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COURSE OBJECTIVE
■ Design deep foundations such as pile and pile raft
foundations construction of deep foundations.

FOUNDATION ■ Understand and interpret behavior of expansive soils

and their suitable foundation systems with remedial
ENGINEERING-II measures.

CEng 4142
Lecture One
■ Understand Environmental issues related to
geotechnical engineering.
Prep. By : Ephrem F. (MSc.)

CH-1 Pile Foundation Introduction

■ Deep Foundations – that transfer super
structure loads deep into the earth
■ Pile Foundations – A pile is a slender, structural
member installed in the ground to transfer the
structural loads to soils at some significant
depth below the base of the structure.
■ Pile foundations are made of steel, concrete or
timber.
■ Piles are deep foundations and which cost more
than shallow foundations. Despite the cost, the
use of piles often is necessary to ensure
structural safety.
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Introduction
When they are needed?
■ When the rock level is shallow enough for
end bearing pile foundations provide a
more economical design.
■ When one or more upper soil layers are
highly compressible and too weak to
support load of superstructure.
■ When subjected to horizontal forces.
■ When expansive and collapsible soils may
be present at the site, pile foundations may
be considered to extended beyond the
active zone, which is where swelling and
shrinking occur.
Introduction
When they are needed?
■ When foundation are below water table and
subjected to strong hydrostatic uplifting
forces are present.
■ For structures near flowing water (Bridge
abutments, etc.) to avoid the problems due
to erosion or scoure.
■ For offshore structures
■ To increase the bearing capacity of
granular soils by means of compaction
(vibration).

Classification of Piles Classification of Piles

■ Based on composition piles are generally Steel Piles
classified as:
Steel Piles
Concrete Piles
Timber Piles
Composite Piles
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Classification of Piles Classification of Piles

Steel Piles
■ Can be pipe piles or rolled steel H-section piles
■ In many cases, the pipe piles are filled with
concrete after they have been driven.
■ Usual length: 15 m to 60 m
■ Usual load: 300 KN to 1200 KN
Steel Piles
■ Advantages
o Easy to manage with respect to cut-off and
extension to the desired depth.
o Can resist high driving stresses.
o Can penetrate hard layers such as dense gravel
and soft rock.

o High load carrying capacity.

Classification of Piles
Steel Piles
■ Disadvantages
o Relatively costly.
o High level of noise during pile driving.
o Subject to corrosion.
o May be damaged or deflected from the vertical
during driving through hard layers or past major
obstructions
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Classification of Piles Classification of Piles

Concrete Piles Concrete Piles

■ Can be pre cast or cast in situ piles. Precast Concrete piles

■ These piles are cast in a casting area and transported to the construction
site.
■ They are often made of uniform sections with pointed tips and often have
a square or octagonal cross section.
■ Usual length: 10 m – 15 m
■ Usual Load: 300 KN – 3000 KN

Classification of Piles Classification of Piles

Concrete Piles Concrete Piles
Precast Concrete piles Precast Concrete piles

■ Advantages ■ Disadvantage
o Difficult to transport
o Can be subjected to hard driving. o Difficult to achieve desired cut-off
o Corrosion resistant.

o Can be easily combined with a concrete superstructure.

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Classification of Piles Classification of Piles

Concrete Piles Concrete Piles
Precast Concrete piles Cast-in-situ/cast-in-place piles
■ These piles are made by pouring concrete in a prepared borehole.
■ Precast piles can also be pre-stressed by the use of
high strength steel pre-stressing cables. ■ Cast-in-situ piles can be shell type (cased type), shell-less type
(uncased type) or pedestal type.
■ Some general facts about pre-stressed piles:
■ Cased piles are produced by first driving a steel shell into the ground
 Usual length: 10 m – 45 m to a desired depth.
 Usual Load: 7500 kN – 8500 kN
■ The concrete is then poured in the shell.
■ The advantages and disadvantages are the same as
those of precast piles. ■ Along its length the steel shell may be either tapered or straight.

