hest
reetsmel
l
sbad.

Hei
sdead.

Themanwasv
eryaccommodat
ing.

Subj
ect
-Tr
ansi
ti
veVer
b-Di
rectObj
ect
-Obj
ectCompl
ement

Hecal
l
edt
hecashi
erbeaut
if
ul.

He(
S)cal
l
ed(
TV)cashi
er(
DO)beaut
if
ul(
OC)

Whati
sanO.
C.?

Anobj
ectcomplementisanoun,pr
onoun,
oradj
ect
ivewhi
chf
oll
owsadi
rectobj
ectandr
enamesi
tort
ell
s
whatt
hedir
ectobjecthasbecome.

Exampl
esofS-
TV-
DO-
OCsent
ences

Thecl
assel
ect
edNadi
nepr
esi
dent
.

Cat
hycutherhai
rshor
t.

Thechi
l
dmadehermot
herhappy
.

Manypeopl
efi
ndmar
ti
alar
tschal
l
engi
ng.

Somepetowner
sconsi
dert
hei
rdogst
hei
rchi
l
dren.

Subj
ect
-Tr
ansi
ti
veVer
b-I
ndi
rectObj
ect
-Di
rectObj
ect

Li
zagav
ethechi
l
drengi
ft
s.

Li
za(
S)gav
e(TV)chi
l
dren(
IO)gi
ft
s(DO)

Exampl
esofS-
TV-
io-
dosent
ences

Mom wi
l
lpai
ntGabr
iel
api
ctur
e.Hewi
l
lgi
veMr
s.Per
ezt
hemessage.

Yv
annsur
pri
sedhi
ssi
sterwi
thar
ewar
d.

It
eacht
hest
udent
sEngl
i
sh.

Pear
lsentTom abook.
 NOTETAKI
NG

•Thepr
act
iceofwr
it
ingdownorot
her
wiser
ecor
dingkeypoi
ntsofi
nfor
mat
ion.

•Taki
ngnotesi
nvol
vesacti
vel
ist
eni
ng,aswel
lasconnect
ingandrel
ati
ngi
nformati
ont
oideasy
oual
ready
know.I
tal
soinvol
vesseeki
nganswer
stoquest
ionst
hatarisef
rom t
hemateri
al.

•Taki
ngnot
esdoesn'
tsi
mplymeanscri
bbl
ingdownormar ki
ngupthethi
ngsthatst
ri
keyourf
ancy.It
meansusi
ngaprovensy
stem andt
heneff
ecti
vel
yrecor
dingi
nfor
mationbef
oretyi
ngever
ythi
ngtogether
.

TAKI
NGNOTESCANHELPYOUTO:

 i
mpr
ovey
ourunder
standi
ngbymaki
ngy
ouconv
ertdi
ff
icul
tideasi
ntoy
ourownwor
ds

 pr
epar
eforwr
it
ingf
ull
er,
bet
terconnect
edar
gument
siny
ouressay
s

 bemor
efocusedandt
ime-
eff
ici
enti
nyourexam r
evi
sionper
iod

 assessy
ourownpr
ogr
essasy
oust
udy

EFFECTI
VENOTETAKI
NGREQUI
RES

 r
ecogni
zi
ngt
hemai
nideas

 i
dent
if
yingwhati
nfor
mat
ioni
srel
evantt
oyourt
ask

 hav
ingasy
stem ofnot
etaki
ngt
hatwor
ksf
ory
ou

 r
educi
ngt
hei
nfor
mat
iont
onot
eanddi
agr
am f
ormat

 wher
epossi
ble,
put
ti
ngt
hei
nfor
mat
ioni
nyourownwor
d

 r
ecor
dingt
hesour
ceoft
hei
nfor
mat
ion

READI
NGANDNOTE-
TAKI
NGSTRATEGI
ES

1.Besel
ect
iveandsy
stemat
ic

 Thi
nkabouty
ourpur
posef
orr
eadi
ng.

 Ski
mthet
ext
.

 Hi
ghl
i
ghtormar
kthemai
npoi
ntsandanyr
elev
anti
nfor
mat
iony
oumayneedt
otakenot
esf
rom.

 r
eadt
her
elev
antsect
ionsoft
het
extcar
eful
l
yandt
akesepar
atenot
esasy
our
ead.

 Setouty
ournot
ebookssot
haty
ouhav
easi
mil
arf
ormateacht
imey
out
akenot
es.

 Col
umnst
hatdi
sti
ngui
sht
hesour
cei
nfor
mat
ionandy
ourt
hought
scanbehel
pful
.
  Headi
ngsthati
ncl
udebi
bli
ogr
aphi
cref
erencedet
ail
soft
hesour
cesofi
nfor
mat
ionar
eal
so
i
mportant
.

 Theuseofcol
ort
ohi
ghl
i
ghtmaj
orsect
ions,
mai
npoi
ntsanddi
agr
amsmakesnot
eseasyt
o
access.

