Teknologi

Komposit 
Class info

• Credits : 3
• Semester : 6
• ELO : st
students are able to explain composite
materials, process and applications, calculate the mechanical and
physical
physical properties using Rule of Mixture, and understand the
mechanical aspect of laminate composite
• Grading Systems : Homework, In Class Assgn., Midtest
• Textbook :
• Hull, D., An Introduction to Composite Materials. 1981
• Matthew, F.L. and R.D. Rawlings, Composites Materials: Engineering and
Science. 1993
• Bryan Harris, Engineering Composites Materials. 1999
• Gibson R.F., Principle of Composites Materials Mechanics. 1994
 Class Schedule
Date Subject Note

WNP 08/09
/09 Fe
Feb 20
2017 SAP. Cl
Class
ass In
Introductio
ction
n. Def
Definit
initio
ion
n & clas
classsific
ifica
ation
ion of
of co
composi
osites

WN P 15/16 Fe
Feb 20
2017 Classification an
and fu
function of ma
matrix an
and re
reinforcement.

WN P 22/23 Feb 2017 Types of particle and fiber reinforcement

WN P 01/02 Maret 20
2017 Interfaces, interphases, contact angle In Class Assignment

WNP
WNP 08/0
08/09
9 Maret
aret 201
2017 Adsop
dsoprrtion
tion and
and wet
wetting
ting,, int
interdiff
diffus
usio
ionn bond
bondining,
g, elect
lectrrost
ostatic
tic
attraction, mechanical interlocking, bonding strength
WNP
WNP 15/1
15/16
6 Mar
Maret
et 201
2017 Effe
ffect of fibe
fiberr len
leng
gth and
and ororien
ientation
tion,, eff
effect of load
loadin
ing
g dir
direc
ecti
tion
on,, Homework
matrix and fiber loading ratio
WN P 22/23 Ma
Maret 2017 Rule of mixture calculation

29/30 Maret 20
2 017 Mid Test

AZ 05/06 April 2017 Metal matrix composites

AZ 12/13 Ap
April 20
2017 Ceramic matrix composites

AZ 19/20 April 20
2017 Polymer matrix composites

AZ 26/27 April 2017 Nano composites

AZ 03/04 Mei 2017 Composites

Composites laminates
laminates

AZ 10/11 Mei 2017 Laminate analysis, strength of laminate

17/18 Mei 2017 Final Test

Class Rules

• Attendance
Attendance is important but not mandatory
• No sleep in class
• Candies and drinks are allowed
• Late arrival is acceptable
• Don’t be noisy
• Homework submission
• Submit electronically
• Minus 10 points per day for late submission
• No plagiarism, no copy-paste
• Mid test & Final test
• No cheating, no cell-phone,
c ell-phone, no restroom-break
restroom-break
• Your answer-book will not be returned
• Any complaint, please come to my office directly
THE WORLD OF MATERIALS
THE WORLD OF MATERIALS
 TUJUAN PENGAJARAN

 Definitions in composite materials

 Dispersed phase, matrix

 Structure of composites
 Particle-reinforced
 Fiber reinforced
 Structural composites
 PENGERTIAN KOMPOSIT

 Komposit merupakan kombinasi dari dua material atau lebih yang

memiliki fasa yang berbeda menjadi suatu material baru yang
memiliki properti lebih baik dari keduanya.

 Jika kombinasi ini terjadi dalam skala makroskopis maka disebut

sebagai komposit.

 Jika kombinasi ini terjadi secara mikoroskopis (molekular level)

maka disebut sebagai alloy atau paduan.
 PENGERTIAN KOMPOSIT

 Composites are formed from two or more types of materials.

Examples include polymer/ceramic and metal/ceramic composites.