Classification of Piles Classification of Piles

Concrete Piles Concrete Piles
cased cast-in-place
Cast-in-situ/cast-in-place piles
■ Some general facts about cased cast-in-place piles are as follows:
■ Advantages ■ Disadvantages
o Usual length: 5m – 15m o Relatively cheap o Difficult to splice after
concreting
o Maximum length: 30m – 40m o Allow for inspection before
pouring concrete o Thine casing may be
o Usual load: 200kN – 500kN damaged during driving
o Approximate max load: 800kN o Easy to extend
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Classification of Piles Classification of Piles

Concrete Piles Concrete Piles
uncased cast-in-place
Cast-in-situ/cast-in-place piles
■ In uncased piles the steel shell is withdrawn after the concrete is poured. ■ Advantages ■ Disadvantages
Pedestal piles has enlarged bulb/pedestal. o Initially economical. o Voids can be created if
concrete is placed rapidly.
The pile may be cased or uncased. o Can be finished at any
elevation. o Difficult to splice after
Some general facts about uncased concreting.
cast-in-place piles: o In soft soils the sides of the
Usual length: 5m – 15m hole may cave in,
squeezing the concrete.
Usually load:300kN – 500kN

Classification of Piles Classification of Piles

Timber Piles
Timber Pile
■ It is made of a tree which is free from structural defects
and properly trimmed.
■ Since timber is vulnerable to moisture change, it should
be treated with a special preservative to prevent decay.
■ Untreated pile embedded below ground water table
permanently has a long life. However, if it is exposed
above the water table it is subjected to decay.
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Classification of Piles Classification of Piles

Timber Piles Composite Pile
■ Timber piles cannot withstand hard driving stress.
■ Steel shoes may be used to prevent damage at the tip
(bottom).
■ Also a metal cap may be used to prevent crushing
(brooming) at the top.
■ Some general facts about timber piles:
Usual length: 5m – 15m
Usual load: 300kN – 500kN

Classification of Piles Classification of Piles

Composite Piles
■ Composite piles consist of two different materials that are connected
together.
■ The common types of composite piles are timber-concrete and steel-
concrete piles.
■ In timber-concrete piles the timber part is placed below the ground
water level and the concrete is then poured at the top.
■ Steel-concrete type of pile is used for depths where cast-in-situ piles
may not easily be constructed. Steel pipes or H-piles are driven to the
required depth and then concrete is cast at the top end of the piles.
■ Based on function piles are classified as:
o End Bearing Piles: Piles that support load by
their tip bearing.
o Friction Piles: Piles that support load by the
friction between the soil and the pile
perimeter.
o Compaction Piles: Piles that support load by
compacting the surrounding soil.
o Anchor Piles: Piles that are used as an
anchorage.
o Tension Piles: Piles that primarily support
tensile loads.
o Fender/dolphin Piles: Piles that primarily
support horizontal loads.
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Classification of Piles
■ Based on method of construction (installation)
o Driven Piles: These piles are driven into the soil by applying blows of a heavy
hammer on their tops.
o Driven and Cast In-Situ Piles: These piles are formed by driving a casing with a
closed bottom end into the soil. The casing is later filled with concrete.
o Bored and Cast In-Situ Piles: These piles are formed by excavating a hole into
the ground and then filling it with concrete.
o Screw Piles: The piles are screwed into the soil.
o Jacked Piles: These piles are jacked into the soils by applying a downward force
with the help of a hydraulic jack.

Classification of Piles Classification of Piles

■ Based on effect of installation piles are classified as: ■ Based on effect of installation piles are classified as:
o Displacement piles
o Non-displacement piles
o Non-displacement Piles
o Displacement Piles
Due to no displacement during installation, there is no heave
The soil will be displaced when the such piles are derived. in the ground.
In loose cohesion less soils, it has the advantage of
densifying the soil and increasing the shear resistance. Example: Cast in-situ piles
In dense cohesion less soils, displacement piles will
decrease the shear resistance of the soil by dilatancy effect.
In cohesive soils, displacement piles will cause remoulding
of the soil leading to a decreased value of shearing
resistance.
Example: Driven concrete piles, Timber or Steel piles
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Reference materials

1. Principles of foundation engineering (by B.M. Das)

2. Principles of foundation engineering (by Alemayehu)

THANK YOU !!!

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FOUNDATION PILE LENGTH

ENGINEERING-II
CEng 4142
Lecture Two

1 2

Pile Length Pile Length

Selecting the type of pile to be used and
estimating its necessary length are fairly
difficult tasks that require good judgment.
In most of the cases, the necessary length of
end bearing pile can be relatively easily
established.
The lengths of friction piles depend on the
shear strength of the soil, the applied load and
the pile size. To determine the necessary
lengths of these piles, the engineer needs
good understanding of soil-pile interaction,
good judgement and experience.
3 4
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Installation of Piles
Most piles are driven into the ground by

INSTALLATION means of hammers or vibratory drives.

