Saniya Shahzad 2 O’ LEVEL uk We | PAKISTAN STUDIES HISTORY 2059/1 HEAD OF DEPARTMENT JUNAID AKHTAR CELL= 0300-2187567 Junaid-akhtar@live.com TOP IN PAK STUDIES 98%Laken? ova‘The Hindus were so angry that they attempted to assassinate Lord Minto and started their boycott of British goods under the ‘Swadeshi Movement’. Thore was also an outbreak of terrorist activities. Further Lord Surzon, originator of the idea, was no longer viceroy so a change of policy was easier. (b) Why was the Partition of Bengal reversed in 1911? 2005 7 Level 4: Simplistic statement t) The Hindus didn’t lke it Level 2; identifies reasons (2-4) Hindus protested and banned British goods Level 3: Explains reasons [7] The Hindus objection to Partition} was so great that it caused the British to rec Hindus opposed it by holding meetings fand mags rallies which put pressure on the British goveri{ment. They thought it was a deliberate attempt to ‘divide and rule’ on the part of the Britis. The Hindus were so angry thal they attempted to assassinpte Lord Minto and stated their boycott of Brftish goods urjder the {e} ‘The reasons for parti A! in 1905 were more important than thoge that Laused its reversal in 1911.’ Do you ag in your answer. 2007 (14 LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement (12) Itwanted to be free LEVEL 2: Descriotion of partitich and/or, reversals, 8) Bengal was too iarge and needed partitioning. Hindus wore in the majority/and wanted reuntication. LEVEL 3: Explains reasons for partiion|OR reversal. G10) LEVEL 4: Explains BOTH. 9-13) Partition Supporters of Partition among the Blitish thought it would be sensible to up the province for administrative convenience. Bengal ws very large and producing significant ddmigistrative probiems. By doing this, the British felt thatlthe province woutd be easier to administer, especially at thel time of « new British government in power. Meny Mlisims supported Partition because they belidved that it would give them dominance in the new provined, Of the 54 million people in pfe-Partitjon Bengal, 42 million were Hindus, but ¢ new separpte Ej fal would have a Muslim majority Reversal Congress arguef! that Perfitioh was part of the British ‘divide and rule'/policy which would weston India and {agian unity. Malor pr and mass rallies) organised by Congress, supported by|many Hindus, was so great that il caused tHle Britisly to reconsider it, Many Hindus gtarted a mass boycott of British goods under the '‘SwaHleshi Moveyhent’. Alfew extreme Hindus adopted /terrorist behaviour and,| among other attacks, attempt 'aséinale Lofd Minto, LEVELS: As Level 4: afso produces a judgemnt or evaluation. (14) (b) Why did the British want to p4rtition the province of Bengal m {b) Why was the partition of Beygal reversed in 19117 m (byWhy\ How did the Indian Hindus react against the partitiod of Bengal? a ree or disagreeerph - [14] In 1905 the Liberals won the elections in Britain & announced to give mare representation to the local people in the govt. of Indie through elections. John Morley wanted to Muslim support due to their improved relations. Lord Minto became Viceroy of India in 1905 and he was enjoying his vacations at Simla where a delegation of Muslim Leaders fed by Sir Agha Khan met him in 1906.!t was known that he would introduce some new reforms in India. The deputation demanded Muslim scats in the legislatures more than their population because they wanted fo have more representation in the govt. & army, waweresats = judyensvab pal yh cursabeetee toval >quota (specific seats) in government services and the seats in the courts for the Muslims. The main demand was separate electorate for the Muslims (It means that the Hindus would vote for Hindu candidate & Muslims for Muslim candidate) because at that time any seat might cause a dispute end the ‘Muslims were in minority. Lord Minto accepted most of the demands and it was a great success for the Muslims. The Muslim leaders argued that such measures improved the importance of the Muslims in the society because many Muslims were majortandlofds & their share in the British army, very high. It showed that the efforts of the Mustins to reftore the relations with the British werg becoming successful. It Siso showed thet the Muslims now wanted t4 separate themselves from the Hindus # it increased the Hindu- Maslim hostility. In response of Sirfla deputation the Congress also sent its delegafion represpnted by Feroz Shah Mehta, who totally rejected the proppsals extended by the Muslims & due/to this the Hinéu-Musiim hostility increased. IMPORTANC) Tt was a very important event becsuse the heceptance of the