Ninevah University Electromagnetic Fields

Electronics Engineering Collage Subject: Maxwell's Equations

Communication Department 2020 2nd semester

Maxwell's Equations
Stationary charges − − −→ Electrostatic fields.
Steady currents − − −→ Magnetostatic fields.
Time –varying currents − − −→ ElectroMagnetic fields (or waves).

The figures above are a various type of time-varying current.

1'st Equation (from Faraday law)
In electrostatic
𝑓
⃗⃗⃗
𝑃. 𝐷 = − ∫𝑖 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑙

∮ 𝐸⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = 0
In Time-varying fields
𝑑Φ
∮ 𝐸⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = −
𝑑𝑡

𝜕B ⃗⃗
∮ 𝐸⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = − ∫ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝜕𝑡
𝑑𝑠

⃗⃗⃗ = ∫ (∇ × 𝐸⃗ ). 𝑑𝑠
Using Stokes's theorem ∮ 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ , So
𝑠

𝑑B ⃗⃗
∫𝑠(∇ × 𝐸⃗ ). ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠 = − ∫ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠

⃗⃗
𝝏𝐁
⃗⃗ ) = −
(𝛁 × 𝑬
𝝏𝒕
 Ninevah University Electromagnetic Fields
Electronics Engineering Collage Subject: Maxwell's Equations
Communication Department 2020 2nd semester

2'nd Maxwell's Equation (From Gauss's law)

⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮𝑠 𝐷 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐

But 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐 = ∫𝑣 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣

⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∴ ∮𝑠 𝐷 𝑑𝑠 = ∫𝑣 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣

⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Using Divergence theorem ∮𝑠 𝐷 ⃗ 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑠 = ∫𝑣 ∇. 𝐷

⃗ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣
∴ ∫𝑣 ∇. 𝐷 𝑣

𝛁. 𝑫 = 𝝆𝒗

3'rd Maxwell's Equation (From Gauss's law for magnetic fields)

⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ . 𝑑𝑠
Φ = ∫𝑠 𝐵

⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0
⃗ . 𝑑𝑠
For closed surface ∮ 𝐵
Using Divergence theorem
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑠 = ∫𝑣 ∇. 𝐵 𝑑𝑣 = 0
⃗ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 0 𝑑𝑣
∫𝑣 ∇. 𝐵 𝑣

⃗⃗ = 𝟎
𝛁. 𝑩

4th Maxwell's Equation (From Ampere law)

⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐻 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐

𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 = ∫𝑠 J . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠

⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐻 𝑑𝑙 = ∫𝑠 J . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠

⃗⃗⃗ = ∫ (∇ × 𝐻
⃗ . 𝑑𝑙
Using the Stokes's theorem ∮ 𝐻 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ ). 𝑑𝑠
𝑠

⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∫ J . 𝑑𝑠
⃗ ). 𝑑𝑠
∫𝑠(∇ × 𝐻 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑠

⃗ =J
∴ ∇×𝐻
If we take divergence for two side.
 Ninevah University Electromagnetic Fields
Electronics Engineering Collage Subject: Maxwell's Equations
Communication Department 2020 2nd semester

⃗ ) = ∇.
∇. (∇ × 𝐻 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗J

Any div of (curl) = 0,

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗J = − 𝜕𝑣 ≠ 0 , so this problem can solved by add
⃗ ) = 0, 𝑏𝑢𝑡 ∇.
∇. (∇ × 𝐻
𝜕𝑡
displacement current J𝑑
⃗⃗⃗
⃗ = J + J𝑑
∴ ∇×𝐻
Now take the divergence for both side,
⃗ ) = ∇. (J + ⃗⃗⃗
∇. (∇ × 𝐻 J𝑑 )
⃗⃗⃗
0 = ∇. J + ∇. J𝑑
⃗⃗⃗ = −∇. J
∇. J𝑑
𝜕𝑣
∇. ⃗⃗⃗
J𝑑 =
𝜕𝑡

𝛁. 𝑫 = 𝝆𝒗 , from 2nd Maxwell Equation.

⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜕(𝛁.𝑫)
So , ∇. J𝑑
𝜕𝑡
⃗
𝜕𝐃
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝛁.
∇. J𝑑 ,
𝜕𝑡
⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜕𝐃
∴ J𝑑 , displacement current density
𝜕𝑡

∴ 𝛁 × ⃗𝑯 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ = 𝐉 + 𝐉𝒅

J : Conduction current J = 𝜎𝐸⃗

⃗⃗⃗ : Displacement current density.
J𝑑
 Ninevah University Electromagnetic Fields
Electronics Engineering Collage Subject: Maxwell's Equations
Communication Department 2020 2nd semester

𝑣
Example: in free space 𝐸⃗ = 20 cos(𝑤𝑡 − 50𝑥) 𝑎𝑦 𝑚
.

⃗⃗⃗ , 2. 𝐻
Calculate 1. J𝑑 ⃗
𝜕𝑫 𝜕𝑬 ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ 𝜕(20 cos(𝑤𝑡−50𝑥) 𝑎𝑦)
1- ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐽𝑑 = =∈ =∈𝑜
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐽𝑑 = −20 ∈𝑜 𝑤 sin(𝑤𝑡 − 50𝑥) 𝑎𝑦 𝑚2

2- To find H,
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧
⃗⃗⃗
𝜕𝑩 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ × 𝐸⃗ = − =[ ]
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
0 20 cos(𝑤𝑡 − 50𝑥) 0
⃗⃗
𝜕𝑩
−
𝜕𝑡
= +1000 sin(𝑤𝑡 − 50𝑥) 𝑎𝑧
1
⃗ = −
𝐻 ∫ 1000 sin(𝑤𝑡 − 50𝑥) 𝑎𝑧 𝑑𝑡
𝜇𝑜

⃗ = 1000 cos (𝑤𝑡 − 50𝑥) 𝑎𝑧 A/m

𝐻
𝑤𝜇𝑜

𝑤𝑒𝑏
Example: Given 𝐵 = 10−6 cos(106 𝑡) cos(5𝑍) 𝑎𝑦 ,
𝑚2

Find the displacement current density⃗⃗⃗

J𝑑.
You can find the solution in the attached video