In special circumstances piles can also be
inserted by jetting or partial augering.

OF PILES The types of hammer used for pile driving

include:
1. The drop hammer
2. The single acting air or steam hammer
3. The double acting and differential air or
steam hammer
4. The diesel hammer
5 6

Installation of Piles Installation of Piles

In the driving operation a cap is attached to
the top of the pile. A cushion may be used
between the pile and the cap and above the
cap which has the effect of reducing the
impact force and spreading it over a longer
time.

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Installation of Piles

LOAD TRANSFER
MECHANISM

9 10

Load Transfer Mechanism Load Transfer Mechanism

The load transfer mechanism from a pile to the
soil is complicated.

11 12
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Pile Capacity
The bearing capacity of isolated piles may
be determined in one of the following
methods:
PILE CAPACITY 1.
2.
From loading tests
From prevailing building codes
3. From sounding tests
4. From dynamic pile driving formulas
5. From analytical methods
The order in which the methods are
presented above corresponds to the degree
of reliability of the methods.
13 14

Pile Capacity Pile Capacity

Loading Tests
Loading Tests

15 16

Pile Capacity
Loading Tests
The loading test gives reliable results.
Essentially, it consists of loading one pile
and recording the load and the
corresponding settlement data.
one then plots the load settlement curve
from which allowable load on the
foundation will be determined.
17
Pile Capacity
Loading Tests
2. The point at which the curve
begins to show a steeper slope.
3. The point at which the curve
manifests the steepest slope.
4. For total settlement of 0.1d,
50mm, 25mm, 20mm
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Pile Capacity
Loading Tests
The limiting load (ultimate load) is read
from the load-total settlement or from
load-plastic settlement curves.
A. From load-total settlement curves
The limiting pile load can be determined
from one of the following methods:
1. The point at which the end tangents of
the curve meet.
18
Pile Capacity
Loading Tests
B. From load-plastic settlement curves
The following suggestions are proposed to
determine the limiting pile load using load-
plastic settlement curve:
1. For a plastic settlement of 0.025d,
0.02d, 8mm, 35mm.
20

Pile Capacity
Loading Tests
The allowable pile load is obtained by
dividing the appropriate limiting pile load
by a factor of safety.
The magnitude of the factor of safety,
which ranges from 1.3 to 2.0, depends on
the load type and number of load tests
performed.
21
Pile Capacity
Sounding Tests
Due to the relative ease of operation and
low cost involved, sounding tests are
preferred over other methods.
If sounding tests are carefully interpreted,
the results they offer are reliable.
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Pile Capacity
Building Codes
Based on several years of experience, some
codes give allowable bearing capacity of
piles.
EBCS-7 does not as yet provide users with
allowable values for different foundations.
22
Pile Capacity
Sounding Tests
The ultimate bearing capacity obtained
should be divided by a factor of safety to
obtain the allowable load. Unless dictated
by prevailing codes, one may use the
following factors of safety:
1. 2 for piles without base
2. 2.5 for piles with base
3. 1.7 for wooden piles
There are numerous methods of estimating
pile capacity from sounding tests.
24

Pile Capacity
Dynamic Pile Driving Formulas
These formulas give the dynamic resistance
of penetration of a pile by using parameters
during pile driving.
Because of the swift application of the
loads, the dynamic pile driving formulas are
applicable in cohesion less soils where pore
water pressures do not develop.
25
Pile Capacity
Dynamic Pile Driving Formulas
The allowable load will then be determined by
dividing the ultimate dynamic resistance by a
factor of safety of 3.
EBCS-7 states that pile driving formulas should
not be used without correlating the results
with soil borings and loading tests or local
experience.
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Pile Capacity
Dynamic Pile Driving Formulas
Pile driving formulas can be classified as
formulas that use permanent settlement (Sp)
and formulas that use both permanent
settlement (Sp) and elastic compression of the
pile and soil (Se).
These quantities could be directly measured
while driving the pile in question. This is done
by holding a piece of paper on the pile and
moving a pencil.
26
Pile Capacity
Analytical Determination of Bearing Capacity
The ultimate load-carrying capacity Qu of a
pile is given by the equation:
Qu=Qp+Qs
Where
o Qp = load-carrying capacity of the pile
point
o Qs = Frictional resistance (skin friction)
derived from the soil-pile interface
28

