‫َْ‬ ‫َ َ َْْ َْ ْ َ َ َْ َ ْ‬

‫ﺎرئ ا ﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺑَِﻘﻠ ِﻢ اﻟﻌﺒ ِﺪ اﻟﻔ ِﻘ ِ إِ ر ِﺔ ر ِﻪ ا ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫َ ْ ْ ْ‬ ‫َْ َْ‬ ‫َ َُ‬
‫ﺒ ِﺪ ا َﻤ ِﺠﻴ ِﺪ ا ﺸﺎ ِﻓ ِ ّ اﻟﻘ ْﺮ ِﺳ ّ ا َﻤ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻤ‬ ‫أِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬‫َ َ َ َْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ُ ُ َ‬
‫ﺠﺎل ﻓﻀ ِﻠ ِﻪ َو ِ َﻌﺎ ِﻣ ِﻪ‬ ‫اﷲ ِ ِﺰ ِﻞ َر َ ِﺘ ِﻪ َو ﻛ َﺮا ِﻣ ِﻪ ‪َ ،‬وأﻓﺎض ﻋﻠﻴ ِﻪ ِﺳ‬ ‫ﻠﻪ‬

‫اﻋﺪاد‬
‫‪‬ح ‪ ‬ا‪ ‬‬

‫ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﺮوﺿﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺮ ء ‪ -‬إﻧﺪو ﺴﻴﺎ‬
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‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬

‫‪ ‬ا‪ ‬ا‪ ‬ا‪‬‬

‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﺎن ﻣ ْﻦ ﻃ ْ ﻻزب َو َﺻﻠْ َﺼﺎل ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ َر َ‬ ‫َ َ‬

