What is knowledge representation?

Humans are best at understanding, reasoning, and interpreting knowledge. Human knows things,
which is knowledge and as per their knowledge they perform various actions in the real world. But
how machines do all these things comes under knowledge representation and reasoning.
Hence we can describe Knowledge representation as following:

o Knowledge representation and reasoning (KR, KRR) is the part of Artificial intelligence which
concerned with AI agents thinking and how thinking contributes to intelligent behaviour of
agents.
o It is responsible for representing information about the real world so that a computer can
understand and can utilize this knowledge to solve the complex real world problems such as
diagnosis a medical condition or communicating with humans in natural language.
o It is also a way which describes how we can represent knowledge in artificial intelligence.
Knowledge representation is not just storing data into some database, but it also enables an
intelligent machine to learn from that knowledge and experiences so that it can behave
intelligently like a human.

What to Represent:
Following are the kind of knowledge which needs to be represented in AI systems:

o Object: All the facts about objects in our world domain. E.g., Guitars contains strings,
trumpets are brass instruments.
o Events: Events are the actions which occur in our world.
o Performance: It describe behaviour which involves knowledge about how to do things.
o Meta-knowledge: It is knowledge about what we know.
o Facts: Facts are the truths about the real world and what we represent.
o Knowledge-Base: The central component of the knowledge-based agents is the knowledge
base. It is represented as KB. The Knowledgebase is a group of the Sentences (Here, sentences
are used as a technical term and not identical with the English language).

Knowledge: Knowledge is awareness or familiarity gained by experiences of facts, data, and

situations. Following are the types of knowledge in artificial intelligence:

Types of knowledge
Following are the various types of knowledge:
1. Declarative Knowledge:

o Declarative knowledge is to know about something.

o It includes concepts, facts, and objects.
o It is also called descriptive knowledge and expressed in declarative sentences.
o It is simpler than procedural language.
o Declarative Knowledge:
Declarative Knowledge also known as Descriptive knowledge, is the type of knowledge which tells the
basic knowledge about something and it is more popular than Procedural Knowledge.
It emphasize what to do something to solve a given problem.
Let’s see it with an example:
o var a=[1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
o var b=a.map(function(number)
o {
o return number*1});
o console.log(b);
o Output is:
o [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

2. Procedural Knowledge

o It is also known as imperative knowledge.

o Procedural knowledge is a type of knowledge which is responsible for knowing how to do
something.
o It can be directly applied to any task.
o It includes rules, strategies, procedures, agendas, etc.
o Procedural knowledge depends on the task on which it can be applied.
 Procedural Knowledge:
Procedural Knowledge also known as Interpretive knowledge, is the type of knowledge in which it
clarifies how a particular thing can be accomplished. It is not so popular because it is generally not
used.
It emphasize how to do something to solve a given problem.
Let’s see it with an example:

var a=[1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

var b=[];
for(var i=0;i<a.length;i++)
{
b.push(a[i]);
}
console.log(b);
Output is:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

3. Meta-knowledge:

o Knowledge about the other types of knowledge is called Meta-knowledge.

4. Heuristic knowledge:

o
Heuristic knowledge is representing knowledge of some experts in a filed or subject.
o Heuristic knowledge is rules of thumb based on previous experiences, awareness of approaches,
and which are good to work but not guaranteed.

Heuristics are shortcuts to solutions. The idea of heuristic methods in AI is based on cognitive science
or the study of how humans think. Indeed, humans use heuristics all the time to make decisions and
solve problems. Likewise, heuristic algorithms are often used in AI to get a computer to find an
approximate solution instead of an exact solution.

