Group 4

01
Dangerous Drugs
MOHANIEF HABIB
NATURE OF DRUGS
▪ DRUG is defined as a natural or
synthetic substance that is used to
produce physiological or psychological
effects in the body and have potential for
abuse.

▪ Republic Act 6425 or known as the

Dangerous Drug Act of 1972

▪ Dangerous Drug Board (DDB)

▪ Republic Act 9165 known as the

Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of
2002.

▪ Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency

(PDEA)
DANGEROUS DRUGS
ADDICTION OR DEPENDENCE
Addiction or dependence refers to the periodic,
continuous, and repeated administration of a drug. It is the
distortion of the physiological processes by the prolonged
administration in the body of a drug for the maintenance
of physical equilibrium.

TOLERANCE
Tolerance may be natural or acquired which is the gradual
increase in the dosage of drugs necessary to produce the
same effect as the initial dose in the body.

HABITUATION
Habituation is a mental conditioning to the repetition of
an effect. It represents psychic dependence.
 TYPES OF DANGEROUS DRUGS
A. Prohibited drugs include:
▪ Opium and its active components and derivatives such as heroin and morphine
▪ Coca leaf and its derivatives like cocaine
▪ Hallucinogenic drugs such as mescaline. lysergic acid diethylamine, and other substances producing the
same effect
▪ Indian hemp and its derivatives
▪ All preparations made from any of the foregoing and other drugs whether natural or synthetic with the
same physiological effect of a narcotic drug.

B. Regulated drugs include:

▪ Salt or isomer of amphetamines like benzidine or any that produces a physiological action similar to
amphetamine
▪ Self-inducing sedatives such as secobarbital, nembutal or any drug that contains salt or derivatives of salt
of barbituric acid
▪ Hypnotic drugs such as methaqualone and other compounds producing similar physiological effects.
 02
Narcotic Drugs
JAMAL HADJI UMAIR
NARCOTIC DRUGS
▪ A drug capable of causing narcosis or
depressing effects on the body.
▪ Induces sleep or insensibility by action
on the nerve center.
▪ Derived from the Greek word narkotikos
which implies a state of lethargy or
sluggishness.
▪ Otherwise known as opiates include
opium and its derivatives.
 NARCOSTIC DRUGS

OPIUM is an air – dried milky

exudation obtained by incising the unripe RIGOROUS METHOD
capsules of Papaver Somniferum Linne or
its variety Album de Candolle. It is
obtained from the poppy plant popularly
THE FOLLOWING METHODS ARE EMPLOYED
known as "gum", "gamot", "kalamay", or
"panocha". Its active ingredient is the
meconic acid. Its unripe seedpod, when
cut, yields a secretion of latex known as SIMPLIFIED METHOD
"opium gum". The detection of opium is
confined to the presence of meconic acid .
 03
MORPHINE
JAMIL S. HADJIALI
MORPHINE
▪ The most commonly-used opiate.
▪ An effective pain killer six times more
potent than opium, creating a high level
of dependence.
▪ It is the principal alkaloid of opium used
as analgesic, pain reliever, treatment of
diarrhea , excellent in pre-operative
medication.
 MORPHINE
DETECTION OF MORPHINE: A simple preliminary test is to acidify a small potion of its aqueous alkaline
solution with sulfuric acid, then add a few drops of iodic acid solution and extract with chloroform. If the
chloroform layer turns violet, morphine is present. Another method of detecting morphine is made by extracting it
from crude opium by using a mixture of 75% chloroform and 25% isopropyl alcohol. The solvent is evaporated in a
water bath and a particle of the residue is treated with Marquiz' reagent. If morphine is present, a purple-violet color
develops.

REAGENT COLOR REACTION

Marquiz Purple-violet
Froehde Purple-red. Upon standing, brownish in the center and greenish-yellow at
the edge; after few minutes the color becomes greenish-blue.
Mecke Blue to green to olive-green
Nitric acid Red orange to yellow-orange
Ferric chloride Blue-green
 04
HEROIN
MOHANIEF HABIB
HEROIN
(Diacethylmorphine or diamorphine)
▪ Known as the miracle drug.
▪ Three to five times more powerful than morphine and is
the most addicting opium.
▪ It is a white crystalline narcotic with bitter taste,
synthesized by acetylating morphine.
▪ Its adulterated form is called "black tar".
▪ It is prepared by heating morphine with acetic anhydride
or acetyl chloride.
DETECTION OF HEROIN:

REAGENT COLOR REACTION

Marquiz Reddish-purple in color
Froehde Violet-purple to purplish-brown
Mecke Light green to darker greenish-blue
Nitric acid Faint yellow to green
Ferric chloride No color reaction
 05
CODEINE
HAIF HASSAN
CODEINE
▪ Is the methyl ether of morphine, commonly
available in cough syrup preparations.
▪ It is a strong monoacid base which completely
neutralizes acids and usually forms crystalline salts.
▪ The toxicity of codeine is about 20 times less than
morphine.