2.I
dent
if
ythepur
poseandf
unct
ionofat
ext

 Readt
het
it
leandt
heabst
ractorpr
eface(
ift
her
eisone)

 Readt
hei
ntr
oduct
ionorf
ir
stpar
agr
aph

 Ski
mthet
extt
oreadt
opi
cheadi
ngsandnot
icehowt
het
exti
sor
gani
zed

 Readgr
aphi
cmat
eri
alandpr
edi
cti
tspur
posei
nthet
ext

3.I
DENTI
FYHOW I
NFORMATI
ONI
SORGANI
ZED

ORGANI
SINGPRI
NCI
PLES:

 Pasti
deast
opr
esenti
deas

 Thest
epsorst
agesofapr
ocessorev
ent

 Mosti
mpor
tantpoi
ntt
oleasti
mpor
tantpoi
nt

 Wel
lknowni
deast
oleastknowni
deas

 Si
mpl
eideast
ocompl
exi
deas

 Gener
ali
deast
ospeci
fi
cideas

 Thel
argestpar
tst
othesmal
l
estpar
tsofsomet
hing

 Pr
obl
emsandsol
uti
ons

 Causesandr
esul
ts

4.I
NCLUDEYOURTHOUGHTS

Whentaki
ngnot
esforanassi
gnmentitisal
sohel
pfult
orecor
dy ourt
houghtsattheti
me.Recordyour
t
houghtsi
nasepar
atecol
umnormar ginandinadi
ffer
entcol
ourtothenotesyoutookfr
om thetext
.

 Whati
deasdi
dyouhav
eabouty
ourassi
gnmentwheny
our
eadt
hati
nfor
mat
ion?

 Howdoy
out
hinky
oucoul
duset
hisi
nfor
mat
ioni
nyourassi
gnment
?
I
STENI
NGANDNOTE-
TAKI
NGSTRATEGI
ES

GENERALTI
PS

 Hav
eacl
earpur
pose

 Recogni
semai
nideas

 Sel
ectwhati
srel
evant
;youdonotneedt
owr
it
edownev
ery
thi
ngt
hati
ssai
d

 Hav
easy
stem f
orr
ecor
dingi
nfor
mat
iont
hatwor
ksf
ory
ou

STRATEGI
ESTOI
NCREASECOMPREHENSI
ONANDI
MPROVENOTE-
TAKI
NG

Bef
oret
hel
ect
ure

 r
evi
set
hepr
evi
ousl
ect
ureort
utor
ial

 pr
e-r
eadaboutt
het
opi
c

 checkt
hepr
onunci
ati
onofanynewwor
dsordi
sci
pli
ne-
speci
fi
clanguagei
nthepr
e-r
eadi
ngs.

 r
uleuppagesaccor
dingt
oyournot
e-t
aki
ngsy
stem.Thi
ssav
est
imei
nthel
ect
ure.

Dur
ingt
hel
ect
ure

 beont
imeandsi
tneart
hef
ront

 di
sti
ngui
shbet
weenmai
npoi
nts,
elabor
ati
on,
exampl
es,
repet
it
ion,
'waf
fl
e'
,r
est
atement
sandnew
poi
ntsby
:

–Li
steni
ngf
orst
ruct
ural
cues(
signpost
/tr
ansi
ti
onwor
ds,
int
roduct
ion,
bodyandsummar
yst
ages)

–Looki
ngf
ornonv
erbal
cues(
faci
alexpr
essi
on,
handandbodysi
gnal
s)

 Looki
ngforv
isualcues(
copyt
hecont
entofanyv
isual
aidsused(
e.g.OHTs)
,not
eref
erencest
o
namesandsources)

 List
eni
ngforphonol
ogi
cal
cues(v oi
cechangei
nvol
ume, speed,
emoti
on).General
l
ywithmore
i
mpor t
anti
nfor
mat i
ont
hespeakerwil
lspeaksl
ower
,louderandt
heywi
lldir
ectthei
rat
tent
iont
o
theaudi
ence

Af
tert
hel
ect
ure

 r
evi
select
urenot
eswit
hin24hour
s.Ti
dyupyourhandwr
it
ingandf
il
li
nanymi
ssi
ngbi
ts.Rev
iewi
ng
makesrememberi
ngl
ectur
esmucheasi
er.

 wr
it
eashor
tsummar
yoft
hel
ect
ure(
1par
agr
aph)i
nyourownwor
ds

at
tachanyhandout
stoy
ourl
ect
urenot
es
1.Usesy
mbol
sandabbr
evi
ati
ons

 Dev
elopasy
stem ofsy
mbol
sandabbr
evi
ati
ons;
someper
sonal
,somef
rom y
ourcour
ses

Beconsi
stentwhenusi
ngsy
mbol
sandabbr
evi
ati
ons

ABBREVI
ATI
ONS

1.Commonabbr
evi
ati
ons

 Manyar
eder
ivedf
rom Lat
in.

 c.
f.(
conf
er)=compar
e

 i
.e.(
idest
)=t
hati
s

 e.
g(ex
empl
agr
ate)=f
orexampl
e

 NB(
not
abenne)=not
ewel
l

 no.(
numer
o)=number

 et
c.(
etcet
era)
=andsoon

2.Di
sci
pli
ne-
speci
fi
cabbr
evi
ati
ons

I
nchemi
str
y:

 Auf
orgol
d

 Mgf
ormagnesi
um

 I
nthecaseofquant
it
iesandconcept
s,t
hesear
erepr
esent
edbyGr
eekl
ett
ersi
nmanyf
iel
ds.