Pile Capacity
Analytical Determination of Bearing Capacity
Different methods are suggested by
different researchers to determine Qp and
Qs.
Using the general equation for calculating
bearing capacity for shallow foundations,
the equation for point bearing capacity, Qp
can be written as:
qp = c'Nc* + q’Nq* + γDNγ*
Pile Capacity
Analytical Determination of Bearing Capacity
Frictional resistance, Qs
determined as:
Qs = ΣpΔLf
where
oP = perimeter of the pile section
oΔL = incremental pile length over which P and
f are taken to be constant
of = unit friction resistance at any depth z
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Pile Capacity
Analytical Determination of Bearing Capacity
Because D is relatively small compared with
B in shallow foundations, we can omit the
last term without a serious error, so:
qp = c'Nc* + q’Nq*
Qp = Ap(c'Nc* + q’Nq*)
where
o Ap = area of pile tip
o c' = cohesion of the soil supporting the pile tip
o qp = unit point resistance
o q' = effective vertical stress at the level of the pile tip
o Nc*, Nq* = the bearing capacity factors
29 30
Pile Capacity
Analytical Determination of Bearing Capacity
is Allowable Load, Qall is then determined by
dividing the ultimate load carrying capacity of
the pile by appropriate factor of safety (FS):
Qall = Qu/FS
The factor of safety used generally ranges from
2.5-4 depending on the uncertainties
surrounding the calculation of ultimate load.
The various methods used to determine Qp
and Qs are discussed here under;
31 32
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Reference materials
1. Principles of foundation engineering (by B.M. Das)
2. Principles of foundation engineering (by Alemayehu)

33
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Foundation ANALYTICAL
Engineering II METHOD
LECTURE THREE

BY EPHREM F.

ANALYTICAL METHOD ANALYTICAL METHOD

Load Transfer Method Equations for Estimating Pile Capacity
 The load transfer mechanism from a pile to the soil is complicated.

I.Point Bearing Capacity

 The frictional resistance per unit area at any

depth z may be determined as

3 4
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ANALYTICAL METHOD I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY

Equations for Estimating Pile Capacity A. Meyerhof ’s Method for Estimating Qp
1. For Sand (c’=0)
II. Frictional (Skin) Resistance

5
6

I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY

A. Meyerhof ’s Method for Estimating Qp A. Meyerhof ’s Method for Estimating Qp
1. For Sand (c’=0) 2. For Clay Ф’=0
For piles in saturated clays under undrained conditions Ф’=0

where Cu is undrained cohesion of the soil below the tip of the pile.
=9

8
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I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY

B. Vesic’s Method for Estimating Qp B. Vesic’s Method for Estimating Qp
1. For Sand
1. For Sand
• the pile point bearing capacity based on the theory of expansion
of cavities. According to this theory, on the basis of effective
stress parameters, we may write

where
= mean effective normal ground stress at the level of the pile point

Ko earth pressure coefficient at rest ( =1 sin ) and

N * bearing capacity factor

9 10

I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY

B. Vesic’s Method for Estimating Qp B. Vesic’s Method for Estimating Qp
1. For Sand 1. For Sand

11 12
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I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY

B. Vesic’s Method for Estimating Qp B. Vesic’s Method for Estimating Qp
2. For Clay Ф’=0 2. For Clay Ф’=0
• In saturated clay (Ф’=0 condition), the net ultimate point bearing
capacity of a pile

13 14

I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY

C. Coyle and Castello’s method for D. Correlations for estimating Qp with SPT and CPT results in
estimating Qp in Sand granular soil

• Based on the analysis of 24 1. SPT

large-scale field load tests of • On the basis of field observations, Meyerhof (1976) also suggested that the
ultimate point resistance qp
driven piles in sand. On the
basis of the test results,

• Briaud et al. (1985) suggested the following correlation for qp in granular soil
with the standard penetration resistance N60.

2. CPT

15 16
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I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY

E. Point Bearing Capacity of piles resting on Rocks E. Point Bearing Capacity of piles resting on Rocks
• Sometimes piles are driven to an underlying layer of rock. In such
cases, the engineer must evaluate the bearing capacity of the rock.
• The ultimate unit point resistance in rock (Goodman, 1980) is
approximately

FS=3

17 18

II. FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE II. FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE

A. Frictional (Skin) Resistance Qs in Sand A. Frictional (Skin) Resistance Qs in Sand

• The unit frictional resistance, f, is hard to estimate.

