10/18/2021

CLIMATE CHANGE AND

GLOBAL HEALTH
Meliana Sari, MKM

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Pengertian
• Perubahan iklim adalah perubahan yang signifikan
dalam pengukuran iklim seperti temperatur, hujan,
angin) yang terjadi dalam periode yang lama seperti
10 tahun atau lebih.
• United Nations Forum Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) mendefinisikan Perubahan Iklim
sebagai perubahan dalam iklim yang disebabkan
oleh langsung atau tidak langsung dari kegiatan
manusia yang mengubah komposisi dari atmosfir
global.

Tanda-tanda Perubahan Iklim

• “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now
evident from observations of increases in global average air and
ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and
rising global average sea level” (IPCC Fourth Assessment Report,
2007).
• “ Most of the observed increase in global average temperatures
since the mid 20th century is very likely due to observed
increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations”
(IPCC, 2007)

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Kenaikan permukaan
Kenaikan suhu global air laut

Angka curah hujan

Sumber : IPCC, 2007

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Penyebab Perubahan Iklim

• “Gas Rumah Kaca” termasuk
• karbon dioksida (CO2)
• Metan (CH4)
• Nitrus oksida (N2O)

• Gas-gas ini berasal dari

• Deforestasi dan kebakaran hutan
• Konversi daerah lahan basah, gambut dan mangrove
• Petanian padi
• Peternakan
• Pemakaian Pupuk

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Temperatures are rising rapidly, following increases in CO2

emissions and concentrations

What is climate change?

Temperature increases
cannot be explained by
natural processes

IPCC 2007: 4th assessment report

What is climate change?

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Temperatures will rise further

IPCC 2007

What is climate change?

Precipitation will also change,

and become more extreme

Annual mean
precipitation
change: 2071 to
2100 compared
to 1990.
IPCC, 2007

What is climate change?

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Many aspects of weather have changed,

and will continue to do so

IPCC 2007

Climate Change and Health

• There is consideration worldwide on the potential health impacts from global climate change.
• Three kinds of health impacts have been identified[1]:
• Relatively direct impacts, usually caused by weather extremes
• Consequences of environmental change and ecological disruption in response to climatic
change
• Consequences that occur when populations are demoralised and displaced by the following
climate change induced factors:
• economic dislocation,
• environmental decline and conflict situations including traumatic, infectious, nutritional,
psychological and other health consequences.

[1] World Health Organisation (WHO). 2003. Climate change and human health: risks and responses.

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Pathways for Weather to Affect Health

Health System
Social Conditions Conditions
(upstream determinants
of health
Environmental
Conditions
Direct Exposures

Indirect
Exposures
Climate (Changes in food Health
Change quality, disease
vectors,
Impacts
ecosystem
changes)

Changes in Social Modifying

Disruption Influence

Mapping Links Between Climate Change and

•Health
Most expected impacts will be adverse but some will be beneficial.
• Expectations are not for new health risks, but rather changes in frequency or
severity of familiar health risks
Health effects
Temperature-related illness
and death
Modulating Extreme weather- related
influences health effects
Air pollution-related health
Human exposures effects
Contamination Water and food-borne diseases
Regional weather
pathways Vector-borne and rodent-
changes
CLIMATE Transmission borne diseases
Heat waves
CHANGE dynamics
Extreme weather Effects of food and water
Agro-ecosystems,
Temperature
hydrology shortages
Precipitation
Socioeconomics, Effects of population
demographics displacement

Source: based on Patz, et al., 2000

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Dampak Perubahan Iklim

• Ketahanan Pangan: gagal panen dan menurunnya tingkat
produksi
• Laut dan air: glasier menghilang, kenaikan air laut, banjir
• Ekosistem: kerusakan ekosistem, terancamnya habitat penting
• Cuaca ektrem: banjir, kebakaran hutan, awal musim yang tidak
menentu.

Climate change undermines the environmental determinants of

health

Without effective responses, climate change will compromise:

• Water quality and quantity: Contributing to a doubling of people living in water-
stressed basins by 2050.
• Food security: In some African countries, yields from rain-fed agriculture may
halve by 2020.
• Control of infectious disease: Increasing population at risk of malaria in Africa by
170 million by 2030, and at risk of dengue by 2 billion by 2080s.
• Protection from disasters: Increasing exposure to coastal flooding by a factor of
10, and land area in extreme drought by a factor of 10-30.

How does climate change affect health?

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Climate Change Impacts on Health: Increase

in Climate Sensitive Health Outcomes
• Direct effect:
• Injuries, disability, drowning
• Heat stress

• Indirect effect:
• Water and food–borne diseases
• Malnutrition
• Vector–borne diseases
• Air pollution (e.g., particulate matter, ozone) and allergy (e.g., pollen season)
• Psychological stress

VULNERABILITY

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Vulnerability

• Degree to which individuals and systems are susceptible to, or unable to

cope with, the adverse effects of climate change, including climate
variability and extremes
• Integration of:
Regional Economic Social Infrastructure
& Services

Overall
Vulnerability

• Need to identify and address the vulnerability components individually and

integrated for specific sectors and communities.

Vulnerable populations
• Elderly
• Children (immature immune response)
• Socio-economically disadvantaged
• Women, especially pregnant and breastfeeding women
• The obese
• Those who have underlying medical conditions or immuno-compromised especially
cardiovascular disease
• Athletes and other participants in outdoor recreational activities
• Manual labourers, outdoor workers
• Mentally ill, disabled and homeless
• Physically unfit – reduced vital capacity

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Other Drivers of Vulnerability

• Population density
• Urbanization
• Public health infrastructure
• Other infrastructure:
a) Energy
b) Water
c) Transport
• Economic and technological development.

TERIMA KASIH

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