Disaster Management Agency

Cover and section photo credits
Cover Photo: “Exterior of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque – Brunei” by bvi4092 is licensed under CC BY 2.0.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/bvi4092/25905214872
Country Overview Section Photo: “Bandar Seri Begawan water village, Brunei.” by Bernard Spragg. NZ is licensed under CC0 1.0
Public Domain. https://www.flickr.com/photos/volvob12b/8112159906/
Disaster Overview Section Photo: “The water village Brunei” by Bernard Spragg. NZ is licensed under CC0 1.0 Public Domain.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/volvob12b/12097708055
Organizational Structure for Disaster Management Section Photo: “130617-N-KL795-640” by U.S. Pacific Fleet is licensed under CC
BY-NC 2.0. A U.S. Puma helicopter assigned to the USNS Matthew Perry transports personnel to a medical exchange during the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations Humanitarian Assistance/Disaster Relief and Military Medicine Exercise, hosted by Brunei.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/compacflt/9078750951
Infrastructure Section Photo: “Taxis for hire Brunei.” By Bernard Spragg. NZ is licensed under CC0 1.0 Public Domain.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/volvob12b/11194383373
Health Section Photo: "Local produce. Tamu Kianggeh Brunei" by Bernard Spragg. NZ is licensed under CC0 1.0 Public Domain.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/volvob12b/11194506414/
Women, Peace, and Security Section Photo: “171108-N-OU129-125 BRUNEI” by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Joshua
Fulton. Women service members from the U.S. Navy and Royal Brunei Armed Forces came together for a leadership conference
and exchange as part of Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training (CARAT) Brunei 2017.
http://www.c7f.navy.mil/Media/News/Display/Article/1368413/military-women-from-brunei-us-exchange-ideas-build-lasting-
friendships-during-c/
Conclusion Section Photo: “Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque” by Jorge Lascar is licensed under CC BY 2.0.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/jlascar/18564486326
Appendices Section Photo: “090806-N-8539M-205” by Lt. Mike Morley, U.S. Navy/Released, U.S. Department of Defense. Royal
Brunei Land Force soldiers and U.S. Marines carry a simulated mudslide victim to a field hospital during a humanitarian and disaster
relief exercise for Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training (CARAT) Brunei.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/39955793@N07/3797857901/
2 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

Table of Contents
Welcome - Note from the Director............................................................................................................7
About the Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance................8
Disaster Management Reference Handbook Series Overview.......................................................9
Executive Summary..................................................................................................................................... 10
Country Overview...........................................................................................................12
Culture........................................................................................................................................................ 12
Demographics.......................................................................................................................................... 12
Ethnic Makeup.................................................................................................................................. 12
Key Population Centers................................................................................................................. 12
Language............................................................................................................................................ 12
Religion............................................................................................................................................... 12
Vulnerable Groups.......................................................................................................................... 12
Economics................................................................................................................................................. 13
Government.............................................................................................................................................. 13
Environment............................................................................................................................................. 14
Geography......................................................................................................................................... 14
Borders................................................................................................................................................ 14
Climate................................................................................................................................................ 14
Climate Change................................................................................................................................ 14
Disaster Overview..........................................................................................................16
Hazards....................................................................................................................................................... 16
Recent History of Natural Disasters.................................................................................................. 17
Country Risks............................................................................................................................................ 17
Country Risk Profile......................................................................................................................... 17
Brunei Disaster Management Reference Handbook | November 2018 3

Organizational Structure for Disaster Management...................................................20
Lead Government Agencies in Disaster Response..................................................................... 20
Key Disaster Management Partners for Brunei............................................................................ 22
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies............................... 22
U.S. Government Agencies in Brunei............................................................................................... 23
Participation in International Organizations................................................................................. 23
Foreign Disaster Relief and Emergency Response...................................................................... 23
Laws, Policies, and Plans on Disaster Management................................................................... 24
Laws and Regulations of Disaster Management in Brunei............................................... 24
Strategies and Plans for Disaster Management in Brunei................................................. 24
Education and Training......................................................................................................................... 25
Disaster Management Communications....................................................................................... 25
Early Warning Systems................................................................................................................... 26
Responsible Agencies for Flood and Storm Warning......................................................... 26
Military........................................................................................................................................................ 26
Infrastructure..................................................................................................................28
Airports....................................................................................................................................................... 28
Seaports..................................................................................................................................................... 28
Land Routes.............................................................................................................................................. 29
Roads.................................................................................................................................................... 29
Railways............................................................................................................................................... 29
Waterways.......................................................................................................................................... 29
Schools....................................................................................................................................................... 29
Disaster Risk Reduction in the Education Sector................................................................. 30
Communications..................................................................................................................................... 30
Utilities........................................................................................................................................................ 30
Power................................................................................................................................................... 30
Water and Sanitation...................................................................................................................... 30

Health..............................................................................................................................32
Health Overview..................................................................................................................................... 32
Healthcare System Structure.............................................................................................................. 32
Challenges in the Healthcare System....................................................................................... 32
Health Cooperation................................................................................................................................ 32
Communicable Diseases...................................................................................................................... 33
Non-Communicable Diseases............................................................................................................ 34
Training for Health Professionals....................................................................................................... 34
Women, Peace, and Security..........................................................................................36
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................38
Appendices.....................................................................................................................40
DOD DMHA Engagements in the Past Five Years (2013-2018)............................................... 40
International/Foreign Relations......................................................................................................... 41
Force Protection/Pre-Deployment Information.......................................................................... 42
Passport/Visa..................................................................................................................................... 42
Emergency Contact Information............................................................................................... 42
Currency Information..................................................................................................................... 43
Travel Health Information............................................................................................................. 43
Sendai Framework.................................................................................................................................. 45
HFA Country Progress Report............................................................................................................. 47
Country Profile......................................................................................................................................... 50
Acronyms and Abbreviations............................................................................................................. 61
List of References for Figures and Photos...................................................................................... 64
References (Endnotes).......................................................................................................................... 66

List of Figures
Figure 1: Map of Brunei................................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 2: Brunei’s Country Risk Profile........................................................................................................ 18
Figure 3: National Disaster Management Centre Structure............................................................... 20
Figure 4: Brunei Disaster Operations Command Structure................................................................ 21
Figure 5: Organizational Chart: Ministry of Health................................................................................ 33
Figure 6: Non-Communicable Diseases Prevalent in Brunei............................................................. 34
Figure 7: UN Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030...................................... 46
Figure 8: HFA Level of Progress Achieved................................................................................................. 47
List of Tables
Table 1: Brunei Airport Information....................................................................................................... 28
Table 2: Brunei Seaport Information..................................................................................................... 28
Table 3: CDC, Travel Health Information for Brunei.......................................................................... 43
Table 4: National Progress Report on the Implementation of the HFA..................................... 47
Table 5: HFA Country Progress Report Future Outlook Areas, Brunei....................................... 49
List of Photos
Photo 1: Flash Flood in Market................................................................................................................ 16
Photo 2: Brunei Schools............................................................................................................................. 30
Photo 3: Female Sailors from the Royal Brunei Navy and the U.S. Navy,
CARAT Brunei 2011...................................................................................................................................... 36

Welcome - Note from the Director
Although Brunei is a relatively low risk environment for disasters, the country continues its
efforts to proactively strengthen and build partnerships and participate in exercises to prepare for
emergencies with neighbor nations. The country has extensive partnerships throughout the Indo-
Pacific region, as detailed in this handbook, enabling collaboration efforts to prepare for and assist
others in risk reduction and recovery of natural disasters.
Brunei is working toward meeting the goals established in the Sendai Framework and building
resilience to natural disasters by 2030. Evidence of this work took place this past summer when,
Royal Brunei Land Forces and the United States (U.S.) Army conducted the first bilateral training
exercise, Exercise Pahlawan Warrior, located in Penanjong Garrison, Brunei in August 2018.1
Pahlawan Warrior is a part of Pacific Pathways 18-2, executed by the Indiana Army National
Guard and consists of six exercises: Pahlawan Warrior (Brunei), Hamel (Australia), Keris Strike
(Malaysia), Garuda Shield (Indonesia), Hanuman Guardian (Thailand), and Orient Shield (Japan).
Pacific Pathways exercises support the U.S. Indo-Pacific Command Theater Campaign Plan by
building foreign partner interoperability, capacity, and relationships with Pacific theater armies and
providing additional response capabilities to U.S. Indo-Pacific Command (USINDOPACOM).2
Brunei’s armed forces also engage with the U.S. in joint exercises, training programs, and other
military cooperation with the annual Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training (CARAT) exercise.3
This Brunei Disaster Management Reference Handbook offers readers an operational
understanding of the nation’s disasters management capability and vulnerability with detailed
information on demographics, hazards, government structure, regional and international assistance,
infrastructure, law and guidelines, risks and vulnerabilities, and other areas vital to a comprehensive
disaster management knowledge base.
Sincerely,
Joseph D. Martin, SES

Director

Information about the Center for Excellence
in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance
Overview
The Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance (CFE-DM) is
a United States (U.S.) Department of Defense (DOD) organization that was established by U.S.
Congress in 1994. The Center is a direct reporting unit to U.S. Indo-Pacific Command and is located
on Ford Island, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii.
CFE-DM was founded as part of the late Senator Daniel K. Inouye’s vision. The Senator had
witnessed the effects of Hurricane Iniki that struck the Hawaiian Islands in 1992 and felt the civil-
military coordination in the response could have been more effective. He set about to establish CFE-
DM to help bridge understanding between civil and military responders, and to provide a DOD
platform for building Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (DMHA) awareness and
expertise in U.S. forces, and with partner nations in the Asia-Pacific. While maintaining a global
mandate, the Asia-Pacific region is our priority of effort and collaboration is the cornerstone of our
operational practice.
Mission
CFE-DM increases the readiness of U.S. forces, civilian and military counterparts, and
international partners to respond globally to foreign humanitarian assistance and disaster relief
operations through Civil-Military coordination, training, information sharing, and regional
planning.
Vision
CFE-DM exists to save lives and alleviate human suffering by connecting people, improving
coordination, and building capacity.
Contact Information
Center for Excellence in Disaster Management
and Humanitarian Assistance
456 Hornet Ave
JBPHH HI 96860-3503
Telephone: (808) 472-0518
https://www.cfe-dmha.org

Disaster Management Reference Handbook Series Overview
The Disaster Management Reference Handbook Series is intended to provide decision makers,
planners, responders and disaster management practitioners with an overview of the disaster
management structure, policies, laws, and plans for each country covered in the series. Natural and
man-made threats most likely to affect the country are discussed. The handbooks also provide basic
country background information, including cultural, demographic, geographic, infrastructure, and
other relevant data.
Conditions such as poverty, water and sanitation, vulnerable groups, and other humanitarian
issues are included. A basic overview of the health situation in the country and disease surveillance
is also covered. The handbooks include information on key national entities involved in disaster
management, disaster response and preparation, and the military’s role in disaster relief. Information
on United Nation agencies, international Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), major local
NGOs, and key U.S. agencies and programs in the country, are also provided.
The overall aim is to offer a guide that brings together important information about disaster
management and response for each country in an effort to provide a basic understanding for the
reader. Information in the handbooks are compiled and based primarily on trusted, reliable, publicly
available sources. Much of the information used is from open source websites including but not
limited to ReliefWeb, PreventionWeb, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Fact Book, the United
Nations (UN), The World Bank, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), government sources, NGO
websites, various media sources, U.S. Department of State (DOS), and foreign governments’ web
pages. Where possible, a link to the original electronic source is provided in the endnote (reference)
section at the end of the document. Other resources are provided by subject matter experts (SMEs).
Each handbook is a working document and will be updated periodically as new, significant
information becomes available. We hope that you find these handbooks informative, relevant,
reliable, and useful in understanding disaster management and response for this country. We
welcome and appreciate your feedback to improve this document and help fill any gaps to enhance
its future utility. Feedback, comments, or questions can be emailed to cfe.dmha.fct@pacom.mil. You
may also contact the Center at: (808) 472-0518. Please visit our website (https://www.cfe-dmha.org)
to view the latest electronic versions available or to request a hard copy of a disaster management
reference handbook.
This report has been prepared in good faith based primarily on information gathered from
open-source material available at the date of publication. While making every attempt to ensure the
information is relevant and accurate, CFE-DM does not guarantee or warrant the accuracy, reliability,
completeness or currency of the information in this publication.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Executive Summary
Negara Brunei Darussalam (Brunei) is a small experienced small earthquakes with the range
country on the northwest side of the island of of 4-5 magnitude in 1992 and 2005 but the
Borneo. It has a well-developed economy, with country is not located on a major earthquake
one of the highest GDP per capita in the world. area.9 Although they have a low level of risk,
It is a very socially conservative country, as well Brunei is still susceptible to floods, forest fires,
as an absolute monarchy.4 The current Sultan air pollution, and haze. The flood-prone areas are
of Brunei is Hassanal Bolkiah, who also serves also at risk of landslides.10 Extensive flooding in
as prime minister, finance minister, foreign 2014 caused damage that led the government to
minister, and defense minister. It is a politically review their plans and mitigate by dredging the
stable country that benefits from hydrocarbon waterways.11
production, which is 90 percent of the country’s In Brunei, the lead government agency
exports. in disaster response is the National Disaster
Brunei is a former British protectorate, they Management Centre (NDMC). The NDMC
have been independent for 34 years. Brunei’s was established in August 2006, under the
constitution is based on two main documents; Disaster Management Order (DMO). The
the Constitution of Brunei, and the Succession NDMC ensures the safety and well-being of the
and Regency Proclamation. The Constitution people by being responsible for all aspects of
gives the Sultan “supreme executive authority”. disaster management. This includes prevention,
The Sultan also has the power to declare a state mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery
of emergency. Being able to declare a state of through policies, strategies and practices which
emergency gives the Sultan the power to rule are guided by the international, regional and
by decree. A state of emergency was declared national drivers. Prior to the establishment of
in 1962, and it remains in place to date; it is NDMC, national response to disasters was on an
renewed biennially. ad-hoc basis where committees were formed to
The Government of Brunei welcomes foreign manage various disasters. 12
investors, and gives them a low corporate tax The government of Brunei is the main
rate. Currently, most businesses in Brunei are provider of assistance and support for its own
run by the Government, but there are plans to people when they are affected by a disaster.
privatize government agencies. The Government The establishment of the NDMC provided the
is also working on the modernization of roads, authority to assist the victims of disaster.13 Being
ports, and bridges.5 financially stable has given Brunei the resources
Brunei provides its citizens with free necessary to cope with disasters at the national
healthcare through government health facilities level, and they will also have disaster funds
to include, hospitals, health centers and medical allocated in the event of a disaster.14 The Brunei
clinics.6 Medical care in Brunei is among the best Government allocates large amounts of funds
in the region and citizens of Brunei who require for disaster recovery and mitigation plans, and
healthcare that cannot be obtained in Brunei, are it offers financial and material assistance for
sent abroad for medical care at the government’s reconstruction.15
expense.7 Brunei has a Community Based Disaster Risk
Brunei is located in a unique area in which Management Program (CBDRM) which was
it is spared from natural disasters.8 Earthquake launched in 2010. The CBDRM includes training
and cyclone disasters are not common in the for an education program, primarily focused on
country and there is no record of significant teachers. It operationalizes the Strategic National
disaster caused by earthquakes. Brunei has Action Plan (SNAP) for Disaster Risk Reduction
2012-2025.16