• important factors In making an estimation of f,
 The nature of the pile installation.
 The unit skin friction increases with depth. The magnitude of the critical
depth L’ may be 15 to 20 pile diameters. Conservatively take
≈
 At similar depths, the unit skin friction in loose sand is higher for a high
displacement pile, compared with a low-displacement pile.
 At similar depths, bored, or jetted, piles will have a lower unit skin friction
compared with driven piles.
• Preceding the above factors for = ′

19 20
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II. FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE II. FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE

A. Frictional (Skin) Resistance Qs in Sand A. Frictional (Skin) Resistance Qs in Sand
• Coyle and Castello (1981), in conjunction with the material presented

• Coyle and Castello (1981), in conjunction with the material presented

21 22

II. FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE II. FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE

A. Frictional (Skin) Resistance Qs in Sand A. Frictional (Skin) Resistance Qs in Sand
1. Correlation with SPT Results
2.Correlation with CPT Results
• Nottingham and Schmertmann (1975) and Schmertmann (1978) provided
• Meyerhof (1976) indicated that the average unit frictional resistance, fav, for high-
correlations for estimating Qs using the frictional resistance fc obtained
displacement driven piles during cone penetration tests.

• Meyerhof (1976) indicated that the average unit frictional resistance, fav, for low-
displacement driven piles

• Briaud et al. (1985) suggested that

•

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II. FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE II. FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE

B. Frictional (Skin) Resistance Qs in Clay B. Frictional (Skin) Resistance Qs in Clay
1. λ method 1. λ method
• is based on the assumption that the displacement of soil
caused by pile driving results in a passive lateral pressure at any
depth and that the average unit skin resistance is

25 26

II. FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE II. FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE

B. Frictional (Skin) Resistance Qs in Clay B. Frictional (Skin) Resistance Qs in Clay
2. method 3. method
• The unit skin resistance in • When piles are driven into saturated clays, the pore water pressure in
the soil around the piles increases.
clayey soils can be
• However, within a month or so, this pressure gradually dissipates. Hence,
the unit frictional resistance for the pile can be determined on the basis
where empirical adhesion factor
of the effective stress parameters of the clay in a remolded state (C=0)

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II. FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE II. FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE

B. Frictional (Skin) Resistance Qs in Clay B. Frictional (Skin) Resistance Qs in Clay
3. method 4. Correlation with CPT Results
• Nottingham and Schmertmann (1975) and Schmertmann (1978) found
the correlation for unit skin friction in clay (with Ø=0 ) to be

29
30

PILE LOAD TEST

• In most large projects, a specific number of load tests must be
conducted on piles.
• The load is applied to the pile by a hydraulic jack.
• Step loads are applied to the pile, and sufficient time is allowed
to elapse after each load so that a small amount of settlement
PILE LOAD occurs.

TEST

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PILE LOAD TEST

PILE DRIVING
FORMULA

33

PILE DRIVING FORMULA PILE DRIVING FORMULA

• To develop the desired load-carrying capacity, a point
bearing pile must penetrate the dense soil layer
sufficiently or have sufficient contact with a layer of
rock.
• These dynamic equations are widely used in the field
to determine whether a pile has reached a
satisfactory bearing value at the predetermined depth.

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PILE DRIVING FORMULA PILE DRIVING FORMULA

• A factor of safety FS = 6 was recommended for
estimating the allowable pile capacity.
• for single- and double-acting hammers, the term
WRh can be replaced by EHE, where E is the
efficiency of the hammer and HE is the rated energy
of the hammer. Thus,

