EXEPERIMENT NO.

AIM:- Identify the components of hydroelectric power plant by using charts, models, simulation
and videos.

DIAGRAM:-

APPARATUS:- Charts and videos.

THEORY AND WORKING:-

The purpose of hydroelectric power plant is to provide power from water flowing
under pressure. It has two forms of energy, kinetic energy and potential energy.
Kinetic energy depends upon the mass velocity of flow while the potential energy
exists as a result of difference in water level below two points. The turbine
converts potential and kinetic energy possessed by water in to mechanical energy.
Thus the turbine is a prime mover which when coupled to a generator produces
electricity.
ELECTRIC POWER:-
Hydroelectric power can be developed when water continuously flowing under pressure is
available. Dam is constructed to restrict the river water flow. Essential components of a
hydroelectric power plant are as follows:-

(1) STORAGE RESERVOIR:-

The water available from an attachment area is stored in a reservoir so that it can be utilized to
run the turbine for producing power according to requirement.

(2) DAM WITH CONTROL WORKS:-

Dam is a structure ejected on a suitable site to provide for the storage of water and create head.
Dam may be built to make an artificial reservoir from valley or it may be created in a river to
control the flowing water.

(3) WATER WAYS:-

Water way is a passage through which the water carried from the storage reservoir to the power
house. It may consist of tunnel control, force pipe and penstock. Tunnel is water passage made
by cutting the mountain to save the distance for bay in an enlarged section of a canal spread out
to accommodate the required width of intake. Its function is to store temporarily water ejected by
plant.

(4) PENSTOCK:-
It is a pipe of large diameter caring water under pressure from storage to turbine.

(5) POWER HOUSE:-

It is a building to house the turbine, penstock and other for operating the machines.

RATED QUANTITIES:-
The rated quantities refer to the parameter for which the turbine is designed.

EFFIENCY OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT:-

An appraisal of the performance of a hydraulic turbine is made by its overall
efficiency.

Result & Conclusion:- In this way we have studied components and working of hydraulic
power plant.
 EXEPERIMENT NO.2
AIM:- Identify the components of Gas turbine power plant by using charts, models, simulation
and videos.

Diagram:-

APPARATUS:- Charts and videos.

THEORY AND WORKING:-
The gas turbine plant essentially consists of compressor, combustion chamber and
turbine. The air is compressed in a compressor and the fuel is burned in the combustion chamber
when the compressed air is supplied from the compressor. The burned high temperature gases
are passed through the turbine. The part of the work developed by the gases passing through the
turbine is used to rum the compressor and remaining (30-35%) is used to generate the electrical
energy.
When the heat given to the air by mixing and burning the fuel in the air and the gases coming out
of the turbine are exhausted to the atmosphere, the cycle is known as open cycle power plant. If
the heat to the working medium (air or any other suitable gas) is given without directly burning
the fuel in the air and the same working fluid is used again and again, the cycle is known as
closed cycle power plant. On the basis of combustion process the gas turbines are classified as
(a) Continuous combustion or constant pressure type. The cycle working on this
principle is called as Joule or Brayton cycle.
(b) The explosion or constant volume type. The cycle working on this principle is
known as Atkinson cycle.

Methods of improving efficiency and specific output of Gas Turbine Plant:-

1. Regeneration:- This is done by preheating the air with the turbine exhaust which saves the fuel
consumption.
2. Improving turbine output by
 Reheating- The whole expansion in turbine is achieved in two or more stages and reheating is
done after each stage.
 Increasing the value of maximum cycle temperature means turbine inlet temperature which
requires
(a) Better quality of fuel
(b) New materials which can withstand high temperatures and pressures.
(c) Better blade cooling methods and cooling medium.
 Improved turbine efficiency:- It depends on design improvements of each component.
 Reducing compressor input. It may be done by
(a) Intercooling. Compressor work is reduced by intercooling the air between compressor stages.
(b) By lowering the inlet temperature to compressor. It is not possible because this will increase
the pressure ratio.
(c) By increasing the compressor efficiency. This depends upon the design improvement.
(d) Water injection.

Result & Conclusion:- In this way we have studied components and working of gas turbine
power plant.

EXEPERIMENT NO.3
AIM:- Maintenance of Diesel engine power plant.
APPARATUS:- Charts and videos.

DESCRIPTION:-
Service:-
1. Service Aspiration (intake and exhaust) System
a) Turbocharger is maintained based on PMS
b) Cleaning or replacement of air filter is done as indicated by air restriction indicator
c) Air filter casing is cleaned and freed of dust or foreign particles as cleaning or
replacement of filter occurs.
2. Service Lube Oil System
a) Oil cooler assembly is uninstalled and installed in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instruction
b) Oil cooler assembly are disassembled and assembled without causing damage to the
fins, oil cooler tubes and oil seals (o-rings) and in accordance with manufacturers
instruction.
c) Oil cooler tubes are cleaned and freed of scale or restrictions.
d) Change oil is performed according to SOP.
3. Service of Cooling System
a. Cooling System is checked for leaks visually.
b. Radiator is serviced following enterprise policy
c. Thermostat is checked in accordance with its operating temperature.
d. Replace or repair system components based on test result.
e. Coolant is refilled in accordance to the manufacturer’s instruction.
f. Maintain coolant pump in accordance with PMS.
4. Service Fuel System
a. Fuel filter is replaced in accordance with manufacturer’s instruction and PMS.
b. Fuel oil/water separator is drained to ensure that the system is free from foreign
elements.
c. Servicing and calibration of fuel injector is recommended in accordance with
enterprise policy.
5. Check condition of alternator
a. Loose connections are remedied and restored to normal
b. conditions in accordance with manufacturer’sinstructions.
c. Insulation and winding resistance are checked inaccordance with manufacturers
manual.
d. Revolving diodes and bridge rectifiers are checked inaccordance with
manufacturer’s manual.
e. AVR functionality is tested based on enterprise policy.
f. Air gap clearances are checked in accordance with manufacturer’s manual.
g. Service report is prepared and submitted in accordance with enterprise policy.