COUNTRY OVERVIEW
Country Overview
The majority of the population in Brunei
practices Islam. In 1991 the Sultan introduced a
new conservative ideology called Malay Muslim
Monarchy, which per the Constitution of Brunei,
Brunei is a former British protectorate that proclaims the Sultan is the head of state, as well
has been a fully independent state since 1984. as the head of the Islamic faith in the country.22
Since its independence, Brunei developed a
rich economy based on hydrocarbons. Due
to the wealth of the nation, the Sultan is able Demographics
to waive personal income tax for all residents
and provides them with free education and Ethnic Makeup
healthcare. Brunei has various ethnic groups. Malay
Brunei is very socially conservative, even represents the majority (65.7 percent).23 The
more so during recent years. In 2013, a penal ethnic Chinese minority make up around 11
code based primarily on Sharia Law (Islamic law; percent of the population and immigrant workers
applicable primarily to the country’s Muslim- from other Southeast Asian countries also form
majority population) was introduced. This code significant minorities. There are also other
increasingly bans non-Muslim celebrations indigenous groups, such as the Kadayan, Bisaya,
including Christian festivals, such as Christmas.17 Lun Bawang, Dusun, Iban, and Penan..24
Between the 15th and 17th centuries, the
Sultanate of Brunei spiked when its control
extended over the coastal areas of northwest Key Population Centers
Borneo and the southern Philippines. Following Brunei’s population is 443,593 (July 2017
this period, Brunei entered a time of decline est.).25 The population continues to grow at a rate
brought on by internal strife over royal of 1.8 percent per year.26 Brunei is a small nation,
succession, colonial expansion of European with about 5,765 square kilometers of land. There
powers, and piracy. This led to Brunei becoming are four districts in Brunei, the largest one being
a British protectorate in 1888, followed by Brunei-Maura, where more than half of the
independence in 1984. The same family has ruled population lives.27
Brunei for more than six centuries. Extensive
petroleum and natural gas fields can be found Language
in the country which puts them as a one of the The official language of Brunei is Bahasa
highest per capita GDPs in the world.18 Brunei Malay. Other indigenous dialects and languages
relies on oil and gas, which contribute about 90 are Kadayan, Murut, Dusun, Bisaya, Tutong, and
percent of export revenue.19 Belait.28
The current Sultan of Brunei is Hassanal
Bolkiah. In 2015 cabinet reshuffle allowed for Religion
Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah to take over Prince Brunei has various religions including Muslim
Mohamed Bolkiah (the former’s brother)’s (official) 78.8 percent, Christian 8.7 percent,
foreign affairs and trade portfolios and add them Buddhist 7.8 percent, other (includes indigenous
to his existing finance and defense ministerial beliefs) 4.7 percent.29
posts.20
Since 1962 Brunei has been in a state of
emergency, which is renewed every two years; Vulnerable Groups
this allows the Sultan to circumvent parliament
and run the government by decree.21 Children
In Brunei, the definition of a child is a person
that has not reached the age of 14. They consider
Culture a juvenile a person that has reached 7 years of
age, but who has not attained the age of 14; and
The culture of Brunei is derived from the a young person is one that has attained the age
Old Malay World, which was the territory that of 14 but has not reached 18 years of age. This
covered the Malay Archipelago. This makes is a particular issue, since it exposes children to
their culture deep on Malay roots, where their different issues that make them vulnerable.
language, architecture, ceremonies, and customs The age of maturity is also an issue in Brunei
derive from. when it comes sexual activity. Brunei has

different ages for consent depending on the sex
of the child. Consent for marriage in Bruneian Economics
laws varies. The age in which people are allowed
to get married depends on their ethnicity and Brunei is an energy-rich country run by a
religion.30 Brunei’s law allows marriages to take Sultan. It has a well-educated, largely English-
place at 14 for Muslim children, while Chinese speaking population, excellent infrastructure,
girls can be married at 15. Any other person that and a stable government. Brunei’s per capita
is neither of those may marry at the age of 18.31 GDP is one of the highest in the world. They have
Currently, Brunei has no plans to increase the age a significant amount of foreign investors that
of marriage.32 supplement income from domestic hydrocarbon
Children that experience issues with law production. The production of crude oil and
enforcement are particularly vulnerable to natural gas make up approximately 65 percent
the age maturity issue in Brunei. Bruneian of the country’s GDP and 95 percent of their
legislation does not have a minimum age of exports. The citizens of Brunei do not pay
criminal responsibility. There are also concerns income taxes and the government of Brunei also
about violence when children are detained in provides its citizens free medical services, as well
institutions, since they do not have a separate as free education all the way to the university
system for juvenile justice.33 level.
The Bruneian Government has been focusing
Women on diversifying its economy. After Brunei
In October 2013, Brunei adopted the Syariah integrated itself with the ASEAN Economic
Penal Code (SPC), which enforced sharia Community and the expected ratification of the
punishments for different offenses, such as Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement, the
drinking alcohol or not carrying out Islamic rites. country’s trade increased in 2016 and 2017.39
Although syariah (sharia) law has always existed The exports in Brunei are expected to
in Brunei, the Sultan will now implement sharia increase in 2018, as oil prices increase, therefore
provisions selectively and imposed higher fines, increasing production levels despite an ongoing
longer prison terms, more whipping, and even refurbishment program of the country’s oil
stoning to death for some offenses. Women are production facilities. Since 2006 the daily oil
particularly vulnerable, since they tend to be the output has declined almost 40 percent. It is
target of such offences, such as prohibited sexual estimated that Brunei’s GDP will grow 1.6
relationships, and sexual offenses, including percent in 2018.40 Brunei has a high dependency
infidelity, adultery, pre-marital sex, cohabitation of hydrocarbon; it is one of the most dependent
outside marriage, abortion, homosexuality, countries in the world.41
lesbianism, and gender impersonation.34
The country has plans of implementing the Government
SPC in three different stages.35 In future years,
phase three will enforce death by stoning for a Brunei’s government is an absolute monarchy.
multitude amount of sexual offenses.36 Phase It is under the rule of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah,
three also encompasses insulting any verses of who also serves as prime minister, finance
the Quran and Hadith, blasphemy, declaring minister, foreign minister, and defense minister.
oneself a prophet or non-Muslim, and murder.37 Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin
Waddaulah was born in 1946. He succeeded his
People with Disabilities father as the 29th Sultan of Brunei on 5 October
In 2016, Brunei ratified the United Nation’s 1967 and was crowned on 1 August 1968. He is
Convention on the Rights of People with the second-longest reigning head of state in the
Disabilities (CRPD) to ensure equal rights world (after Queen Elizabeth II).
and opportunities. Persons with disabilities The constitution in Brunei is composed of two
in Brunei are challenged when looking for documents: the Constitution of Brunei (1959)
employment. Recently, the Minister of Culture, and the Succession and Regency Proclamation
Youth and Sports disclosed that out of the 9,282 (1959). In 1984 Brunei amended the constitution
PWD registered, only 56 of those are currently in order to take account of the Sultanate’s new
employed.38 fully independent status. The 1959 constitution
gave “supreme executive authority” to the Sultan,
who is advised and assisted by the Religious

COUNTRY OVERVIEW
Council, the Privy Council, the Council of Climate Change

Cabinet Ministers, the Legislative Council, and Brunei’s forests remain mostly untouched,
the Council of Succession. The constitution also with 70 percent of the land being covered in
states Islam as the official religion of Brunei and forest. The coastal regions of Brunei are made
it makes the Sultan the head of the religion. The of sandy beaches and mangrove swamps.47
constitution illustrates the national philosophy, However, Brunei is highly vulnerable to the
known as Melayu Islam Beraja (or Malay Islamic impacts of climate change. They have a risk
Monarchy), which encompasses Malay culture, of increased flooding, heat-related mortality,
Islamic religion, and the political framework occupational health hazards, and water scarcity.48
under the monarchy. The constitution also Brunei is a small country, but they have one
identifies Malay as the official language. The of the heaviest carbon footprints in the world.
changes to the constitution gave the Sultan Brunei also has the highest use of energy per
the power to declare a state of emergency for a capita. The country has one of the lowest cost
large range of threatening circumstances. As an of electricity in Asia, as well as a surplus of
example, a state of emergency was proclaimed oil but this has had negative impacts on the
following the abortive revolt of December environment.49
1962 and remains in force today. The state of Brunei has created their national vision
emergency allows the Sultan to rule by decree: on climate change, named Wawasan Brunei
legislation has been enacted by the Sultan under 2035. This vision outlines the social, economic,
emergency powers and by the minister of justice and environmental goals for the country. The
operating under the Law Revision Act.42 government identified six priority sectors for
In 2014, the Sultan enforced the Sharia penal further climate change adaptation actions: 1)
law, which is now enforced with the existing civil Biodiversity, 2) Forestry, 3) Coastal and flood
penal code. Initially, violations to the law will be protection, 4) Health, 5) Agriculture and 6)
punished with fines or imprisonment, but it will Fisheries.50
eventually graduate to stoning, whipping, and
amputation.43
Environment
Geography
Brunei is located in Southeastern Asia, along
the northern coast of the island of Borneo. It
borders the South China Sea and Malaysia.44
Figure 1 depicts a map of Brunei.
Borders
Brunei borders Malaysia with a border that is
266 km (165 miles) long.45
Climate
Brunei has a tropical climate with high
temperatures, high humidity rates, and periodic
monsoon rains. The temperature mostly
stays even throughout the year, but humidity
can fluctuate between about 67 percent and
91 percent. During monsoon season from Figure 1: Map of Brunei
November to February, rainfall can be heavy,
causing flooding. Evenings and nights are
generally less humid and cooler. Rainfall inland
of Brunei tends to be heavier than on the coast.46

DISASTER OVERVIEW
Disaster Overview
disaster. They occur during the rainy season,
October to May. The total annual loss for floods
in Brunei is estimated at US$ 31 million and 3
percent of the social expenditure.55 Photo 1 show
Brunei is made up of two small territories a flooding in a Bruneian Market.
on the northwest side of the island of Borneo.
Due to its location, Brunei is spared from Landslides
natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic The risk of landslides in Brunei is very
eruptions, and typhoons.51 However, they are still low; however, some think that landslides are
susceptible to floods, landslides, forest fires, air unreported in the country. The awareness of the
pollution, and haze.52 risk of landslides is not as great as that of floods.
Brunei’s Strategic National Action Plan Due to the lack of awareness of landslides,
is based on the five priorities of the Hyogo Brunei has hosted different workshops on the
Framework for Action. Preparedness activities, “Awareness on Landslide Risks: Its Causes,
disaster response programs, and risk mitigation Mitigation and Prevention” to increase public
projects are the basis of their Strategic National awareness.56
Action Plan Framework. Brunei also highlights
the importance of the implementation of the Forest Fires
ASEAN Agreement of Disaster Management and Although forest fires do not occur directly in
Emergency Response (AADMER).53 Brunei, the country is being affected by forest
fires in the surrounding areas. Forest fires in the
Hazards Indonesia province of Kalimantan tend to be a
large cause of the air pollution to Brunei, possibly
Flooding because of their slash and burn agriculture.
Flooding in Brunei can cause a significant In 2015, the agricultural burning season
amount of destruction. In 2014, heavy flooding covered a significant amount of terrain, which
caused severe damage and which forced the in turn caused health problems and harmed
government to review plans to dredge a number crop development. In addition, sporadic haze
of key waterways.54 Floods are the biggest threat outbreaks have affected Brunei since the 1980s.57
in Brunei and they are also the most costly
Photo 1: Flash Flood in Market

Food Security
Recent History of Natural Disasters Agriculture makes up 1 percent of the GDP in
Brunei and it also employs about 1 percent of the
Flood – June 2018 workforce. Due to migration to urban areas, as
Brunei experienced heavy rains and well as rewarding jobs in the oil industry, there is
thundershowers, which led to flash floods in a shortage of agricultural labor and a steady fall
lowland areas. Numerous roads were affected.58 in agricultural output in Brunei. The Bruneian
Government promotes self-sufficiency in food
Flood – December 2017 production. The country has now become self-
Tropical storm Kai-Tak caused heavy rains sufficient in chicken egg production and more
and strong winds, which caused flash floods than 95 percent self-sufficient in broilers and
and landslides across the country of Brunei. The day-old chicks. In addition, vegetable production
district of Tutong was the most affected area is almost 60 percent self-sufficient, fruits 20
with 1.6 feet of water, which caused damage percent, rice 2.88 percent, beef 1.44 percent, and
to residential areas. The government of Brunei fresh milk 14.36 percent. Fish is the main source
assisted the ninety-four flood victims that were of protein for the population of Brunei. Per
affected.59 capita, Bruneians consume the most amount of
fish in the region. However, Brunei is unable to
Flood – January 2014 rely on its own source of fishery and they import
Continuous rain caused the district of the remainder of their needs.65
Tutong to flood, which also led to a landslide.
Approximately 5,847 people and 1,026
houses were affected, and 51 people were Country Risk Profile
evacuated.60 Risk involving exposure to hazards,
vulnerability, as well as a lack of coping
Flood – January 2010 capacity are important factors in Disaster Risk
Heavy rain caused flooding in the capital of Management. Figure 2 shows INFORM’s risk
Bandar Seri Begawan.61 profile for Brunei. INFORM is a global, objective,
and transparent tool for understanding the risk
Flood – January 2009 of humanitarian crises. INFORM is a composite
Heavy rainfall causes inundation damage in indicator, developed by the Joint Research
the capital city of Bandar Seri Begawan, where Center, combining 53 indicators into three
two women died as a result of the flood.62 dimensions of risk: hazards (events that could
occur) and exposure to them, vulnerability (the
susceptibility of communities to those hazards)
Country Risks and the lack of coping capacity (lack of resources
that can alleviate the impact). It is a collaboration
Environmental Degradation of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee
Brunei has very few environmental hazards Reference Group on Risk, Early Warning and
as the country is not exposed to typhoons or Preparedness and the European Commission.
earthquakes, but flooding can cause intensive The index results are published once every year.
disruption. In addition, air pollution is becoming INFORM gives each country a risk score of
an increasing problem in Brunei, and outbreaks 1-10 (1 being the lowest and 10 the highest)
of haze have been happening since the early for each of the dimensions, categories, and
1980s. The slash and burn agriculture practice components of risk, as well as an overall risk
in the surrounding countries of Brunei, as well score. The higher the score the more vulnerable
as the dry season, are often to blame for these a country is. The purpose of INFORM is to
periods of pollution.63 provide an open, transparent, consensus-based
methodology for analyzing crisis risk at global,
Internal Conflict regional or national level. Brunei has a 2016
There is a low risk of internal conflict in Natural Hazard and Exposure risk of 0.3/10;
Brunei, as well as no risk of increased civil a Vulnerability score of 0.8/10; and a Lack
unrest. Social unrest is extremely rare, the last of Coping Capacity score of 4.7/10. Physical
time there was an internal conflict was in 2009, exposures to floods (1.6) and droughts (1.1) are
when Bangladeshi workers protested over unpaid the highest.66
wages.64

DISASTER OVERVIEW
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
COUNTRY
INFORM Country Risk Profile
South-Eastern Asia VERSION 2016

High income: nonOECD
Trend (3
Value Rank
years)
INFORM Risk 1.0 185
BRN
Hazard & Exposure 0.3 184
Vulnerability 0.8 187
Lack of Coping Capacity 4.7 96
RISK PROFILE
INFORM
1.0
Hazard & Exposure Vulnerability Lack of Coping Capacity
0.3 0.8 4.7
Natural Human Socio-Economic Vulnerable Groups Institutional Infrastructure
0.6 0.0 1.0 0.5 4.9 4.5

Droughts probability and historical impact 1.1
Current Highly Violent Conflict Intensity 0.0

Physical exposure to tropical cyclone 0.2
Physical exposure to earthquake 0.1
Physical exposure to tsunami 0.0
Development & Deprivation 1.5

Physical exposure to flood 1.6
Projected Conflict Risk 0.0
Physical infrastructure 7.2
Access to health care 3.6

Health Conditions 1.1
Uprooted people 0.0
Aid Dependency 0.0
Communication 2.8
Recent Shocks 0.0
Food Security 1.6
Children U5 0.8
Governance 3.7
Inequality 0.0
DRR 6.0
Figure 2: Brunei’s Country Risk Profile

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Organizational
and recovery through policies, strategies and
practices which are guided by the international,
regional and national drivers. Prior to the
Structure for Disaster establishment of NDMC, national response

to disasters was on an ad-hoc basis where
committees were formed to manage various
Management disasters.68
Brunei has a notable response mechanism
put in place to minimize the impact of disasters
The National Disaster Management Centre and facilitate post-disaster recovery and
(NDMC) is the leading agency for disaster enhances copy capacity during disasters. The
management in Brunei. NDMC is under the government allocates large amounts of funds
administration of the Ministry of Home Affairs for disaster recovery and flood mitigation plans,
(KHEDN).67 offers financial and material assistance for
Figure 3 represents the organizational reconstruction for families and communities, and
structure for disaster management in Brunei. subsidizes daily subsistence when necessary.69
Brunei has the financial resources necessary
to cope with disasters at the national level. For
Lead Government Agencies in Disaster example, disaster funds are allocated to three
Response ministries, which are primarily available to
NDMC for disaster prevention and response
National Disaster Management Centre operations. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
The National Disaster Management Centre activities such as Community Based Disaster
(NDMC) is the lead government agency in Risk Management (CBDRM) special funds are
disaster response in Brunei. In August 2006, the available to NDMC to carry out DRR activities
Government of Brunei established the NDMC such as public awareness programs.70 Although
under the Disaster Management Order (DMO). funds are available for focal organizations,
The role of NDMC is to ensure safety and preference is still given to response, mitigation
well-being of the people by encompassing all and adaptation. In addition, no budget allocation
aspects of disaster management. This includes is made for DRR at the local level.71
prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response
OPERATIONAL
National Disaster
•
LEVEL Management Centre
. .TACTICAL Medical and Health