‫ﺴ‬ ‫اﻹ‬ ‫ﻖ‬‫ا ْ َ ْﻤ ُﺪ ﷲ ا ي َﺧﻠَ َ‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ٍ ِ ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ﺘﺼ َﻔﺎهُ‬ ‫ََ ْ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ َْ ُ َ ْ‬
‫ﺻﻮرﺗﻪ ِ أﺣﺴ ِﻦ ﺗﻘ ِﻮ ٍﻢ وأﺗﻢ اﻋ ِﺘﺪال ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻏﺬاه ِ أو ِل ﺸﻮﺋﻪ ِﺑﻠ ٍ اﺳ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﺎت ا ﺮ ْز ِق ْﻦ‬ ‫ََ ُ َ ُ ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ًً َ َْ‬ ‫ْ َ َْ‬
‫ِﻣﻦ ﺑ ِ ﻓﺮ ٍث َودمٍ ﺳﺎ ِﺋﻐﺎ ﻤﺎ ِء ا ﺰﻻل ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺎه ِﺑﻤﺎ آﺗﺎه ِﻣﻦ ﻃﻴﺒ ِ‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫َ َ َ ْ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻻ ِ ﻼل ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻴﺪ ﺷﻬ َﻮﺗﻪ ا ُﻤ َﻌﺎ ِدﻳَﺔ ُ َﻋ ِﻦ ا ﺴ ْﻄ َﻮ ِة َوا ﺼﻴَﺎل ‪،‬‬ ‫د َوا ِ ا ﻀﻌ ِﻒ َوا ِ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫َََ َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ََ َ َ َ ْ َ َ ُ َ َْ ْ َ َ‬
‫ِﻫﺎ ُﺟﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺐ اﻟﻘ ْﻮ ِت ا َﻼل ‪ ،‬وﻫﺰم ِﺑ‬ ‫و ﻬﺮﻫﺎ ِﺑﻤﺎ اﻓ ﺿﻪ ﻋﻠﻴ ِﻪ ِﻣﻦ ﻃﻠ ِ‬
‫َ َْ‬ ‫ََ ْ َ َ َْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ﺎن ا ُﻤ ﺸﻤﺮ ِﻺﺿﻼل ‪َ ،‬وﻟﻘﺪ ن ِﺮي ِﻣ ِﻦ اﺑْ ِﻦ آد َم َﺮى ا مِ ا ﺴﻴﺎل‪،‬‬ ‫ا ﺸﻴﻄ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َُ ََ َُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ْ َ ْ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﻤ ٍﺪ ا َﻬﺎ ِدي ِﻣ َﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻴ َﻖ َﻋﻠﻴْ ِﻪ ِﻋﺰة ا َﻼ ِل ا َﻤﺠ َﺮى َوا َﻤ َﺠﺎل ‪َ ،‬وا ﺼﻼة‬
‫َ ً‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ََ‬
‫آل ‪َ ،‬و َﺳﻠ َﻢ ْﺴ ِﻠﻴْ ًﻤﺎ ﻛ ِﺜ ا ‪.‬‬ ‫ِ ٍ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا ﻀﻼ ِل و‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎ َ ﴿ ُ ُ ْﻮا ﻣ َﻦ اﻟﻄﻴﺒَﺎت َوا ْ َﻤﻠُﻮاْ‬ ‫أَﻣﺎ َ ْﻌ ُﺪ ‪َ َ ،‬ﻘ َﺎل اﷲ ُﺳﺒْ َﺤﺎﻧَﻪ َو َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُْ َ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََْ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َََ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎت ﺒﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪ ،‬و ِ ﻴﻞ ‪ :‬ا ﻤﺮاد ِﺑ ِﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﺎ ِ ًﺎ﴾ )ا ﺆﻣﻨﻮن‪ (٥١ :‬أ ﺮ ِﺑﺎﻷ ِﻞ ِﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻴﺒ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ْ ُ ُ ْ َ ْ َ َ ُ ََْ ُ‬ ‫َْ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َ‬
‫ﺎﻃﻞ ﴾ )ا ﻘﺮة ‪، (١٨٨ :‬‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫اﻟ‬‫ﻮ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺗﺄ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫و‬ ‫﴿‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ا ﻼل ‪ ،‬وﻗﺎل ﺗﻌﺎ‬
‫ﷲ ‪َ ،‬و َﻣ ْﻦ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫َ ُ َ َ ُْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َوﻗَ َﺎل ‪َ  : ‬ﻣ ْﻦ َﺳ َ َ َ َ‬
‫ِ ﻴﺎ ِ ِ ِﻣﻦ ِﺣﻠ ِﻪ ﻬﻮ ﻤﺠﺎ ِﻫ ِﺪ ِ ﺳ ِﻴ ِﻞ ا ِ‬
‫َ َ ً‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َْ َ َ ً‬ ‫َ َ َ‬
‫ﺎف ن ِ د َر َﺟ ِﺔ ا ﺸ َﻬﺪاء ‪َ ‬وﻗﺎل أﻳْﻀﺎ ‪َ  :‬ﻣ ْﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﻠﺐ ا ﻴﺎ ﺣﻼﻻ ِ ﻔ ٍ‬
‫َ َ َ َْ َ َ َ ْ َ ْ َ َ ْ ً َ َ ُ َ ْ َ ُ َ َ ْ َ َ َ ْ َ ْ ْ َ ْ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫أ ﻞ ا ﻼل أر ِﻌ ﻳﻮﻣﺎ ﻧﻮر اﷲ ﻗﻠﺒﻪ وأﺟﺮى ﻨﺎ ِﻴﻊ ا ِﻜﻤ ِﺔ ِﻣﻦ ﻗﻠ ِﺒ ِﻪ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﻼل ﻓَﺮ ْ َﻀ ٌﺔ َ َ ُ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ َ ُ َْ َ‬ ‫ََ َ ْ ً‬
‫ﺴ ِﻠ ٍﻢ‪َ ، ‬وﻫ ِﺬهِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻃ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ِ َﺴﺎﻧِ ِﻪ ‪ ‬وﻗﺎل أﻳ‬
‫َ ْ َ َ ََ ُ ُ ْ َ ْ ً ََ َ ُ َ ََ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻘﻮ ِل ﻬﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬وأﺛﻘﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ِﺮ ْﻀﺔ ِﻣ ْﻦ ﺑَ ِ َﺳﺎﺋِ ِﺮ اﻟﻔ َﺮاﺋِ ِﺾ ‪ :‬أﻋﺼﺎﻫﺎ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ﺎر ُﻤ ْﻮض ِﻋﻠ ِﻤ ِﻪ‬
‫ًْ َ َ َ ً َ َ َ ُ ُ‬
‫ار ِح ﻓِﻌﻼ ‪َ ،‬و ِ ِﻚ اﻧﺪ َر َس ِﺑﺎﻟ ﻴ ِﺔ ِﻋﻠﻤﺎ و ﻤﻼ ‪ ،‬وﺻ‬
‫ُْ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬ ‫ْ ً‬ ‫ا َْ َ‬
‫ﻮ‬
‫ْ ََ َ ْ ُ ٌْ َ‬ ‫ْ ُ َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َْ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ًَ‬
‫اس ِﻋﻠ ِﻤ ِﻪ ‪ِ ،‬إذ ﻇﻦ ا ُﻬﺎل أن ا َﻼل ﻣﻔﻘﻮد ‪َ ،‬وأن ا ﺴ ِﻴﻞ دون‬ ‫ﻧﺪ َر ِ‬ ‫ﻻ ِ‬ ‫ﺳ ﺒﺎ ِ‬
‫ْ ْ ُ‬ ‫َْ ُ ُ ُ‬ ‫ا ﻮ َﺻﺎل إ َ ْﻪ َ ْﺴ ُﺪ ْو ٌد ‪َ ،‬واﻧ ُﻪ َ ْﻢ َ ﺒْ َﻖ ﻣ َﻦ اﻟﻄﻴﺒَ‬
‫ﺎء اﻟﻔ َﺮات َوا َ ِﺸ ﺶ‬ ‫ﺎت ِإﻻ ا ﻤ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫َ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ﺘﻪ اﻷﻳﺪي َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََ َ َ ُ ََ ْ َْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎ ِدﻳَﺔ ‪َ ،‬وأﻓ َﺴﺪﺗﻪ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ات ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ ﻋﺪاه ﻘﺪ أﺧﺒ‬ ‫ا ِﺎﺑﺖ ِ ا ﻤﻮ ِ‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ْ ٌ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ََ َُ ْ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﺳ َﺪ ُة ‪َ ،‬و َذا َ‬ ‫ُْ َ َ َ ُ َ‬
‫ﺎﻋﺔ ِﺑﺎ َ ِﺸ ِﺶ ِﻣ َﻦ ا ﺒَ ِﺎت ْﻢ ﺒْ َﻖ َوﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺬ َر ِت اﻟﻘﻨ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا ﻤﻌﺎ ﻼت‬
‫َ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََ َ ُ ْ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﺐ ِﻣ َﻦ ا ﻳْ ِﻦ أ ْﺻﻼ ‪َ ،‬و ْﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻘ ْﻄ َ‬ ‫ﻻ َﺴﺎع ِ ا ُﻤ َﺤﺮ َﻣﺎت ؛ ﻓﺮﻓﻀﻮا ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ِﺳﻮى ا ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫ام َ ٌ‬ ‫ﻼ ُل ﺑَ ٌ َوا ْ َ َﺮ ُ‬ ‫ُ ْ ُ ْ َ َ َ َ َ ْ ً َ َ ْ ً َ َ ْ َ َ َ ْ َ َ َ َْ َ‬
‫ال ﻓﺮﻗﺎ وﻓﺼﻼ ‪ ،‬وﻫﻴﻬﺎت ﻫﻴﻬﺎت ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ ِر ﻮا ﺑ اﻷ ﻮ ِ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻠﺒَ‬‫ََْ َ َ‬ ‫َ ُ ُْ َ‬ ‫َ َ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ََ َُ َ ُُ ٌْ ُ ْ َ ٌ‬
‫ﺖ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺛﺔ‬‫ﻼ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬
‫ِِ‬‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﺰ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫و ﻨﻬﻤﺎ أ ﻮر ﺸ ِﺒﻬ‬
‫ْ ْ‬ ‫ﺖ َﻫﺬه ﺑ ْﺪ َﻋ ًﺔ َ ﻢ ا ﻳْﻦ َ َ ُر َﻫﺎ‪َ ،‬و ْ‬ ‫ﺎﻻ ُت ‪َ .‬و َﻤﺎ َ ﻧ َ ْ‬ ‫َْ َ‬
‫ﺎر ِ ا َﻠ ِﻖ‬ ‫ﺘﻄ َ‬ ‫اﺳ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِِ ِ‬ ‫ا‬
‫اﻟﻔ ْﺮق ﺑَ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ك‬ ‫رﺷﺎد إ َ َﻣ ْﺪ َ‬
‫ر‬
‫َ‬
‫ﺎﻹ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬
‫َ ْ َ َ َ‬
‫ﻫ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ء‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺐ َﻛ ْﺸ ُﻒ اﻟﻐ َ‬
‫ﻄ‬ ‫َ َ ُر َﻫﺎ‪َ ،‬و َﺟ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ُْ ُ‬ ‫ْ ْ َ ََ‬ ‫َْ َ َ َْ َ َ ْ َ َ َ َ ْ‬
‫ﺎن َوﻻ ِﺮ ُﺟﻪ ا ﻀ ِﻴﻴْ ُﻖ ْﻦ‬ ‫وﺟ ِﻪ ا ﺤ ِﻘﻴ ِﻖ وا ﻴ ِ‬ ‫ا ﻼ ِل وا ﺮامِ وا ﺸﺒﻬ ِﺔ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫اﻹﻣ ِن ‪َ .‬و َﺳﻤﻴْﺘُﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺣ ِ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ َ ْ َ‬ ‫َْ ْ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َﻌﻼمِ ِ َﻤﻌ ِﺮﻓ ِﺔ ا َﻼ ِل َوا َ َﺮام ‪‬‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫ََ َ َ َ ََْ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ ََ ُ ْ َ ْ‬
‫اﻃﻞ ُﺟﻮ ِدهِ َوﻓﻀ ِﻠ ِﻪ ‪َ ،‬وﺧﺘَ َﻢ َﺎ ِﺑﺎ ُ ْﺴ َ ‪،‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ام‬ ‫د‬ ‫أ‬‫و‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﻪ‬
