SOUTHEAST ASIA MANDALA

1. The impression provided by Chinese records of protohistoric Cambodia that there

was only a single and enduring “kingdom of Funan” is not a correct description of
the settlement map of ancient Southeast Asia.

Answer: TRUE

2. As far as the inhabitants of early Southeast Asian settlements were concerned,

“every center was a center in its own right… and it was surrounded by its own
group of neighbours.”

Answer: TRUE

3. Javanese iconography is not noted for its unisex portrayals/appearances of gods

and goddesses, whereas sexual differences are ambiguously portrayed in Indian
iconography.

Answer: FALSE

4. The leadership of… “men of prowess” would depend on their being attributed
with a ​soul stuff ​which explained and distinguished their performance from that
of others in their generation and especially among their own kinsmen.

5. Overlordship by a man of prowess over numerous small territorial units never

survived the death of the leader as SEAn communities had already imbibed
Indian political systems to institutionalize rules of succession as well as
centralized government.

Answer: TRUE

6. The map of earlier Southeast Asia which evolved from the prehistoric networks of
small settlements… was a patchwork of often overlapping ​mandala​, or ‘circle of
kings’.

7. The two governmental skills required of a mandala overlord was the gathering of
political ​intelligence​ and ​diplomacy​.

8. Had the settlement of Manila not been occupied by the Spaniards in 1571, the
settlement of Manila would have become part of the mandala based in Mindoro
referred to in Chinese records as Mai.

Answer: FALSE
 9. Implied as instigators of the only recorded pogrom of Westerners in the
Philippinese were the government officials who possessed ‘el arte de dominar el
espiritu del Ynido’.

Answer: FALSE

10. Spaniards in Filipinas came to the conclusion that the process of generating
wealth​, which inevitably pulled countries into the international arena, then rife
with libertarian ideas, was responsible for the ultimate debacle that was Spanish
America.

11. In the indigenous worldview, reality was also permeated by continual conflicts
among humans, an interpersonal battle involving what still today is known in
Illongo and Kinaray-a as one’s ​dungan​.

12. The pre-colonial datu… demonstrated… a robust physique, sharp mind,

masterful oratorical style, good fortune, bravery, and a loyal servile and
dependable followership.

Answer: TRUE

INDIGENOUS WARFARE AND SPANISH CONQUEST

1. The warriors of Lapu-lapu did not immediately engage the Europeans in close
immediately engage the Europeans in close quarters swords battle as soon as the latter
started advancing towards the shore of Mactan.

Answer: TRUE

2. A datu’s political authority was established through displays of Power or spiritual

potency, which Wolters equates with ​soul stuffs ​and Aguilar refers to by the Illongo term
dungan.

3. The most important Visayan weapon was the bankaw as warriors carried it both for
security and ​ceremony​.

Explaination:
● Fine spears served as ID as every warrior decorated his spear distinctively
● Spears figured in courtship (pamankaw)
● Fine spears were only thrown when it was possible to retrieve it
● During the Battle of Mactan, ordinary spears (missile weapons was major
strategy of Lapu-lapu’s men
 4. Mangayaw or was one of a number of strategies used by Southeast Asian chiefs and
kings to expand their social prestige, economic base political power.

Answer: TRUE

5. In the Battle of Mactan the role of Zula, the mysterious chieftain, might have been one of
dissimulation​.

6. When pre-hispanic settlements were attacked, residents never took flight and had no
qualms about abandoning their homes.

Answer: FALSE

7. Prehispanic datus who decided to fight the Spaniards (Lapu-lapu in Mactan, Soliman in
Manila…) were rulers who were not the preeminent chiefs in their immediate areas.

Answer: TRUE

8. The conquistadors dreamed of becoming hidalgos or even grandees, of entering the

ranks of the ​nobility​ through their bravery and skill at arms.

9. Balita ​was the bad news of captivity or death but ​hugyaw ​were the clamorous shouts or
chants or returning victors.

10. An individual’s physical location in the ​Karakoa​ or local warship was a good index of
social ranking.
Explanation:
● Desirability of public life
● Low ranking timawa or oripun served as rowers with little opportunity to engage
in combact and siplay martial virtuosity
● The elite datu and timawa served in the karakoa’s platform

11. The indigenous discourse of war involved two opposing forces fighting each other at
close quarters until one side broke and abandoned the field. Answer: FALSE

PACTO DE SANGRE CLASH OF SPIRITS

1. Notwithstanding the possibility of betrayal, the blood ceremony was a ritual of sworn
siblinghood, which was meant to create an indissoluble friendship, a ​dyadic ​ bond that
was part of a larger concatenation of dyads that formed an alliance network.
2. Illustrados like M.H. del Pilar were able to fathom the real meaning of the performance of
the blood compact which were for alliance building, blood brotherhood, status
competition and social fluidities.