,r
l
Fire & Rescue
'I
Community
l
Marine
LEVEL Development
Services Department Department Department
'
Royal Brunei Royal Brunei Other

Armed Forces Police Force Agencies
Figure 3: National Disaster Management Centre Structure

Community Development Department team ensures the safety and well-being of the
The Community Development Department, victims especially in the prevention against
Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports is an outbreak of infectious and communicable
responsible for providing assistance to victims diseases. Victims affected psychologically will
of disaster in terms of food, temporary shelter be referred to the Community Development
and monetary support. Victims are given a Department for counseling and traumatized
provision of pack-cooked meals and drinking victims will then be referred to medical
water, three times a day for three consecutive professionals for further treatment and
days in the event of a disaster. If needed, the assessment. Medical and health services are
distribution of basic food rations of a week will provided free by the government to all Brunei
be given, and other basic items will be provided. citizens and permanent residents.73
The Community Development Department also
provides monetary support to victims of disaster Armed Forces
and this is part of a token from the government Brunei’s Armed Forces are also an integral
to ease their mishaps according to the category member of disaster response and preparedness.
and types of damage affected to their homes.72 They are discussed later in this Handbook in the
Military section.
Ministry of Health The disaster operations command structure is
In the event of a major disaster, the Ministry represented in Figure 4. The NDMC, Community
of Health will mobilize its medical team to help Development Department, the Ministry of
victims in need of medical attention. Victims Health, and the Armed Forces previously
will be moved to the nearest government mentioned are embedded in the command
hospitals for further treatment or the medical structure.
team will create a temporary shelter. The medical
Figure 4: Brunei Disaster Operations Command Structure

• Land Transport Department, Min. of

Key Disaster Management Partners Communication (Gov)
for Brunei • Fishery Dept. Min. of Industry & Primary
Resources (Gov)
The following is a list of departments/ • Forestry Dept. Min. of Industry & Primary
organizations that are important partners in Resources (Gov)
Brunei in regards to disaster management. They • Dept. of Tourism Development, Min. of
contributed to Brunei’s National Progress Report Industry & P (Gov)
on the Implementation of Hyogo Framework for • Authority of Info communication &
Action: 74 Technology Industry (Gov)
• Telecom Brunei (TelBru) (Private)
• National Disaster Management Centre (Gov)
• Fire and Rescue Department (Gov) Other NGOs that actively give their
• Ministry of Health (Gov) contribution for vulnerable community
• Public Works Department, Ministry of development activities and those that may need
Development (Gov) assistance include the Sultan Haji Hassanal
• Town and Country Planning, Ministry of Bolkiah Foundation, Pengiran Muda Al-
Development (Gov) Muhtadee Billah Fund for orphans, the Green
• Ministry of Finance (Gov) Frog Voluntary Committee (Persatuan Katak
• Department of Social Welfare Development Hijau), voluntary organizations, and banking
(Gov) institutions.75
• Brunei Muara District Office (Gov)
• Brunei Red Crescent Society (NGO) International Federation of Red Cross and Red
• University Brunei Darussalam (Academy &
Research) Crescent Societies
• Brunei General Insurance Association The International Federation of Red Cross and
(NGO) Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is a humanitarian
• Bank Association of Brunei (NGO) organization that provides assistance and
• Brunei Press (News & Media) promotes humanitarian activities by National
• The Brunei Times (News & Media) Societies, to prevent and alleviate human
• Ministry of Religious Affairs (Gov) suffering. It was founded in 1919 and includes
• UNISDR Bangkok (UN & Intl) 190 Red Cross and Red Crescent National
• ASEAN Secretariat (UN & Intl) Societies.
• OXFAM (UN & Intl) The IFRC carries out relief operations to
• Brunei Scout Association (NGO) assist victims of disasters and combines this with
• Management Services Department (UN & development work to strengthen the capacities
Intl) of its member National Societies.76 Brunei is
• SHHB Institute of Defence and Strategic covered by the regional delegation in Malaysia.77
Studies (Gov)
• Information Department, PMO (Gov) Brunei Red Crescent Society
• Brunei Shell Petroleum (Private) The Brunei Darussalam Red Crescent Society
• Ministry of Education (Gov) was originally established in 1948 as a branch
• Attorney General’s Chamber (Gov) of the British Red Cross and was recognized
• Royal Brunei Police Force (Gov) as an independent society by the International
• Public Service Institute (Gov) Movement in 1997. Since this time, it has been
• Public Works Department, Ministry of harnessing its unique auxiliary role and working
Development (Gov) alongside the Government of Brunei in blood
• Survey Department, Ministry of donation, youth training and first aid as well as
Development (Gov) various initiatives on humanitarian policy and
• Labour Department, Ministry of Home principle dissemination.78
Affairs (Gov) Natural disasters are rare in Brunei and there
• Dept. of Civil Aviation, Min. of have been no significant natural or man-made
Communication (Gov) disasters in recent history; however, preparedness
• Marine Department, Min. of Communication remains at the center of the Red Crescent Society
(Gov) mission.

In October 2015, Brunei Red Crescent Society as a member of the four-nation Trans-Pacific
volunteers joined the NDMC to respond to a Strategic Economic Partnership, alongside Chile,
simulated plane crash. Disaster simulations allow New Zealand, and Singapore.82
better response in a live scenario and increase
their preparedness in case of an actual disaster. Brunei participates in the following
Approximately 30 Brunei Red Crescent Society international organizations:
volunteers participated providing first aid and
counting and assisting casualties.79 Asian Development Bank (ADB), Asia-
Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), ASEAN
U.S. Government Agencies Regional Forum (ARF), Association of Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN), Commonwealth
USAID (C), Colombo Plan (CP), East Asia Summit
USAID’s Regional Development Mission for (EAS), Food and Agriculture Organization
Asia (RDMA) is located in Bangkok. The office of the United Nations (FAO), Group of 77
works to address key transnational challenges. (G-77), International Atomic Energy Agency
USAID Contact information for the USAID (IAEA), International Bank for Reconstruction
office is located below. and Development (IBRD), International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO), International
Mission Director Chamber of Commerce (ICC NGOs), Institute
Athenee Tower, 25th Floor of Catastrophe Risk Management (ICRM),
63 Wireless Road, Lumpini, Patumwan International Development Association (IDA),
Bangkok, Asia, Postal Code - M 10330 International Federation of Red Cross and
Phone 662-257-3000 Red Crescent Societies (IFRCs), International
Fax 662-257-3099 Labour Organization (ILO), International
Email info-rdma@usaid.gov Monetary Fund (IMF), International Maritime
Organization (IMO), International Mobil
U.S. Embassy Satellite Organization (IMSO), Interpol,
Contact information for the U.S. Embassy in International Olympic Committee (IOC),
Brunei includes:80 International Organization for Standardization
(ISO correspondent), International
U.S. Embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan Telecommunications Satellite Organization
Simpang 336-52-16-9, Jalan Duta (ITSO), International Telecommunication
Bandar Seri Begawan Union (ITU), Non-Aligned Movement (NAM),
BC4115 Brunei Darussalam Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC),
Phone: 673-238-4616 Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical
Fax: 673-238-4604 Weapons (OPCW), United Nations (UN), United
Nations Conference on Trade and Development
U.S. Citizens with emergencies, please call 673- (UNCTAD), United Nations Educational,
238-4616 ext 2100 Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO),
Outside of Office Hours, contact: 673-873-0691 United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
Outside of Brunei: 011-673-873-0691 (UNIFIL), United Nations World Tourism
Organization (UNWTO), Universal Postal Union
(UPU), World Customs Organization (WCO),
Participation in International World Health Organization (WHO), World
Organizations Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO),
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and
Brunei is an active participant in regional the World Trade Organization (WTO).83
and international initiatives on disaster
response management. The NDMC is a focal Foreign Disaster Relief and Emergency
point in the ASEAN Committee on Disaster
Management (ACDM). ACDM is composed Response
of the heads of national agencies responsible
for disaster management in ASEAN member The country experiences flood, landslides,
forest fires and haze, thunderstorms and strong
countries.81 Brunei is also a member of the winds. Floods and landslides are the most
ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) as well prevalent hazards. The flood-prone areas are also

at risk of landslides.84 However, the landslides Management Order 2006 (DMO) defines disaster
that were recorded in 2007, 2008, and 2009 management. The National Disaster Management
blocked roads but did not cause any fatalities. Centre (NDMC) has its responsibilities and
Natural disaster risk of Brunei is low and authority defined in this order.
assessments of risk and vulnerability are very Risk management for natural disasters is
low.85 However, extensive flooding in 2014 caused regarded as less important than other risks due to
widespread damage which led the government to the expected low frequency and impact of natural
review plans to dredge waterways.86 disasters in the country. The national disaster
Earthquake and cyclone disasters are not policy of the Government of Brunei primarily
common in the country and there is no record consists of a disaster management system based
of significant disaster caused by earthquakes. at the community level.93 To enhance capacity
Brunei has experienced small earthquakes with building in disaster response, the NDMC has
the range of 4-5 magnitude in 1992 and 2005 but formed a Strategic National Action Plan (SNAP)
the country is not located in a major earthquake for Disaster Risk Reduction and a National
area.87 Standard Operating Procedure (NaSOP) for
To date, the Government of Brunei has always response.94
been the main provider of assistance and support
for its own people who are affected by disasters in
Brunei. Through the establishment of the NDMC Laws and Regulations of Disaster Management
the protocol of assistance for victims of disaster in Brunei
is substantial.88 Brunei has the financial resources
necessary to cope with disasters at the national 2006 Disaster Management Order
level and disaster funds will be allocated in the The Disaster Management Order was
event of a disaster.89 The Brunei Government established in 2006 which provides for effective
allocates large amounts of funds for disaster disaster management for Brunei. It established
recovery and mitigation plans and offers financial the National Disaster Council (NDC) with
and material assistance for reconstruction.90 the main task of developing a strategic policy
The Constitution of Brunei Proclamation framework in responding to and managing
of Emergency (last updated February 2017) disasters. The supervisor authority of this order is
does declare that if the Sultan believes that the NDMC.95
emergency or public danger is imminent,
whereby the security or economic life of Brunei
is threatened either by war, external aggression Strategies and Plans for Disaster Management
or internal disturbance, that he may proclaim in Brunei
a state of emergency for all of Brunei or just
parts of Brunei specified in the proclamation of
emergency. On February 9, 2017, Brunei renewed Strategic National Action Plan (SNAP) for
its biennial state of emergency extending the Disaster Risk Reduction 2012-2025
order and absolute power of the Sultan.91 SNAP is a comprehensive plan of action
Brunei also plays a role in assisting other targeted at building the capacity of both
countries in need that have been affected either government and non-government institutions
by conflicts or natural disasters. Over the years, in promoting disaster risk reduction. The
Brunei has provided assistance to several Least supervisory authority of this plan is the NDMC.96
Developed Countries. Assistance includes The SNAP for Disaster Risk Reduction 2012-
financial support, reconstruction projects, 2025 strengthens national capacity in DRR.
and technical cooperation. In the events of
international disaster occurring in another National Standard Operating Procedure
country, the Government of Brunei will set up a (NaSOP) for response
humanitarian fund. The fund gathers donations The NaSOP outlines the agreed procedures
collected from the public and send it to the that must be followed by all agencies involved
affected country.92 in a disaster operation. Responses to disasters
in Brunei are more effective with this approach.
Laws, Policies, and Plans on Disaster The NDMC is periodically reviewing its content
through testing such as table top and simulation
Management exercises in order to keep updated and
streamlined responses possible.97
Brunei does not have a specific law about
disaster management. Instead, the Disaster

2017 Proclamation of Emergency exercises pursuant to the National Standard
The Constitution of Brunei Proclamation of Operating Procedure (NaSOP). Under this
Emergency (last updated February 2017) does program, the NDMC conducts public awareness
declare that if the Sultan believes that there is exercises, early warning and risk assessment,
an emergency or public danger is imminent, and safety checks of buildings including homes.
that he may proclaim a state of emergency for It also made efforts to introduce the US-based
Brunei.98 The 2011 edition to the Constitution Incident Command System (ICS) into the
of Brunei Darussalam also discusses the state of country’s disaster response system. This two-year
emergency.99 training was carried out by US Forest Service as
part of the ASEAN-ICS Pilot Country Project.103
Education and Training The NDMC partnered with the CAE-Brunei
Multi-Purpose Training Centre (CAE-Brunei
Brunei has education and training activities MPTC) in 2014. The partnership has delivered
which are part of the NDMC’s efforts to training solutions to different sectors including
increase the readiness and preparedness of the emergency and crisis management, defense,
communities for disasters by identifying hazards aviation, healthcare and energy. CAE-Brunei
and reducing risks associated with these hazards MPTC has established an Emergency and
in order to create disaster-resilient communities Crisis Management Centre of Excellence that
in Brunei. will provide relevant local authorities such as
Although Brunei is one of the least hazard- the Ministry of Home Affairs and NDMC with
prone countries in Southeast Asia, it has a comprehensive training activities. This will aid in
Community Based Disaster Risk Management allowing the Brunei Government to better plan
Program (CBDRM) which was launched in 2010 and prepare for emergencies including disasters.
and includes training for an education program. The CAE-Brunei MPTC uses simulation-based
It is one of the few programs that the NDMC has training in the emergency and crisis management
initiated to operationalize the Strategic National training programs to improve the Government’s
Action Plan (SNAP) for Disaster Risk Reduction coordination, response and operational decision
2012-2025.100 making given a range of emergency scenarios.
The goals of the CBDRM Program are: 101 There are also plans for emergency and crisis
management training to ASEAN.104
• To create Disaster Resilient Community; There are investments in drainage
• To develop community awareness in infrastructure in flood prone areas designed to
disaster risks and building up their capacity reduce flood disaster risk in vulnerable urban
in managing emergencies and disaster settlements. However, there is a need for training
situations; of masons on safe construction technology.
• To increase the readiness and preparedness There is also room for improvement for slope
of the community for disaster by identifying stabilization as well as the provision of safe land
hazards and reducing risks associated with for low income households and communities.105
them; and
• Collaborate with relevant government Disaster Management Communications
agencies.
Brunei does not have its own tsunami
In 2017, Brunei launched a CBDRM program monitoring system and is dependent on
for the communities of Mukim Kianggeh and the information gathered by international
Mukim Kota Batu. Participants of the program institutions and/or other countries. The
took part in practical sessions that trained meteorological agency of Brunei is monitoring
how to douse fires, basic skills in life saving, and receiving international tsunami information
as well as producing a hazard map that will through its existing networks. The NDMC has
contain information on the areas affected by the plans to install a tsunami warning system. 106
disasters.102 The NDMC cooperates with regional centers
The NDMC conducts training activities for such as the Asian Disaster Reduction Center,
the different government agencies on radio the Asia Disaster Preparedness Center, the
communications technology, emergency rapid Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, and the Pacific
assistance team training in cooperation with Disaster Center.107
Singapore, table-top workshops, and simulation

It is the responsibility of the NDMC to alert October 1991 the Sultan created three separate
the public in a disaster event.108 Overall the services of the military: the Royal Brunei Land
NDMC manages, coordinates and mobilizes Forces (RBLF), the Royal Brunei Navy (RBN),
any disaster that happens in Brunei.109 In the and the Royal Brunei Air Force. The RBLF is an
event of major disaster the NDMC will identify all-volunteer force, mainly drawn from Brunei’s
temporary shelters for victims of disaster.110 Malay majority population. He also created the
joint organizations Royal Brunei Service Force
Early Warning Systems and the Training Centre of the Royal Brunei
The Ministry of Home Affairs, the Disaster Armed Forces.115
Command Center (DCC), the National Disaster Brunei’s military requirements are relatively
Management Center (NDMC), the Brunei extensive. The country does have a need to secure
Darussalam Meteorological Department, and its borders and maritime territory where most
the Ministry of Communications are all agencies of its hydrocarbon assets are. Brunei maintains a
in Brunei that are sources of hazard and risk claim on the Louisa Reef in the disputed Spratly
information and provide early warning to the Islands. This is a highly contested area by China,
public. 111 Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
However, early warnings are undertaken by Brunei also has a structure of regional security
the Meteorological Services of the Department that is provided through ASEAN. 116
of Civil Aviation, Ministry of Health, Brunei’s Ministry of Defence (MINDEF) has