DETECTION OF CODEINE:

REAGENT COLOR REACTION

Marquiz Purplish-violet to very intense in color

Froehde Yellow-green to olive-green to blue

Mecke Green to dark green to greenish-blue/blue

Nitric acid Orange to yellow

Ferric chloride No color reaction

 06
COCAINE
HANIN HADJI NOOR
COCAINE
▪ A natural drug obtained from the leaves of Erythroxylon coca
Lamarck and also from ether species of Erythroxylon.
▪ Four principal uses: (1) as medicine; (2) manufacture of
cocaine; (3) manufacture of non-flavoring extracts; and (4)
for chewing.
▪ The application of the drug as local anesthesia increased
tremendously but with the spread of its use, it became
evident that it was not only toxic but also habit-forming.
▪ Classified as stimulant according to its effect on the nervous
system.
▪ It causes mental deterioration and physically causes nausea,
digestive disorder, sleeplessness, loss of appetite, emaciation
and tremor.
▪ It is known on the street as "coke", generally used as local
anesthetic in the minor surgery.
▪ Cocaine hydrochloride is the most powerful natural stimulant
which is a water-soluble salt of cocaine in dry white powder
form.
▪ It is known on the street as "snow" and in concentrated form
as "crack".
DETECTION OF COCAINE:
There is no color reaction in the given general
procedure, but there are special tests:

1. Potassium Permanganate Test – Add saturated

potassium permanganate solution drop by drop to a
concentrated aqueous solution of cocaine salt. A
violet, crystalline precipitate appears.
2. Chromic Acid Test – Add 5% chromic acid
solution of potassium dichromate solution of
corresponding concentration of cocaine salt. Each
drop will produce a precipitate that will immediately
disappear when the solution is shaken. Add about 1
ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid to the clear
solution. This will produce a more or less crystalline
orange precipitate.
 07
OTHER TYPES OF DRUGS
SAIFOLLAH MABANING
❑ STIMULANTS (Uppers) – Are drugs used to
induce alertness, wakefulness, elevated mood,
reduce hunger, relieve fatigue or boredom and
decrease appetite.

❑ AMPHETAMINE – is a colorless liquid with an

acrid taste and faint odor. It is used to treat hives,
colds, hay fever, obesity, fatigue, and narcolepsy.
❑ METHAMPHETAMINE also known as methyl amphetamine is
used in the treatment of obesity because of its appetite-
suppressing action and in treating anesthetic overdose and
narcolepsy because of its stimulating effects on the nervous
system.

❑ METHAMPHETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE known in the

local vernacular as "SHABU", is a white odorless and crystalline
powder with a bitter taste. It is popularly known as the "poor
man's cocaine". Other names are "S", "shabs", "meth", "ice",
"sha", "ubas", and "siopao". It is the most abused stimulant in the
Philippines.

❑ ECSTACY – a popular name given to a synthetic amphetamine

known by its chemical name as methylenedioxymethamphet-
amine or simply MDMA. It is white, yellow or brown in color
with a bitter taste. Its tablet form comes in various designs and
shapes hence it is dubbed as "designer's drug". It is known by its
several street names as "X", "E","XTC", "LBD", "MDA",
MDEA", "Love drug", "Love doves", "Artist drug", "Hug drug",
"Jagged Little Pill", "Flying saucer", "Libido", "Rave", "Eckie".
❑ CAFFEINE is the strongest among the three
active ingredients of coffee, tea, kola, guarana,
nuts, mate, and cola beverages.

❑ NICOTINE is a poisonous alkaloid and the

active ingredient in cigarettes derived from
tobacco. It is an oily substance and colorless when
extracted from tobacco leaves but quickly turns to
brown when exposed to the air. It has an acrid
burning taste.
 08
OTHER TYPES OF DRUGS
MAYDANI LOMANDONG
❑ HALLUCINOGENS – also known as
psychedelics, are derived from natural or
synthetic drugs; a group of drugs that consists of
a variety of mind-altering drugs, which distort
reality, thinking, perceptions of time, sound,
space, and sensation.
A. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) – This
is the most powerful of all psychedelics obtained
from the ergot, a fungus that attacks the rye kernels.
It is known in the street as "acid". It is the best
known and most potent hallucinogen.
B. Cannabis is a mild hallucinogenic drug
derived from the hemp plant, Cannabis Sativa which
grows throughout the world's temperate region. It is
the source of marijuana and hashish.
❑ MARIJUANA is the crushed leaves, flowering tops
and stems of the plant while hashish is a preparation of a
concentrated resin which is found on the top most top
portion of the female plant. It has an active ingredient
cannabin or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a
concentrated alkaloid which is 5 to 20 times stronger than a
plain marijuana plant. It is known in street names as
"reefers", " Mexican weed", "loco weed", "hay", "Indian
Hemp". Ganja consists of the flowering tops of the plant
and is prepared by crashing it into a sticky mass.

❑ INHALANTS are groups of substances that are not

usually considered as drugs but have the potential for
abuse. These include volatile hydrocarbons ("Rugby"),
gasoline, kerosene, paint thinner and solvent; nail polish
and cuticle remover, hair sprays, acetone, varnishes and
aerosol products.
 METHODS OF EXAMINATION
A. Preliminary test

Drugs Test used Color Reactions

Opium & Derivatives Marquiz Purple or violet
Heroine Nitric acid Yellow or green
Morphine Nitric acid Red orange to Yellow
Cocaine Cobalt Thiocyanate Blue precipitate
Barbiturates Dile-Kopanyi Violet
Amphetamines a. Marqiuz Red orange to dark brown
b. Mandelin Green to reddish brown
LSD PABA Purple
Marijuana Duquenos-Levine Violet
KN Red bottom layer

The positive results of these tests are not conclusive. Confirmatory tests should be done to establish
the presence of drugs.
THANK YOU!
Group 4 Presentation