PAPER

PARTICIPANT ROLES
Mata Kuliah : Semantics
Lecturer : Dian Shinta Sari, S.Pd

Writer by group 8 :
Herlin Firman Putri (321910067)
Margarita Norianti (321910094)
Fardilah (321910055)

CLASS : B AFTERNOON
PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS
INSTITUT KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
PERSATUAN GURU REPUBLIK INDONESIA
PONTIANAK
2021

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 FOREWORD

Praise and gratitude we pray to the presence of God Almighty who has given His grace so
that the author can complete this paper entitled "Participants Roles" on time.
This paper provides an explanation, Kinds of Participant Roles, Participant Roles and
Grammatical Position.
The author realizes that there are shortcomings in this paper. Therefore, suggestions and
criticisms are always expected for the improvement of the author's work. The author also
hopes that this paper can provide more knowledge for all of us.

Pontianak,
Tim Penyusun

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

COVER ..............................................................................................................................i
FOREWORD.....................................................................................................................ii
CONTENT.........................................................................................................................iii
CHAPTER 1 PRELIMINARY.........................................................................................1
A. Background .............................................................................................................1
B. Purpose Of the Problem...........................................................................................1
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION............................................................................................2
A. definition of Participants Roles...............................................................................2
B. Kinds Of Perticipants Roles ...................................................................................3
C. Participant Roles and Grammatical Position...........................................................3
CHAPTER III CONCLUSION........................................................................................6
REFERENCE.....................................................................................................................7

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 BAB I
PRELIMINARY
A. Background
A human would like express his or her idea or thought through sentences to give
information to the other. A sentence is a string of words that contains certain
information. The information which is presented by the different sentences, in parts of
sentences, is called proposition. Proposition is the referring expression which is
abstract but meaningful.
In semantic analysis, every proposition contains one predicate and a number of
expressions called arguments. The use of predicate is to make the specific relation
with the arguments. Here, predicate is a verb, an adjective, a preposition, or a noun
phrase. While argument is a role that is referring to the person, things, etc.
Kreidler (1998: 68) states, the arguments that accompany the predicate have different
semantic functions, or roles, in the proposition. The semantic function which is the
role of arguments depends on the predicate in producing meaning.
The semantic roles have the same name with semantic cases, thematic cases, thematic
roles, participant roles, or thematic functions by other linguists (ibid, 82). Although
they have the same meaning and function, this paper would like to define participant
roles as the role that is conducted by the person or the thing to describe the referring
expression in particular situation.
B. Purpose Of the Problem
1. Explain The Definition Of Participants Roles
2. Mention Kinds Of Participants Roles
3. explain about Participant Roles and Grammatical Position

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 BAB II
DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Perticipants Roles