Department of Agriculture and Agrifood, Marine prioritized enhanced networking, including the
Department, Fisheries Department, Department setting up of a Joint Operations Centre (JOC).
of Environmental and Recreation and others. MINDEF intends to transform the RBAF into
These departments and ministries have put in a modern flexible force that is effective in roles
place policies and strategic planning to improve including humanitarian assistance and disaster
the management of disasters through effective relief, international peacekeeping, and protecting
early warning systems. 112 Brunei’s maritime natural resources.
NDMC works with the ASEAN Coordinating The RBAF performs several primary roles
Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on Disaster including air surveillance of land and maritime
Management (AHA Centre) in Jakarta. NDMC’s borders, and the provision of air support for
Disaster Command Centre is linked with the national tasks such as disaster relief. The RBAF
AHA Centre to facilitate coordination among is able to provide a limited number of helicopters
ASEAN Member States, relevant UN agencies, and personnel for deployment in a short notice;
and international organizations engaged in however, it is unlikely that this request will be
disaster response and giving early warning. 113 made. The RBAF has not been deployed outside
the country other than for exercises. 117
Brunei is a regular participant in regional
Responsible Agencies for Flood and Storm Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief
Warning (HADR) exercises. Brunei co-hosted, alongside
The Brunei Darussalam Meteorological Singapore, the ASEAN Humanitarian and
Service is responsible for meteorological Disaster Relief and Military Medicine (HADR/
observation and weather forecast, including flood MM) exercises in 2013. Brunei, the U.S.,
warning.114 The University Brunei Darussalam Australia, China, India, and Japan participated
(UBD/IBM) Centre is currently working an in several days of training to prepare for natural
early warning system for floods that will increase disaster relief. The RBLF also participates in
warning times and be better equipped to predict regular exercises with the Malaysian Army and
flash flooding. the U.S. military.118
Military
In 1961, the Royal Brunei Malay Regiment
(RBMR) was created, and was then expanded
into the Royal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF). In

INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure
include the Royal Brunei Airlines (RBA),
Singapore Airlines (SIA), Malaysian Airlines
(MAS), Thai Airways International (THAI), and
AirAsia.121
Airports Seaports
In Brunei, there are two main airports: Brunei
International Airport located in Bandar Seri There are two main ports in Brunei: Muara
Begawan City and Anduki Airfield located in Port, and Kuala Belait Port. Table 2 includes
the Seria Anduki District. Brunei International more details of the two main ports as well as
Airport is managed by the Government of the other ports in Brunei. They are used for
Brunei. Brunei International Airport is used direct shipping to Singapore, Hong Kong, and
as the base for Royal Brunei Airlines. Anduki other major Asian ports.122 They are under the
Airfield is a commercial airport managed by jurisdiction of the Ports Department of the
Brunei Shell Petroleum.119 Table 1 below shows Ministry of Communication. Muara Port is
runway length, surface, and other relevant located about 28 km (17.4 miles) from the capital
information of Brunei International Airport. city. The Muara port is the primary port for
Information on Anduki Airfield is unavailable. international trading with more than 90 percent
The country has good air-transport links with of import and export items except oil and gas. It
its Southeast Asian neighbors through Brunei has two main terminals: a convention terminal
International Airport.120 Scheduled air carriers and a container terminal.123
Brunei International Airport
Reference point N04 56.65 E114 55.70
Maximum runway length 12,000 ft. (3,658 m)
Runway surface Asphalt
Elevation 73 ft. (22 m)
Nearest town/city Bandar Seri Begawan (7 km)(4.4 miles)
Table 1: Brunei Airport Information
Seaport Location Overview Max Vessel Size

Muara Muara is located at 5° 01'N, Cargoes handled include Container vessels can be
115° 04'E on Brunei Bay to cement, containers, vehicles, accommodated at any of the five
the north of Sarawak and building materials, livestock, berths. The berth is designed to
south of Sabah. accommodate tankers up to 198 m
in length and has a depth of water
of 6.1 m alongside the jetty head.
Kuala Situated on the northwest The main user of the port is n/a
Belait shore of Borneo and on the Brunei Shell Petroleum Co Ltd
east bank of Sungai Belait is, which has been developed
at 4° 38'N, 114° 12'E. as the base for the Seria oil
fields.
Lumut Open sea berth located at Used only for liquefied natural The berth has a length of 290
4° 34'N, 114° 27'E, about gas exports. Every year, m, draught of 11.3 m, and
2.5 nm from the town of approximately 190 vessels visit displacement 94,671
Lumut, 18 km (11.2 miles) the port. tonnes.
from Seria.
Seria Located at 4° 43'N, 114° An open sea berth port used Vessels up to 320,000dwt (min size
19'E 8 nm east northeast of specifically for crude oil and 30,000dwt).
Kuala Belait. condensate loading.
Tanjong Tanjong Salirong is a river The port is a river anchorage n/a
Salirong port located at 4° 55'N, used for loading logs, and
115° 5'E. handling cargo from Sarawak,
Malaysia.
Table 2: Brunei Seaport Information
Brunei divides its education into three levels (the
Land Routes pre-primary level, the primary level, and the final
level). The pre-primary level teaches children
Roads from age three to five. The next level or primary
Roads are well-maintained and are in similar level is six years long and introduces the national
condition to most western countries. The paved language of Malay as well as English. The final
road system spans along the coast between level (secondary school) prepares students for
Bandar Seri Begawan and Seria, then crosses to college. It can also be considered a pre-university
the east Malaysian state of Sarawak and then to level of education. 128 Education is free for Brunei
Limbang. Brunei’s road network is inadequate citizens including food, textbooks, transport,
in rural areas with only a single main road and room and board. It also includes attending a
from Seria to Limbang. Depending on weather University abroad.129
conditions, other unpaved tracks may be passable Vocational education is also taught in Brunei.
by four-wheel-drive vehicles. Brunei has a high This is a special schooling system of technical
ratio of car ownership in part to a poor public and craft colleges. Graduates of vocational school
transportation system, low petrol prices, and work in careers in agriculture, nursing, teaching
low import taxes. There is a cheap and reliable and more. The Brunei education system offers
public bus system in and around the capital, different options, education levels, and a wide
but other public transport areas are minimal. range of universities, technical colleges, and
Traffic accidents are a major cause of fatalities in institutes for its citizens.130
Brunei.124 The Ministry of Education in Brunei operates
The Public works Department of Brunei over 150 primary and secondary schools
(JKRB) constructed and maintains the Brunei nationwide and has embarked on a mission
National Roads System in the country. There are to improve the quality of education. The
six highways in Brunei. They include: 125 Brunei Government formulated a long-term
• Muara-Tutong Highway development framework called the National
• Sultan Hassanai Bolkiah Highway Vision 2035. As part of this, the national strategy
• Tungku Highway outlined eight strategic policy directives as
• Kuala Belait Highway follows:131
• Telisai- Lumit Highway • Investing in early childhood education;
• Brunei-Temburong Highway including the • Adopting international best practices in
Temburong Bridge teaching and learning;
• Having first class secondary and tertiary
Railways education including vocational schools,
The country has one railway which is owned that produce experts, professionals and
and operated by Brunei Shell Petroleum (BSP). technicians required in commerce and
This railway links the company’s main base at industry;
Seria with the Dadar waterworks.126 • Strengthening the competency in info-
communication technology (ICT) for
students, teachers and educational
Waterways administrators including integration of ICT
The Brunei, Belait and Tutong Rivers are used in school curriculum;
as major transport links. The country has 209 • Devising programs that promote life-
km (130 miles) of inland waterways navigable by long learning and widen access to higher
vessels.127 education;
• Promoting research, development and
Schools innovation both in government-funded
institutions and through public-private and
The Ministry of Education (MOE) is a cabinet international partnerships;
level ministry in the Government of Brunei that • Adopting cost-effective methods of
oversees education. The education system in educating Brunei’s people through the use of
Brunei is based on the British education system. technology; and
• Improving the management of all its
educational institutions.

INFRASTRUCTURE
Photo 2 is of a classroom operated by the that 95 percent of households in Brunei have a

Ministry of Education in Brunei. landline. Mobile phone penetration in Brunei
has reached 100 percent.134
Disaster Risk Reduction in the Education Sector
Brunei has a Community Based Disaster Utilities
Risk Management Program (CBDRM), which
was launched in 2010, and includes training Power
for an education program primarily focused on Brunei uses more electricity per capita
teachers. It operationalizes the Strategic National than any other country, this is mostly because
Action Plan (SNAP) for Disaster Risk Reduction they have one of the lowest costing electricity
2012-2025.132 in Asia, as well as a surplus of oil, which has
This CBDRM program is a collaboration of created a wasteful environment.135 The Bruneian
relevant government agencies including the government subsidizes the cost of electricity,
Consultative Council (Majlis) of Mukims and which is part of their overuse of electricity in the
Kampongs. Each council is comprised of the country. 136
village head, secretary, treasurer, and committees. The electricity in Brunei is produced by
The NDMC is extending the elements of three networks, two of those belong to the
CBDRM to the school community through a Government of Brunei. The government’s
new program called “School Based Disaster Risk Department of Electrical Services (DES) owns
Management (SBDRM)”. The SBDRM Program and operates the two networks names Network 1
is organized with the Department of Schools, and Network 2. Berakas Power Company (BPC)
Ministry of Education. Teachers are trained on is a privately-owned operator that provides
what to do and not to do should a disaster strikes electricity for Network 3. It is estimated that
while school is in session. It is intended to instill 99.66 percent of the population in Brunei has
safe and conductive learning environments in electricity provided by the grids. Roughly about
schools and enable a better prepared community 1,000 people in rural areas of Brunei count on
as a whole. Other outreach programs include the generators for their electricity.137
National Essay Competition and the Disaster
Awareness Radio & TV Quiz & Message
Program.133 Water and Sanitation
Brunei has excelled in their potable water
Communications system in urban areas and bottled water is also
available throughout the country. In recent
years, in the span of a decade, the use of water in
Brunei has one of the best telecommunications Brunei went from 177 million liters per day to
networks in Southeast Asia. Mobile and Internet 337 million liters per day. This was an increase of
use has expanded throughout the country. 91 percent. It is estimated that the use of water
Internet services are provided by BruNet services will continue to increase in Brunei, mostly due to
of Jabatan Telekom Brunei (JTB), which is part of population growth.138
the Ministry of Communications. It is estimated
Photo 2: Brunei Schools

HEALTH
Health
to the present and future health needs of the
population. Brunei continues to understand the
importance of their human resource progress in
numerous skilled health specialties and has made
Health Overview this a priority, through continuous strengthening
of the National Healthcare Information
Brunei citizens are afforded free healthcare Management System (Bru-HIMS). Bru-HIMS is
though government health facilities to include, utilized to accurately and quickly gather health
hospitals, health centers and medical clinics. data information.144
The Flying Medical Services provides primary The Government of Brunei’s mental health
healthcare and medical for Brunei citizens services and legislation have endured a phase
located in remote regions which may not be of reform. In Brunei, a stigma is often attached
readily accessible, or which are difficult to access to mental health disorders because the general
by land or water.139 Medical care in Brunei is population has a poor understanding of such
among the best in the region and citizens of conditions. Prejudice against persons with
Brunei who require healthcare which cannot be mental disorders are not uncommon and tend
obtained in Brunei are sent abroad for medical to be pervasive and discourage individuals from
care at the government’s expense.140 obtaining proper medical services. In Brunei
The Government of Brunei is committed to culture mental health disorders are closely
improving the health status of their citizens. related to the idea of “black magic”. Mental health
The national government has made funding disorders and individuals with mental health
for healthcare a priority and a major public
investment in human development. Health disorders can be shamed and rejected in their
policies and programs continue to be reviewed communities and society. In the Brunei culture
in the framework of enhancing overall when a relative has a mental health condition
economic, social and health circumstances.141 their relative will first seek religious healing.
The government continues to foster extensive Hospitals and medical care are often the last
involvement in the provision of healthcare and resort and only an option when the mental health
policy decision-making. The Ministry of Health issues result in violence. Therefore, it is common
(MOH) is the primary authority responsible for for individuals with mental health disorders to
the administration of healthcare in Brunei.142 suffer for years before they receive clinical care.
Brunei has achieved high immunization The Department of Psychiatry at RIPAS
coverage of above 95 percent for all vaccinations Hospital operates a family education program
included in the national immunization schedule. in a community rehabilitation center in Bandar
Additionally, there has been a decline in infant Seri Begawan, the center seeks to make available
mortality rates as the nation has moved toward a place where the relatives and caregivers of
the implementation of higher standards of living, individuals with mental health disorders can
improved sanitation, increased education and receive education, supportive services and engage
literacy rates, empowerment of women, and the with other individuals in similar situations.145
rising standard of infant care services throughout
the country. Maternal health has also improved
dramatically. Brunei fosters a 99.8 percent Health Cooperation
hospital delivery rate and 99.9 percent of all
deliveries are attended by professional healthcare The Government of Brunei is progressively
workers.143 working to develop robust partnerships
amongst numerous stakeholders to provide the
Healthcare System Structure cooperation required to attain the common
concept of improved health. The Government of
Figure 5 depicts the organizational structure Brunei seeks to incorporate other government
of the Ministry of Health in Brunei. agencies, educational establishments and other
organizations, both native and international.
Government agencies provide support to
Challenges in the Healthcare System many national health programs. For some health
Brunei has been working progressively programs, the MOH works relatively close with
to develop and implement a resilient health international organizations and world-wide
system which is capable of addressing the aging initiatives to reinforce priority health programs.
population and population growth to attend Funding for the healthcare sector is primarily

MINISTER OF HEALTH
Pehin Orang Kaya Johan Pahlawan
Dato Seri Setia Awang Haji Adanan bin Begawan Pehin SiRaja
Khatib Dato Seri Setia Awang Haji Mohd Yusof
PERMANENT SECRETARY
Dato Paduka Haji Abdul Salam bin Abd Momin
DEPUTY PERMANENT SECRETARY DEPUTY PERMANENT SECRETARY

(PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL) (ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE)
Datin Paduka Dr Hajah Intan bte Haji Mohd Salleh Hajah Siti Mariam bte Haji Mohd Jaafar
General Director
DIRECTOR-
DIRECTOR-GENERAL
GENERAL OF
POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION OF HEALTH SERVICES
MEDICAL SERVICES HEALTH CARE ESTATE
TECHNOLOGY PLANNING AND FINANCE MANAGEMENT
Community
Hospital Services SERVICES (DIRECTOR) (DIRECTOR) (SENIOR SPECIAL
Health Services
(DIRECTOR) Human Resource DUTIES OFFICER)
Public Relations Scientific
Nursing Services Risk Management Management Building
Engineering and Services
Centre
International Human Resource Vehicle Services
Pharmaceutical Affairs Development Environmental
Services Health Informatics Project Health Services
Research and Procurement and Development
Clinical Laboratory Development Supply
Biomedical
Services
Engineering and Quality Finance and
Medical Physics Improvement Account
Dental Services
Legislation
Renal Services
Figure 5: Organizational Chart: Ministry of Health
provided in the form of technical assistance and poliomyelitis-free. Brunei fosters a robust
from grants.146 notification system. Notification of infectious
In terms of regional health cooperation, the diseases is mandated by law under the Infectious
past challenges that have been encountered by Diseases Order 2003. The Infectious Disease
ASEAN Plus Three (APT) Health Countries Order 2003 requires that all notifications must
(Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao, Malaysia, be reported to the Disease Control Division at
Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, the Department of Health. The Department of
Vietnam, China, Japan and South Korea) Health has remained vigilant in the detection and
concerning emerging infectious diseases have prevention of invasion of emerging infectious
made the APT partnerships more robust and diseases.
resilient. There has been substantial advancement Brunei has a robust, wide-ranging, and
of the APT health cooperation in capacities free child immunization program developed
such as ageing populations, disaster health to increase child protection from vaccine-
management, and universal health coverage and preventable diseases. Brunei’s expansive
around planning for pandemics and pandemic immunization program is fully incorporated
response.147 into all aspects of child health service and into
the nation’s school health services. Additionally,
Communicable Diseases advances in general sanitation, housing, food
hygiene, access to clean drinking water and
Brunei has worked progressively to eradicate health education mitigations have effectively
most major communicable diseases. In 1987 kept foodborne and waterborne diseases under
the World Health Organization declared Brunei control.148
as malaria-free and in 2000, it was declared