• The EN formula has been revised several times over

the years, and other pile-driving formulas also have
been suggested.
37 38

PILE DRIVING FORMULA

(DOWN DRAG)
NEGATIVE
SKIN FRICTION

39

DOWN DRAG (NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION)
• •
• Occurs when piles are installed through a
stratum which under goes consolidation after
the pile is in place
• Calculation of max. down drag forces should
take account of
 The shear resistance of the soil along the
pile shaft
 The depth of compressible soil
 The weight of the soil
 The surface load around each pile
41
DOWN DRAG (NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION)
• Causes of Negative Skin Frictions
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DOWN DRAG (NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION)
• Causes of Negative Skin Frictions
1. If a fill of clay soil is placed over a granular soil layer
into which a pile is driven, the fill will gradually
consolidate.The consolidation process will exert a
downward drag force on the pile during the period of
consolidation.
2. If a fill of granular soil is placed over a layer of soft clay,
it will induce the process of consolidation in the clay
layer and thus exert a downward drag on the pile.
3. Lowering of the water table will increase the vertical
effective stress on the soil at any depth, which will induce
consolidation settlement in clay. If a pile is located in the clay
layer, it will be subjected to a downward drag force.
42
DOWN DRAG (NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION)
Methods for the calculation of Negative skin
friction
A. Clay Fill over Granular Soil
The negative (downward) skin stress on the pile is
44
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DOWN DRAG (NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION) DOWN DRAG (NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION)
Methods for the calculation of Negative skin Methods for the calculation of Negative skin friction

friction B. Granular Soil Fill over Clay

• In this case, the evidence indicates that the negative skin stress on the pile may exist from
z=0 to z=L1, which is referred to as the neutral depth. The neutral depth may be given as
A. Clay Fill over Granular Soil (Bowles, 1982)

The negative (downward) skin stress on the pile is

where; and = effective unit weights of the fill and the underlying clay layer,
respectively.
• For end-bearing piles, the neutral depth may be

• Once we determine 1 then unit skin

friction resistance will be

45 46

DOWN DRAG (NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION)

Methods for the calculation of Negative skin friction
B. Granular Soil Fill over Clay

UPLIFT
RESISTANCE
OF PILES

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UPLIFT RESISTANCE OF PILES UPLIFT RESISTANCE OF PILES

• Piles are also used to resist uplift loads. Piles used for A. Uplift Resistance of Pile in Clay
this purpose are called tension piles, uplift piles or anchor
piles.
• Uplift forces are developed due to hydrostatic pressure or
overturning moments.

49 50

UPLIFT RESISTANCE OF PILES

B. Uplift Resistance of Pile in Sand
• Adequate confirmatory data are not available for
evaluating the uplift resistance of piles embedded
in cohesionless soils. ELASTIC
• Poulos and Davis (1980) suggest that the skin friction of
upward loading may be taken as two-thirds of the SETTLEMENT
calculated shaft resistance for downward loading.
• A safety factor of 3 is normally assumed for calculating
OF PILE
the safe uplift load for both piles in clay and sand.

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ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF PILE ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF PILE

• The total settlement of a pile under a vertical working • If the pile material is assumed to be elastic, the deformation
load Qw is given by of the pile shaft can be evaluated, in accordance with the
fundamental principles of mechanics of materials,

53 54

ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF PILE ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF PILE

• The settlement of a pile caused by the load carried • The settlement of a pile caused by the load carried by the
at the pile point may be expressed in the form: pile shaft is

55 56

Foundation
Engineering II
LECTURE FOUR
BY EPHREM F.
PILE GROUP
• piles are used in groups, to transmit the
structural load to the soil.
• A pile cap is constructed over group piles.
The cap can be in contact with the ground, as
in most cases
• Determining the load-bearing capacity of
group piles is extremely complicated
• The spacing of piles in a group considers
Overlapping of stresses near by piles
Cost of foundation
Efficiency of the pile group
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PILE
GROUP
PILE GROUP
Overlapping of stresses
•When piles are placed in a group, pressure
isobars of adjacent piles overlap each other.
•the soil is highly stressed in the zones of
overlapping of pressures.
•With sufficient overlap, either the soil will fail
or the pile group will settle excessively since the
combined pressure bulb extends to a
considerable depth below the base of piles.
•possible to avoid by installing the piles further
apart but large spacing are uneconomical
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PILE GROUP PILE GROUP

Overlapping of stresses

• In practice, the minimum centre to centre pile spacing, d, is

61 2.5D and, in ordinary situations, is actually about 3 to 3.5D. 62

PILE GROUP PILE GROUP

Bearing Capacity of Group Pile
•In general the ultimate load carrying capacity
of a pile group of n piles Qug is not found
exactly equal to n*Qu due to
Disturbance of soil during installation of pile (-)
overlap of stresses between adjacent piles(-)
the soil between individual piles may
become ‘locked in’ due to densification
from driving block failure (+)
Densification and improvement of soil
surrounding the group may also occur (+)
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PILE GROUP PILE GROUP

Computation of Ultimate capacity Computation of Ultimate capacity
•The ultimate load carrying capacity of the pile
group is the smaller of two values.
1. The ultimate load carrying capacity of n piles:
Qun=n*Qu
2. The ultimate load carrying capacity of the single
large equivalent block pile-Qug
a) the skin friction resistance around the
embedded perimeter of the group
b) the end bearing resistance by assuming a tip
area formed by the block as shown below.