‫ﺟﻌﻠﻨﺎ اﷲ ِﻣﻦ أ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﻫ‬
‫ﺎم اﻷ ْر َ َﻊ اﻷ ْﺳ َ ‪ ،‬إﻧ ُﻪ َ َ ُ َ ْ ٍء ﻗَ ِﺪ ٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َو َﻠ َﻐﻨَﺎ ﻣ ْﻦ ﻓَ ْﻀﻠﻪ ا ْ َﻤ َﻘ َ‬
‫ﺎﻹ َﺟﺎﺑَ ِﺔ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ﻳﺮ َ‬
‫و‬ ‫ِِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻳﺮ آ ِﻣ َ ‪.‬‬ ‫َﺟ ِﺪ ٌ‬
‫َْ ُ‬
‫ا ﻼل‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬ ‫َْ ُ‬ ‫ُُْ ْ‬ ‫ْ ُ ًَُ َ ُ ْ‬
‫ا َﻼل ﻟﻐﺔ ‪ :‬ﻧ ِﻘﻴﺾ ا َ َﺮامِ َو ِﻣﺜﻠﻪ ا ِﻞ َوا َﻼل َوا َ ِﻠﻴﻞ ‪َ ،‬وﻫ َﻮ ِﻣ ْﻦ َﺣﻞ‬
‫ََُ ُ َ َ ُ ُ َ َ َُ َ َ َُ ُ‬ ‫َْ ْ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻴﻒ ﻴﻘﺎل أﺣﻠﻪ اﷲ وﺣﻠﻠﻪ ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻘﺎل‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ِ ﻞ ِﺣﻼ ‪َ .‬و َﺘَ َﻌﺪى ِﺑﺎ ﻬﻤ ِﺰ وا‬
‫ْ ُ َ ٌ )‪(١‬‬
‫ْ ٌ َ ٌ َ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ‬
‫ﻫﺬا ﻚ ِﺣﻞ َو َﺣﻼل ‪َ ،‬و ُﻘﺎل ِ ِﻀﺪهِ ِﺣﺮم َوﺣ َﺮام أي ﺮم ‪.‬‬
‫ون ﺑﻪ َ ْ ً ‪َ .‬و َﻬ َﺬا َ ْﺸ َﻤ ُﻞ ا ْ َﻤﻨْ ُﺪوبَ‬ ‫ً ُ َ َْ ُ ْ َ ْ ُ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َْ َ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫وا ﻼل اﺻ ِﻄﻼﺣﺎ ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ا ﺎﺋِﺰ ا ﻤﺄذ ِ ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫وه ُﻣ ْﻄﻠَ ًﻘﺎ ﻋﻨْ َﺪ ا ْ ُ ْﻤ ُ‬ ‫َ َُْ َ َ َْ ْ‬
‫ﻮر ‪َ ،‬و ِ ًﻬﺎ ِﻋﻨﺪ ا َﻨ ِﻔﻴ ِﺔ ‪ِ ،‬ﻣ ْﻦ َﺣﻴْﺚ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻜ ُﺮ َ‬ ‫وا ﻤﺒﺎح وا ﻤ‬
‫َُْْ‬ ‫ْ ْ‬ ‫َ َ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫اﻣﺘﻨَﺎﻋﻪ َ ْ ً‬ ‫َ َ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫از ْ َ‬ ‫َﺟ َﻮ ُ‬
‫وب‪،‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺎن اﻟ ِﻔ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ رﺟﺤ ِ‬ ‫ﺎن ِﺑﻬﺎ َوﻋﺪم ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻹ ﻴ ِ‬‫ِ‬
‫ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ْ ْ‬ ‫ﺎح ‪َ ،‬و ُر ْﺟ َ‬ ‫َو َ َﺴﺎوي اﻟْﻔ ْﻌﻞ َواﻟ ْك ا ْ ُﻤﺒَ‬
‫ﺎن اﻟ ْ ِك ِ ا َﻤﻜ ُﺮوهِ ‪َ .‬وا َﻼل‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫)‪ .(١‬ﻟﺴﺎن اﻟﻌﺮب واﳌﺼﺒﺎح اﳌﻨﲑ ﻣﺎدة " ﺣﻞ " ‪.‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ َ ُ َ ٌ ْ َ َ ْ ْ‬ ‫ْ َْ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َُ َ‬
‫از اﻟ ِﻔﻌ ِﻞ ِﺑ َﻤﻌ َ َرﻓ ِﻊ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫اﺟ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫إ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺚ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬‫ﻣﺘﻀﻤ ٌﻦ ِ ا ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺐ‬ ‫اﺟ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻮ‬
‫از ‪.‬‬ ‫ا ْ َ َﺮ ِج َﻣ َﻊ ا ْ َﻤﻨْﻊ ِﻣ َﻦ اﻟ ْ ِك ‪ ،‬ﻓَﺎ ﻠ ْﻔ ُﻆ ا ال َ َ ا ْ ُﻮ ُﺟﻮب ﻳَ ُﺪل ﺗَ َﻀﻤﻨًﺎ َ َ ا ْ َ َ‬
‫ﻮ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫َ ْ َ‬
‫اﻹذن ِ اﻷو ِل َو َﻋﺪ ُم اﻣ ِﺘﻨﺎ ِﻋ ِﻪ‬
‫ْ ُ‬
‫ﺚ‬
‫ْ َْ ُ‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫امِ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ُﻣ َﻘﺎﺑَﻠَ ِﺔ ا ْ َ َ‬ ‫ﻼل‬
‫َ َ ُ ُ َْ ُ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻮن ا‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ﻮب ُﻣﺘَ َﻌﻠ ٌﻖ ﺑﺎ َ‬ ‫ﺎﻋ ُﻪ َ ْ ً ‪َ .‬وا ْ ُﻮ ُﺟ ُ‬ ‫اﻣﺘﻨَ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ْ ً َ َ َ ُ ْ‬
‫ﻼل ِﻣ ْﻦ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻹذ ِن ِ ا َ َﺮامِ َو ِ‬ ‫‪ ،‬وﻋﺪم ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ُ َُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ ُْ ْ َ ُ َ ْ ُ َ َ َ ُ ٌ َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫اﷲ َو ﺎ ﺒَ ِﺔ َﻣﺎ َﺣﺮ َﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻮر ْ ً ِﺑﺎﻟ ِ َامِ َﻣﺎ أ َﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ا ﻤﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻷن ا ﻤ ﻒ ﻣﺄ‬
‫اد ﺑﻪ ا ْ ﻞ ﻟُ َﻐ ًﺔ ‪َ ،‬وﻣﻨْ ُﻪ ﻗَ ْﻮ َ َﻌﺎ َ ‪ ﴿ :‬ﻣﺎَ‬ ‫ََ ْ ُ ْ َُ َْ ْ ُ ََُ ُ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ﺷﺄﻧِ ِﻪ ِﻪ ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ﻄﻠﻖ اﻟﻔﺮض و ﺮ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ َ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ َ ََ‬
‫اﷲ ُ ﴾ )اﻷﺣﺰاب ‪ (٣٨ :‬أ ْي أ َﺣﻞ ُ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻴﻤﺎ ﻓ َﺮض‬ ‫ن ا ِ ِﻣﻦ ﺣ َﺮ ٍج ِ‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ْ ْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َْ ُ ْ ْ ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫َو ِ ﻤﺎ ﻓﺮق ِﺑ ِﻪ ا َﻨ ِﻔﻴﺔ َ َ ا َﻤﻜ ُﺮو ِه ِ ًﻬﺎ َوا َﻤﻜ ُﺮو ِه ِﺮ ًﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬أن اﻷول َﻣﺎ ن‬
‫َ )‪(١‬‬ ‫َ َ َ َ َْ َ َ ْ َ َ َ ْ َ َ َ َ َ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﺖ ِﺮ ُﻤﻪ ِﺑﺪ ِ ٍﻞ ﻇ‬ ‫ِﻠ ِﺤﻞ أﻗ َﺮ َب ‪َ ،‬وا ﺎ ِ ﻣﺎ ن إِ ا ﺮامِ أﻗﺮب أو ﻣﺎ ﺒ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ََُْ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ِﻣ َﻦ ا ْ َﻤ َ‬
‫ﻼل ‪:‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫اﻷ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺴ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َََ ُ ُ ْ َ‬
‫ﻼل ْﻠﺔ ِﻣ َﻦ ا َﻤ َﺴﺎﺋِ ِﻞ اﻷﺻﻮ ِ ِﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻠﻖ ِﺑﻤﺼﻄﻠ ِﺢ ﺣ ٍ‬
‫ْ َ ُْ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ ْ ََُ ُ َ‬
‫ا ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻷو ‪ :‬ﻫ ِﻞ اﻷﺻﻞ ِ اﻷﺷﻴﺎ ِء ‪ -‬اﻟ ِ ﻻ ﻧﺺ ِ ﻴﻬﺎ ‪ -‬ا ِﻞ أ ِو ا ﺮﻣﺔ؟‬
‫َ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ ُ ْ َ ُ َ ْ َ َْ َ‬ ‫ُْ َ‬ ‫َْ ْ ََُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َوﻫ ِﺬهِ ا ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ِ ﻤﺎ اﺧﺘ ِﻠﻒ ِ ﻴ ِﻪ ‪ :‬ﻤﺨﺘﺎر أ ِ ا ﻨ ِﻔﻴ ِﺔ وا ﺸﺎﻓِ ِﻌﻴ ِﺔ أن‬
‫ََ‬ ‫ُْ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َْ َ‬ ‫َْ ْ‬ ‫َ َ ْ‬
‫ﺐ ﻷ ِ َﺣ ِﻨﻴﻔﺔ ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻷ ْﺻﻞ ا ِﻞ ‪َ ،‬و ِﻋﻨﺪ َﻌ ِﺾ ا َﻨ ِﻔﻴ ِﺔ أن اﻷ ْﺻﻞ ا َﻮ ﻒ ‪َ ،‬و ﺴ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ ْ َ ُْ ْ َ ُ َ َ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َو ُﻫ َﻮ ﻗَ ْﻮ ُل َ ْﻌﺾ أَ ْﺻ َ‬
‫ﺐ اﺧ ِﺘﻼﻓِ ِﻬ ْﻢ ﻫ َﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﺚ أن اﻷﺻﻞ ا ﺮﻣﺔ ‪ .‬وﺳﺒ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺎب‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َْ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬
‫ِﺮ ِﻤ ِﻪ ‪َ ،‬و ِﻋﻨﺪ ِأ‬ ‫اﺧ ِﺘﻼ ُﻬ ْﻢ ِ َﺣﺪ ا َﻼ ِل ‪ :‬ﻓ ِﻌﻨﺪ ا ﺸﺎﻓِ ِ َﻣﺎ ﻻ د ِ ﻞ‬
‫ُْ َ ُ َ ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ُ َْ ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ َ َ ٌ ََ‬
‫ﻴﻤﺎ أو ِ َ‬ ‫ﻮر‪ ﴿ :‬ﻗﻞ ﻻ أ ِﺟﺪ ِ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫د‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺣ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺣ ِﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﺎ دل د ِ ﻞ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫إ َ ُ َﺮ ًﻣﺎ َ َ َﻃﺎﻋﻢ َ ْﻄ َﻌ ُﻤ ُﻪ ﴾ )اﻷﻧﻌﺎم ‪ (١٤٥‬وﻗَ ْﻮ َ َﻌﺎ ‪َ ﴿ :‬ﺧﻠَ َﻖ ﻟَ ُ ْﻢ َ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ٍِ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﻴﻌﺎ ﴾ )ا ﻘﺮة ‪َ . (٢٩‬و ِﻣ َﻦ اﻷ َﺣﺎدﻳﺚ ‪ :‬ﻗَ ْﻮ ُ ‪َ  : ‬ﻣﺎ أ َﺣﻞ ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫اﻷ ْرض َ ً‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﷲ ِ ِﻛﺘَﺎﺑِ ِﻪ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫ََُ َ ٌ َ َ َ ََُ َ ٌ َ َ َ َ َُْ َُ َ َ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﻬﻮ ﺣﻼل َوﻣﺎ ﺣﺮم ﻬﻮ ﺣ َﺮام َوﻣﺎ ﺳﻜﺖ ﻨﻪ ﻬﻮ ِﻴﺔ ﻓﺎ ﺒﻠﻮا ِﻣﻦ ِ‬
‫اﷲ‬