HEALTH
professional development and skill training for

Non-Communicable Diseases healthcare workers. The MOH provides training
courses, classes and conferences, both local and
Brunei has seen a shift in the major causes abroad in specialized fields for the continued
of mortality in the past three decades. Primary development of its workforce.
causes of mortality have shifted from infectious In 1986 the Primary Health Care Orientation
disease, to chronic, long-term degenerative and Training Centre was established in Brunei
diseases related to changes from active to with the primary function of providing
sedentary lifestyles. The majority of the non- instructional courses on the primary healthcare
communicable diseases common in Brunei, concept for healthcare workers. The Centre
cardiovascular disease, cancers, chronic also conducts various training programs for
respiratory diseases, and diabetes are related to community health nurses, including refresher
similar behavioral risk factors such as; decreased courses, sessions and workshops offering
levels of activity, unhealthy diets, overweight or ongoing professional development to enhance
obesity and smoking. the expertise and proficiencies of nurses in
Non-communicable diseases are the the community. The Centre provides training
leading cause of morbidity and mortality in to nurses from outpatient service workers,
Brunei. The Government of Brunei developed educational healthcare workers and other
a multidisciplinary committee, the National services in the Department of Health.
Committee on Health Promotion, which focused The MOH, in a partnership with the Institute
on advancing public education on health- of Medicine, University of Brunei (UBD) and St.
related issues, as well as improving strategies George’s Hospital Medical School, commenced
to transform community behavior in favor a part-time postgraduate certificate course in
of improved lifestyles through community Primary HealthCare in 2000. The Primary Health
involvement and inter-sectoral cooperation.149 Care certificate course is administered by the
Figure 6 depicts the non-communicable Institute of Medicine, UBD. With the increase in
diseases which are prevalent in Brunei and the local expertise and the number of graduates in
mortality rates associated with each disease. healthcare, the MOH has expanded the capacity
of its medical services. The MOH is also working
Training for Health Professionals towards expanding postgraduate training
programs.150
The MOH, in its efforts to maintain the
capacity to deliver quality healthcare and medical
services, promotes continuing education,
PROPORTIONAL MORTALITY*
29% 17%
Cardiovascular Other NCDs
diseases
25% 8%
Cancers Communicable,
maternal, perinatal NCDs are
6% and nutritional estimated to
conditions account for 85%
Chronic
of all deaths.
respiratory
5 2020 2025
diseases 7%
Injuries
Global targets 9%
Diabetes
2016 TOTAL POPULATION: 423 000
2016 TOTAL DEATHS: 1 600
Figure 6: Non-Communicable Diseases Prevalent in Brunei

WOMEN, PEACE, AND SECURITY
Women, Peace, and

overall improved health and an enhanced quality
of life for women in Brunei.152
An indicator of Brunei’s progress in achieving
Security women empowerment is recognized through

the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),
primarily MDG 3: Promote Gender Equality
and Empower Women.153 Essential elements
The Government of Brunei has been working of women’s social, economic and political
to reduce the gender gap in the education system, participation in promoting the development of
civil service system and in the government sector gender-equitable societies are evaluated through
through the empowerment of women and the MDG 3. A key goal of MDG 3 was to eradicate
promotion of women’s education in primary, gender inequality in primary and secondary
secondary and tertiary educational institutions. education by 2015. Brunei has exceeded this
It acknowledges the significance of women’s goal.154
functions in the socio-economic development A core indicator of MDG 3 is the proportion
of the nation. The Government of Brunei also of boys to girls involved in all levels of education
recognizes that gender equality and women’s including tertiary (post-required) education. In
empowerment, in addition to being basic human Brunei there is no distinct variance among the
rights, are important objectives in themselves and ratio of boys to girls in primary and secondary
fundamental for the advancement of women in education. Additionally, Brunei has achieved
Brunei. Brunei is committed to the advancement the 96% of literacy among males and females
of all sectors through the nation’s “Vision 2035” greater than 15 years of age which is a key
which seeks to promote an educated, vastly indicator of the success of this goal. Brunei also
skilled and proficient people, and to enhance demonstrates an increasing percentage of women
the quality of life and develop a sustainable holding senior positions in the civil service
economy. 151
sector. Furthermore, there is an increasing
Education is obligatory in Brunei for both number of female positions in government. All
males and females. The advancement of the of these indicators reflect an increase in female
aptitude of women in Brunei and in their socio- empowerment in Brunei. Brunei meets all the
economic status in the country can be greatly three indicators for the reduction of gender
attributed to the educational achievements disparity and women’s empowerment set forth by
of women. The progressive effects of Brunei’s the MDGs.155
education policies manifest in the significant Photo 3 shows female Sailors assigned to the
increase in literacy rate of women, the percentage Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer
increase of working women and in the overall USS Pinckney (DDG 91), the Arleigh Burke-class
level of involvement of women at all levels of guided-missile destroyer USS Dewey (DDG 105)
Brunei society. Additionally, affordable and equal and the Royal Brunei Navy pose for photo during
access to healthcare for women has resulted in a female engagement event for CARAT 2011.
Photo 3: Female Sailors from the Royal Brunei Navy and the U.S. Navy, CARAT Brunei 2011

CONCLUSION
Conclusion
Brunei joined the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN) on January 7, 1984, shortly
after gaining national independence. Brunei
prioritizes its foreign relations with its ASEAN
The country of Brunei is geographically and members. The chairmanship of ASEAN rotated
historically at low risk for natural disasters and to Brunei in 2013. Brunei joined the UN in
health care emergencies. Brunei also has one of 1984. It also is a member of the Organization
the highest per capita GDPs in the world which of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and of the Asia
provides the country a unique opportunity Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum.
toward the advancement and prosperity of its Brunei has international and foreign relations
citizens. Thus, the Government of Brunei has with numerous other nations to include; U.S.,
progressively prioritized prevention, mitigation Australia, Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, China,
and preparedness by pursuing self-sufficiency India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Pakistan,
in disaster management response as well as Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. 158
improving the health status of its citizens. Brunei has not been affected by major natural
Additionally, Brunei has partnered with neighbor disasters in the ASEAN region; however, the
nations to develop robust collaborations for countries that surround it have experienced
disaster management in the region. major disasters such as the 2004 Indian Ocean
Due to its commitment to the health and well- Tsunami. There has been concern that Brunei’s
being of its people and the financial prosperity capacity for disaster risk reduction and recovery
of the nation, citizens in Brunei are afforded free is not effectively integrated into national
healthcare and have access to some of the most development plans and actions.159
advanced healthcare in the region. Additionally, As a result, The Government of Brunei
if specific care is unavailable in Brunei, the established the NDMC under the Disaster
government will provide medical evacuation Management Order (DMO) in 2006. The
of its citizens and full coverage of the costs of National Disaster Management Centre (NDMC)
the transportation as well as the out of country is the lead government agency in disaster
care. Healthcare reforms, government policies, response in Brunei. The role of the NDMC
partnerships and continued training have helped is to ensure the safety and well-being of the
propel the healthcare sector in Brunei. Brunei people by encompassing all aspects of disaster
has practically eradicated all communicable management. Prior to the establishment of
diseases from the county through advanced child NDMC, committees were formed to manage
and life-long vaccine programs, an improvement various disasters on an ad-hoc basis.160 In 2010,
in the quality of living standards, access to Brunei launched a Community Based Disaster
medical care, clean drink water and improved Risk Management Program (CBDRM) which
food sanitation.156 provides training and outreach programs in
The Government of Brunei through collaboration with Brunei’s government agencies.
policymaking, reforms and progressive-forward It operationalizes the Strategic National Action
thinking has begun to reduce the gender gap Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction 2012-2025.161
in both the public and private sector and the Brunei is dependent on the information
education sector. Women’s empowerment is gathered by international institutions and/
reinforced through equal education rights, which or other countries for tsunami warning. The
have yielded an increase in women’s overall NDMC cooperates with regional centers such
literacy rates and their attainment of education as the Asian Disaster Reduction Center, the
levels. Additionally, affordable and equal Asia Disaster Preparedness Center, the Pacific
access to healthcare for women has resulted in Tsunami Warning Center, and the Pacific
overall improved health and enhanced quality Disaster Center. The meteorological agency of
of life for women in Brunei. As a result of the Brunei is monitoring and receiving international
advances specific to women in both health tsunami information through its existing
care, education and overall access in all sectors networks.162 The NDMC will alert the public in
through the nations “Vision 2035,” Brunei has a disaster event as well as manage, coordinate
seen an increase in women in the workforce, and mobilize services to include identifying
government sector and in leadership positions.157 temporary shelters.163, 164

APPENDICES
Appendices
and Marine Corps and the Royal Brunei Armed
Forces.167
CARAT – November, 2016

DOD DMHA Engagements in the Past The U.S. Navy, Marine Corps (USMC), along
Five Years (FY 2013-2018) with the Royal Brunei Navy and Armed Forces
participated in the 22nd CARAT exercise.
CARAT 2016 aimed to reinforce maritime
Exercise Pahlawan Warrior- August, 2018 partnerships and enhance cooperation with
Penanjong Garrison, Brunei - Royal Brunei the Royal Brunei Navy. The U.S. Navy assets
Land Force and U.S. Army Soldiers conducted included the USS McCampbell (DDG 85);
the first bilateral training exercise in Brunei USNS Millinocket (T-EPF 3); and Salvor, a
(U.S. Army). Thirty-three U.S. Soldiers from U.S. P-8A Poseidon aircraft. Staff from Commander,
Army Pacific partnered with Soldiers from the Task Force (CTF) 73 and Destroyer Squadron
Royal Brunei Land Forces for Exercise Pahlawan (DESRON) 7; the U.S. seventh Fleet Band, Orient
Warrior. Pahlawan Warrior is a part of Pacific Express; and marines from the 3rd Battalion, 2nd
Pathways 18-2, executed by the Indiana Army Marine Regiment also participated in the 2016
National Guard and consists of six exercises: exercise.168
Hamel (Australia), Keris Strike (Malaysia),
Garuda Shield (Indonesia), Hanuman Guardian U.S –Brunei Senior Officials Dialogue -
(Thailand), Pahlawan Warrior (Brunei), and November, 2015
Orient Shield (Japan). Pacific Pathways exercises London, United Kingdom - Brunei and U.S.
support the U.S. Indo-Pacific Command Theater officials participated in the U.S.-Brunei High
Campaign Plan by building foreign partner Level Officials Meeting in London as part of
interoperability, capacity, and relationships with the Senior Officials Dialogue launched in 2011.
Pacific theater armies; through assurances of The officials’ discussed how the U.S. and Brunei
allies and partners, during operations west of can further enhance their bilateral relationship
the dateline for three-quarters of each year; and covering security and defense, trade and
providing additional response capabilities to the economics, and regional cooperation.169
USINDOPACOM commander.165
CARAT – November, 2015
U.S –Brunei Senior Officials Dialogue - June, Muara, Brunei - The 21st annual exercise
2018 CARAT Brunei commenced with an opening
Washington, DC. – On June 12, 2018 the ceremony at Maura Naval Base, Nov. 2. CARAT
U.S. and Brunei held the third Senior Officials’ Brunei 2015 included ten days of shore-based
Dialogue (The inaugural dialogue was held in and at-sea training events intended to address
2011). The U.S. and Brunei delegations reviewed shared maritime security priorities, develop
their close bilateral security partnership, relationships and enhance cooperation between
including the expanding cooperation in the U.S. and Royal Brunei navies. CARAT is a
counterterrorism through joint military premier naval engagement with the Royal Brunei
exercises. The two delegations conferred on Armed Forces.170
human rights, combatting trafficking-in-persons,
and opportunities for expanding bilateral trade CARAT – November, 2014
and investments.166 Muara, Brunei - The Brunei portion of the
annual Cooperation Afloat Readiness and
CARAT – November, 2017 Training exercises commenced Nov. 10 at Maura
Muara, Brunei - Armed forces from the U.S. Naval Base. In its 20th year, CARAT is an annual
and Brunei began the 23rd annual Cooperation exercise series including the U.S. Navy, U.S.
Afloat Readiness and Training (CARAT) Marine Corps and the armed forces of nine
maritime exercise at Muara Naval Base on partner nations: Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia,
November 6, 2017. CARAT Brunei was a five day Indonesia, Malaysia, the Republic of Philippines,
readiness training consisting of shore-based and Singapore, Thailand and Timor-Leste. The
at-sea training events. The readiness training was exercises provide a venue for regional navies
designed to address shared maritime security to share best practices, foster relationships and
priorities, develop professional relationships, enhance maritime security cooperation.171
and enhance cooperation between the U.S. Navy

CARAT – November, 2013 Australia has established defense and security
Muara, Brunei - The U.S. Navy and Royal relations with Brunei. Australia and Brunei
Brunei Armed Forces commenced the 19th signed a MOU on Cooperation to Combat
Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training International Terrorism in 2005. Australia
(CARAT) Brunei exercise on Nov. 14. CARAT and Brunei cooperate closely on security risks
is a series of bilateral maritime exercises confronting the region and there are close ties
between the U.S. Navy and the Armed Forces between the Australian and Bruneian police
of Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, forces, security, and counter-terrorism and
Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and immigration authorities.174
Timor Leste. CARAT Brunei 2013 focused on
sharing best practices in maritime security Brunei-Bangladesh Relations
operations.172 Bilateral relations between Brunei and
Bangladesh are affable. Both nations are
International/Foreign Relations predominantly moderate Muslim nations.
Brunei and Bangladesh are each members of the
Brunei-U.S. Relations Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the
The U.S. and Brunei diplomatic relations Commonwealth and Non-Aligned Movement
were initiated in 1984 when Brunei gained (NAM) and foster shared views on regional and
its independence from the UK. A decade international matters of concern. Brunei has an
later, in 1994, the U.S and Brunei signed a established High Commission in Dhaka. Brunei
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on demonstrates continual support for Bangladesh’s
defense cooperation. In 2011, the U.S. and candidacy for various regional and international
Brunei conducted an inaugural Senior Officials organizations.175
Dialogue, forming a new forum for high-level
coordination and communication. Brunei-Burma Relations
The U.S. and Brunei work collectively on Burma and Brunei established relations in
bilateral, and regional agendas to confront 1993. Brunei has an embassy in Yangon, and
some of the most critical matters. The U.S. and Burma has an embassy in Gadong.176
Brunei’s armed forces engage in joint exercises,
training platforms, and military cooperation. Brunei-Cambodia Relations
Brunei’s armed forces participate in the annual Relations between the two nations were
Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training established in 1992. Brunei has an embassy in
(CARAT) exercise a staple of their bilateral Phnom Penh, and Cambodia has an embassy in
defense relationship. Historically members Bandar Seri Begawan.177
of Brunei’s armed forces have attended U.S.
military academies. In 2014 the first U.S. military Brunei-China Relations
student attended the Brunei Command and Staff China and Brunei have relations that can be
Course.173 traced back for a period extending more than
2000 years. Brunei has an embassy in Beijing, and
Brunei-Australia Relations China has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.178
Australia and Brunei foster a welcoming and
friendly relationship. Australia has maintained Brunei-India Relations
a diplomatic presence in Brunei ever since India and Brunei established relations in
it gained its full independence from the UK 1984. Brunei and India are full members of the
in 1984. Australia and Brunei have a robust Commonwealth of Nations. Brunei has a High
economic and trade relationship. Australia Commission in New Delhi, and India has a High
and Brunei are both parties to the ASEAN- Commission in Bandar Seri Begawan.179
Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement,
to the concluded Trans-Pacific Partnership Brunei-Indonesia Relations
Agreement negotiations, and ongoing Regional Republic of Indonesia established diplomatic
Comprehensive Economic Partnership relations with Brunei in 1984. Brunei was
negotiations. recognized by Jakarta on independence in 1984,
with Indonesia dropping any claims on the
Sultanate in the process.180

