• Prior to the 1950's, an attempt was made to justify segregration with the idea of

separate but equal schools. Not until the National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People (NAACP) brought suit on behalf of the Brown's that the concept of
Brown vs Board of separate but equal schools was decidely struck down.
Education (1954) • Resulting by U.S. Supreme Court ruling that segrated schools are "inherently unequal"
and violate the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment. From this, a substantial
amount of African Americans are now members of the middle class and reach high
ranking positions in the business, medical,legal,and educational professions.

National Defence
Education Act (1958)
• The law established the legitimacy of federal funding of higher education and made
funds available for low-cost student loans, boosting public and private colleges and
universities.
• It was aimed primarily at education in science, mathematics, and foreign languages, the
act also helped expand college libraries and other services for all students. The funding
began in 1958 and was increased over the next several years.

• A provision of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, is a program created by

the United States Department of Education to distribute funding to schools and school
districts with a high percentage of students from low-income families.
Title I (1965)
• The public policy purpose is to ensure federal financial aid is spent on top of state and
local funds to which all public school children are entitled. Title I was one of five titles
in the legislation, which was introduced in Congress on January 12, 1965, and passed by
Congress on April 9, 1965.

• ESEA Provided additional resources for students. The act offered new grants to districts
serving low-income students, federal grants for textbooks and library books, created
Elementary and Secondary special education centers, and created scholarships for low-income college students.
Education Act (1965)
• The law also provided federal grants to state educational agencies to improve the
quality of elementary and secondary education.

• Education Amendments Act was passed in 1972. It established that women were
guaranteed equality of educational opportunity in educational programs receiving
Title IX (1972) federal assistance.
• It required that both sexes have equal opportunities to participate in and benfit
from the availibility of coaches, sport equipment, resources, and facilities.

• WEEA is a program that was enacted in 1974 to promote educational equity for
girls and women. It also including those who suffer multiple discrimination
based on gender and on race, ethnicity, national origin, disability, or age, and to
The Women's Educational provide funds to help education agencies and institutions meet the requirements
Equity Act (1974) of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972.
• It funds support a wide variety of demonstration, developmental, and
dissemination projects, including the development and evaluation of educational
materials, training programs, and guidance and counseling activities.

• All children with special needs a free appropiate public education. This law
applied to every teacher and school in the country, outlined extensive procedures
to ensure that exceptional students between the ages of 3 and 18 were granted
Public Law 94-142 (1975) due process in regard to identification, placement, and educational services
received.
• As a result, the participation of students with special needs in all classrooms and
school programs became routine.

• National debate on how to improve the quality of schools. It was a tone of

educational reform movement.
"A Nation at Risk" (1983) • Also a landmark event in modern American educational history. The report
contributed that American schools were failing, and it touched off a wave of
local, state, and federal reform effort

• PL 94-142 was replaced by "Individuals with Disabilities Act" (IDEA). This

included major provisions of PL 94-142 and extended the availbiltiy of a free
IDEA (1990) appropiate education to youth with special needs between the ages of 3 and 21.
• This act is the most important educational legislation ever passed in the country.

• Authorizes several federal education programs that are administered by the

states. The law is a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education
No Child Left Behind Act Act. It closes student achievement gaps by providing all children with a fair,
(2001) equal, and significant opportunity to obtain a high-quality education.
• The law held schools accountable for how kids learned and achieved.