 Aora(
alpha)Borb(
bet
a)

3.Per
sonal
abbr
evi
ati
ons

 Her
eyoucanshor
tenanywor
dthati
scommonl
yusedi
nyourl
ect
ures.

 di
ff=di
ff
erent

 Gov=gov
ernment

 NEC=necessar
y

USECONCEPTMAPSANDDI
AGRAMS

 Youcansetdowninformati
oninaconceptmapordi agr
am.Thi
spresent
stheinf
ormat
ionina
vi
sualfor
m andi
sunliket
het r
adi
ti
onall
inearf
orm ofnotet
aki
ng.I
nformat
ioncanbeaddedtothe
conceptmapinanysequence.
THECORNELLMETHOD

 TheCornel
lmethodprovi
desasystemati
cformatforcondensi
ngandorganizi
ngnoteswi
thout
l
abor
iousrecopyi
ng.Aft
erwri
ti
ngthenotesinthemainspace,uset
heleft
-handspacetol
abeleach
i
deaanddetailwi
thakeywordor"cue.
"

 Ruleyourpaperwi tha2½i nchmar ginont heleftleavingasi x-i

nchareaont herighti
nwhi chto
makenot es.Dur i
ngclass,takedowni nformationint hesi x-
incharea.Whent heinstr
uctormov esto
anewpoi nt,ski
paf ewli
nes.Af t
erclass,compl etephr asesandsent encesasmuchaspossi ble.
Foreverysignif
icantinf
ormat i
on,writeacuei nt heleftmar gin.Torevi
ew,cov eryournoteswitha
card,
leavingthecuesexposed.Sayt hecueoutl oud,thensayasmuchasy oucanoft hemat eri
al
underneaththecar d.Wheny ouhav esaidasmuchasy oucan, movethecardandseei fwhaty ou
sai
dmat cheswhati swrit
ten.Ifyoucansayi t,youknowi t
.

Adv
ant
ages

 Organi
zedandsystemat
icf
orrecordingandrev
iewi
ngnot
es.Easyfor
matforpull
i
ngoutmaj or
conceptandi
deas.Si
mpleandeffi
cient.Sav
esti
meandeff
ort."Do-
it
-r
ight
-i
n-t
he-
fi
rst
-pl
ace"syst
em.

Di
sadv
ant
ages

 None

 Whent
oUse

I
nanyl
ect
uresi
tuat
ion.

THEOUTLI
NINGMETHOD

Dashori
ndent
edout
li
ningi
susual
l
ybestexceptf
orsomesci
encecl
assessuchasphy
sicsormat
h.

1.Theinfor
mati
onwhichismostgener
albegi
nsatt
hel
eftwi
theachmor
especi
fi
cgr
oupoff
act
s
i
ndentedwit
hspacestother
ight
.

2.Ther
elat
ionshi
psbet
weent
hedi
ff
erentpar
tsi
scar
ri
edoutt
hroughi
ndent
ing.

3.Nonumber
s,l
ett
ers,
orRomannumer
alsar
eneeded

METHOD:

List
eningandthenwriteinpointsinanorgani
zedpatt
er nbasedonspaceindention.Placemajorpoint
s
fart
hesttothel
eft.I
ndenteachmor especi
fi
cpointt
ot heri
ght.Lev
elsofimportancewi ll
beindicat
edby
dist
anceawayf r
om themaj orpoint.I
ndent
ioncanbeassi mpleasorascompl exasl abeli
ngthe
i
ndentati
onswithRomannumer alsordecimals.Mar
kingsarenotnecessaryasspacer el
ati
onshipswi
ll
i
ndicatethemajor/minorpoint
s.

Adv
ant
ages

 Wel
l-
organi
zedsy
stem i
fdoneri
ght.Out
li
ningrecor
dscontentaswel
lasrel
ati
onshi
ps.I
tal
so
r
educesedi
ti
ngandiseasytor
eviewbyturni
ngmai npoi
ntsint
oquest
ions.
Di
sadv
ant
ages

 Requi
resmoret houghti
ncl
assforaccurateor
ganizati
on.Thissystem maynotshowrel
ati
onshi
ps
bysequencewhenneeded.Itdoesn'tl
endtodiv
ersit
yofar evi
ewat tachformaxi
mum l
earni
ngand
quest
ionappl
icati
on.Thi
ssystem cannotbeusedifthelect
ureistoof ast
.

Whent
oUse

Theoutl
inefor
matcanbeusedi fthelectur
ei spr
esentedinout
li
neorgani
zati
on.Thismaybeei t
her
deduct
ive(r
egularout
li
ne)ori
nducti
ve( r
everseoutli
newhereminorpoi
ntsstartbui
l
dingtoamaj orpoint
).
Usethi
sf or
matwhent her
eisenought i
mei nthelectur
etothi
nkaboutandmakeor ganizat
iondeci
sions
whentheyareneeded.Thisf
ormatcanbemostef fecti
vewhenyournotetaki
ngskil
lsaresupersharpand
youcanhandletheoutl
ini
ngregar
dlessofthenotet aki
ngsit
uati
on.