‫)‪.(١‬اﻹ ﺎج ﺷﺮح اﳌﻨﻬﺎج ‪ ، ١٢٦ / ١‬إرﺷﺎد اﻟﻔﺤﻮل ص ‪ ، ٦‬اﳌﺴﺘﺼﻔﻰ ‪ ، ٧٤ / ١‬ﻣﺴﻠﻢ اﻟﺜﺒﻮت ‪ ، ١٠٣ / ١‬اﻟﺘﻠﻮﻳﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ‪ ١٢٥ / ٢‬وﻏﻤﺰ ﻋﻴﻮن اﻟﺒﺼﺎﺋﺮ ‪. ٣٣٥ / ١‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫َ َ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫ُ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ُ َ‬
‫اﷲ ﻓ َﺮض ﻓ َﺮاﺋِﺾ ﻓﻼ‬ ‫اﷲ ْﻢ ﻳَ ْﻦ ِﺴﻴﺎ ‪َ . (١) ‬وﻗ ْﻮ ُ ‪  : ‬إِن‬ ‫َ ِﻴَﺘَﻪ ﻓﺈِن‬
‫ﻜ َ‬ ‫َ ََْ ُ َ َ َ ُ ُ ً َ َ ْ َ ُ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫ُ َ ُ َ َ َ ُ َ‬
‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﺎت ﻓﻼ ﺗ ﺘ ِﻬﻜﻮﻫﺎ وﺣﺪ ﺣﺪودا ﻓﻼ ﻌﺘﺪوﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬وﺳ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻴﻌﻮﻫﺎ َوﺣﺮم ﺣ ُﺮﻣ ٍ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ َْ َ َ ْ َْ ْ َ َ َْ َُ َْ‬
‫ﺎن ﻓﻼ ﺒﺤﺜﻮا ﻨﻬﺎ ‪. ‬‬
‫)‪(٢‬‬
‫ﻦ أﺷﻴﺎء ِﻣﻦ ِ ِﺴﻴ ٍ‬
‫َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ََ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َو َد ُﻞ ﻗَ ْﻮل َ ْﻌﺾ أَ ْﺻ َﺤﺎب ا َﺪﻳﺚ َو َﻣﺎ ُﺴ َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻔ‬ ‫ﻨ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ ُ ُ َ َ ْ َ َ ْ ُ َ َ ُْ ْ َ َ َ َ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ِ ﻠ ِﻚ اﻟﻐ ْ ِ ِﺑﻐ ْ ِ ِإذ ِﻧ ِﻪ ﻻ ﻮز ‪ ،‬ﻴﺒ اﻷﺻﻞ ا ﺮﻣ ِﺔ ﺣ ﻳ ِﺮد د ِ ﻞ ا ِﻞ‪.‬‬
‫اﻷو ُل َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َو َد ُﻞ َﻣ ْﻦ ﻗَ َﺎل ﺑﺎ َﻮﻗﻒ أَن َﻃﺮ َﻖ ُﺒُ‬
‫ﻮت اﻷ ْﺣ َ مِ َﺳ ْﻤ َو َ ْﻘ ‪ ،‬وَ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﻜ َﻤ ْ َو َﻫ َﺬا ﻳُﻮﺟ ُ‬ ‫ُْ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ ْﻮ ُﺟﻮد ‪َ ،‬و َ َﺬا ا ﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓَﻼ َ ْﻘ َﻄ ُﻊ ﺑﺄ َ‬
‫ﺐ ا َﻮ ﻒ ‪.‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬
‫ََ َ ُ ُْ ْ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ْ ْ‬ ‫ُْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َْ َ َ‬
‫وع اﻟ ِﻔﻘ ِﻬﻴ ِﺔ ِﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ :‬ا ﻴﻮان ا ﻤﺸ ِ‬ ‫ﻼف ِ اﻟﻜ ِﺜ ِ ِﻣ َﻦ اﻟﻔ ُﺮ ِ‬ ‫َو ﻈﻬ ُﺮ أﺛ ُﺮ ا ِ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ َ ُْ ْ‬
‫ﻮل ْﺴ ِﻤﻴَﺘُﻪ ‪َ ،‬و ِﻣﻨ َﻬﺎ َﻣﺎ ِإذا ْﻢ ﻌ َﺮف َﺣﺎل ا ﻬ ِﺮ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َْ ْ ُ َ‬
‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫أَ ْ ُﺮ ُه َ ﺰ َراﻓَﺔ ‪َ ،‬وا ﺒَ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ ْ ُ َ ُ َ ٌ َْ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ َ َُ ٌ ْ َ ْ ٌ َ َْ َ ْ َ َ ُْ َ ُ ََ ٌ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎم َوﺷﻚ ﻫﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﺎح أو‬ ‫ﻫﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﺎح أو ﻤﻠﻮك ‪ ،‬و ِﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻮ دﺧﻞ ﺑﺮﺟﻪ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻚ َ ْﻮ َﺷﻚ ِﻛ َ ا ﻀﺒ ِﺔ )‪ِ (٣‬ﻣ َ‬ ‫َ ُْ ٌ ََ َ َ‬
‫)‪(٤‬‬
‫ﺐ أ ِو اﻟ ِﻔﻀ ِﺔ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻮك ‪ .‬و ﺬ ِ‬
‫ﺐ ا ْ َ َﺮام ‪ُ.‬‬ ‫ام ُﻏﻠ َ‬ ‫ﻼل َوا ْ َ َﺮ ُ‬ ‫َ ُ َ ْ َ َ َ َْ ُ‬ ‫َْ ْ ََُ‬
‫ا ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ا ﺎ ِﻴﺔ ‪ :‬إِذا اﺟﺘﻤﻊ ا‬
‫َْ ُ‬ ‫َ ُ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎح ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ ا َﻨ ِﻔﻴﺔ ُﻬ َﻮ ِﻋﻨﺪﻫ ْﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﺺ ا ﺸﺎ ِﻓ ِﻌﻴﺔ ا َﻼل ِ ﻫ ِﺬ ِه اﻟﻘﺎ ِﻋﺪ ِة ِﺑﺎ ُﻤﺒَ ِ‬
‫ﺐ ﺑﺎ ْ ُﻤ َﺤﺮمِ ُرو ِ َ‬ ‫اﺧﺘَﻠَ َﻂ ا ْ َﻮاﺟ ُ‬ ‫َ ْ‬
‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻌ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻓ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺪ‬
‫َ َْ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ِ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫اﺟ‬ ‫ﺎح َوا ْ َ‬
‫ﻮ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َﺷﺎ ٌﻞ ﻠْ ُﻤﺒَ‬
‫ِ ِ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ﻜﻔﺎر َ ُ‬ ‫َْ ُ ُ ْ ُ َ ْ َ ُْ ْ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ ْ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُﻣ ْﻘﺘَ َ ا ْ َ‬
‫ﺐ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻼط‬ ‫ﺘ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اﺧ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻋ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﺘ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﺜ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫اﺟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬
‫ْ ُ‬ ‫ا َﻤ ْﺮأة ﻣ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َﻏ ْﺴ ُﻞ ا ْ َﻤﻴﻊ َوا ﺼﻼة ﻋﻠﻴﻬ ْ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﺎر‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫د‬‫ﻼ‬
‫ِ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫َ‬
‫و‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ ُ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ َ َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َو َ ٌ ْ َ َ َ َ َ ْ َ َ َ ً‬
‫اﺟﺒﺔ َو ِن ن ﺳﻔ ُﺮﻫﺎ َوﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺣ َﺮاﻣﺎ ‪َ ،‬و ُﻮﻫﺎ ‪َ .‬وﻗﺪ ﺧﺮج ا َﻨ ِﻔﻴﺔ ﻫ ِﺬهِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُْ ُ َ َ َ َ َ ََ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎرض ا َﻤﺎﻧِ ُﻊ َوا ُﻤﻘﺘَ ِ ﻗﺪ َم ا َﻤﺎﻧِ ُﻊ ‪َ .‬ود ِ ﻞ ﻗﺎ ِﻋﺪ ِة ‪-‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮوع ﻗﺎ ِﻋﺪ ِة ِإذا ﻌ‬