Fillmore (1968: 19) as the pioneer of participant role in ‘The Case For Case’ state
that the term ‘case’ for the kind of remote syntactic-semantic relations that are at
issue. In this case, syntactic is as grammatical notion has a place in the element of
the grammar of every language then identify it into meaning. Therefore in the
universality of the theory, Fillmore says:
“The case notions comprise a set of universal, presumably innate, concepts which
identify certain types of judgments human beings are capable of making about the
events that are going on around them, judgments about such matters as who did
it, who it happened to, and what got changed” (ibid, 24).
The cases that classified by Fillmore are as follows:
Agentive (A), the case of typically animate perceived instigator of the action
identified by the verb.
Instrumental (I), the case of inanimate force or object causally involved in the
action or state identified by the verb.
Dative (D), the case of the animate being affected by the state or action identified
by the verb.
Factitive (F), the case of the object or being resulting from the action or state
identified by the verb, or understood as a part of the meaning of the verb.
Locative (L), the case which identifies the location or spatial orientation of the
state or action identified by the verb.
Objective (O), the semantically most neutral case, the case of anything
representable by a noun whose role in the action or state identified by the verb is
identified by the semantic interpretation of the verb itself.; conceivably the
concept should be limited to things which are affected by the action or state
identified by the verb. The term is not to be confused with the notion of direct
object, nor with the name of the surface case synonymous with accusative.
Case grammar focused on the description of participant role that is played by an
argument in the formed of referring expression. In other words, argument
determines participants roles. Participant role can be defined as a role or position
that is associated with argument, or the roles that argument has.
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B. Kinds Of Participants Roles
Soekemi (2000: 113) divides the roles played by the participant object and people
into:
a. Agent, the person carrying out the action described.
b. Affected, the thing or the person, upon which the action is carried out.
c. Instrument, the thing by means of which the action is carried out
d. Beneficiary, the person for whose benefit the action.
e. Location, the place where the action described.
While, Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2003) classify the thematic roles into:
a. Agent, the one who performs an action.
For example: Joyce ran.
b. Location, the place where an action happens.
For example: It rains in Surabaya.
c. Instrument, the means by which an action is performed.
For example: Freddie cuts hair with a razor.
d. Beneficiary, is the person whose benefit the action. It is indicated by
“for”.
For example: The gardener opened the gate for the students in the
campus. ‘The students’ is a role of beneficiary in the sentence.
e. Affected, can be called as theme, that is the person or the thing is affected
by the state or action identified by the verb. For example: Marry found
the puppy. ‘The Puppy’ is the role of affected in the sentence.
C. Participant Roles and Grammatical Position
The participant role is often found in the sentence either speaking or writing by
identifying a role in a sentence and grammatical position.
Fillmore (1968: 19) as the pioneer of participant role in ‘The Case For Case’ state
that the term ‘case’ for the kind of remote syntactic-semantic relations that are at
issue. In this case, syntactic is as grammatical notion has a place in the element of
the grammar of every language then identify it into meaning.
Case grammar focused on the description of participant role that is played by an
argument in the formed of referring expression. In other words, argument
determines participants roles.
In this grammatical position we will discuss 3 points :
1. Grammatical Position in the sentences
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 - Subject Position (preceding main verb)
The subject is a grammatical term used to describe the nouns, pronouns,
and noun phrases that occur before the verb in a sentence. Thus,
the subject describes a position in the sentence. When the verb is in
the active form, the subject of the sentence is the "do-er" or agen
who or what—that causes the action.
for example : John opended the door with the key
John is the subject position in grammatical.
- Object Position (following immediatelly)
An object of a sentence in gramatical is the receiver of the action. A direct
object is 'whom' or 'what' the action is being directly done to. An indirect
object is the noun 'for whom,' 'to whom,' 'for what,' or 'to what' the action
is being performed.
for example : John opended the door with the key
The door is the receiver of the action or as the object
- Complement Position
In grammar, a complement is a word or word group that completes the
predicate in a sentence. In contrast to modifiers, which are optional,
complements are required to complete the meaning of a sentence or a part
of a sentence.
for example : John opended the door with the key
After the verb, but not immadiatelly often after preposition
2. The Possible Combination of role and grammatical position
a. The most common combinations : agent – subejct and affected – object
example : the dynamite blew the safe open
b. The rare combination : agent in object position, and instrument in object
position
example : the hut was set alight by vandals
c. The most versatile combination : subject position and complement position
example : Afred burn the cake
d. The least versatile : object position
example : Sidney swatted the flay with his hat

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3. Role Frame Of a Verb
Participants roles can be include in the dictionary. proponents of the notion of
role envisage that in the dictionary entry for each verb in the language there
will be a “role frame”, indicating what roles must be and what roles may be.
mentioned in connection with the verb.
example : open : (agent ) affected (instrument)
 john opened the door (agent)
 The key opened the door (affected)
 The door opened (instrument)

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 BAB III

CLOSING
A. CONCLUSION
The participant role is the role in the semantics as the position or a role that is
associated with arguments. The participant role is the role that is conducted by the
person or the thing to describe the referring expression in particular situation. The
grammatical positions which consist of subject, object, and complement are identified
in order to get more understanding about the position in the sentence.
The participant role is often found in the sentence either speaking or writing. By
identifying a role in a sentence and grammatical position, people can detect the
sentence more clearly to get the understanding.

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 REFERENCE
Vigliocco, G., Warren, J., Siri, S., Arciuli, J., Scott, S., & Wise, R. (2006). The role of
semantics and grammatical class in the neural representation of words. Cerebral
Cortex, 16(12), 1790-1796.
Grimm, S. (2011). Semantics of case. Morphology, 21(3), 515-544.
https://slideplayer.com/slide/6111486/
https://www.slideshare.net/syifazahro/participant-role
Soekemi, Kem. 2000. Semantics A Work Book Second Edition. Surabaya: UNESA University
Press.
Fillmore, Charles J. 1998. “The case for case”, in E. Bach and R. Harms, eds, Universals in
Linguistic theory (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston), 1-88.