 Composites are used because overall properties of the composites

are superior to those of the individual components. For example:
polymer/ceramic composites have a greater modulus than the
polymer component, but aren't as brittle as ceramics.
 DEFINISI KOMPOSIT

 Multiphase material
 Usually exhibits properties of both phases
 Usually improves performance over either individual phase

 Composites have already been discussed

 Multiphase metal alloys, or ceramics or polymers
 Example, pearlitic steels, alt. Layers a + fe3c

 There are also composites spanning materials classes (e.g. ceramic

and metals)
 JENIS KOMPOSIT

Fiber Reinforced Composite Particle Reinforced Composite

 JENIS KOMPOSIT
Particle – reinforced composites support higher tensile, compressive
and shears stresses

Examples for particle – reinforced

composites. (spheroidized steel
and automobile tire)
 APLIKASI KOMPOSIT

 Engineering applications often require unusual combinations of

properties
 esp. aerospace, underwater, and transportation
 can’t be achieved with a single material

 e.g. - aerospace requires strong, stiff, light, and abrasion

resistant material
 – most strong, stiff materials are dense and heavy
 – most light materials are not abrasion resistant

 Solution is in composite materials

 CONTOH KOMPOSIT

 Natural
 Wood  flexible cellulose fibers held together with stiff lignin
 Bone  strong protein collagen and hard, brittle apatite

 Artificial (man-made)
 Constituent phases are chemically distinct
KLASIFIKASI KOMPOSIT BUATAN
 SIFAT KOMPOSIT

Depends on:
 Constituent phases

 Relative amounts
 Geometry of dispersed phase
 – Size, shape, etc.
 PARAMETER KOMPOSIT

For a given matrix/dispersed phase system:

 Concentration

 Size
 Shape

 Distribution
 Orientation
PARAMETER KOMPOSIT
KLASIFIKASI KOMPOSIT BUATAN
 PARTICULATE – REINFORCED
COMPOSITES
 Divided into two classes
 (based on strengthening mechanism)

 Large particle
 interaction between particles and matrix are not on the atomic or
molecular level
 particle/matrix interface strength is critical

 Dispersion strengthened
 0.01-0.1 mm particles
 inhibit dislocation motion
 PARTICULATE COMPOSITE

Large particle
 Interaksi antara partikel dan matrik terjadi tidak dalam skala atomik

atau molekular
 Partikel seharusnya kecil dan terdistribusi merata

 Contoh dari large particle composit: cement dengan sand atau gravel,
cement sebagai matriks dan sand sebagai partikel
 LARGE PARTICLE
COMPOSITES - MATERIALS
 All three material types
 Metals, ceramics, and polymers

 CERMET (ceramic-metal composite)

 Cemented carbide (WC, TiC embedded in Cu or Ni)
 Cutting tools (ceramic hard particles to cut, but a ductile metal matrix
to withstand stresses)
 Large volume fractions are used (up to 90%!)
LARGE PARTICLE COMPOSITES

CERMET Cutting Tool

Light phase - Matrix (Cobalt)

Dark phase- Particulate (WC)
 LARGE PARTICLE COMPOSITES

Examples:
 Some polymers with added fillers are really large particle
composites

 Concrete (cement with sand or gravel)

 – cement is matrix, sand is particulate
LARGE PARTICLE COMPOSITES - CONCRETE

 Concrete is not cement)

 Concrete is the composite of cement and an aggregate (fine sand or
coarse gravel)

 Reinforced concrete
 a composite (large particle composite) - with a matrix which is a
composite
 Steel rods, wires, bars (rebar, sometimes stretched elastically while
concrete dries to put system in compression)
 LARGE PARTICLE COMPOSITES

Desired Characteristics

 Particles should be approximately equiaxed

 Particles should be small and evenly distributed

 Volume fraction dependent on desired properties

 VOLUME FRACTION
IN LARGE PARTICLE COMPOSITES

 Elastic modulus is dependent on the volume fraction

 “Rule of mixtures” equation
 E- elastic modulus, V- volume fraction, m- matrix, p- particulate

 upper bound

 E c  E mV m  E  pV  p

 lower bound

 E m E  p
 E c 
 E  p V m   E mV  p
RULE OF MIXTURES
 DISPERSION STRENGTHENED
COMPOSITES

 Metals and metal alloys

 Hardened by uniform dispersion of fine particles of a very hard material
(usually ceramic)

 Strengthening occurs through the interactions of dislocations and

the particulates

 Examples
 Thoria in Ni
 Al/Al2O3 sintered aluminum powder SAP
 GP zones in Al
KLASIFIKASI KOMPOSIT BUATAN
FIBER – REINFORCED COMPOSITES