Range of Variables
1. PMS:-
a. Preventive Maintenance schedules can be:
b. 400 RH
 c. 1200 RH
d. 2400 RH
e. 4800 RH
f. 9600 RH
g. 20000 RH
h. other schedules indicated on the manual or enterprise policy
2. Cooling System
a. Radiator Assembly
b. Oil Cooler Assembly
c. Coolant Pump Assembly
d. Coolant Rail & Thermostat
e. Water Jackets
f. Charged Air Cooler Assembly
g. Cooling Fan

3. Operating Temperature
a. 3.1 The first thermostatic valve opens at 78 – 79 ◦C
b. 3.2 The second thermostatic valve opens at 80 – 84 ◦C
c. 3.3 The third thermostatic valve fully opens at 92 – 98 ◦C
4. Test Result
a. Operating Temperature of Thermostat
b. Axial/Radial Test of Coolant Pump Shaft
c. Visual Leak Test/Hydro Test
5. Foreign Elements
May include but not limited to:
a. Dirt
b. Rust
c. Grease/Oil
d. Water
6. Winding
a. Potential transformer windings
b. Current transformer windings
c. Main stator windings
d. Main rotor windings
e. Exciter-rotor windings
f. Exciter-stator windings
g. Auxiliary windings
h. Compounding transformer windings

7. Air gap clearances

a. Exciter rotor-stator air gap clearance
b. Compounding transformer air gap clearance

Results:- In this way maintenance of Diesel engine is carried out.

EXEPERIMENT NO. 4
AIM:- Maintenance of fuel nozzle, liners, Spark plugs, Flex hoses, check valves of Gas turbine
power plant.

APPARATUS:- Charts and videos.

DESCRIPTION:
Standby Mode:-
1. Check and verify operation of pre-lube pump. 8 hrs Check and verify operation of lube oil
heating system.
2. Check and verify operation of starting air compressors, battery charger, or other starting
system components.
3. Check and verify starting air pressure is correct, batteries are charged, and all other starting
system components are in ready-to-start condition.
4. Verify that control power is available to the control system and all controls are in the proper
position to allow automatic starting of the engines.
5. Check for any oil leaks.
6. Check for coolant leaks.
7. Check the day tank area for fuel leaks.
8. Check lube oil level, add if required. week Inspect air filter. Clean/replace if required.
9 . Check starting air lubricator. Fill if required.
10. Check level of hydraulic fluid in reservoir on hydraulic starting systems.
11. Check oil level in governor, add if required.
12. Record and report any discrepancies.

Operation mode:-
1) Inspect engine and listen for any unusual noise.
2) Check for fuel oil and lube oil leaks.
3) Note and record any excessive vibration.
4) Check and record the data indicated on the engine instrument panel. Note any unusual
readings and investigate.
5) Check lubes oil level in sump (Also check level in reduction gear if it is a separate system).
6) Check oil level in governor.
7) Check fuel strainers for water and drain if required.
8) Check day tank level.
9) Check lube oil and fuel filter pressure drop and change filters as required.
10) Inspect air filters and replace as required.
11) Inspect exterior of engine and auxiliary components for broken lock wires, loose nuts or
bolts, and general security of installation.
12) Check control linkage for freedom of movement, wear, and tightness of connections.
13) Check for unusual noises in gears, bearings, couplings, and pumps.
14) Check for excessive vibration of couplings, shaft extensions, and housing.
15) Remove and inspect magnetic plugs for accumulation of metal particles. Also perform
continuity check.
16) Check operation and calibrate speed and temperature control system.
17) Inspect engine mounts for cracks or decrease in vibration isolation.
18) Inspect electrical harness leads and cables for cracks or other signs of wear.
19) Check fuel manifold drain valve for proper operation.
20) Inspect igniters and liner supports.
21) Inspect fuel nozzles for carbon or other damage. If one or more nozzles need replacement,
replace full set. If contamination is found, replace high pressure fuel filter.
22) Inspect first stage turbine blades and vanes.
23) Inspect combustion liners.
24) Inspect thermocouples and wiring.
25) Check contact pattern of reduction gear teeth.
26) Verify proper operation of all safety shutdown controls and alarms. Immediately repair any
defective items.
27) Inspect bleed valves. Check valves for air leaks.
28) Inspect engine inlet and compressor assembly.
29) Grease/lubricate auxiliary pump bearings.
30) Clean breather element on reduction gear.
31) Inspect igniters and liner supports.
32) Inspect fuel nozzles for carbon or other damage. If one or more nozzles need replacement,
replace full set. If contamination is found, replace high pressure fuel filter.
33) Inspect first stage turbine blades and vanes.
34) Inspect combustion liners.
35) Inspect thermocouples and wiring.

Result:- In this way we have studied the maintenance procedure of Gas Turbine Power plant
components.