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PILE GROUP PILE GROUP

Efficiency of the pile group Efficiency of the pile group
• The efficiency of the load-bearing capacity of a • Depending on their spacing within the group,
group pile may be defined as the piles may act in one of two ways:
a) as a block, with dimensions Lg x Bg x L,
If the piles act as a block, the frictional capacity
fav.Pg.L < Qg(u)
Note: Pg is perimeter of the cross section of block

b) as individual piles.

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PILE GROUP PILE GROUP

Efficiency of the pile group
Efficiency of the pile group
• Depending on their spacing within the group,
Equations for Group Efficiency of Friction Pile

• if the centre-to-centre spacing d is large enough, In that

case, the piles will behave as individual piles.
• Thus, in practice, if then;

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PILE GROUP PILE GROUP

Efficiency of the pile group Determination of pile Group loads
The methods used to estimate pile loads in a
pile group base on the following assumptions:
• The cap is rigid
• Piles heads are hinged to the pile cap;
no bending moment is transmitted from the pile
cap to the piles.
• The whole load is carried by the piles;
no load is transmitted to the soil below the pile cap
• The piles are elastic,
the deformations and the stress distribution are
analysed based on elastic analysis.
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PILE GROUP PILE GROUP

Ultimate Capacity of Group Piles in Saturated Clay Ultimate Capacity of Group Piles in Saturated Clay

• Step 1- • Step 2-

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PILE GROUP PILE GROUP

Ultimate Capacity of Group Piles in Saturated Clay Ultimate Capacity of Group Piles in Saturated Clay

• Step 2- • Step 3-
Compare the values obtained from Step-1and Step-2
The lower of the two values is taken as Qg(u).

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PILE GROUP PILE GROUP

77 78

ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF GROUP PILE

• The simplest relation for the settlement of group
piles was given by Vesic (1969),

ELASTIC
SETTLEMEN
T OF
GROUP PILE

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ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF GROUP PILE ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF GROUP PILE

• For group piles in sand and gravel, for elastic settlement, • Similarly, the group pile settlement is related to the cone
Meyerhof (1976) suggested the empirical relation penetration resistance by the formula

81 82

CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT OF GROUP PILE

• The consolidation
settlement of a
group pile in clay
can be estimated
by using the 2:1
C O N S O L I DAT I O N stress distribution
SETTLEMENT OF method.
GROUP PILES

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CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT OF GROUP PILE CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT OF GROUP PILE

•Step 1- • Step 3-

• Step 2-

85 86

CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT OF GROUP PILE

• Step 4-

THANK YOU!!!
• Step 5-

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Foundation
Engineering II
LECTURE FIVE

BY EPHREM F.

LATERALLY LOADED PILES LATERALLY LOADED PILES

• Vertical piles are capable to resist small lateral loads • A vertical pile resists a lateral load by mobilizing
although they are generally used in foundations to passive pressure in the soil surrounding it.
withstand vertical loads.
• The degree of distribution of the soil’s reaction
• When horizontal loads per pile exceeds the capacity of
the vertical pile, inclined piles called batter piles or raker depends on
piles are used in combination with the vertical piles. – the stiffness of the pile
• When a soil of low bearing capacity extends to a – the stiffness of the soil, and
considerable depth, piles are generally used to transmit – the fixity of the ends of the pile.
vertical and lateral loads to the surrounding soil. • In general, laterally loaded piles can be divided into
• Piles that are used under tall chimneys, Tv towers, high two major categories:
rise buildings, high retaining walls, offshore structures etc (a) short or rigid piles and
are normally subjected to high lateral loads
•
(b)long or elastic piles
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LATERALLY LOADED PILES LATERALLY LOADED PILES

(a) short or rigid piles (b)long or elastic piles A. Elastic or Non Dimensional solution

93 94

LATERALLY LOADED PILES LATERALLY LOADED PILES

• The above equation which differential equation for

the deflection curve (Elastic line of pile)
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LATERALLY LOADED PILES LATERALLY LOADED PILES

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LATERALLY LOADED PILES

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101 102

THANK YOU!!!

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Practice makes perfect so try your best to do solved

problems from text books and reference materials.

Finally do the assignments in group; good team work

reveals a good outcome at the end there will be
presentation.

Test Next Week

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