Ext
rasensor
yper
cept
ion

–def
ini
ti
on:
meansofper
cei
vi
ngwi
thoutuseofsenseor
gans.

•t
hreeki
nds

 t
elepat
hy:
sendi
ngmessages

 cl
air
voy
ance:
for
ecast
ingt
hef
utur
e

 psy
choki
nesi
s:per
cei
vi
ngev
ent
sext
ernal
tosi
tuat
ion

•cur
rentst
atus

 nocur
rentr
esear
cht
osuppor
torr
efut
e

 f
ewpsy
chol
ogi
stssayi
mpossi
ble

 dooropent
ofut
ure

TheMappi
ngMet
hod

Mappingi samet hodthatusescompr ehensi

on/ concent
rat
ionski
ll
sandevolv
esinanotetaki
ngform
whichrelateseachfactorideatoev er
yotherfactoridea.Mappi
ngisagraphi
crepr
esentat
ionofthe
contentofal ect
ure.I
tisamet hodthatmaximizesact i
vepart
ici
pat
ion,
aff
ordsimmediat
eknowledgeast
o
i
tsunderstanding,andemphasi zescri
ti
calt
hinking.

Adv
ant
ages

 Thisformathelpsyoutov isual
lytr
acky ourlectur
er egardl
essofconditi
ons.Lit
tlethi
nkingis
neededandr el
ati
onshipscaneasi l
ybeseen.I ti
salsoeasyt oedi
tyournotesbyaddi ngnumber s,
mar ks,
andcolorcoding.Rev i
ewwi l
lcallforyoutor estr
uctur
ethoughtprocesseswhi chwil
lfor
ce
yout ocheckunderst
anding.Rev i
ewbycov eri
nglinesformemor ydri
llandrelat
ionships.Main
pointscanbewr i
tt
enonf lashornot ecardsandpi ecedt oget
heri
ntoat abl
eorl argerstruct
ureata
l
aterdate.
Di
sadv
ant
ages

 Youmaynothearchangesi
ncont
entf
rom maj
orpoi
ntst
ofact
s

Whent
oUse

 Usewhenthelecturecont
entisheavyandwel
l-
organi
zed.Mayal
sobeusedeff
ect
ivel
ywheny
ou
haveaguestl
ecturerandhavenoideahowthelect
ureisgoi
ngtobepr
esent
ed.

THECHARTI
NGMETHOD

 Ift
hel
ect
uref
ormatisdi
stinct(suchaschronol
ogical
),y
oumaysetupy
ourpaperbydr
awi
ng
col
umnsandl
abel
ingappropriateheadi
ngsinatable.

METHOD

 Deter
minethecategori
estobecoveredinthelectur
e.Setupyourpaperi
nadvancebycol
umns
headedbythesecategori
es.Asyouli
stentothelect
ure,r
ecor
dinformati
on(
wor ds,
phr
ases,
main
i
deas,et
c.)i
ntotheappropri
atecat
egory.

Adv
ant
ages

 Helpsyoutrackconversat
ionanddial
ogueswhereyouwouldnormall
ybeconf
usedandloseouton
r
elevantcontent
.Reducesamountofwr i
ti
ngnecessar
y.Provi
deseasyrev
iewmechani
sm forbot
h
memor i
zati
onoff act
sandst udyofcompari
sonsandrel
ati
onshi
ps.

Di
sadv
ant
ages

 Fewdi
sadvant
agesexceptl
ear
ninghowtousethesyst
em andlocat
ingt
heappr
opr
iat
ecat
egor
ies.
Youmustbeablet
ounderst
andwhat'shappeni
ngi
nthelect
ure

Whent
oUse

 Testwillf
ocusonbothfact
sandrelat
ionshi
ps.Cont
entisheav
yandpr esent
edf
ast.Youwantt
o
reducetheamountofti
mey ouspendediti
ngandrevi
ewingattestt
ime.Youwantt
ogetan
overvi
ewoft hewhol
ecourseononebigpapersequence.

THESENTENCEMETHOD

Met
hod

 Wr
it
eev
erynewt
hought
,factort
opi
conasepar
atel
i
ne,
number
ingasy
oupr
ogr
ess.

Adv
ant
ages

 Sli
ghtl
ymoreorganizedt
hant
hepar
agr
aph.Get
smor
eoral
loft
hei
nfor
mat
ion.Thi
nki
ngt
otr
act
contenti
sst
il
ll
imited.
Di
sadv
ant
ages

 Can'tdetermi
nemajor/
minorpoi
ntsf
rom t
henumberedsequence.Di
ff
icul
ttoedi
twithouthav
ing
torewr i
tebycl
ust
eri
ngpoint
swhicharer
elat
ed.Di
ff
icul
ttor
eviewunl
essediti
ngcleansup
rel
ationshi
p

Whent
oUse

 Usewhenthelectureissomewhatorgani
zed,
butheavywi t
hcontentwhi
chcomesfast
.Youcan
heart
hedif
ferentpoint
s,butyoudon'
tknowhowt heyf
ittogether
.Thei
nstr
uct
ort
endstopresent
i
npointf
ashion,butnotingroupi
ngsuchas"t
hreerel
atedpoints.