‫)‪ .(١‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ ":‬ﻣﺎ أﺣﻞ اﷲ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﳊﺎﻛﻢ ) ‪ ٣٧٥ / ٢‬ـ ط داﺋﺮة اﳌﻌﺎرف( ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ أﰊ اﻟﺪرداء ‪ ،‬وأوردﻩ‬
‫اﳍﻴﺜﻤﻲ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻊ اﻟﺰواﺋﺪ ) ‪ ١٧١ / ١‬ـ ط اﻟﻘﺪﺳﻲ ( وﻋﺰاﻩ إﱃ اﻟﻄﱪاﱐ واﻟﺒﺰار وﻗﺎل ‪ " :‬إﺳﻨﺎدﻩ ﺣﺴﻦ ‪ ،‬ورﺟﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻮﺛﻘﻮن " ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ .(٢‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬إن اﷲ ﻓﺮض ﻓﺮاﺋﺾ ﻓﻼ ‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﺪارﻗﻄﲏ ) ‪ ١٨٤ / ٤‬ـ ط دار اﶈﺎﺳﻦ ( ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ أﰊ ﺛﻌﻠﺒﺔ اﳋﺸﲏ ‪،‬‬
‫وأﻋﻠﻪ اﺑﻦ رﺟﺐ اﳊﻨﺒﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﻄﺎع ﰲ ﺳﻨﺪﻩ واﻻﺧﺘﻼف ﰲ رﻓﻌﻪ ووﻗﻔﻪ وﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ وﻗﻔﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ .(٣‬اﻟﻀﺒﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺪ ﺑﻪ اﻹﻧﺎء اﳌﻜﺴﻮر ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ .(٤‬اﻷﺷﺒﺎﻩ واﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻮﻃﻲ ص ‪ ، ٦٠‬ﻏﻤﺰ ﻋﻴﻮن اﻟﺒﺼﺎﺋﺮ ‪ ٢٢٣ / ١‬ـ ‪ ، ٢٢٥‬ﻣﺴﻠﻢ اﻟﺜﺒﻮت ‪ ، ٤٥٠ ، ٤٩٠ / ١‬أﺣﻜﺎم‬
‫اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻻﺑﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﰊ ‪ ، ١٣ / ١‬و ﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺴﻮل ﻟﻸﺳﻨﻮي ‪ ٣٥٢ / ٤‬ـ ط ﻋﺎﱂ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ْ ُ ُ َ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َ َ َْ ُ‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻠﺘ‬ ‫ﻴﻼ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫امِ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ام‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫ام‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻼل‬ ‫ِإذا اﺟﺘﻤﻊ ا‬
‫ِ ِ َِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﻷ ْﺣ َ مِ ‪َ ،‬و َﻴَﺎﻧُ ُﻪ أن ا ْ ُﻤ َ َﻒ إ َذا ا ْﺘَ َﻔ َﻊ َ ْ ٍء َ ﺒْ َﻞ ُو ُرو ِد ا ْ ِع ﺑ َﻤﺎ ُ َﺮ ُﻣ ُﻪ أوْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻴﺤ ُﻪ ﻓﺈﻧ ُﻪ ﻻ َﻌﺎﻗ ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎع ِﺑ ِﻪ ِﻟﻘ ْﻮ ِ ِ َﻌﺎ ‪َ ﴿ :‬و َﻣﺎ ﻛﻨﺎ ُﻣ َﻌﺬ ِ َ َﺣ‬ ‫ﺐ ِﺑﺎﻻﻧ ِﺘﻔ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻳُ ُ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ً‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ْ ُ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﻴﻌﺎ ﴾‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺚ رﺳﻮﻻ ﴾ )اﻹ اء ‪َ (١٥‬وﻗﻮ ُ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ‪ ﴿ :‬ﺧﻠﻖ ﻟ ﻢ ﻣﺎ ِ اﻷر ِض ِ‬
‫ََ‬ ‫ْ َ ََ ْ ُ َ َُْ ََُ َ َ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﺎب‬
‫اﻷ ﺮ وﻫﻮ ﻋﺪم اﻟ ِﻌ ِ‬
‫ﻘ‬ ‫)ا ﻘﺮة ‪ . (٢٩‬ﻓ ِﺈذا َو َرد َﻣﺎ ﻳُ ِﻔﻴﺪ ا ﺤ ِﺮ ﻢ ﻘﺪ‬
‫َ ْ َُ‬ ‫َ َ َ ََ ْ ُ َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ َ ِ ُ َ َََ َ ُ ُ‬
‫ﺎﺣﺔ ﻘﺪ ِﺴﺦ ذ ِﻚ ا ُﻤ َﺤﺮ ُم ﻴَﻠ َﺰ ُم ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﺑ‬ ‫ﺎع ‪ ،‬ﻢ ِإذا ورد ﻣﺎ ﻳ ِﻔﻴﺪ ِ‬ ‫اﻻﻧ ِﺘﻔ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫َ َ َ َْ ُْ َ ُ َ ََُْ َ ََ ُ ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎﺣ ِﺔ اﻷﺻ ِﻠﻴ ِﺔ‬ ‫ﻮن ُ َﺆ ًﺪا ﻺﺑَ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫أ‬‫و‬‫َ ْﻐﻴ َ ان ‪َ .‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ُْ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ﺎء ا ْ ُﻤ َﺤﺮ ُم َ َن ﻧَﺎﺳ ًﺨﺎ ﻺﺑَ َ‬ ‫ﻻ ُﻣ َﻐ ًا َ َﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓَﺈ َذا َﺟ َ‬
‫ﺎﺣ ِﺔ َو ُﻣﻐ ًا َﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻴَﻠ َﺰ ُم ِﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َْ َ‬ ‫ُِ َُ ُ َْ َ ْ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ ٌ‬ ‫َْ ٌ َ ٌ َ‬
‫اﺣﺪ ﻓ ِﻔﻴ ِﻪ ﻘ ِﻠﻴﻞ ِﻠﺘﻐ ِﻴ ِ ‪َ .‬وﻫﺬا ا ِ ﻞ ﻳﻮاﻓِﻖ ا َﻨ ِﻔﻴﺔ ِﻣﻦ أن ا ﻼل‬ ‫ﻐ ِﻴ و ِ‬
‫ﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫اﺟ‬ ‫ﺎح َو ِﻠْ َ‬
‫ﻮ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َﺷﺎ ٌﻞ ﻠْ ُﻤﺒَ‬
‫ِ ِ‬
‫ِ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ََ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َْ َ‬ ‫ُ ََ ََْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫أﻣﺎ ا ﺸﺎﻓِ ِﻌﻴﺔ ﻘ ِﺪ اﺳﺘﺪﻟﻮا ِﻬ ِﺬهِ اﻟﻘﺎ ِﻋﺪ ِة ِﺑﺄن ﺗﺮ ِﺟﻴﺢ ا ﺤ ِﺮ ِﻢ أﺣﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻷن‬
‫َْ َ‬ ‫َْ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫َُ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎب ﺮمٍ َوذ ِﻚ أ ْو َوأﺣ َﻮ ُط ‪َ .‬و ِﻣ ْﻦ أﻣ ِﺜﻠ ِﺔ ﻫ ِﺬ ِه اﻟﻘﺎ ِﻋﺪ ِة‬ ‫ﺎح ﻻﺟ ِﺘﻨ ِ‬ ‫ِ ﻴ ِﻪ ﺗ ْﺮ َك ُﻣﺒَ ٍ‬
‫ار ‪َ (١) ‬ﻣ َﻊ‬ ‫ﻚ ﻣ َﻦ ا ْ َﺎﺋﺾ َﻣﺎ ﻓَ ْﻮ َق اﻹ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َْ َ َ ََ ُ ُ َ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻳﺚ ‪ :‬‬ ‫َو ﻄ ِﺒﻴﻘﺎ ِﺗﻬﺎ ‪ :‬ﻌﺎرض ﺣ ِﺪ ِ‬
‫َ ْﺮ َﻢ َﻣﺎ َ ْ َ‬ ‫اﻷو َل َ ْﻘﺘَ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺈ‬
‫َ َ )‪َ (٢‬‬
‫ﻓ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ء‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫اﺻﻨَ ُﻌﻮا ُ َ ْ‬ ‫َﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ْ  :‬‬
‫ِ ِ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﺣﺘﻴَ ً‬ ‫ْ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ َ َ َْ ْ َ َُ ُ‬ ‫ََْ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ﺎﻃﺎ‬ ‫ا ِة َوا ﺮﻛﺒ ِﺔ ‪َ ،‬وا ﺎ ِ ﻘﺘ ِ إِﺑﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪا ا ﻮط َء ﺟﺢ ا ﺤ ِﺮ ﻢ ِ‬
‫ﺖ‬
‫ََ َ َ َْ َ َ‬
‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻞ‬
‫َْ َ‬
‫ﻢ‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ﺖ َ ْ َﺮ ٌم ﺑﺄَ ْﺟﻨَ ﻴﺎت َ ْ ُﺼ َ‬
‫ﻮر‬ ‫اﺷ َﺒَ َﻬ ْ‬ ‫ََ َ َ َ ْ‬
‫و ﺬ ِﻚ ِﻮ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ِ ِ ٍ‬
‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ ْ ُ‬
‫ا ﺸ َﺠ َﺮة َﻌﻀ َﻬﺎ ِ ا ِﻞ َو َﻌﻀ َﻬﺎ ِ ا َ َﺮمِ َﺣ ُﺮ َم ْﻄ ُﻌ َﻬﺎ ‪َ .‬و ْ ُﻫﺎ ِﻣ َﻦ اﻷﻣ ِﺜﻠ ِﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫َو ُ ْﺴ ﺜ َ ِﻣ ْﻦ ﻫ ِﺬهِ اﻟﻘﺎ ِﻋﺪ ِة ُﺻ َﻮ ٌر ‪ِ :‬ﻣﻨ َﻬﺎ ‪ِ :‬إذا َر َ َﺳﻬ ًﻤﺎ ِإ َﻃﺎﺋِ ٍﺮ ﻓ َﺠ َﺮ َﺣﻪ‬
‫ََ‬ ‫ََ ْ ُ‬ ‫َُ ْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ ََ َ ََ َْ َ َ َ َ َ‬
‫ﺎت ﻓ ِﺈﻧ ُﻪ ِ ﻞ ‪َ ،‬و ِن أ ْﻣ َ َﻦ إِ َﺣﺎﻟﺔ ا َﻤ ْﻮ ِت ا ُﻮﻗﻮعِ‬ ‫وو ﻊ اﻷر ِض ﻤ‬
‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ُْ‬ ‫ُْ َ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﻷ ْر ِض ‪ ،‬ﻷن ذ ِﻚ ﻻ ﺑُﺪ ِﻣﻨﻪ ُﻌ ِ َ ﻨﻪ ‪َ .‬و ِﻣﻨ َﻬﺎ َﻣﺎ ذﻛ َﺮ ا ﺴﻴُﻮ ِ ِﻣﻦ أن‬