Fiber yang digunakan harus:

 Mempunyai diameter yang lebih kecil dari diameter bulknya

(matriksnya) namun harus lebih kuat dari bulknya

 Harus mempunyai tensile strength yang tinggi

FIBER – REINFORCED COMPOSITES

Matriks yang dipadukan dengan fiber berfungsi sebagai :

 Penjepit fiber

 Melindungi fiber dari kerusakan permukaan

 Pemisah antara fiber dan juga mencegah timbulnya perambatan

crack dari suatu fiber ke fiber lain

 Berfungsi sebagai medium dimana eksternal stress yang

diaplikasikan ke komposit, ditransmisikan dan didistribusikan ke
fiber.
FIBER – REINFORCED COMPOSITES
Matriks yang digunakan harus :

 Ductility tinggi

 Memiliki modulus elastisitans lebih rendah daripada fiber

 Mempunyai ikatan yang bagus antara matriks dan fiber

 Biasanya secara umum yang digunakan adalah polimer dan logam

FIBER – REINFORCED COMPOSITES
 GLASS FIBERS
Fibers – Glass
 Sangat umun digunakan, fiber yang murah adalah glass fiber yang
sering digunakan untuk reinforcement dalam matrik polimer

 Komposisi umum adalah 50 – 60 % SiO2 dan paduan lain yaitu Al,
Ca, Mg, Na, dll.

 Moisture dapat mengurangi kekuatan dari glass fiber

 Glass fiber sangat rentan mengalami static fatik

 Biasanya digunakan untuk: piping, tanks, boats, alat-alat olah raga

 GLASS FIBERS
Sifat-Sifatnya

 Densitynya cukup rendah ( sekitar 2.55 g/cc)

 Tensile strengthnya cukup tinggi (sekitar 1.8 GPa)

 Biasanya stiffnessnya rendah (70GPa)

 Stabilitas dimensinya baik

 Resisten terhadap panas

 Resisten terhadap dingin

 Tahan korosi
 GLASS FIBERS
Keuntungan :
 Biaya murah
 Tahan korosi
 Biayanya relative lebih rendah dari komposit lainnya

Kerugian
 Kekuatannya relative rendah
 Elongasi tinggi
 Keuatan dan beratnya sedang (moderate)

Jenis-jenisnya antara lain :

 E-Glass - electrical, cheaper
 S-Glass - high strength
 ARAMID FIBERS

Fibers - Aramid (kevlar, Twaron)

 Biasanya digunakan untuk : Armor, protective clothing, industrial,

sporting goods

 Keuntungan :kekutannya cukup tinggi, dan lebih ductile dari carbon

 CARBON FIBERS
Carbon Fibers
 Densitas karbon cukup ringan yaitu sekitar 2.3 g/cc

 Struktur grafit yang digunakan untuk membuat fiber berbentuk seperti

kristal intan.

 Karakteristik komposit dengan serat karbon :

 – ringan;
 – kekuatan yang sangat tinggi;
 – kekakuan (modulus elastisitas) tinggi.

 Diproduksi dari poliakrilonitril (PAN), melalui tiga tahap proses :

 – Stabilisasi = peregangan dan oksidasi;
 – Karbonisasi= pemanasan untuk mengurangi O, H, N;
 – Grafitisasi = meningkatkan modulus elastisitas
KLASIFIKASI KOMPOSIT BUATAN
 STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES

 Definition
 Composed of both homogeneous and composite materials
 Properties depend on constituent materials and on geometrical design
of the elements

 Types
 Laminar composites
 Sandwich panels
STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES
 KOMPOSIT LAMINAR
 Two dimensional sheets or panels
with a preferred high-strength
direction
 Q. What is a natural example of this?
 A. Wood
 Q. What is a man made example
 A. Plywood - Layers are stacked and
subsequently bonded together so that the
high strength direction varies
 KOMPOSIT SANDWICH
 Two strong outer sheets (called faces) separated by a layer of
less dense material or core (which has lower E and lower
strength)

 Core
 Separates faces
 Resists deformation perpendicular to the faces
 Often honeycomb structures

 Used in roofs, walls, wings