Answer: FALSE

3. In Bonifacio’s explanation, the “Fall” in the plot of nationalist history happened because
of Spanish ​duplicity​.

4. The engkantos were a projection of the friar-missionary

Answer: TRUE

5. Holy water became known as a medicine, a belief which the natives had something
similar in prior to the conquest.

Answer: TRUE

6. In the 6th layer above the earth dwell the ​papu ​(native spiritually favored ancestors) and
the Catholic ​saints ​(real spiritually favored people in the Spaniards’ distant past).

7. Although many natives chose to flee, many others decided to remain within the ambut of
Spanish colonialism and its orbit of power. By deciding to reside within the
friar-dominated settlement, indios placed themselves in a situation of having to appease
two spheres of power, the ​Hispanic ​and the ​indigenous​.

8. The ​urasyon ​was recited during healing rituals in imitation of European missals and
breviaries, copied into paper in tiny and easily concealable booklets(measuting about 1
by 1.5 inches) known in the Visayas as libritu.

9. The use and adoption of ​surnames ​was the most visible sign of the atrophy of the datu’s
power.

10. In cockfighting…, the gambling contest was confined to the participating individuals and
did not connectively involve imagined preternatural entities who were divided by the
granting of spiritual favour to the contending participants of the game.

Answer: FALSE

11. In the Noli Me Tangere, Jose Rizal referred to the white fighting rooster as Ilamado and
the red fighting rooster as dejado.

Answer: TRUE
 12. The perceived superiority of friar power resulted in the development of native female
shamanship in imitation of Spanish friarship.

Answer: FALSE

RIZAL’S MORGA AND ILUSTRADO VIEWS OF THE PRE-CONQUEST PAST

1. Among Spanish conservatives and reactionaries, which included almost the entire
clergy, ​tradicionalismo ​had identified Catholicism and the Spanish Patriotism almost
inextricably, and looked with nostalgic pride to Spain’s golden century when she brought
the Catholic faith to the New World.
2. A zealous and devoted bishop of Nueva Caceres, Fr. Francisco Gainza O.P., conceded
that the nationales had fine qualities which was entirely their own and no one’s influence.

Answer: FALSE

3. Fr, Casimiro Herrero remarks that the submissiveness and the respectfulness typically
displayed by the indios was due to the climate which the former asserts is conducive to
laziness and inaction.

Answer: TRUE

4. Pedro Paterno tries to demonstrate that Christianity had existed in the Philippines before
the coming of the Spaniards in the form of ​bathalismo​.

5. In Rizal’s scheme of the migration wave theory, intermarriages occurred with all the
three waves of people who migrated to the Philippines.

Answer: FALSE

6. In Antonio de Morga’s account, ​Negritos​ figured as “natives who are of black

complexion” whom he described as “barbarians of trifling mental capacity, who have no
fixed homes of settlements.”

7. In colonial society, the Spanish-era word Igorrotes was applied to all sorts of mountain
dwellers and became synonymous with primitivity and savagery.

8. THe 1887 Exposicion de las Islas Filipinas was distasteful and offensive to the
illustrados primarily for the sole reason of the affront to human dignity

Answer: FALSE
 9. In Bluementritt’s prologue to the “Morga”, he notes that Rizal suffered from “the error of
modern historians who censure the occurrences of centuries past in accordance with the
concepts that correspond to contemporary ideas.”

Answer: TRUE

10. Slavery in the pre-hispanic Philippines resulted from debt and usurious contract loans.

Answer: FALSE

11. Rizal vigorously denies Morga’s assertion that Visayan men and women were unchaste
and of loose morality.

Answer: FALSE

12. The crime of ​adultery ​was not punished physically but by the payment of an ​indemnity
of the guilty spouse on the aggrieved spouse after which all is forgotten by the husband.

INTERROGATING FILIPINO INDOLENCE/RIZAL’S ABANDONMENT OF ASSIMILATION

1. Fired up by the resolve to improve himself at every opportunity, learning one new
language after another, he urged Del Pilar to learn French or English on his arrival in
Spain because the language “opens to you the treasures of a country, that is the
knowledge, the ​science​ stored up in the language.”

2. Rather than concentrate on law and medicine, Rizal wanted the Filipinos to imitate the
Japanese ​and turn to “industry, engineering and agriculture.”

3. Rizal’s exhortations and demands for Filipinos to develop intense moral seriousness
while working for moral regeneration alienated all Filipinos addressed.

Answer: FALSE

4. Most of the Filipinos in Spain had been organized into a Masonic lodge of their own in
which Del Pilar had a leading role. Together with the Asociacion ​Hispano-Filipina​, it
was providing means of influencing Spanish politicians to endorse Filipino aims.