Exampl
e1:

 Arevol
uti
onisanyoccur
rencethataff
ectsot
heraspect
sofli
fe,
suchaseconomicl
ife,
sociall
if
e,
andsofort
h.Ther
efor
erevolut
ionscausechange.(
Seepage29to30inyourt
extaboutthi
s.)

Sampl
eNot
es:

 Rev
olut
ion-occur
rencet
hataf
fect
sot
heraspect
sofl
i
fe:
e.g.
,econ.
,socl
.,
etc.C.
f.t
ext
,pp.29-
30

Exampl
e2:

 Mel
vi
ll
edidnott
rytor
epresentl
i
feasitr
eal
l
ywas.Thel
anguageofAhab,
Star
buck,
andI
shmael
,
f
ori
nstance,
wasnott
hatofreall
if
e.

Sampl
eNot
es:

 Mel
didn'
trepr
.li
feaswas;
e.g.
,l
ang.ofAhab,
etc.notofr
eal
li
fe

Exampl
e3:

 Atfir
st,
Freudtri
edconvent
ional
,physicalmethodsoft r
eatmentsuchasgi v
ingbat
hs,massages
restcur
es,andsimil
arai
ds.Butwhent hesefail
ed,hetri
edtechniquesofhypnosi
sthathehadseen
usedbyJean- Mar
ti
nCharcot.Fi
nal
ly,heborrowedani deafrom JeanBreueranduseddir
ectver
bal
communi cat
iontogetanunhypnoti
zedpat i
enttorevealunconsci
ousthoughts.

Sampl
eNot
es:

 Freud1st-
-usedphys.t
rtment
;e.
g.,
baths,
etc.Thi
sfl
d.2nd--
usedhypnosi
s(f
r.Char
cot
)Fi
nal
l
y--
useddir
ctvrb.commun.(f
r.Br
euer
)-gotunhynop,
patntt
oreveal
uncons.t
hought
 20RULESOFSUBJECTVERBAGREEMENT

1.SUBJECTANDVERBSMUSTAGREEI
NNUMBER.

 Si
ngul
arsubj
ect=si
ngul
arv
erb

 Pl
ural
subj
ect=pl
ural
ver
b

 Cow=si
ngul
ar,
eat
s=si
ngul
ar

 Ducks=pl
ural
,quack=pl
ural

 *
Hint
*=SVS-si
ngul
arv
erbshav
eanS

 Si
ngul
ary
es?
-thev
erbhasan“
S”!

 Si
ngul
arno?The“
S”hast
ogo!

2.Don’
tgetconf
usedbyt
hewor
dst
hatcomebet
weent
hesubj
ectandv
erb.

 Thedet
ect
ivewhowascal
l
edt
othecasei
susual
l
yver
ygood

3.Phr
asesbet
weent
hesubj
ectandv
erbusual
l
ydonotaf
fectt
heagr
eement
.

 Thebi
keri
nthi
sracei
sver
ycompet
it
ive.

 Thebi
ker
sint
hisr
acear
ever
ycompet
it
ive.

4.I
fasent
encest
art
swi
th“
ther
e”or“her
e”,
thesubj
ectwi
l
lal
way
sbepl
acedaf
tert
hev
erb.

 Ther
eisameet
ingt
oday
.

 Her
ear
ether
esul
tsf
rom t
hispastmont
h

5.Subj
ect
scancomeaf
tert
hev
erbi
nquest
ions.

 DoesBet
tyal
way
spl
aywi
thdol
l
s?

 Howar
etheBoscost
ickst
oday
?

6.I
ftwosubj
ect
sar
ejoi
nedby“
and”
,theyt
ypi
cal
l
yrequi
reapl
ural
ver
b.

 Thepuppyandt
hel
adyar
efr
iends
7.I
ftwosubj
ect
sar
esepar
atedby“
and”r
efert
othesamet
hing,
thev
erbi
ssi
ngul
ar.

 Spaghet
tiandmeat
bal
l
sismyf
avor
it
epast
adi
sh.

8.I
fbothsubject
sar
esi
ngul
arandconnect
edbyor
,nor
,nei
ther
/nor
,ei
ther
/orandnotonl
y/butal
so,
the
ver
bissi
ngular.

 Sal
l
yorBubbahasst
olent
hescar
ecr
ow.

 Notonl
ythegui
tarpl
ayerbutal
sot
hedr
ummerwassoakedwi
thsweat
.

9.I
fbothsubjectsarepl
ural
andconnect
edbyt
hewor
dsor
,nor
,nei
ther
/nor
,ei
ther
/or
,andnotonl
y/but
al
so,t
hev er
bi splur
al

 Cooki
esorbr
owni
esar
eni
cet
reat
sfory
ourt
eacher
.

10.I
fonesubjecti
ssi
ngul
arandonepl
ural
andareconnect
edbyt
hewor
dsor
,nor
,nei
ther
/nor
,ei
ther
/or
,
andnotonl
y/butal
so,
usethesubj
ectt
hati
snear
estthever
b.

 Ei
thermysi
ster
sormymom hassentmeapr
esent
.

 Notonl
yBobbutal
sot
heSmi
thswantsomehambur
ger
sforsupper
.

11.Uni
tsofmeasur
ementusual
l
yuseasi
ngul
arv
erb.

 Si
xgal
l
onsofpai
ntwasusedont
hehouse.