Nearest Neighbour
In one of her homework assignments, Andy has to write an algorithm to solve what her professor calls the
'traveling salesman problem.' This is a common problem posed in AI, and it goes like this: Imagine that you have
a long list of cities and distances between each of the cities. You have to visit all the cities and return home.
Write an algorithm to find the most efficient route.
The traveling salesman problem uses different numbers of cities that need to be visited. Andy's professor, for
example, gave them a list of 1,000 cities, but that number could have been 10,000 or 100,000. The point is that
there's a large number of cities and the computer has to figure out the most efficient route to help the
salesperson travel to all of them and then return back to the city s/he started in.
Because there are so many cities on the list, the number of possible solutions to the problem is huge. It would
take a long time for a computer to process all the permutations and come up with the most efficient one. Instead,
something called the nearest neighbour heuristic is often used. The nearest neighbour heuristic asks the
computer to figure out the closest city that hasn't been visited yet by the salesperson and make that the next
stop. Essentially, the computer is calculating a route node by node. This means that the nearest neighbour
heuristic doesn't consider future moves and therefore isn't optimized, but it is a much quicker way to find a route
even if it isn't the most efficient route.

5. Structural knowledge:

o Structural knowledge is basic knowledge to problem-solving.

o It describes relationships between various concepts such as kind of, part of, and grouping of
something.
o It describes the relationship that exists between concepts or objects.

The relation between knowledge and intelligence:

Knowledge of real-worlds plays a vital role in intelligence and same for creating artificial intelligence.
Knowledge plays an important role in demonstrating intelligent behavior in AI agents. An agent is only
able to accurately act on some input when he has some knowledge or experience about that input.

Let's suppose if you met some person who is speaking in a language which you don't know, then how
you will able to act on that. The same thing applies to the intelligent behavior of the agents.

As we can see in below diagram, there is one decision maker which act by sensing the environment
and using knowledge. But if the knowledge part will not present then, it cannot display intelligent
behavior.
AI knowledge cycle:
An Artificial intelligence system has the following components for displaying intelligent behavior:

o Perception
o Learning
o Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
o Planning
o Execution

Problem Solving in Artificial Intelligence

The reflex agent of AI directly maps states into action. Whenever these agents fail to operate in an
environment where the state of mapping is too large and not easily performed by the agent, then the stated
problem dissolves and sent to a problem-solving domain which breaks the large stored problem into the
smaller storage area and resolves one by one. The final integrated action will be the desired outcomes.
On the basis of the problem and their working domain, different types of problem-solving agent defined and
use at an atomic level without any internal state visible with a problem-solving algorithm. The problem-
solving agent performs precisely by defining problems and several solutions. So we can say that problem
solving is a part of artificial intelligence that encompasses a number of techniques such as a tree, B-tree,
heuristic algorithms to solve a problem.  
We can also say that a problem-solving agent is a result-driven agent and always focuses on satisfying the
goals.
Steps problem-solving in AI: The problem of AI is directly associated with the nature of humans and their
activities. So we need a number of finite steps to solve a problem which makes human easy works.
These are the following steps which require to solve a problem :
 Goal Formulation: This one is the first and simple step in problem-solving. It organizes finite
steps to formulate a target/goals which require some action to achieve the goal. Today the
formulation of the goal is based on AI agents.
 Problem formulation: It is one of the core steps of problem-solving which decides what
action should be taken to achieve the formulated goal. In AI this core part is dependent upon
software agent which consisted of the following components to formulate the associated
problem.
Components to formulate the associated problem: 
 Initial State: This state requires an initial state for the problem which starts the AI agent
towards a specified goal. In this state new methods also initialize problem domain solving by a
specific class.
 Action: This stage of problem formulation works with function with a specific class taken from
the initial state and all possible actions done in this stage.
 Transition: This stage of problem formulation integrates the actual action done by the previous
action stage and collects the final stage to forward it to their next stage.
 Goal test: This stage determines that the specified goal achieved by the integrated transition
model or not, whenever the goal achieves stop the action and forward into the next stage to
determines the cost to achieve the goal.  
 Path costing: This component of problem-solving numerical assigned what will be the cost to
achieve the goal. It requires all hardware software and human working cost.