APPENDICES
Brunei-Japan Relations Thailand has an embassy in Bandar Seri

Relations were between Japan and Brunei were Begawan, Brunei and Brunei has an embassy in
established in 1984. Brunei has an embassy in Bangkok, Thailand.187
Tokyo, and Japan has an embassy in Bandar Seri
Begawan.181 Brunei-Vietnam Relations
Friendly relations between Vietnam and
Brunei-Laos Relations Brunei have been in place since 1992, specifically
Laos and Brunei have engaged in relations in the political arena. Vietnam has an embassy in
since the early 1990s (1993). Brunei has an Brunei and Brunei has an embassy in Vietnam.188
embassy in Vientiane, and Laos has an embassy
in Bandar Seri Begawan.182 Force Protection/Pre-Deployment
Brunei-Malaysia Relations Information
Malaysia and Brunei established diplomatic
relations in 1984. Brunei has a High Commission The following information is provided for
in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has a High pre-deployment planning and preparations. Visit
Commission in Bandar Seri Begawan. www.travel.state.gov prior to deployments for
Malaysia and Brunei are full members of the further up-to-date information.189
Commonwealth of Nations.183
Passport/Visa
Brunei-Pakistan Relations Before entering Brunei, you must ensure that
Brunei has a High Commission in Islamabad your passport has at least six months validity
and Pakistan has a High Commission in remaining. U.S. citizens entering Brunei are
Bandar Seri Begawan. Pakistan originally was required to obtain a visa prior to arrival for visit
reluctant to recognize Brunei because of Brunei’s equal to or longer than 90 days. A visa is not
close relations with Malaysia which Pakistan required for travelers staying less than 90 days.
considered as part of the Federation of Malaysia. Travelers are also required to have at least six
Pakistan officially established relations in blank passport pages before entering Brunei.
1984 when Malaysia established relations with Immigration offenses, including overstay of your
Pakistan.184 visa, are punishable by jail sentence, fines, and
caning. Individuals associated with violators,
Brunei-Philippines Relations such as contractors or employers, are subject to
Brunei and the Philippines signed a MOU the same penalties if the violator is found guilty.
in 2009 aimed at reinforcing their bilateral co- For additional information in regard to entry or
operation in agriculture and farm-related trade exit requirements, travelers may consult:
and investments. Brunei and the Philippines
agreed to cooperate in plant science, crops Consular Section of the Embassy of Brunei
technology, vegetable and fruit preservation, Address: 3520 International Court NW,
biotechnology, post-harvest technology, Washington, DC 20008
livestock, organic agriculture, irrigation and Telephone: (202) 237-1838
water resources and Halal industry.185 Website: http://www.bruneiembassy.org/
Brunei-Singapore Relations Travelers may also visit the Embassy of Brunei
Brunei and Singapore relations were website for the most current visa information.190
established in 1984. Both Brunei and Singapore
are full members of the Commonwealth of
Nations. Brunei and Singapore have a currency Emergency Contact Information
agreement, which provides for the currency of U.S. citizens that are victims of sexual assault
each country to be used in both countries. The should contact the U.S. Embassy first. All crimes
Royal Brunei Navy and the Republic of Singapore should be reported to the local police by calling
Navy conduct an annual Exercise Pelican which 993 and then should be reported to the U.S.
is a staple of the strong ties between the two Embassy at (673) 238-4616 ext. 2100. Business
nations.186 hours for the U.S. Embassy are Monday – Friday
from 7:45 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. For emergency
Brunei-Thailand Relations contact (673) 873-0691 (available 24 hours).
Thailand and Brunei foster affable relations. Remember that local authorities are responsible

for investigating and prosecuting the crime.191 Travel Health Information
Below is emergency information for the U.S.
Embassy in Brunei: Vaccination and Prescriptions
Before arriving in Brunei, make sure you are
U.S. Embassy Bandar Seri Begawan up-to-date on all vaccinations recommended
Simpang 336-52-16-9 by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
Jalan Duta Prevention (CDC). It is advised that you check
Bandar Seri Begawan BC4115, Brunei the vaccines and medicines list and visit your
Darussalam doctor at least 4-6 weeks before your trip to get
Telephone: + (673) 238-4616 the vaccines and medicines you may need. If
Emergency After-Hours Telephone: + (673) 873- traveling with prescription medication, check
0691 with the Government of Brunei to ensure the
Fax number: + (673) 238-4606 medication is legal in Brunei and to obtain
Email: ConsularBrunei@state.gov clearance to enter the country with it. Always
Web: https://bn.usembassy.gov/embassy/bandar- carry your prescription medication in original
seri-begawan/ packaging with your doctor’s prescription.193
The CDC provides the following
Currency Information recommendations for travel to Brunei. The
The currency of Brunei is the Brunei dollar information in Table 3 is taken directly from the
(BND). Brunei imposes entry and exit currency CDC website.
restrictions. Entry currency restrictions state
travelers may not enter or exit Brunei with more
than BND 75,000.192
Routine Make sure you are up-to-date on routine vaccines before every trip. These vaccines include Measles-
vaccines (for Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine, varicella (chickenpox) vaccine,
all travelers) polio vaccine, and your yearly flu shot.
Typhoid You can get typhoid through contaminated food or water in Brunei. CDC recommends this vaccine for
(for most most travelers, especially if you are staying with friends or relatives, visiting smaller cities or rural areas,
travelers) or if you are an adventurous eater.
Hepatitis A Hepatitis A outbreaks occur throughout the world and sometimes in countries with a low risk for
(for some hepatitis A (including the U.S.). You can get hepatitis A through contaminated food or water in Brunei,
travelers) so talk to your doctor to see if the hepatitis A vaccine is right for you.
Hepatitis B You can get hepatitis B through sexual contact, contaminated needles, and blood products, so CDC
(for some recommends this vaccine if you might have sex with a new partner, get a tattoo or piercing, or have any
travelers) medical procedures.
Japanese You may need this vaccine if your trip will last more than a month, depending on where you are going
Encephalitis in Brunei and what time of year you are traveling. You should also consider this vaccine if you plan to
(for some visit rural areas in Brunei or will be spending a lot of time outdoors, even for trips shorter than a month.
Your doctor can help you decide if this vaccine is right for you based on your travel plans. See more in-
travelers) depth information on Japanese encephalitis in Brunei.
Rabies Rabies can be found in dogs, bats, and other mammals in Brunei, so CDC recommends this vaccine for
(for some the following groups:
travelers) • Travelers involved in outdoor and other activities (such as camping, hiking, biking, adventure travel,
and caving) that put them at risk for animal bites.
• People who will be working with or around animals (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, and
researchers).
• People who are taking long trips or moving to Brunei
• Children, because they tend to play with animals, might not report bites, and are more likely to have
animal bites on their head and neck.
Yellow Fever There is no risk of yellow fever in Brunei. The Government of Brunei requires proof of yellow fever
vaccination only if you are arriving from a country with risk of yellow fever. This does not include the
U.S. If you are traveling from a country other than the U.S., check this list to see if you may be required to
get the yellow fever vaccine: Countries with risk of yellow fever virus (YFV) transmission.
For more information on recommendations and requirements, see yellow fever recommendations and
requirements for Brunei. Your doctor can help you decide if this vaccine is right for you based on your
travel plans.
Note: Yellow fever vaccine availability in the United States is currently limited. If you need to be
vaccinated before your trip, you may need to travel some distance and schedule your appointment well in
advance. Find the clinic nearest you.
Table 3: CDC, Travel Health Information for Brunei
APPENDICES
Medical Care Take Medicine

In Brunei basic medical care is adequate. Talk with your doctor about taking
Brunei has a number of public hospitals and prescription or over-the-counter drugs with you
clinics. Additional information about healthcare on your trip in case you get sick.196
facilities in Brunei can be accessed via the U.S.
Embassy website. Keep in mind that while Prevent Bug Bites
medications and prescriptions are readily Bugs (like mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas) can
available, it may not be the same brands as those spread a number of diseases in Brunei. Many of
found in the United States. The U.S. Embassy these diseases cannot be prevented with a vaccine
in Brunei does not pay medical expenses. or medicine. You can reduce your risk by taking
Additionally, be aware that U.S. Medicare does steps to prevent bug bites.
not apply overseas. Ensure your health insurance
plan provides coverage overseas. Most care To prevent bug bites:
providers overseas only accept cash payments. It • Cover exposed skin by wearing long-sleeved
is strongly recommended to secure supplemental shirts, long pants, and hats.
insurance to cover medical evacuation.194 • Use an appropriate insect repellent (see
below).
Eat and Drink Safely • Use permethrin-treated clothing and gear
Unclean food and water can cause travelers’ (such as boots, pants, socks, and tents). Do
diarrhea and other diseases. Reduce your risk by not use permethrin directly on skin.
sticking to safe food and water habits. • Stay and sleep in air-conditioned or screened
rooms.
Eat • Use a bed net if the area where you are
• Food that is cooked and served hot sleeping is exposed to the outdoors.
• Hard-cooked eggs
• Fruits and vegetables you have washed in For protection against ticks and mosquitoes:
clean water or peeled yourself Use a repellent that contains 20 percent or
• Pasteurized dairy products more DEET for protection that lasts up to several
hours.
Don’t Eat
• Food served at room temperature For protection against mosquitoes only:
• Food from street vendors Products with one of the following active
• Raw or soft-cooked (runny) eggs ingredients can also help prevent mosquito bites.
• Raw or undercooked (rare) meat or fish Higher percentages of active ingredient provide
• Unwashed or unpeeled raw fruits and longer protection.
vegetables • DEET
• Unpasteurized dairy products • Picaridin (also known as KBR 3023, Bayrepel,
• “Bushmeat” (monkeys, bats, or other wild and Icaridin)
game) • Oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE) or PMD
• IR3535
Drink • If you are bitten by bugs:
• Bottled water that is sealed • Avoid scratching bug bites and apply
• Water that has been disinfected hydrocortisone cream or calamine lotion to
• Ice made with bottled or disinfected water reduce the itching.
• Carbonated drinks • Check your entire body for ticks after
• Hot coffee or tea outdoor activity. Be sure to remove ticks
• Pasteurized milk properly.197
Don’t Drink Safety and Security

• Tap or well water As a first step in planning any trip abroad,
• Ice made with tap or well water check the Travel Advisories for your intended
• Drinks made with tap or well water (such as destination. You can see the world at a glance on
reconstituted juice) our color-coded map.
• Unpasteurized milk195 Note that conditions can change rapidly in a
country at any time. To receive updated Travel
Advisories and Alerts for the countries you
choose, sign up at step.state.gov.
Sendai Framework
The Sendai Framework is the global blueprint and fifteen-year plan to build the world’s resilience
to natural disasters.198 The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 outlines seven
clear targets and four priorities for action to prevent new and reduce existing disaster risks:
The Seven Global Targets include:

• Substantially reduce global disaster mortality by 2030, aiming to lower average per 100,000 global
mortality rates in the decade 2020-2030 compared to the period 2005-2015.
• Substantially reduce the number of affected people globally by 2030, aiming to lower average
global figure per 100,000 in the decade 2020 -2030 compared to the period 2005-2015.
• Reduce direct disaster economic loss in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP) by 2030.
• Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services,
among them health and educational facilities, including through developing their resilience by
2030.
• Substantially increase the number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction
strategies by 2020.
• Substantially enhance international cooperation to developing countries through adequate and
sustainable support to complement their national actions for implementation of this Framework
by 2030.
• Substantially increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard early warning systems and
disaster risk information and assessments to the people by 2030.199
The Four Priorities of Action include:

• Understanding disaster risk;
• Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk;
• Investing in disaster reduction for resilience; and
• Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery,
rehabilitation and reconstruction.
The Sendai Framework aims to achieve the substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives,
livelihoods and health and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets of
persons, businesses, communities and countries over the next 15 years. It was adopted at the Third
United Nations World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Sendai, Japan in 2015.200 The Sendai
Framework is the successor instrument to the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015:
Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters.201 Figure 7 depicts the Sendai DRR
Framework.

Chart of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
2015-2030
Scope and purpose
The present framework will apply to the risk of small-scale and large-scale, frequent and infrequent, sudden and
slow-onset disasters, caused by natural or manmade hazards as well as related environmental, technological
and biological hazards and risks. It aims to guide the multi-hazard management of disaster risk in
development at all levels as well as within and across all sectors
Expected outcome
Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

The substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health and in the economic, physical,
social, cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses, communities and countries
Goal
Prevent new and reduce existing disaster risk through the implementation of integrated and inclusive economic,
structural, legal, social, health, cultural, educational, environmental, technological, political and institutional
measures that prevent and reduce hazard exposure and vulnerability to disaster, increase preparedness for
response and recovery, and thus strengthen resilience
Targets
Substantially reduce global Substantially reduce the Reduce direct disaster Substantially reduce Substantially increase the Substantially enhance Substantially increase the
disaster mortality by 2030, number of affected people economic loss in relation disaster damage to critical number of countries with international cooperation availability of and access to
aiming to lower average per globally by 2030, aiming to to global gross domestic infrastructure and disruption national and local disaster to developing countries multi-hazard early warning
100,000 global mortality lower the average global product (GDP) by 2030 of basic services, among risk reduction strategies by through adequate and systems and disaster risk
between 2020-2030 figure per 100,000 between them health and educational 2020 sustainable support to information and assessments
compared to 2005-2015 2020-2030 compared to facilities, including through complement their national to people by 2030
2005-2015 developing their resilience by actions for implementation of
2030 this framework by 2030
Figure 7: UN Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030
APPENDICES
Priorities for Action
46
There is a need for focused action within and across sectors by States at local, national, regional and global levels in the following four priority areas.
Priority 1 Priority 2 Priority 3 Priority 4
Understanding disaster risk Strengthening disaster risk governance Investing in disaster risk reduction Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective
to manage disaster risk for resilience response, and to «Build Back Better» in
recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction
Disaster risk management needs to be based Disaster risk governance at the national, regional Public and private investment in disaster risk Experience indicates that disaster preparedness
on an understanding of disaster risk in all its and global levels is vital to the management of prevention and reduction through structural needs to be strengthened for more effective
Hyogo Framework for 4
Level of Progress* Achieved for HFA
Action Country Progress Priorities
Report 3
Indicator 1
The Hyogo Framework for Indicator 2

Action (HFA) was adopted as a 2
guideline to reduce vulnerabilities Indicator 3
to natural hazards. The HFA Indicator 4

assists participating countries
to become more resilient and to 1 Indicator 5
better manage the hazards that Indicator 6

threaten their development. The
levels of progress of the 2009-2011 0
results of the HFA for Brunei Priority #1 Priority #2 Priority #3 Priority #4 Priority #5
are represented in Figure 8 and Figure 8: HFA Level of Progress Achieved

Table 4 and Table 5 provides an
overview of the overall challenges
and the future outlook statement
from the HFA report. The 2009-
2011 is the most recent HFA report
available for Brunei.202
Priority for Action #1: Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority with a strong
institutional basis for implementation.
Core Indicator Description Level of Progress
Indicator* Achieved
1 National policy and legal framework for disaster risk reduction exists 3
with decentralized responsibilities and capacities at all levels.
2 Dedicated and adequate resources are available to implement 3
disaster risk reduction plans and activities at all administrative levels.
3 Community Participation and decentralization is ensured through 3
the delegation of authority and resources to local levels.
4 A national multi sectoral platform for disaster risk reduction is 2
functioning.
Priority #2: Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning

Indicator* Achieved
1 National and local risk assessments based on hazard data and 3
vulnerability information are available and include risk assessments
for key sectors.
2 Systems are in place to monitor, archive and disseminate data on key 3
hazards and vulnerabilities.
3 Early warning systems are in place for all major hazards, with 2
outreach to communities.
4 National and local risk assessments take account of regional / trans- 2
boundary risks, with a view to regional cooperation on risk reduction.
Table 4: National Progress Report on the Implementation of the HFA

APPENDICES
Priority #3: Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels

Indicator* Achieved
1 Relevant information on disasters is available and accessible at all levels, 2
to all stakeholders (through networks, development of information
sharing systems, etc.).
2 School curricula, education material and relevant trainings include 2
disaster risk reduction and recovery concepts and practices.
3 Research methods and tools for multi-risk assessments and cost benefit 2
analysis are developed and strengthened.
4 Countrywide public awareness strategy exists to stimulate a culture of 2
disaster resilience, with outreach to urban and rural communities.
Priority #4: Reduce the underlying risk factors

Indicator* Achieved
1 Disaster risk reduction is an integral objective of environment 2
related policies and plans, including for land use natural resource
management and adaptation to climate change.
2 Social development policies and plans are being implemented to 2
reduce the vulnerability of populations most at risk.
3 Economic and productive sectorial policies and plans have been 2
implemented to reduce the vulnerability of economic activities.
4 Planning and management of human settlements incorporate disaster 3
risk reduction elements, including enforcement of building codes.
5 Disaster risk reduction measures are integrated into post disaster 2
recovery and rehabilitation processes.
6 Procedures are in place to assess the disaster risk impacts of major 3
development projects, especially infrastructure.
Priority #5: Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels
Indicator* Achieved
1 Strong policy, technical and institutional capacities and mechanisms 3
for disaster risk management, with a disaster risk reduction
perspective are in place.
2 Disaster preparedness plans and contingency plans are in place at all 3
administrative levels, and regular training drills and rehearsals are
held to test and develop disaster response programs.
3 Financial reserves and contingency mechanisms are in place to 3
support effective response and recovery when required.
4 Procedures are in place to exchange relevant information during 3
hazard events and disasters, and to undertake post-event reviews.
Table Notes:
*Level of Progress:
1 – Minor progress with few signs of forward action in plans or policy
2 – Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment
3 – Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial
4 – Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational
capacities
5 – Comprehensive achievement with sustained commitment and capacities at all levels
Table 4: National Progress Report on the Implementation of the HFA (cont.)

