Aldığı eğitimin izlerini yaşam boyu taşıyacak…

PRESSURE

LIQUID PRESSURE

1
LIQUID PRESSURE

Liquids are made up of closely packed, movable particles. Liquids have mass and volume but not a definite shape; they
take the shape of the container. Gases are made of freely moving particles. They completely fill any enclosed volume in
which they are put. Since the particles of liquids and gases can move, they are commonly called fluids. Liquids and
gases also exert pressure on the walls of the containers in which they are found. The pressure of liquids is mainly
because of the weight of the liquid and partially because of the motion of the particles. But the pressure of gases is
mainly because of the free motion of their particles.

2
Factors Affecting Liquid Pressure

In a liquid, all of its parts are attracted downward because of gravity. So the bottom of the vessel containing liquid is
under the influence of the force or the weight of overlying liquid. Of course this weight produces a pressure. Not only
there are downward pressure at a point in a liquid, but there are pressures in all directions. If a whole is punched in the
side of bottle full of water, the water spurts out horizontally from it, showing the existence of sideways pressure.

3
Calculation of Liquid Pressure

4
5
6
7
Let’s assume that the shape of the uneven container is filled with liquid with a density of d as shown in Figure. The liquid
pressure at the point A equals PA = 2h.d.g. The liquid pressures at points B and E on the bottom of the container are
equal to each other. The liquid pressure at points B and E is equal to E = PE = 4h.d.g. Although there is no liquid over
the points C and D, it has liquid pressure that is fluidized according to the Pascal’s Principle. The liquid pressure at point
C is PC = 3h.d.g, the pressure at point D equals PD = 2h.d.g.

8
9
Example:

These empty containers are filled with equal-flow taps.

Draw a graph of how liquid pressures in the containers change over time.

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Liquid Pressure Force

Due to the weight of the liquid, pressure force is applied to the walls of the container. The liquid pressure force acting on
a surface depends on the average pressure acting on the surface of the container and the size of the surface area of
the container. The liquid pressure force acts perpendicular to the liquid surface as shown in Figure. Liquid pressure
forces acting on the surfaces can be calculated with the equations given below.

19
The pressure force of the liquid on the bottom of the container depends on the shape of the container. The pressure
force of the liquid in the at container seen in Figure (a) is equal to the weight of the liquid (F1 = G1). In the case of an
upwardly expanding container, the liquid pressure force seen in Figure (b) is smaller than the weight of the liquid (F2 <
G2). As shown in Figure (c), the liquid pressure force is greater than the liquid weight (F3 > G3) in the upwardly
constricting cups.

20
21
22
23
24
Pascal’s principle

• Pascal’s Principle has a wide application in machines which use fluids. Hydraulic press, hydraulic lift and hydraulic
brake are some examples from daily life.

25
A large force can be obtained from a relatively small force in a hydraulic lift. So hydraulic lift and hydraulic press can be
used where large forces are needed. They can be used;
(a) for baling loose materials such as cotton, dry glass, tobacco, or straw.
(b) to obtain oils from plant seeds such as olive, sun flower and poppy.
(c) to lift heavy objects.
(d) for shaping metals.

26
27
Another application of Pascal’s Principle is the hydraulic car brakes. When the brake pedal is pressed on, it pushes the
piston in the master cylinder. This increases the pressure on the brake fluid. The resulting pressure is transmitted
equally to eight other pistons on the four wheels of the car. If all pistons at the brake shoes have the same cross-
sectional area, an equal force is applied against the wheels so that the braking e ort is equal on all wheels.

28
A worker wants to lift bricks by using the hydraulic lift. The maximum force that can be applied by the worker is
40N. If mass of one brick is 2kg, how many of the bricks can the worker lift in each time?

29
30
Liquids in Connected Vessels

Communicating vessels are containers which have different sizes and shapes and are connected to each other from the
bottom by a pipe as in the figure.

31
32
33
34
35