 Fi
vedol
l
arsi
stoomuchf
oracupofcof
fee.

12.Col
l
ect
ivenounsusual
l
ytakeasi
ngul
arv
erb.

 Theher
disst
ampedi
ng.

 Thecl
asswasr
eadyf
ort
het
est
.

13.Ti
tl
esofbooks,
mov
ies,
nov
els,
etc.ar
etr
eat
edassi
ngul
ar.

 Hol
eswasoneofmyf
avor
it
ebooks.Iwantt
oseet
hemov
ie.
14.Twoi
nfi
nit
ivessepar
atedbyandt
akeapl
ural
ver
b.

 Tor
unandt
oreadar
emyt
wof
avor
it
e“Fr
ee-
ti
me”act
ivi
ti
es.

15.Ger
undsal
onet
akeasi
ngul
arv
erb.Ger
undsl
i
nkedbyandt
akeapl
ural
ver
b.

 Danci
ngi
snotsomet
hingev
ery
onecandoaswel
lasIcan!

16.I
fthewor
dseach,
ever
yornocomebef
oret
hesubj
ect
,thev
erbi
ssi
ngul
ar.

 Eachboyandgi
rlhast
otaket
het
est
.

 Ev
eryf
rogandt
oadt
urnsi
ntoapr
ince.

 Nopaperandpeni
srequi
red.

 (
Butanappl
ewoul
dbeni
ce!
:)

17.Mosti
ndef
ini
tepr
onounst
akesi
ngul
arv
erbs.

One-Someone,
Any
one,
Noone,
ever
yone

Body-Sombody
,Any
body
,Nobody
,Ev
ery
body

Thi
ng-Somet
hing,
Any
thi
ng,
Not
hing,
Ever
ythi
ng

Li
tt
le,
One,
Anot
herNei
ther
,Much,Ei
ther

 Ev
ery
bodyi
shappy
.

 Noonehasadi
me.

 Not
hingwasgoi
ngt
ohel
p.

18.Bot
h,f
ew,
many
,ot
her
s,andsev
eral
takeapl
ural
ver
b.

 Sev
eral
needt
ofi
nisht
her
ace.

 Af
ewhav
ether
ightanswer
.

19.Whenthesubjectisal
l
, any,more,
most ,
none,
orsome, t
hisi
stheONLYtimey
oumustl
ookatt
he
obj
ectoft
hepreposit
ionalphrasetodeter
minewhetheri
tissi
ngul
arorpl
ural
.
  Al
loft
hechi
ckenshav
elai
deggs.

 Someoft
hemi
l
khasspi
l
led.

20.Fi
nal
rul
e-Remember
,onl
ytheSUBJECTaf
fect
sthev
erb!

COMMONLYCONFUSEDWORDS:I
NFER/I
MPLY

Bot
himpl
yandi
nferar
ever
bs.

Bot
hver
bshav
etodowi
tht
hecommuni
cat
ionofi
nfor
mat
ion.

Thedif
ferencebet
weent
het
woi
sthati
mpl
yref
erst
ogi
vi
ngi
nfor
mat
ion,
whi
l
einf
err
efer
stor
ecei
vi
ng
i
nfor
mat i
on.

I
mpl
y

I
mpl
ymeanst
ost
rongl
ysuggestt
het
rut
horexi
stenceofsomet
hingt
hati
snotexpr
essl
yst
ated.

Thespeaker
,orsomeonewhoi
sgi
vi
ngi
nfor
mat
ion,
mayi
mpl
ysomet
hing.

Exampl
e

Jason'
sscowl
impl
i
edt
hathewasunhappywi
tht
hej
ob

I
mpl
i
ed(
Suggest
ed)

Whatar
eyoui
mpl
yi
ngbyy
ourr
emar
k?

i
mly
ing(
suggest
ing)

I
nfer

Infermeanstodeduceorconcl
udei
nfor
mat
ionf
rom ev
idenceandr
easoni
ngr
athert
hanf
rom expl
i
cit
statementoft
hatinf
ormati
on.

Thel
i
stener
,orsomeonewhoi
srecei
vi
ngi
nfor
mat
ion,
mayi
nfersomet
hing.

Exampl
e

Fr
om t
het
oneofy
ourv
oice,
iam i
nfer
ri
ngt
haty
ouar
eangr
y.

i
nfer
ri
ng(
Concl
udi
ng)

Whatshoul
dii
nferf
rom y
ourr
emar
k

i
nfer(
Concl
ude)

Onewhogi
vesi
nfor
mat
ioni
mpl
i
es.

Onewhor
ecei
vesi
nfor
mat
ioni
nfer
s.
 MOODSOFTHEVERB

I
ndi
cat
ive,
Imper
ati
ve,
Subj
unct
ive

Whati
smood?

LI
FEDEFI
NITI
ON

Howy
ouar
efeel
i
ngatagi
vent
ime

LI
TERATUREDEFI
NITI
ON

Ther
eader
’semot
ional
response

Theat
mospher
eofast
ory

“
Mood”i
nGr
ammar

DEFI
NITI
ON:
Thef
orm av
erbt
akest
oindi
cat
etheATTI
TUDEoft
heper
sonusi
ngt
hev
erb.