Future Outlook Area 1: The more effective integration of disaster risk considerations into sustainable
development policies, planning and programming at all levels, with a special emphasis on disaster
prevention, mitigation, preparedness and vulnerability reduction.
Challenges: SNAP being the mechanism to address this concern must be implemented by all
agencies. Integration of DRR into development policies, planning and program-
ming at all levels with a special emphasis on disaster prevention, mitigation,
preparedness and vulnerability reduction remains a priority.
Future Outlook The proposed SNAP would bring together multi-agencies in a concerted ac-
Priorities: tion in integration of disaster risk reduction concerns in social, environmental,
physical and land use planning.
Future Outlook Area 2: The development and strengthening of institutions, mechanisms and capacities at
all levels, in particular at the community level, that can systematically contribute to building resilience to
hazards.
Challenges: CBDRM program will continue to play a very important role in engaging the
community in the country’s effort in increasing the communities’ disaster resil-
ience.
Future Outlook To involve the grass root leaders in developing their respective communities in
Priorities: developing their mechanisms such as hazard assessment, reducing risk associ-
ated with hazards and also to develop contingency planning to reduce the dam-
age and loss from disasters.
Future Outlook Area 3: The systematic incorporation of risk reduction approaches into the design and
implementation of emergency preparedness, response and recovery programs in the reconstruction of
affected communities.
Challenges: Getting the community to fully participate in program in increasing their aware-
ness on disaster management in Brunei remains a challenge. The community
full participation is crucial towards the country’s effort in achieving disaster
resilient community.
Future Outlook CBDRM program will continue to play a very important role in engaging the
Priorities: community in the country’s effort in increasing the public awareness on DRR
and in return building towards disaster resilience.
Table 5: HFA Country Progress Report Future Outlook Areas, Brunei

APPENDICES
Land boundaries:
Country Profile
Total: 266 km
The information in the Country Profile section is
sourced directly from the CIA World Fact book. Border countries (1): Malaysia 266 km
Additional numbers on country comparison to
the world can be found by going directly to the Coastline:
CIA website.203
161 km
Background: Maritime claims:
The Sultanate of Brunei’s influence peaked Territorial sea: 12 nm

between the 15th and 17th centuries when its
control extended over coastal areas of northwest Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm or to median
Borneo and the southern Philippines. Brunei line
subsequently entered a period of decline brought Climate:
on by internal strife over royal succession,
colonial expansion of European powers, Tropical; hot, humid, rainy
and piracy. In 1888, Brunei became a British
protectorate; independence was achieved in Terrain:
1984. The same family has ruled Brunei for over
six centuries. Brunei benefits from extensive Flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly
petroleum and natural gas fields, the source of lowland in west
one of the highest per capita GDPs in the world.
In 2017, Brunei celebrated the 50th anniversary Elevation:
of the Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah’s accession to the
throne. Mean elevation: 478 m
Location: Elevation extremes: lowest point: South China

Sea 0 m
Southeastern Asia, along the northern coast of
the island of Borneo, bordering the South China Highest point: Bukit Pagon 1,850 m
Sea and Malaysia Natural resources:
Geographic coordinates: Petroleum, natural gas, timber
4 30 N, 114 40 E Land use:
Map references: Agricultural land: 2.5 percent
Southeast Asia Arable land 0.8 percent; permanent crops 1.1
Area: percent; permanent pasture 0.6 percent
Total: 5,765 sq km Forest: 71.8 percent
Land: 5,265 sq km Other: 25.7 percent (2011 est.)
Water: 500 sq km Irrigated land:
Country comparison to the world: 173 10 sq km (2012)
Area - comparative: Natural hazards:
Slightly smaller than Delaware Typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are
rare

Environment - current issues: 15-24 years: 17.05 percent (male 37,637/female
38,005)
Seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires
in Indonesia 25-54 years: 46.75 percent (male 99,203/female
108,198)
Environment - international agreements:
55-64 years: 8.23 percent (male 18,537/female
Party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, 17,974)
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, 65 years and over: 4.84 percent (male 10,440/
Ship Pollution female 11,020) (2017 est.)
Signed, but not ratified: none of the selected Dependency ratios:
agreements
Total dependency ratio: 38.4
Geography - note:
Youth dependency ratio: 32.8
*/close to vital sea lanes through South China
Sea linking Indian and Pacific Oceans; two parts Elderly dependency ratio: 5.7
physically separated by Malaysia; the eastern
part, the Temburong district, is an exclave and is Potential support ratio: 17.6 (2015 est.)
almost an enclave within Malaysia Median age:
Population: Total: 30.2 years
443,593 (July 2017 est.) Male: 29.7 years
Country comparison to the world: 174 Female: 30.7 years (2017 est.)
Nationality: Country comparison to the world: 116
Noun: Bruneian(s) Population growth rate:
Adjective: Bruneian 1.57 percent (2017 est.)
Ethnic groups: Country comparison to the world: 69
Malay 65.7 percent, Chinese 10.3 percent, other Birth rate:
24 percent (2016 est.)
17 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)
Languages:
Country comparison to the world: 108
Malay (Bahasa Melayu) (official), English,
Chinese dialects Death rate:
Religions: 3.6 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)
Muslim (official) 78.8 percent, Christian 8.7 Country comparison to the world: 214
percent, Buddhist 7.8 percent, other (includes
indigenous beliefs) 4.7 percent (2011 est.) Net migration rate:
Age structure: 2.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)
0-14 years: 23.12 percent (male 52,862/female Country comparison to the world: 39
49,717)

APPENDICES
Urbanization: Total fertility rate:

Urban population: 77.6 percent of total 1.78 children born/woman (2017 est.)
population (2018)
Rate of urbanization: 1.66 percent annual rate of
change (2015-20 est.) Health expenditures:
Major urban areas - population: 2.6 percent of GDP (2014)
BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN (capital) 241,000 Country comparison to the world: 186
Note: the boundaries of the capital city were Physician density:

expanded in 2007, greatly increasing the city
area; the population of the capital increased 1.75 physicians/1,000 population (2015)
tenfold (2011) Hospital bed density:
Sex ratio: 2.7 beds/1,000 population (2015)
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female NA
15-24 years: 0.99 male(s)/female HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
25-54 years: 0.92 male(s)/female NA
55-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female HIV/AIDS - deaths:
65 years and over: 0.95 male(s)/female NA
Total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2017 est.) Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
Maternal mortality ratio: 14.1 percent (2016)
23 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.) Country comparison to the world: 129
Country comparison to the world: 127 Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
Infant mortality rate: 9.6 percent (2009)
Total: 9.6 deaths/1,000 live births Education expenditures:
Male: 11.4 deaths/1,000 live births 4.4 percent of GDP (2016)
Female: 7.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 126
Country comparison to the world: 142 Literacy:
Life expectancy at birth: Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 77.3 years Total population: 96 percent
Male: 75 years Male: 97.5 percent
Female: 79.8 years (2017 est.) Female: 94.5 percent (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary National holiday:
education):
National Day, 23 February (1984); note - 1
Total: 15 years January 1984 was the date of independence
from the UK, 23 February 1984 was the date
Male: 14 years of independence from British protection; the
Sultan’s birthday, 15 June
Female: 15 years (2015)
Constitution:
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
History: drafted 1954 to 1959, signed 29
Total: 25.4 percent September 1959; note - some constitutional
provisions suspended since 1962 under a
Male: 23.5 percent State of Emergency, others suspended since
Female: 28.1 percent (2014 est.) independence in 1984
Country name: Amendments: proposed by the monarch; passage

requires submission to the Privy Council for
Conventional long form: Brunei Darussalam Legislative Council review and finalization
takes place by proclamation; the monarch can
Conventional short form: Brunei accept or reject changes to the original proposal
provided by the Legislative Council; amended
Local long form: Negara Brunei Darussalam 1984, 2004, 2011 (2017)
Local short form: Brunei Legal system: mixed legal system based on
English common law and Islamic law; note - in
Etymology: derivation of the name is unclear; May 2014, the first of three phases of sharia-
according to legend, MUHAMMAD SHAH, based penal codes was instituted, which applies
who would become the first Sultan of Brunei, to Muslims and non-Muslims and exists in
upon discovering what would become Brunei parallel to the existing common law-based code
exclaimed “Baru nah,” which roughly translates
as “there” or “that’s it” International law organization participation:
Government type: Has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction
declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Absolute monarchy or Sultanate
Citizenship:
Capital:
Citizenship by birth: no
Name: Bandar Seri Begawan
Citizenship by descent only: the father must be a
Geographic coordinates: 4 53 N, 114 56 E citizen of Brunei
Time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Dual citizenship recognized: no
Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Residency requirement for naturalization: 12
Administrative divisions: years
4 districts (daerah-daerah, singular - daerah); Suffrage:
Belait, Brunei and Muara, Temburong, Tutong
18 years of age for village elections; universal
Independence:
1 January 1984 (from the UK)

APPENDICES
Executive branch: Political parties and leaders:

Chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir National Development Party or NDP [Yassin
Hassanal Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967); note Affendi]
- the monarch is both chief of state and head of
government Note: Brunei National Solidarity Party or PPKB
[Abdul Latif bin Chuchu] and People’s Awareness
Head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister Party or Pakar [Awang Haji Maidin bin Haji
Sir Hassanal Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967) Ahmad] were deregistered in 2007; parties are
small and have limited activity
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed and
presided over by the monarch; note - 4 additional International organization participation:
advisory councils appointed by the monarch
are the Religious Council, Privy Council for ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, C, CP, EAS, FAO,
constitutional issues, Council of Succession, and G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM,
Legislative Council IDA, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol,
IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, NAM,
Elections/Appointments: none; the monarchy is OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIFIL,
hereditary UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
Legislative branch:
Diplomatic representation in the U.S.:
Description: Legislative Council or Majlis
Mesyuarat Negara Brunei (36 seats; members Chief of mission: Ambassador Serbini Ali (since
appointed by the Sultan including 3 ex-officio 28 January 2016)
members - the speaker and first and second
secretaries; members appointed for 5-year terms) Chancery: 3520 International Court NW,
Washington, DC 20008
Elections/Appointments: appointed by the Sultan
Telephone: [1] (202) 237-1838
Judicial branch:
FAX: [1] (202) 885-0560
highest resident court(s): Supreme Court
(consists of Court of Appeal and High Court, Consulate(s): New York
each with a chief justice and 2 judges); Sharia
Court of Appeal (consists of judges appointed by Diplomatic representation from the U.S.:
the monarch); note - Brunei has a dual judicial Chief of mission: Ambassador Craig B. Allen
system of secular and sharia (religious) courts; (since 9 March 2015)
the Judicial Committee of Privy Council in
London serves as the final appellate court for Embassy: Simpang 336-52-16-9, Jalan Datu,
civil cases only Bandar Seri Begawan, BC4115
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Mailing address: Unit 4280, Box 40, FPO AP
Court judges appointed by the monarch to 96507; P.O. Box 2991, Bandar Seri Begawan
serve until age 65, and older if approved by BS8675, Negara Brunei Darussalam
the monarch; Sharia Court of Appeal judges
appointed by the monarch for life Telephone: [673] 238-4616
Subordinate courts: Intermediate Court; FAX: [673] 238-4604
Magistrate’s Courts; Juvenile Court; small claims
courts; lower sharia courts

Flag description: The Bruneian Government wants to diversify
its economy away from hydrocarbon exports
yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, to other industries such as information
almost double width) and black starting from and communications technology and halal
the upper hoist side; the national emblem in manufacturing, permissible under Islamic law.
red is superimposed at the center; yellow is the Brunei’s trade increased in 2016 and 2017,
color of royalty and symbolizes the Sultanate; following its regional economic integration in the
the white and black bands denote Brunei’s ASEAN Economic Community, and the expected
chief ministers; the emblem includes five main ratification of the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade
components: a swallow-tailed flag, the royal agreement.
umbrella representing the monarchy, the wings
of four feathers symbolizing justice, tranquility, GDP (purchasing power parity):
prosperity, and peace, the two upraised hands
signifying the government’s pledge to preserve $33.54 billion (2017 est.)
and promote the welfare of the people, and the
crescent moon denoting Islam, the state religion; $34.38 billion (2016 est.)
the state motto “Always render service with God’s $34.52 billion (2015 est.)
guidance” appears in yellow Arabic script on
the crescent; a ribbon below the crescent reads Note: data are in 2017 dollars
“Brunei, the Abode of Peace”
National symbol(s):
GDP (official exchange rate):
Royal parasol; national colors: yellow, white,
black $12.74 billion (2017 est.)
National anthem: GDP - real growth rate:
Name: “Allah Peliharakan Sultan” (God Bless His 0.5 percent (2017 est.)
Majesty)
-2.5 percent (2016 est.)
Lyrics/Music: Pengiran Haji Mohamed Yusuf bin
Pengiran Abdul Rahim/Awang Haji Besar bin -0.4 percent (2015 est.)
Sagap
Note: adopted 1951
GDP - per capita (PPP):
Economy - overview:
$78,200 (2017 est.)
Brunei is an energy-rich Sultanate on the
northern coast of Borneo in Southeast Asia. $81,300 (2016 est.)
Brunei boasts a well-educated, largely English-
speaking population; excellent infrastructure; $82,800 (2015 est.)
and a stable government intent on attracting Note: data are in 2017 dollars
foreign investment. Crude oil and natural gas
production account for approximately 65 percent Country comparison to the world: 9
of GDP and 95 percent of exports, with Japan as
the primary export market. Gross national saving:
Per capita GDP is among the highest in the 48.8 percent of GDP (2017 est.)
world, and substantial income from overseas
investment supplements income from domestic 43.5 percent of GDP (2016 est.)
hydrocarbon production. Bruneian citizens pay
no personal income taxes, and the government 51.3 percent of GDP (2015 est.)
provides free medical services and free education
through the university level. Country comparison to the world: 2

APPENDICES
GDP - composition, by end use: Population below poverty line:

Household consumption: 23 percent NA percent
Government consumption: 26.7 percent Household income or consumption by
percentage share:
Investment in fixed capital: 36.1 percent
Lowest 10 percent: NA percent
Investment in inventories: 0 percent
Highest 10 percent: NA percent
Exports of goods and services: 54.9 percent
Budget:
Imports of goods and services: -40.7 percent
(2017 est.) Revenues: $1.435 billion
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: Expenditures: $4.017 billion (2017 est.)
Agriculture: 1.2 percent Taxes and other revenues:
Industry: 56.5 percent 12 percent of GDP (2017 est.)
Services: 42.3 percent (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 205
Agriculture - products: Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
Rice, vegetables, fruits; chickens, water buffalo,
cattle, goats, eggs -21.6 percent of GDP (2017 est.)
Industries: Country comparison to the world: 219
Petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural Public debt:

gas, construction, agriculture, aquaculture,
transportation 2.7 percent of GDP (2017 est.)
Industrial production growth rate: 3 percent of GDP (2016 est.)
0.5 percent (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 206
Country comparison to the world: 180 Fiscal year:
Labor force: 1 April - 31 March
203,600 (2014 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices):

Country comparison to the world: 171 -0.1 percent (2017 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: -0.7 percent (2016 est.)
Agriculture: 4.2 percent Country comparison to the world: 10
Industry: 62.8 percent Commercial bank prime lending rate:
Services: 33 percent (2008 est.) 5.5 percent (31 December 2017 est.)
Unemployment rate: 5.5 percent (31 December 2016 est.)
6.9 percent (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 136
6.9 percent (2016 est.)

