ENSC 20043 Statics Lec2 - Ch2 Force Vectors - Part 1

2.
Force Vectors
CHAPTER 02
FORCE VECTORS
ENSC 20043STRUCTURAL
CIEN 3144 STATICS OF THEORY
RIGID BODIES
1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
2. Force Vectors
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
 To show how to add forces and resolve them into components

using the Parallelogram Law.
 To express force and position in Cartesian vector form and explain
how to determine the vector’s magnitude and direction.
 To introduce the dot product in order to use it to find the angle
between two vectors or the projection of one vector onto another.
RIGID BODIES
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2. Force Vectors
2.1 SCALARS AND VECTORS

Scalar
• any positive or negative physical quantity that can be completely
specified by its magnitude.
RIGID BODIES
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2. Force Vectors
2.1 SCALARS AND VECTORS

Vector
• any physical quantity that requires both a magnitude and direction
for its complete description.
In print, vector quantities are represented by boldface letters such

as A, and the magnitude of a vector is italicized, A. For handwritten
→
work, it is often denoted by simply drawing an arrow above it, A.
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2. Force Vectors
2.2 VECTOR OPERATIONS

Multiplication and Division of a Vector by a Scalar
• If a vector is multiplied by a positive scalar, its magnitude is

increased by that amount.
• Multiplying by a negative scalar will also change the directional
sense of the vector.
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2. Force Vectors

Vector Addition
• It is important to account for both magnitudes and directions.

• Parallelogram Law of Addition is used.
R=A+B
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2. Force Vectors

Vector Addition
• Triangle rule or “head-to-tail” method can also be used.
R=A+B
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2. Force Vectors

Vector Addition
• If the two vectors A and B are collinear, the parallelogram law

reduces to an algebraic or scalar addition.
R=A+B
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2. Force Vectors

Vector Subtraction
• The resultant of the difference between two vectors A and B of the

same type may be expressed as
R’ = A – B = A + (-B)
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2. Force Vectors
2.3 VECTOR ADDITION OF FORCES

Finding a Resultant Force
• The two components forces F1 and F2 acting on the pin can be

added together to form the resultant FR = F1 + F2.
• From this, apply the law of sines and law of cosines to the triangle
in order to obtain the magnitude of the resultant and its direction.
RIGID BODIES
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2. Force Vectors

Finding the Components of a Force
• Sometimes it is necessary to resolve a force into two components

in order to study its pulling or pushing effect in two specific
directions.
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2. Force Vectors

Addition of Several Forces
• If more than two forces are to be added, successive applications of

the parallelogram law can be carried out in order to obtain the
resultant force.
* Note: Addition of vectors have two important properties: commutative and

associative.
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2. Force Vectors
SAMPLE PROBLEM | 2.1

The screw eye in the figure is subjected to two forces F1 and F2.
Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force.
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2. Force Vectors
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2. Force Vectors

Resolve the horizontal 600-lb force into components acting along the u
and v axes and determine the magnitudes of these components.
RIGID BODIES
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2. Force Vectors
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2. Force Vectors
2.4 ADDITION OF A SYSTEM OF COPLANAR FORCES

When a force is resolved into two components along the x and y axes,
the components are then called rectangular components. For
analytical work we can represent these components in one of two
ways, using either scalar or Cartesian vector notation.
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2. Force Vectors

Scalar Notation
• The rectangular components of a force F shown are found using

the parallelogram law, so that F = Fx + Fy.
Fx = F cos θ Fx = F (a/c)
Fy = F sin θ Fy = - F (b/c)
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2. Force Vectors

Cartesian Vector Notation
• It is also possible to represent the x and y components of a force in

terms of Cartesian unit vectors i and j.
F = Fx i + Fy j
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2. Force Vectors

Coplanar Force Resultants
• Coplanar Forces – forces that lie in the same plane.
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2. Force Vectors

F1 = F1x i + F1y j
F2 = ‒F2x i + F2y j
F3 = F3x i ‒ F3y j
FR = F1 + F2 + F3
FR = F1x i + F1y j ‒ F2x i + F2y j + F3x i ‒ F3y j

= (F1x ‒ F2x+ F3x)i + (F1y + F2y ‒ F3y )j
FR = (FRx)i + (FRy)j
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2. Force Vectors

+ → (FR)x = F1x ‒ F2x + F3x

+↑ (FR)y = F1y + F2y ‒ F3y
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2. Force Vectors

(FR)x = SFx
(FR)y = SFy
FR = (FR)x2 + (FR)y2
(FR)y
q = tan-1
(FR)x
RIGID BODIES
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2. Force Vectors

Determine the x and y components of F1 and F2 acting on the boom
shown. Express each force as a Cartesian vector.
RIGID BODIES
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2. Force Vectors
RIGID BODIES
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2. Force Vectors

The link in the figure is subjected to two forces F1 and F2. Determine
the magnitude and direction of the resultant.
RIGID BODIES
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2. Force Vectors
RIGID BODIES
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2. Force Vectors

The end of the boom O is subjected to three concurrent and coplanar
forces. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force.
RIGID BODIES
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2. Force Vectors
RIGID BODIES
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2.

 To show how to add forces and resolve them into components

2.1 SCALARS AND VECTORS

2.1 SCALARS AND VECTORS

In print, vector quantities are represented by boldface letters such

2.2 VECTOR OPERATIONS

• If a vector is multiplied by a positive scalar, its magnitude is

2.2 VECTOR OPERATIONS

• It is important to account for both magnitudes and directions.

2.2 VECTOR OPERATIONS

• Triangle rule or “head-to-tail” method can also be used.

2.2 VECTOR OPERATIONS

• If the two vectors A and B are collinear, the parallelogram law

2.2 VECTOR OPERATIONS

• The resultant of the difference between two vectors A and B of the

2.3 VECTOR ADDITION OF FORCES

• The two components forces F1 and F2 acting on the pin can be

2.3 VECTOR ADDITION OF FORCES

• Sometimes it is necessary to resolve a force into two components

2.3 VECTOR ADDITION OF FORCES

• If more than two forces are to be added, successive applications of

* Note: Addition of vectors have two important properties: commutative and

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 2.1

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 2.1

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 2.2

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 2.2

2.4 ADDITION OF A SYSTEM OF COPLANAR FORCES

2.4 ADDITION OF A SYSTEM OF COPLANAR FORCES

• The rectangular components of a force F shown are found using

2.4 ADDITION OF A SYSTEM OF COPLANAR FORCES

• It is also possible to represent the x and y components of a force in

2.4 ADDITION OF A SYSTEM OF COPLANAR FORCES

• Coplanar Forces – forces that lie in the same plane.

2.4 ADDITION OF A SYSTEM OF COPLANAR FORCES

• Coplanar Forces – forces that lie in the same plane.

FR = F1x i + F1y j ‒ F2x i + F2y j + F3x i ‒ F3y j

2.4 ADDITION OF A SYSTEM OF COPLANAR FORCES

• Coplanar Forces – forces that lie in the same plane.

+ → (FR)x = F1x ‒ F2x + F3x

2.4 ADDITION OF A SYSTEM OF COPLANAR FORCES

• Coplanar Forces – forces that lie in the same plane.

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 2.3

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 2.3

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 2.4

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 2.4

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 2.5

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 2.5

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