5. The historical fact of rent having been paid created a legal presumption in favor of the
Calamba tenants.

Answer: FALSE

6. Rizal had frequently insisted that La Solidaridad must be directed to Spain and the
Spaniards.
 Answer: FALSE

7. The election for the leadership of the Filipino community in Madrid resulted in ​three
inconclusive ballots.

8. The Filipino community in Madrid had been leaderless prior to Rizal’s suggestion that
there be an election for the position for a single leader to unite the Colony.

Answer: FALSE

9. As he cooperated with La Solidaridad, Rizal never opted for the eventual independence
of the Philippines

Answer: False

10. Del Pilar believed the course Rizal advocated to be effective but was unwilling to let him
assume sole leadership.

Answer: FALSE

11. In the last few weeks before his term ended, Weyler had all court decisions of ​eviction
rigidly enforced, and took stringent measures to wipe out all sources of unrest in
Calamba.

12. Rizal had become interested in the possibility of founding a Filipino agricultural colony in
Borneo ​where his relatives and friends who had lost their lands in Calamba might start
anew.

13. In the 15 April 1892 issue, an article by Lete titled “Redentores de perro chico”
appeared, a crude satire on ​Iluso​, the great patriot of Villalusa, who urges the people to
rise against the tyrants to procure liberty.
14. Despujol considered the handbills “Pobres Frailes” which included satiric remarks on the
wealth of the papacy to be an attack on Catholicism and thus on the ​Spanish regime
itself.

FILIBUSTERO AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO

1. By September 1889, when the printing of the El Filibusterismo had been completed,
Rizal shipped the entire edition off to Spain with only a few copies smuggled into the
Philippines.

Answer: FALSE
 2. Rizal had planned to establish a Filipino agricultural colony in ​Borneo​ where his
relatives and friends who had lost their lands in Calamba might start anew.

3. The incident that provoked Despujol to send Rizal into exile were handbills titled “Pobres
Frailes” which emphasized the wealth of the Philippine Dominicans. Most serious for the
governor-general however were the satiric attacks about the wealth of papacy which he
considered an attack on ​Catholicism ​and thus on the ​Spanish​ regime itself.

4. The term ​Chino​ is the second most used ethnic and racial term in the El Filibusterismo.
5. The term ​indio​ is the most used ethnic and political term of the El Filibusterismo.

Explaination: Why? Bcoz of instability of the term “Filipinos

6. For a ‘political novel’, the El Filibusterismo features surprisingly sparse vocabulary for
political terms. Anderson explains the feature that Rizal was basically a moralist and not
a political thinker.

Answer: TRUE

7. While the term mestizo/a is mentioned in 15 instances in the entire novel, Rizal does not
specifically mention whether they are Spanish or Chinese mestizos. The only instance
Chinese mestizos is specified is when Tadeo describes the guests at a party in the
Chapter “Un Tipos Manilenos”.

Answer: TRUE

8. In Simoun’s grand attack on espanolismo, he says that Spanish will never be the
language of the people of the Philippines as “language is the thinking of peoples”. Rizal
specifically named this language as Filipino.

Answer: FALSE

9. Which character expressed regret by expressing, “It is always wrong to seize something
which does not belong to one” ?

Answer: Isagani Take Note: He said it with an enigmatic smile.

CULTURAL MINORITIES

1. Despite the furor surrounding the 1887 exposition, the ​ilustrados​ essentially excluded
the Negritos, highland peoples and Muslims from the national community that they had
begun to imagine.
2. Because their ancestors resisted assimilation into the Spanish and American empires,
these Filipinos used to be called ​ethnic minorities ​before Marco’s New Society called
them cultural communities.

3. Thus the Spaniard remained in this province but against the will of its inhabitants, who
wished to see them there as little as they wished to see the Japanese, and as they
promptly made clear by withdrawing to the ​interior​, leaving them all alone with no food,
so that they consumed all their provisions.

4. The word ​Kalinga ​is the literal translation of an Ibanag word which vassal Filipinos in
Cagayan were applying to all their neighbours who did not join the new society.

5. The Isnegs spoke of an evil ​spirit ​around the missions called tributo which ate people
up.

6. At the time when General Valeriano Weyler was asking for information on the Apayao
area, the Apayao was unsafe for Spanish commanders and their friar compatriors but
not unsafe for other people.

Answer: TRUE

7. In the campaign for assimilation, however, the “primitive races” were reckoned as a
hindrance​ because they seemingly overshadowed the indios and conveyed the
message that the Philippines had not yet reached “the stage of enlightenment that would
merit the concession of political rights”.

8. To conjure the insignificance of “primitive races”, ilustrados tended to ​underestimate​ the

population count of these groups.

9. A young Subano named ​Agyag​ was described by Rizal as of gentle character, humble
and reserved.

10. Rizal’s laudatory view of travel was strikingly similar to the established practice of
rantau ​among the Minangkabau of Sumatra, which entailed leaving one’s home area
and returning someday to enrich it.

11. The temporal cutoff points for determining indigeny was drawn teleogically at the “arrival”
of ​the third wave