Stock of narrow money: Imports:
$3.359 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $3.275 billion (2017 est.)
$3.232 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $3.119 billion (2016 est.)
Country comparison to the world: 114 Country comparison to the world: 142
Stock of broad money: Imports - commodities:
$10.49 billion (31 December 2017 est.) Machinery and mechanical appliance parts,
mineral fuels, motor vehicles, electric machinery
$10.08 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Imports - partners:
China 19.6 percent, Singapore 19 percent,
Stock of domestic credit: Malaysia 18.8 percent, US 9.2 percent, Germany
5.9 percent, Japan 4.1 percent, UK 4 percent
$4.701 billion (31 December 2017 est.) (2017)
$4.066 billion (31 December 2016 est.) Debt - external:
Country comparison to the world: 130 $0 (2014)
Market value of publicly traded shares: $0 (2013)
$NA Note: public external debt only; private external
debt unavailable
Current account balance:
$781 million (2017 est.)
Exchange rates:
$1.091 billion (2016 est.)
Bruneian dollars (BND) per US dollar -
1.39 (2017 est.)
Exports:
1.38 (2016 est.)
$5.776 billion (2017 est.)
1.38 (2015 est.)
$5.023 billion (2016 est.)
1.37 (2014 est.)
1.27 (2013 est.)
Exports - commodities:
Electricity access:
Mineral fuels, organic chemicals
Population without electricity: 104,788
Exports - partners:
Electrification - total population: 76 percent
Japan 27.8 percent, South Korea 12.4 percent,
Thailand 11.5 percent, Malaysia 11.3 percent, Electrification - urban areas: 79 percent
India 9.3 percent, Singapore 7.7 percent,
Switzerland 5 percent, China 4.7 percent (2017) Electrification - rural areas: 67 percent (2012)
Electricity - production:
3.948 billion kWh (2015 est.)

APPENDICES
Electricity - consumption: Crude oil - imports:

3.679 billion kWh (2015 est.) 160 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Electricity - exports: Crude oil - proved reserves:
0 kWh (2016 est.) 1.1 billion bbl (1 January 2017 est.)
Electricity - imports: Refined petroleum products - production:
0 kWh (2016 est.) 8,345 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Electricity - installed generating capacity: Refined petroleum products - consumption:
841,000 kW (2015 est.) 18,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Electricity - from fossil fuels: Refined petroleum products - exports:
99.9 percent of total installed capacity (2015 est.) 314.3 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Electricity - from nuclear fuels: Refined petroleum products - imports:
0 percent of total installed capacity (2015 est.) 8,313 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants: Natural gas - production:
0 percent of total installed capacity (2015 est.) 12 billion cu m (2015 est.)
Electricity - from other renewable sources: Natural gas - consumption:
0.1 percent of total installed capacity (2015 est.) 3.48 billion cu m (2015 est.)
Crude oil - production: Natural gas - exports:
109,100 bbl/day (2016 est.) 8.52 billion cu m (2015 est.)
Crude oil - exports: Natural gas - imports:
119,500 bbl/day (2014 est.) 0 cu m (2014 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves: Broadcast media:
311.5 billion cu m (1 January 2017 est.) State-controlled Radio Television Brunei (RTB)
operates 5 channels; 3 Malaysian TV stations are
Country comparison to the world: 38 available; foreign TV broadcasts are available via
satellite systems; RTB operates 5 radio networks
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption and broadcasts on multiple frequencies; British
of energy: Forces Broadcast Service (BFBS) provides
radio broadcasts on 2 FM stations; some radio
8.4 million Mt (2013 est.) broadcast stations from Malaysia are available via
Country comparison to the world: 110 repeaters (2017)
Communications: Internet country code:
Telephones - fixed lines: .bn
Total subscriptions: 74,213 Internet users:
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 17 (July 2016 Total: 306,000

est.) Percent of population: 71.2 percent (July 2016
Country comparison to the world: 149 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: Country comparison to the world: 162
Total: 523,453 Transportation:
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 118 (July 2016 National air transport system:
est.) Number of registered air carriers: 1
Country comparison to the world: 171 Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air
Telephone system: carriers: 10
General assessment: Service throughout the Annual passenger traffic on registered air
country is good; international service is good to carriers: 1,150,003
Southeast Asia, Middle East, Western Europe, Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers:
and the US 115.147 million mt-km (2015)
Domestic: Every service available Civil aircraft registration country code prefix:
International: Country code - 673; landing V8 (2016)
point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 optical
telecommunications submarine cable that Airports:
provides links to Asia, the Middle East, and
Europe; the Asia-America Gateway submarine 1 (2013)
cable network provides new links to Asia and
the US; the South-East Asia Japan Cable System Country comparison to the world: 214
linking Brunei, China, Hong Kong, Japan,
Singapore, Philippines and Thailand; satellite Airports - with paved runways:
earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1
Pacific Ocean) (2017) Total: 1
Over 3,047 m: 1 (2017)
Heliports:
3 (2013)

APPENDICES
Pipelines: Military branches:

Condensate 33 km; condensate/gas 86 km; gas Royal Brunei Armed Forces: Royal Brunei Land
628 km; oil 492 km (2013) Forces, Royal Brunei Navy, Royal Brunei Air
Force (Tentera Udara Diraja Brunei) (2013)
Roadways:
Military service age and obligation:
Total: 2,976 km
17 years of age for voluntary military service;
Paved: 2,559 km non-Malays are ineligible to serve; recruits from
the army, navy, and air force all undergo 43-week
Unpaved: 417 km (2014) initial training (2013)
Country comparison to the world: 166 Transnational Issues:
Waterways: Disputes - international:
209 km (navigable by craft drawing less than Per Letters of Exchange signed in 2009, Malaysia
1.2 m; the Belait, Brunei, and Tutong Rivers are in 2010 ceded two hydrocarbon concession
major transport links) (2012) blocks to Brunei in exchange for Brunei’s Sultan
dropping claims to the Limbang corridor, which
Country comparison to the world: 96 divides Brunei; nonetheless, Brunei claims a
Merchant marine: maritime boundary extending as far as a median
with Vietnam, thus asserting an implicit claim to
Total: 106 Louisa Reef
By type: general cargo 20, LNG tanker 5, other 81 Refugees and internally displaced persons:
(2018)
Stateless persons: 20,524 (2017); note - thousands
Country comparison to the world: 85 of stateless persons, often ethnic Chinese, are
permanent residents and their families have lived
Ports and terminals: in Brunei for generations; obtaining citizenship is
difficult and requires individuals to pass rigorous
Major seaport(s): Muara tests on Malay culture, customs, and language;
stateless residents receive an International
Oil terminal(s): Lumut, Seria Certificate of Identity, which enables them to
travel overseas; the government is considering
LNG terminal(s) (export): Lumut changing the law prohibiting non-Bruneians,
Military and Security: including stateless permanent residents, from
owning land
Military expenditures:
Illicit drugs:
3.54 percent of GDP (2016)
Drug trafficking and illegally importing
3.28 percent of GDP (2015) controlled substances are serious offenses in
Brunei and carry a mandatory death penalty

Acronyms and Abbreviations
Acronym Definition
AADMER ASEAN Agreement of Disaster Management and Emergency Response
ACDM ASEAN Committee on Disaster Management
ADB Asian Development Bank
AEC ASEAN Economic Community
AHA Centre ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on Disaster
Management
APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
ARF ASEAN Regional Forum
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
BPC Berakas Power Company
Bru-HIMS National Healthcare Information Management System
C Commonwealth
CARAT Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training
CBDRM Community Based Disaster Risk Management
CDC U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CFE-DM Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
CP Colombo Plan
CRPD United Nation’s Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities
DCC Disaster Command Center
DES Department of Electrical Services
DMHA Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance
DMO Disaster Management Order
DOS U.S. Department of State
DRR Disaster Risk Reduction
EAS East Asia Summit
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
G-77 Group of 77
GDP Gross Domestic Product
HADR Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief
HFA Hyogo Framework for Action
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
ICC International Chamber of Commerce
ICRM Institute of Catastrophe Risk Management
ICS Incident Command System
ICT info-communication technology
IDA International Development Association
IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
ILO International Labour Organization
IMF International Monetary Fund

APPENDICES
Acronym Definition
IMO International Maritime Organization
IMSO International Mobil Satellite Organization
IOC Interpol, International Olympic Committee
ITSO International Organization for Standardization
ITU International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
JKRB Public works Department of Brunei
JOC Joint Operations Centre
KHEDN Ministry of Home Affairs
MAS Malaysian Airlines
MDGs Millennium Development Goals
MINDEF Ministry of Defence
MM Military Medicine
MOE Ministry of Education
MOH Ministry of Health
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
NAM Non-Aligned Movement
NaSOP National Standard Operating Procedure
NDC National Disaster Council
NDMC National Disaster Management Centre
NGO Non-Governmental Organizations
OIC Organization of Islamic Cooperation
OPCW Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
RBA Royal Brunei Airlines
RBAF Royal Brunei Armed Forces
RBLF Royal Brunei Land Forces
RBMR Royal Brunei Malay Regiment
RBN Royal Brunei Navy
RDMA Regional Development Mission for Asia
RIPAS Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Hospital
SARS Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SBDRM School Based Disaster Risk Management
SIA Singapore Airlines
SME subject matter experts
SNAP Strategic National Action Plan
SPC Syariah Penal Code
THAI Thai Airways International
U.S. United States
UBD University of Brunei Darussalam
UN United Nations
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization
UPU Universal Postal Union

Acronym Definition
WCO World Customs Organization
WHO World Health Organization
WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization
WMO World Meteorological Organization
WTO World Trade Organization
APT ASEAN Plus Three
USINDOPACOM United States Indo-Pacific Command
USMC United States Marine Corps
DESRON Destroyer Squadron
BND Brunei Dollar
MMR Measles-Mumps-Rubella
YFV Yellow Fever Virus
OLE Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus

APPENDICES
Figure 7: UN Sendai Framework for Disaster

List of References for Figures and Risk Reduction 2015-2030
Photos: PreventionWeb.net. Chart of the Sendai
Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-
List of Figures 2030. http://www.preventionweb.net/files/44983_
sendaiframeworkchart.pdf
Figure 1: Map of Brunei
Map source: Central Intelligence Agency. East Figure 8: HFA Level of Progress Achieved
& Southeast Asia: Brunei. Page last updated Prevention Web. Brunei Darussalam. National
on September 26, 20189. https://www.cia.gov/ progress report on the implementation of the
library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ Hyogo Framework for Action (2009-2011).
bx.html https://www.preventionweb.net/files/18630_brn_
NationalHFAprogress_2009-11.pdf
Figure 2: Brunei Country Risk Profile
INFORM. 2016. Country Risk Assessment: List of Tables
Brunei. http://www.inform-index.org/Portals/0/
Inform/2016/country_profiles/BRN.pdf Table 1: Brunei Airport Information
Jane’s By IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security
Figure 3: National Disaster Management Assessment-Southeast Asia. Brunei at a Glance.
Centre Structure July 23, 2018.
Summary of the 13th ASEAN & Japan High
Level Officials Meeting on Caring Societies. Table 2: Brunei Seaport Information
October 22, 2015. Kobe City, Hyogo, Japan. Jane’s By IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security
Brunei Darussalam Presentation Community Assessment-Southeast Asia. Brunei at a Glance.
Based Disaster Preparedness to Support July 23, 2018.
Vulnerable People. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/
english/policy/affairs/asean/13th_summary.html Table 3: CDC, Travel Health Information for
Brunei
Figure 4: Brunei Disaster Operations Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Command Structure (CDC). Health Information for Travelers to
Summary of the 13th ASEAN & Japan High Brunei. Vaccines and Medications. https://
Level Officials Meeting on Caring Societies. wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/traveler/
October 22, 2015. Kobe City, Hyogo, Japan. none/brunei
Brunei Darussalam Presentation Community
Based Disaster Preparedness to Support Table 4: National Progress Report on the
Vulnerable People. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/ Implementation of the HFA
english/policy/affairs/asean/13th_summary.html Prevention Web. Brunei Darussalam. National
progress report on the implementation of the
Figure 5: Organizational Chart: Ministry of Hyogo Framework for Action (2009-2011).
Health https://www.preventionweb.net/files/18630_brn_
WPRO. WHO Western Pacific Region. 2011. NationalHFAprogress_2009-11.pdf
Country Health Information Profiles. Brunei
Darussalam. http://www.wpro.who.int/countries/ Table 5: HFA Country Progress Report Future
brn/3BRUpro2011_finaldraft.pdf Outlook Areas, Brunei
Prevention Web. Brunei Darussalam. National
Figure 6: Non-Communicable Diseases progress report on the implementation of the
Prevalent in Brunei Hyogo Framework for Action (2009-2011).
World Health Organization. Non-communicable https://www.preventionweb.net/files/18630_brn_
Diseases (NCD) Country Profiles. 2014. Brunei NationalHFAprogress_2009-11.pdf
Darussalam. http://www.who.int/nmh/countries/
brn_en.pdf?ua=1

List of Photos
Photo 1: Flash Flood in Market
Flash Flood in the Wet Open Market. BPheonix.
January 5, 2007. https://www.flickr.com/photos/
bpheonix/375265248/
Photo 2: Brunei Schools

Ministry of Education, Brunei Darussalam:
Leadership Search Consultancy. Head Teacher
Opportunities Brunei. April 2016. https://
www.lsceducation.com/news/headteacher-
opportunities-brunei/
Photo 3: Female Sailors from the Royal

Brunei Navy and the U.S. Navy, CARAT
Brunei 2011 Photo Credit: Creative Commons.
COMSEVENTHFLT. 111004-N-KK935-067.jpg.
October 4, 2011. https://www.flickr.com/photos/
us7thfleet/6215860944/in/photolist-atgUUh

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110518v1.0

APPENDICES
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Cover and section photo credits

2 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

Brunei Disaster Management Reference Handbook | November 2018 3

4 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

Women, Peace, and Security..........................................................................................36

Brunei Disaster Management Reference Handbook | November 2018 5

6 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

Joseph D. Martin, SES

Brunei Disaster Management Reference Handbook | November 2018 7

8 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

Brunei Disaster Management Reference Handbook | November 2018 9

10 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

12 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

Brunei Disaster Management Reference Handbook | November 2018 13

Council, the Privy Council, the Council of Climate Change

14 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

Photo 1: Flash Flood in Market

16 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

Brunei Disaster Management Reference Handbook | November 2018 17

South-Eastern Asia VERSION 2016

INFORM Risk 1.0 185

Vulnerability 0.8 187

Lack of Coping Capacity 4.7 96

Hazard & Exposure Vulnerability Lack of Coping Capacity

0.3 0.8 4.7

Natural Human Socio-Economic Vulnerable Groups Institutional Infrastructure

0.6 0.0 1.0 0.5 4.9 4.5

Current Highly Violent Conflict Intensity 0.0

Physical exposure to tsunami 0.0

Development & Deprivation 1.5

Projected Conflict Risk 0.0

Physical infrastructure 7.2

Access to health care 3.6

Figure 2: Brunei’s Country Risk Profile

18 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

Structure for Disaster establishment of NDMC, national response

. .TACTICAL Medical and Health

Royal Brunei Royal Brunei Other

Figure 3: National Disaster Management Centre Structure

20 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

Figure 4: Brunei Disaster Operations Command Structure

Brunei Disaster Management Reference Handbook | November 2018 21

• Land Transport Department, Min. of

22 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

Brunei Disaster Management Reference Handbook | November 2018 23

24 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

Brunei Disaster Management Reference Handbook | November 2018 25

of Civil Aviation, Ministry of Health, Brunei’s Ministry of Defence (MINDEF) has

26 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

Seaport Location Overview Max Vessel Size

Brunei Disaster Management Reference Handbook | November 2018 29

Photo 2 is of a classroom operated by the that 95 percent of households in Brunei have a

Photo 2: Brunei Schools

30 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

32 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

DEPUTY PERMANENT SECRETARY DEPUTY PERMANENT SECRETARY

Figure 5: Organizational Chart: Ministry of Health

Brunei Disaster Management Reference Handbook | November 2018 33