TENSE–showst
ime(
past
,pr
esent
,fut
ure)

VOI
CE–showswho’
sdoi
nganact
ionorhav
ingact
iondonet
othem

MOOD–showsat
ti
tude(
tel
l
ingaf
act
,gi
vi
ngacommand,
expr
essi
ngawi
sh)

I
ndi
cat
ivemood

Expr
essaf
act
,opi
nion,
orquest
ion

 I
tis84degr
eesi
nher
e.

 It
hinkIam goi
ngt
opassout
.

 Canwepl
easet
urnt
heheatdown?

 Wr
it
eonesent
encei
nindi
cat
ivemood.

I
mper
ati
vemood

Di
rectcommandorr
equest

 Showmet
hemoney
.

 Nowgi
vemet
hemoney
.

 Don’
tcal
lthepol
i
ce.

 Wr
it
eonesent
encei
nIMPERATI
VEmood.
Subj
unct
ivemood

PRESENTSUBJUNCTI
VE:

 Toexpr
essasuggest
ion,
anecessi
ty,
orani
ndi
rectcommand/
order

PASTSUBJUNCTI
VE:

 Toexpr
essanunt
ruecondi
ti
on,
orawi
shordesi
re.

Whatdoest
hesubj
unct
ivemoodl
ookl
i
ke?

Commonv
erbs:

 Ask,demand,
determi
ne,
insi
st,
mov
e,or
der
,pr
ay,
pref
er,
recommend,
regr
et,
request
,requi
re,
suggest
,andwish.

Pr
esentSubj
unct
ive:

 Thet
eacherr
ecommendedt
hatIbei
nhercl
ass.

 Ir
ecommendt
haty
oubeont
imet
her
estoft
hey
ear
.

 Thej
udgesuggest
edt
hatwebegi
venf
ir
stpr
ize.

 Sawdemandt
hathedot
heassi
gnment
.

 Hermom i
nsi
stedt
hatshenotpl
ayt
omor
rowni
ght
.

 Ii
nsi
stt
hatMi
chael
comeear
ly.

 Ist
rongl
ysuggestt
hathecooper
atewi
tht
hepol
i
ce.

PastSubj
unct
ive

 Iwi
shy
ouwer
einmyEngl
i
shcl
ass.

 Iwi
shMr
.McGowanwer
en’
tsoawesome.

 I
fIwer
eyou,
Iwoul
dn’
tdot
hat
.
Wr
it
eonesent
encei
nPRESENTSUBJUNCTI
VE,
andonesent
encei
nPASTSUBJUNCTI
VE.

Whatmood?I
ndi
cat
ive,
Imper
ati
ve,
Subj
unct
ive?

1.Mar
iat
ransl
atesar
ti
clesi
ntoSpani
sh.

2.Iwi
shy
ouwer
eher
e.

3.Br
ingmet
het
owel
s.

4.Isuggestt
haty
oubequi
etnow.

5.Pl
easebequi
et.

6.Thecoachaskedt
hateachpl
ayerpr
act
icet
wiceeachday
.

7.Thecoachwi
shest
her
ugbyt
eam bemor
emot
ivat
ed.

Ver
bTenses

Whatar
e“v
erbt
enses”

“
Ver
bTense”i
sacombi
nat
ionof“
ti
me”and“
aspect
”ofanact
ion.

●“
ti
me”r
efer
stopastandpr
esent
—somewoul
dincl
udef
utur
e

●“
aspect
”ref
erst
osi
mpl
e,pr
ogr
essi
ve,
andper
fect

Ti
mei
nVer
bTense

Theti
meinv
erbtenseismai
nlypr
esentandpast
.Fut
uret
imei
sshownbyusi
ngwi
l
l(amodal
)orbeGoi
ng
to/
beV+i
ng(pr
ogressi
vef
orms)

NOTE:
Thef
ir
stwor
dint
hev
erbphr
asewi
l
lshow t
ime.

Pr
esentTi
me

Mostpr
esentt
imev
erbsuset
hebasef
orm.

 wal
k→ Iwal
kev
ery
day
.

 hav
e→ Wehav
eseeni
t

 He,
she,
andi
tsubj
ect
saddan-
s/-
est
othev
erb.

 wal
k→ Shewal
ksev
ery
day
.

 be→ Hei
swor
kingr
ightnow.
PastTi
me

Pastt
imephr
asesar
enot
edbyaddi
ng-
ed(
orUsi
ngani
rr
egul
arf
orm)

 Wal
k→ wal
ked

 Run→ r
an

 Hav
e→ had

 Be→ was/
wer
e

Fut
ureTi
me

Fut
urei
susual
l
ynot
edbyusi
ngt
hemodal
wil
lOrt
hepr
ogr
essi
vebegoi
ngt
o

Wal
k→ wi
l
lwal
k

[
be]goi
ngt
owal
k

Howev
er,
iti
simpor
tantt
ounder
standt
hatf
utur
ecanbei
mpl
i
edi
nanumberofway
s.

Ot
herModal
s

Wecangot
her
etomor
row.

Pr
esentPr
ogr
essi
ve

Theyar
emeet
ingnextWednesday
.