‫)‪ .(١‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬ﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ اﳊﺎﺋﺾ‪ " ...‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ أﺑﻮ داود ) ‪ ( ١٤٥ / ١‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﺒﺪ اﷲ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻌﺪ اﻷﻧﺼﺎري ‪ ،‬وإﺳﻨﺎدﻩ ﺣﺴﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ .(٢‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬اﺻﻨﻌﻮا ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء إﻻ اﻟﻨﻜﺎح " أﺧﺮﺟﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ) ‪ ٢٤٦ / ١‬ـ ط اﳊﻠﱯ ( ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ أﻧﺲ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٧‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ُ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َ ُُ‬ ‫َ َ ٌ َ َ ُْ ْ‬ ‫َ َْ‬ ‫َُ‬
‫ﻴْﻨﻪ ﻻ ُﺮ ُم ‪َ ،‬وﻟ ِ ْﻦ ﺗ َﺮ ُه ‪.‬‬ ‫ام ِإذا ْﻢ ﻌ َﺮف‬ ‫ُﻣ َﻌﺎ َ ﻠﺔ َﻣ ْﻦ أ ُ َﻣﺎ ِ ِ ﺣﺮ‬
‫ْ َ َ َ ُُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ َ ُ‬ ‫ُ ًََ َ َ ً َ‬ ‫َْ َ َََْ‬
‫ُﺮ ْم َﻨ َﻬﺎ َو ْ ُﻤ َﻬﺎ َو ِن ن ﺗ ْﺮﻛﻪ‬ ‫اﻣﺎ ْﻢ‬ ‫ﺖ ا ﺸﺎة ﻋﻠﻔﺎ ﺣﺮ‬ ‫َو ِﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ِ :‬ﻮ ا ﺘﻠﻔ ِ‬
‫ْ َ )‪(١‬‬
‫َ ُْ َ َ َ‬ ‫ََْ ُ‬
‫أورع ‪ .‬و ﻫﺎ ِﻣﻦ اﻷﻣ ِﺜﻠ ِﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ َْ ُ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َُ َ‬ ‫َْ ْ ََُ‬
‫ﻴﻞ وأﻧﻮاﻋﻪ‬ ‫ا ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ا ﺎ ِ ﺔ ‪ :‬أﺳﺒﺎب ا ﺤ ِﻠ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ ْ َ‬ ‫َ ُ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﺎع ِﺑﺎﻟ ُ َوا ﺸ ِﻌ ِ َو َﺳﺎ ِﺋ ِﺮ‬ ‫ْ َ ُﻢ ِﺑﺎ ِﻞ ِ َﺴ َﺒَ ْ ِ ‪ :‬اﻷول ‪ :‬ذا ِ ‪ ،‬ﻻﻧ ِﺘﻔ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َْ َ ْ‬
‫اﻹﺟﺎر ِة وا ِﻬﺒ ِﺔ وﺳﺎﺋِ ِﺮ‬ ‫ﻴﺢ و ِ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻴﺎ ِء ا ﻤﺒﺎﺣ ِﺔ ‪ .‬ا ﺎ ِ ‪ :‬ﻋﺮ ِ ‪ ،‬ﻴ ِﻊ ا ﺼ ِﺤ ِ‬
‫َْ َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ ُ َ ْ َ ْ ُ َُ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ ُ َ َ َْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ِﺮ ﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺎب ا ﻤ ِﺒﻴﺤ ِﺔ ‪ .‬وا ﻼل ﺑِﻮﺻ ِﻔ ِﻪ اﻟﻘﺎﺋِﻢ ِﺑ ِﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻌ ِﺮض ﻣﺎ ﻘﺘ ِ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺒ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ َ ُ‬ ‫َْ ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﻮﺻﻒ َﻣ َﻌﻪ ِﺑﺎ ِﻞ ﺸﺒَ ِﻪ ‪َ .‬و ِ َﻬﺬا‬ ‫ﺎب ا ُﻤ َﺤﺮ َﻣ ِﺔ ‪ .‬أ ْو ﻌ ِﺮض ُ َﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻷ ْﺳﺒَ‬ ‫ِﻣﻦ‬
‫َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫ﻼﻫﺎ َﻣﺎ َ َن َﺧﺎ ً‬ ‫َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻼل َد َر َ‬ ‫َ َ َْ ُ‬
‫اف ِﻣ َﻦ‬ ‫ﻴﻊ ا ﺸﺒ ِﻪ ﻻﻏ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺎت‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫نا‬
‫َ‬
‫ﺖ َد َر َﺟﺘُ ُﻪ اﻷﺧ َ ةُ ِﻣﻦَ‬ ‫ﺎﻫﺎ َﻣﺎ ﻗَ ُﺮ َ ْ‬ ‫َ َْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ََْ ْ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎص ‪ ،‬وأدﻧ‬ ‫ﺎر اﻟ ِﻌﻈﺎمِ ا ﺎ ِ ِﺔ ﻋ ِﻦ اﻻﺧ ِﺘﺼ ِ‬ ‫اﻷ ﻬ ِ‬
‫ْ َ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُْ ُ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َْ َ ْ َ ْ‬
‫ﻮس ا ُﻤ َﺤﺮ َﻣﺔ ‪َ ،‬و ِن ن‬ ‫ﺐ ُ إِﻻ ا ﻤﻜ‬ ‫ﺎل َﻣ ْﻦ ﻻ ﻛﺴ‬ ‫ا ﺮامِ ا ﻤﺤ ِﺾ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤ ِ‬
‫ﻮن َ ْﻌ ُﺾ َﻣﺎ ﻳَﺪه َﺣ َﺼ َﻞ َ ُ ﻣ ْﻦ ﺟ َﻬﺔ َ‬ ‫ََْ ُ َ ْ َ ُ َ‬
‫ﻼل ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺘ ِﻤﻞ أن ﻳ‬
‫)‪(٢‬‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ِ ِ ٍ‬ ‫ِ ِِ‬
‫َْ ُ ْ‬
‫ِﻠﻴﻞ ا َ َﺮامِ‬
‫َ َ َ َ ْ َ ٌ ََ‬
‫ﻴﻞ ا ﺮ ﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺬ ِﻚ اﻓ ِ اء‬ ‫ﻠ‬
‫ََ ْ‬
‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﻼﻻ‬ ‫ﺣ‬‫اد ﺑﻪ ‪َ :‬ﺟ ْﻌ ُﻞ ا ْ َ َﺮ َ‬ ‫ُْ َ ُ‬
‫اﷲ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫امِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا ﻤﺮ ِ‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫َ ُ ْ َ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َُ ُ‬ ‫ََ ٌ ََ َ ُ َ َ‬
‫اﷲ َﻋﻠﻴْ ِﻪ ِﺑﻘ ْﻮ ِ ِ ‪َ ﴿ :‬وﻻ ﻘﻮ ﻮا ِ َﻤﺎ ﺗ ِﺼﻒ أ ِﺴ ﺘُ ُﻢ اﻟﻜ ِﺬ َب ﻫﺬا‬ ‫و ِﺬب ﺗﻮﻋﺪ‬
‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ َ َُْ َ ََ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ ٌ ََ َ َ َ ٌ ََُْ ََ‬
‫اﷲ اﻟﻜ ِﺬ َب‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﷲ اﻟﻜ ِﺬ َب إِن ا ِ ﻳﻦ ﻔ ون‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺣﻼل وﻫﺬا ﺣﺮام ِ ﻔ وا‬
‫)‪(٣‬‬ ‫ُْ ُ َ‬
‫ﻻ ﻔ ِﻠﺤﻮن ﴾ )ا ﺤﻞ ‪(١١٦‬‬