major demands offthe Mustims like separate cleetorate and Mustim seats proved that the efforts of Sir Syed & other leaderg had been sukcessfal & the British wanted to work with the Musi by removing previous bad feelings. It also skpwed that the Muslim commonity had decided crn it established a secure positio# in the consiftution. It also showed that the Muslims were a sdparate cprmunity than the Hindus so they slfould bg treated in s different way. It gave a new courage to the Suppressed Muslims who thought thernselvep as an fnferior fommunity in the presence of Hindu majority & it can be considered as the first step towards tha achiovgment of their desired targets by forming Muslin} Leagu¢ in 1906. tims of the sub-bontinent? [7] {b) Why was the Simla Dologation bf 1906 ah important turning paint for tho Mh LEVEL +: Simplistic: statement, for =jample: They get on better wilh the British. 1) LEVEL 2: lentifies reasons, for example: It el! to a separate electorate for Muslimsfand thejfojmation qf he Musi, League. (2-8) LEVEL @: Expicins reasons, for ejmple: The Musi demands for sepa .preserftation, otostion by only Muslim volere and weightage in allelected Hodies were accepted by the British. his resylteg in @ suyden upturn in Muslin-Britsh relelions and helped fo removq the previous bad fealings betwee the 2 sfdes| It also faved the way Ter demands for a seperate Ramelpnd with}the granting of @ seperate oloctordie. it algo gharanioed) Musiims a7 {fSependent reo in the pollical profess ends a result led tothe formation of the All-iidian] Musling League 1 or in the year, (671 FORMATION OF ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGU! their dum because after Simla deputatipn the Muslims desperitely needed la depfitation and partition of Benga] also in the favor of the Muslims: which gave them the courage. ‘They had realized that the Congress wa) only working for the interesfs of Hindus & the Muslims wanted to seduce the inflyence of Coperess. go they wanted to counter the problems caused by thy Hindus & Congress. The Muslims watfed to ebSare that fhe Muslim views were repregented to the British. Thp Congress demanded demociacy in India whicH wes against the Muslims who were in minority, Thr Congress Gemanded that Hindi should be made|the national language of India. [Hindu st groups wre, so cruel to the Mestims & ¥ Ariya Samaj * started forctbly conversion of th Muslims to Hingluism soy to protect their religion it was} forme. FORMATION: ‘in 1906 the 20" anual meeting off the Muslim Educational Confe Nawab Salim Uilak\Chan of Deega. Nawab Wagar-Ul-Mulk presi the meeting siressed on a separite party for the Muslims. After fhe meeting Naxvab) Salim Yah Khan proposed the formatio farate political party for the Musti iggested the “All India Mfeclim Confederacy for H-On 20" December 1905 AU India Muslin League was formed in Dkake.Nenvab Wagar UMulk was norsinated as the president and Naveab Mohsin-ul-Mulk as the General Secretary. The TP dnmual session of IML was held in 1907 at Karachi under the chairmanship of Sir Adamjee Pir Bhai lence wap going onlat the residence of .d over| the meeting & the rhembers ofand 2" session in 1908 at Aligarh, on this occasion Sir Agha Khan was appointed as the president and Bilgarami as the new General Secretary. lis 3" Presidem was Muham,mad Ali Jauhar. Mian Muhammad Shafi was its 4" while Jinnah became life time President in 1934. JUNAID AKHTER 0300-2187567 Why did the Mustims of § (b) Why was the Muslim Li LEVEL 1: Simplistic stateme LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons. ‘The Muslims were disorganis LEVEL 3: Explains reasons as an organization which should be treated as a cultural annoyed some towards se The ne Aish occeped tie Fig ab Bal only jadvance Hindu views. The Congress w. Hindi should be declared the official on too far, Some Hindus also resented the relative high position of Muslims in the Councils despite their much smaller numbers, of(c) Were the Morley-Minto reforms the most important attempt by either the Muslims, the Hindus or the British in seeking a solution to the problems in the sub-continent between 1906 and 1920? Explain your answer, 2005 Level 1: Simplistic statement Morley was the Secretary for State for India a d Minto was the Viceroyof India. Level 2: Description of above 13-4) ‘The Imperial Council was eniarged tq and the Provisional Councils to inthe larger states and 30 in the smaller o Level 3: Explains one factor (7-10) Level 4: Explains at least two fa ir opinions, ‘The British also accepted the right/of Mu: were other attempts to solve the problems in the 3 : Pact of 1916 as an ‘agreement