Aspect
sofv
erbs

Thet
hreeaspect
sofv
erbsi
ncl
ude:

 si
mpl
e

 pr
ogr
essi
ve

 per
fect

Not
e:per
fectandpr
ogr
essi
vemaybeused

Toget
her(
i.
e.,
“per
fectpr
ogr
essi
ve”
).
Si
mpl
eAspect

Si
mpl
easpectwi
l
lnotmodi
fyt
hemai
nver
b.

Onl
yther
ulesoft
imewi
l
lappl
y.

 Wal
k→ wal
k/wal
ks/
wal
ked

Thi
sisusedt
ost
atebasi
cinf
ormat
ionsuchasFact
s,bel
i
efs,
knowl
edge,
opi
nions,
etc.

Si
mpl
eUsage

Pr
esenti
susedt
otal
kabout
:

 habi
ts/
rout
ine

 Shest
udi
est
wohour
saday
.

 Theywi
l
lmeetonweekends.

 st
atement
soff
act
/opi
nion

 Wel
i
vedi
nHawai
i
.

 Thesuni
sast
ar.

 Il
i
kepi
zza.

Pr
ogr
essi
veAspect

 Progressi
veaspectf
ocusont
heact
ioni
nthev
erb.I
tref
erst
oast
ate-
of-
bei
ngatt
het
imeoft
he
acti
on.

 For
m:[be]+mai
nver
b(pr
esentpar
ti
cipl
e)Wal
k→ am wal
ki
ng,
iswal
ki
ng,
arewal
ki
ng,
wer
ewal
ki
ng,
waswalki
ng

Pr
ogr
essi
veUsage

Pr
ogr
essi
vei
susedt
otal
kabout
:

 att
het
ime:

 Wear
ewor
kingonapr
ojectr
ightnow

 Lastni
ght
,theywer
edanci
ngatt
hepar
ty.

 st
ateofbei
ng:

 Hei
sbei
ngsoannoy
ing!

 Iwasf
eel
i
ngki
ndoft
ir
ed.
Per
fectAspect

 Per
fectf
ormsf
ocusonpossi
blecompl
eti
onofanact
ion.Per
fectv
erbswi
l
lhav
east
artandend
poi
nt.

 For
m:[
hav
e]+mai
nver
b(pastpar
ti
cipl
e)Wal
k→ hav
ewal
ked,
haswal
ked,
hadwal
ked

Per
fectUsage

Per
fectaspecti
susedt
otal
kabout
:

 compl
eti
on

 Wehav
ewon!

 Theyhav
ebui
l
tanewheadquar
ter
sdownt
own.

 ev
ent
sint
hepast

 Af
terIhadeat
enl
unch,
myf
ri
endsi
nvi
tedmet
ojoi
nthem.

Per
fectPr
ogr
essi
ve

 Per
fectPr
ogr
essi
vecombi
nesf
ocusonact
ionwi
thasenseofpossi
blecompl
eti
on.

 For
m:[
hav
e]+been+mai
nver
b(pr
esentPar
ti
cipl
e)

 Wal
k→ hav
ebeenwal
ki
ng,
hasbeenwal
ki
ng,
hadbeenwal
ki
ng

Per
fectPr
ogr
essi
veUsage

Per
fectPr
ogr
essi
vei
susedt
otal
kabout
:

 r
ecent
lycompl
eted

 Ihav
ebeenl
ooki
ngf
ory
ou.

 I
ncompl
ete

 Shehasbeenpr
epar
ingf
orherdr
ivi
ngt
est
.

 newhabi
ts

 Hehasbeenr
unni
ngev
erymor
ning.

Ver
bOr
der

 Ver
bswi
l
lal
way
sfol
l
owt
hesamepat
ter
n.

 Anyv
erbst
hatar
eusedwi
l
lhav
easpeci
fi
cef
fectont
hev
erbt
hatf
oll
ows.

 Al
lvar
iant
sar
eopt
ional
,exceptt
hemai
nver
b.

 Thef
ir
stwor
dwi
l
lindi
cat
ethet
imef
rame.
Ver
bOr
der

 Modal
(fol
l
owedbyt
hebasef
orm)

 Per
fect(
fol
l
owedbyt
hepastpar
ti
cipl
e)

 Pr
ogr
essi
ve(
fol
l
owedbyt
hepr
esentPar
ti
cipl
e)

 Passi
ve*(
fol
l
owedbyt
hepastPar
ti
cipl
e)

Mai
nVer
b

 *
Passi
vei
snotdi
scussedi
nthi
spr
esent
ati
on.

Exampl
eofVer
bOr
der

 Iwal
k.

 Iam wal
ki
ng.

 Ihav
ebeenwal
ki
ng.

 Icoul
dhav
ebeen

 Wal
ki
ng.

 Shej
ogs.

 Shecanj
og.

 Shemi
ghtbej
oggi
ng.

 Shewoul
dhav
e

 Jogged.

 Shemayhav
ebeenJoggi
ng.

KeyPoi
ntst
oRemember

 Tense=Ti
meFr
ame+Aspect

 Ver
bsmustbeappl
i
edi
naspeci
fi
cor
der
.

 Thef
ir
stwor
dint
heVer
bPhr
asewi
l
lIndi
cat
etheTi
meFr
ame.