‫ا ْ َ َﺮ ُ‬
‫ام‬
‫اﷲ ‪َ ،‬وا ْ ُﻤ َﺤﺮ ُم ‪ :‬ا ْ َ َﺮ ُ‬
‫ام ‪َ .‬وا ْ َﻤ َﺤﺎر ُم ‪َ :‬ﻣﺎ َﺣﺮ َم ُ‬
‫اﷲ‬ ‫ا ْ َ َﺮ ُ‬
‫ام ‪َ :‬ﻣﺎ َﺣﺮ َم ُ‬
‫ِ‬

‫)‪ .(١‬ﻏﻤﺰ ﻋﻴﻮن اﻟﺒﺼﺎﺋﺮ ‪ ٣٣٥ / ١‬اﻷﺷﺒﺎﻩ واﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻮﻃﻲ ص ‪ ، ١٠٥‬اﻟﺘﻠﻮﻳﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ‪ ، ١٠٧ / ٢‬ا ﻤﻮع اﳌﺬﻫﺐ ﰲ‬
‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﳌﺬﻫﺐ ‪. ٦٠٥ / ١‬‬
‫)‪ .(٢‬ا ﻤﻮع اﳌﺬﻫﺐ ﰲ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﳌﺬﻫﺐ ‪. ٦٨٦ / ١‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬اﻟﻘﺮﻃﱯ ‪. ١١٦ / ١٠‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٨ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﻼل ‪ ،‬ﻴَﺤ ُﺮ ُم َﻋﻠﻴْ ِﻪ‬
‫َ ْ‬
‫ﻫ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ﺎﻹ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫امِ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫َوأ ْﺣ َﺮ َم ﺑﺎ ْ َﺞ أو اﻟْ ُﻌ ْﻤ َﺮ ِة أ ْو ﺑﻬ َﻤﺎ ‪ :‬إ َذا َد َﺧ َﻞ اﻹ ْﺣ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ َﻣﺎ َ َن َﺣﻼﻻ ﻣ ْﻦ َ ﺒْ ُﻞ َ ﺼﻴْﺪ َواﻟ َﺴﺎ ِء ‪ َ ،‬ﻴَﺘَ َﺠﻨ ُ‬
‫َ ُ‬
‫ﺎء اﻟ ِ َﻣﻨ َﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺐ اﻷ ْﺷﻴَ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِِ‬
‫َُْْ َ ََ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ ُ َْ َ‬
‫ﻴﺐ َوا ِح َوا ﺼﻴْ ِﺪ َو ْ ِ ذ ِﻚ ‪َ .‬واﻷ ْﺻﻞ ِ ﻴ ِﻪ ا ﻤﻨﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺄن‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻄ‬ ‫ا ع ِﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻜﺒ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ َُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُْ َ ُ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُْ ْ َ ُ َْ ٌ ْ َ‬
‫ا ﻤﺤ ِﺮم ﻤﺘ ِﻨﻊ ِﻣﻦ ﻫ ِﺬ ِه اﻷﺷﻴﺎ ِء ‪ ،‬و ِﻣﻨﻪ ﺣ ِﺪﻳﺚ ا ﺼﻼ ِة ‪ِ  :‬ﺮ ﻤﻬﺎ ا ِ‬
‫َْ‬
‫ﺎر ﻤﻨﻮ ِﻣ َﻦ اﻟ مِ‬
‫ﻜﺒ َوا ُﺧﻮل ا ﺼﻼة َﺻ َ َ ْ ُ ً‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ﻜﺄَن ا ْ ُﻤ َ‬ ‫)‪َ َ (١‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻓ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َْ ٌ َْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َْ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َْ‬
‫ﺎرﺟ ِﺔ ﻦ مِ ا ﺼﻼ ِة وأ ﻌﺎ ِﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ِﻘﻴﻞ ِﻠﺘﻜ ِﺒ ِ ‪ِ :‬ﺮ ﻢ ِﻤﻨ ِﻌ ِﻪ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺎل ا ِ‬ ‫واﻷ ﻌ ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬ ‫َُ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُْ َ َ ْ َ َ َ ْ َ ُ ً‬
‫ام أﻳْﻀﺎ ِﺑ َﻤﻌ َ ا ﺤ ِﺮ ِﻢ ‪ .‬ﻘﺎل ‪ :‬أﺣ َﺮ َﻣﻪ َو َﺣﺮ َﻣﻪ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺮ‬ ‫ا ﻤﺼ ِﻣﻦ ذ ِﻚ ‪ .‬و ِ‬
‫ْ َ‬ ‫ْ ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ﺑ َﻤ ْﻌ ً )‪َ ُ َ (٢‬‬
‫اﷲ ا ُﻤﻘﺘَ ِ اﻟﻜﻒ َﻋ ِﻦ‬ ‫ﻼح اﻷﺻﻮ ِ ‪ِ :‬ﺧﻄﺎب ِ‬
‫َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫اﺻ ِﻄ ِ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫‪ .‬وﻫﻮ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻼح ا ْ ُﻤﺘَ َ ﻤ َ ﻣﻦْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ ْ ْ َ ً َ ً َ ْ َ ْ ُ َ ْ ْ َ ُ )‪َ َ (٣‬‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺎزﻣﺎ ‪ِ ،‬ﺑﺄن ﻢ ﻮز ِﻓﻌﻠﻪ ‪ .‬ﻫﺬا ِ اﺻ ِﻄ ِ‬ ‫َاﻟ ِﻔﻌ ِﻞ ُاﻗ ِﺘﻀﺎء َﺟ ِ‬
‫ْ ْ‬ ‫ُ َ َ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُ َُ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﺐ اﻟﻜﻒ َﻋ ِﻦ اﻟ ِﻔﻌ ِﻞ‬ ‫ﻮل ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ أ ُﺻﻮ ِ ﻮ ا َﻨ ِﻔﻴ ِﺔ ﻴُ َﻌﺮﻓﻮﻧﻪ ‪ِ :‬ﺑ ﻧﻪ ﻃﻠ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫أﻫ ِﻞ اﻷﺻ ِ‬
‫آﻣﻨُﻮا إ َﻤﺎ ا ْ َ ْﻤ ُﺮ َوا ْ َﻤ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ َ‬ ‫ﺑ َﺪ ِ ﻞ َ ْﻄ )‪َ . (٤‬ﻛ َﻤﺎ ﻗَ ْﻮ َ َﻌﺎ َ ‪ ﴿ :‬ﻳَﺎ َ َﻬﺎ ا ِ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ َ ٍ‬
‫َ َْ ُ ُ ََ ُ ْ ُْ ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬
‫ﺎن ﻓﺎﺟﺘ ِﺒﻮه ﻟﻌﻠ ﻢ ﻔ ِﻠﺤﻮن ﴾‬ ‫َ‬
‫واﻷﻧﺼﺎب واﻷزﻻم ِرﺟﺲ ِﻣﻦ ﻤ ِﻞ ا ﺸﻴﻄ ِ‬
‫َ ْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ُْ‬ ‫َْ ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ََ ْ ََ َ‬
‫ﺎﻃ ِﻊ ‪َ ،‬و ﺘَﺤ ِﺮ ِﻢ‬ ‫)ا ﺎﺋﺪة ‪ (٩٠‬ﻘﺪ ﺒﺖ ا ﺤ ِﺮ ُﻢ َواﻷ ُﺮ ِﺑﺎﻟﻜﻒ ِﺑﺎ ﺺ اﻟﻘ ْﺮآ ِ اﻟﻘ ِ‬
‫َ َ َ‬
‫ا ﺮ َﺎ ِ ﻗ ْﻮ َﻌﺎ ‪َ ﴿ :‬و َﺣﺮ َم ا ﺮ َﺎ ﴾ )ا ﻘﺮة ‪. (٢٧٥‬‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ََ َ َُ َ ُْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ َ‬ ‫ْ ْ‬ ‫َْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ََ ْ َ َ ْ‬
‫ِء‬ ‫وأورد اﻟ ِ ِ ِ ﻌ ِﺮ ﻔﺎﺗِ ِﻪ اﻟ ِﻔﻘ ِﻬﻴ ِﺔ ﻌ ِﺮ ﻒ ا ﺤ ِﺮ ِﻢ ﻘﺎل ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﺟﻌﻞ ا‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ ُ ُ َ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫َُ ً‬
‫ﺖ ا ﻜ ِﺒ َ ة اﻷو ِ ا ﺼﻼ ِة ِﺑﺎ ﺤ ِﺮ َﻤ ِﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻷ َﻬﺎ َﺮ ُم‬ ‫ﺮﻣﺎ ‪َ .‬و ِ ﻤﺎ ﺧﺼ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُُ َ َُْ َ َ ََْ‬
‫ات ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٥‬‬
‫وع ِ ا ﺼﻼ ِة دون ﺳﺎﺋِ ِﺮ ا ﻜ ِﺒ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻷ ﻮر ا ﻤﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﺒﻞ ا‬
‫َ ْ‬ ‫آﺧ ُﺮ ﺣ َ ﻳَ ْﺼ ُﺪ ُر ﻣ ْﻦ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ ٌ َ‬ ‫َ َ َ ْ‬
‫ﺎر ِع ‪ ،‬ﻛﺘَﺤ ِﺮ ِﻢ ا ﺰ ْو ِج‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻼق‬ ‫ﻃ‬ ‫إ‬
‫ﻫﺬا و ِﻠﺘ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻢ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺤ‬
‫ْ َْ َ ََ َْ ُ َُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َْ َْ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َُ ََ َْ‬
‫ﺎت ِﻴ ِﻤ ٍ أو ِﺑﻐ ِﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬وﻣﻌﻨﺎه ﻫﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻔ ِﺴ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬أو ِﺮ ِﻢ ﻌ ِﺾ ا ﻤﺒﺎﺣ ِ‬ ‫زوﺟﺘﻪ‬