between the Muslims ahd th the British government in an attempt to show a united ont and produce common aims, Lif le wag done Hy the British about the sub-continest during the First World War but shortly ard in 19}9 came the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms. | These img they had hoped for greater concessions. wit!) only minor accepted the right of the British tg remain] in control. The Rowlatt Act of the resentment of the political parties by including the right of arrest without warrant and detention without bail WHY WAS IT SIGNED? It was {he first donstitutional agreement Scie between tf In 1911 partition of Bengal reversed which was an anti-Muslim step & i Balkan Wars” begun in Eastem Europe. Phe Brit{sh fought against the Muslims of Turkey & the Indi? Muslims considered it as another anti-Musl Jinnah always tried his b s target. It is considered as the biggest gffort bf Jinnal to bring both the parties closer fo each dther-He was jyorking as P . Due to his advice the Muslim League added the demand of having their annual meeting if Bombay ¢ power to Indians according fo their promise till 1914, which & Muslim Léague closer to each other. In this situation moderate Ida bm Congress played an importaht role. Due 10 Firs! Wyrld Wardhe Britsl] govt. announced that half of fhe members of Execuisy Council would be elected &| the Legislative Corncil would have a majority off elected members. Both the parties accepted it. This led\o the first major agreement and both the parties tied to fi n view dgainst the British govt. In 191% again both the phrties had their annual sessionfin Luckhow & Jignah sucpeeded to bring both the partis closer to each gther. Mustim League in this agreemen{ was represented by Jinnah while Ambeka Charaly Mahajan led Cngress. This was firs time in th history that ‘* The Congress ackepted the righy of separate electorate and the beats fof the Muslims. «The Muslims wert also given ofte-third seats in Central Legisltive Copneil. + Both the parties adreed that they would not agree on an act affecting jny commupity unles three- quarter of the community adeepted it. — Number of elected scats on the councils should be increased & minorities should be protected. Both the parties agreed on the demand that more seats to be given by the elections as well as provincial autonomy (Power ‘+ The Congress accepted the Muslim League as the sole representative of the Muslims of South Asia 28‘The Muslims were delighted because of separate electorate and the Congress accepted seats first time & the promise for the power of the provinces was also in favour of the Muslims. Minorities should be protected & the Councils should be accepted as binding by the British govt. IMPORTANC It was the first time that fhe Hindlis & the Muslims had made a joint dempand for political reforms, It marked the first acceptance by fhe Hindus that the degree of pactition would/be necessary in any self-governing India. The Muslims had|reatized|that they need to work with all other parties on {he other hand the Hindus had realized that the Hindu-Muslim problems were the same & they should work together to drive the British away ftom Indi. It marked the high water mark of the Hinjlu-Musiim finity. It was the greatest success of Jinnah to brig both {he parties closer because he always fried his bes? to bring the Hindus and the Muslims closer to ech other| (b) Explain why the Licknow Pact of 1916 came about? m LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement . Itwas an agreement bdtween Muslims and Hindus , a LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons ‘Muslims and Hindus wfinted to fvork together (2-4) LEVEL 3: Explains reasons The Muslims and Hingus wanted to work together on constitutiopal ref The Muslim League and the e spt the demands, The LP was ress and the ML. Both realized self-rufe. For the first time[S-7} was therefore seen as a beacon the Céngress and the Muslim between the two communities, of hope for the fata League in one place, luslim nity between 1914 fd] In 1917 Secfetary of viceroy| Lord Cheimsfordt64 ished a hd was the British govt, was followin d been the time since they int @ policy to introduce rpforms qauced Morley-Minto refpprms in 1909. lation in these reforms. the Indian favour by ins) & to plan for the hat the time period st to be 3 years. entral govt, to © Systenof "Diarcy' was introduced in the provinces which gave authorify to the interfereg the provincial matters. © Reserved subjects (Justice, Police, Revenue, and Power & Press) were to be controlled by the provincial Governor & his executive council while Transferred subjects (Local govt., Education, Health, Public Works & Forests) were entrusted to Ministers responsible to Provincial Legislative Council. + Separate clectorates were also accepted first time for the both the Muslims and the 29the main powers. In Congress some mbderates|accepted these & & it recommended that some measut Outs of 103 seats in the Imperial Legislative Council 32 seats would be reserved for the Muslims. ‘The Council of State was consisted of 60 members & 33 were elected out of these. A Couneil of Princes was also set up with 108 members to allow the prices to debate matters of importance, The Legislative Council should now be called as the Legislative Assembly and it would have 145 members of which; 103 would be elected for 3 years. ‘The British govt. also claimed that they werd extending voting rights for locals. ‘The Vieeroy was given full power fo pass ny bill & appoint the provincial Govefnors. ‘The British govt. promised to introftuce mofe constitutional reforms after 10 yea! were hoping much more from the Hritish govt,jbut it kept they were dismissefi from Congress while ‘The Mustims League and Congress bo! Jims were ns. Local people of India wanted that the count he power was|granted to Viceroy. In 1917 a committee was form ionaryjactivities in India lhe parties Without a ravines trations Muslims bple galhered at officer|General 00 people gd in| Jallianjwala Bagh Incident. To investigate this Tuti¢ent HUNTER COMMITTEE was se . his services but he was not punisted for it entioned the possibility of sel rule by the Indians in pf! interpal nfatters. fuslims and the Hindus pecause they both had hoped tbr more koyeessions/ The British had the main powér in local bodies and thdre were few positive features fpr the Indians, JUNAED Al KET ER 0300-2!87567 las fighehng, feated in fhe war. It was the only fa oF Caliph” so. a many sacred placeS Of the Muslims like Makkah, Madina & Jerusalem or to convert Turkey to @ nation than an empire. ‘The Muslims of South Asia taursched a movement to pressurize the British to give independence to India by using this agitation because the British yovi. was heving 2 weak position duc to war. PLAN: The Treaty of Versailles decided to split Germany into two by creating a new country Poland. Germans were asked to pay a huge sum to Victorious Allies. The same measures were‘taken against Austria also, The Treaty of Sevres (1920) was against Muslims and according to this Turkey was to be divided amongst the victorious allies. It further said that Ottoman Empire was to be split up in a way that Arabia was ‘made independent, some parts of Turkey would be given under League of Nations and the remaining Turkish land would be given to Greece, While Turkey's only possession in Europe would be the areas around Istanbul. ‘The British Prime Minister Lloyd George wanted to split Turkey also in the same way they did with Germany & Austria. The Muslims of South Asia were angry at this decision & started to stop the British doing any harm to Khilafat in Turkey. MAIN EVENT: which decided to send a del “] FAT COM resistance called SATYAGRAYA. The P™ conference was held in AMRITS, were convinced to give up Gdvt. servides, give back titles, boycott courts aifd bodies not to attend schools apd collegds. After this conference the promi 30,000 Indian political leaders were arrested till the end of 1921.Gandhi conWinced the eople of Congress that with the help of this moment they jrould beable to get “Swaraj or Self-rule” in/a year. Muslim agitation to pressuriaq the British for the self-rule and to prove that khe Hi cooperation; he thought that it c Js decided to exploit ity Was the need of fkward in all the fields of life. Thig migration to Afghanisthn is known as 1 istory. li July 1921 the 3 & final confer¢nce was held in which if was approved that the Muslims should nt attefd Britisih schools, serve in the police or a : Hi brothers. Jinnah had alrpady predicted that jappened in Nilambar & Tirur wher on fire. ‘were released from jail in 19 Je picturelof the Mustinis & fumed Ali Johar decJared India as“Dar-ul-Harb mea biggest reason Kamal Attaturk of Gand b i self-rule while the ith Khilafat, ical situation was another blow for this movement at a wrong time. The Muslims were shocked to see the attitude of Afghan govt. on the other hand the Muslim leaders wanted the local people to stay in India & fight against the British while they were leaving, Ignorance of Quaid’s suggestions because he was totally against non- cooperation movement. The non-cooperation movernent was started at a wrong time, Burning of 21 policemen in Chaura Chori incident which made it violent. 31