‫)‪ .(١‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﺼﻼة " ﲢﺮﳝﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻜﺒﲑ " ‪ .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﱰﻣﺬي ) ‪ ( ٩ / ١‬واﳊﺎﻛﻢ ) ‪ ( ١٣٢ / ١‬وﺻﺤﺤﻪ وواﻓﻘﻪ اﻟﺬﻫﱯ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ .(٢‬ﻟﺴﺎن اﻟﻌﺮب ‪ ،‬وﳐﺘﺎر اﻟﺼﺤﺎح ﻣﺎدة ‪ " :‬ﺣﺮم " ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ .(٣‬ﲨﻊ اﳉﻮاﻣﻊ ‪. ٨٠ / ١‬‬
‫)‪ .(٤‬ﺷﺮح ﻣﺴﻠﻢ اﻟﺜﺒﻮت ﻟﻸﻧﺼﺎري ‪. ٨٥ / ١‬‬
‫)‪ (٥‬اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎت اﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﱪﻛﻲ ـ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ ص ‪. ٢٢١‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٩‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ْ ْ‬
‫ا َﻤﻨ ُﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ََْ ُ َ ُ َُ َ َْ‬
‫ﺎﺳﺒَﺔ ِﻠﻔ ِﻆ ا َﺮام‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻔﺎظ ذات ا ﻤﻨ‬
‫ْ َ‬ ‫ْ ْ‬ ‫ﻜ َﺮاﻫﻴَ ُﺔ ‪ :‬ﺧ َﻄ ُ‬ ‫ْ ََ َُ ْ ََ َُ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﺎر ِع ا ُﻤﻘﺘَ ِ اﻟﻜﻒ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺎب‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮاﻫﺔ ‪ :‬اﻟﻜﺮاﻫﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻟ‬
‫َ َ َ َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫ﺎء َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫َ ْ ْ ْ َ‬
‫ﻴﺤ ِ ‪  :‬إِذا دﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺚ ا ﺼ ِﺤ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫مٍ‬ ‫ﺎز‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﻋ ِﻦ اﻟ ِﻔﻌ ِﻞ اﻗ ِﺘ‬
‫ْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ُ ُ ُ َْ ْ َ َ َْ ْ َ ُ َ َ َْ ََْ‬
‫ﻳﺚ اﺑ ِﻦ ﻣﺎﺟﻪ‬ ‫أﺣﺪ ﻢ ا ﻤﺴ ِﺠﺪ ﻓﻼ ِﻠﺲ ﺣ ﻳﺼ ر ﻌﺘ ِ ‪ ‬و ِ ﺣ ِﺪ ِ‬
‫)‪(١‬‬

‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫َو َ ْ ه ‪  :‬ﻻ ﺗُ َ‬

‫ﺎﻃ ِ ‪. ‬‬
‫) ‪(٢‬‬
‫اﻹﺑِ ِﻞ ﻓﺈِ ﻬﺎ ﺧ ِﻠﻘﺖ ِﻣﻦ ا ﺸﻴ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎن‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮا‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ِِ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ ْ َ‬ ‫ََ َ ََ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ ََ َ َُ‬
‫ﺎب ِﺑ ْ ِك اﻟﻜﻒ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺎق اﻟ ِﻌﻘ ِ‬ ‫وا ﺤ ِﺮ ﻢ و ﺮاﻫﺔ ا ﺤ ِﺮ ِﻢ ﻳ ﺸﺎر ِن ِ اﺳ ِﺘﺤﻘ ِ‬
‫َ َْ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُْ َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َََْ َ‬
‫وه َﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻜ ُﺮ ُ‬ ‫ﺎن ِ أن ا ﺤ ِﺮ َﻢ ‪َ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻴُﻘ َﻦ اﻟﻜﻒ ﻨﻪ ِﺑﺪ ِ ٍﻞ ْﻄ ِ ‪ .‬وا ﻤ‬ ‫و ﻔ ِﻗ ِ‬
‫وه ‪َ :‬ﻣﺎ َ َن ا ْ ُ‬ ‫َْ ْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُْ َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻜ ُﺮ ُ‬ ‫ﻼح ‪ :‬ا ﻤ‬ ‫ﺗ َﺮﺟ َﺢ اﻟﻜﻒ ﻨﻪ ِﺑﺪ ِ ٍﻞ ﻇ )‪َ .(٣‬و ِ َ َﺮا ِ اﻟﻔ ِ‬
‫ﻜ ُﺮوهٌ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ ٌ َْ ً َ ُ َ َ َ َ َ ْ ََْ َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ََُ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎن ‪ :‬ﻣﻜﺮوه ِ ﻬﺎ وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ن إِ ا ِﻞ أﻗﺮب ‪ ،‬وﻣ‬ ‫ِ ﻴ ِﻪ ِﺑﻈ ‪ ، .‬وﻫﻮ ﻗِﺴﻤ ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﻜ ُﺮوهٌ‬ ‫ََ ْ‬
‫ﺐ ﻤ‬ ‫اﺟ‬ ‫َ ْﺮ ًﻤﺎ َو ُﻫ َﻮ َﻣﺎ َ َن إ َ ا ْ َ َﺮامِ أﻗْ َﺮ َب ‪ ،‬ﻓَﺎﻟْ ِﻔ ْﻌ ُﻞ إ ْن ﺗَ َﻀﻤ َﻦ ﺗَ ْﺮ َك َ‬
‫و‬
‫ِ ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫ْ َََ َ ُ َ َُُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ْ‬
‫َ ْ َ َ َ َْ َ ُ َ َ ُ ٌ َْ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻫ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺎو‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫وه‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫)‪(٤‬‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﺐ ﺗﺄ ِﺪ ا ﺴﻨ ِﺔ‬ ‫ا ﺸﺪ ِة واﻟﻘﺮ ِب ِﻣﻦ ا ﺤ ِﺮ ِﻢ ِ ﺴ ِ‬
‫ﻼل‬ ‫َ ْﺮ ُﻢ ا ْ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ ََ َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ُ َ َُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ‬
‫ِﺮ ِﻤﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬و ِ ِﻪ ﻗﺎل‬ ‫اﻹﺑﺎﺣﺔ ﺣ ﻘﻮم ا ِ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻞ ِ اﻷﺷﻴﺎ ِء ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﻜ ْﺮ َو ُ َﻌﻀ ُﺪ َﻫ َﺬا ﻗَ ْﻮ ُ ُ ‪َ  : ‬ﻣﺎ أ َﺣﻞ ُ‬ ‫ُْ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫ُ َْ ُ َْ‬
‫اﷲ‬ ‫ا ﺸﺎﻓِ ِﻌﻴﺔ َو ﻌﺾ ا َﻨ ِﻔﻴ ِﺔ َو ِﻣﻨﻬﻢ اﻟ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ ََُ َ ٌ َ َ َ َ َ ُْ ََُ َ ٌْ َ َُْ‬ ‫ََُ َ ٌ‬
‫اﷲ‬‫ﻬﻮ ﺣﻼل ‪َ ،‬وﻣﺎ ﺣﺮم ﻬﻮ ﺣ َﺮام ‪َ ،‬وﻣﺎ ﺳﻜﺖ ﻨﻪ ﻬﻮ ﻔﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎ ﺒﻠﻮا ِﻣﻦ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫ََ‬ ‫اﷲ َ ْﻢ ﻳ َ ُ ْﻦ َ ْ َ َ ْ ً )‪َ (٥‬‬ ‫َ ﻴَﺘَ ُﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓَﺈن َ‬
‫ﻳﺚ ِأ‬ ‫ﺷ ﺌﺎ ‪َ ‬ور َوى اﻟﻄ ا ِ ِﻣﻦ ﺣ ِﺪ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬

‫)‪ (١‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ‪ " :‬إذا دﺧﻞ أﺣﺪﻛﻢ ‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري )اﻟﻔﺘﺢ ‪ - ٤٨ / ٣‬ط اﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺔ( وﻣﺴﻠﻢ )‪ - ٤١٥ / ١‬ط اﳊﻠﱯ( ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢‬ﲨﻊ اﳉﻮاﻣﻊ ‪ ،٨٠ / ١‬وﺷﺮح ﻣﺴﻠﻢ اﻟﺜﺒﻮت ﻟﻸﻧﺼﺎري ‪ ٥٨ / ١‬وﺣﺪﻳﺚ‪ " :‬ﻻ ﺗﺼﻠﻮا ﰲ أﻋﻄﺎن‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ أﺑﻮ داود )‪/ ١‬‬
‫‪ ( ٣٣١‬واﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﺟﻪ )‪ . ( ٢٥٣ / ١‬وﺻﺤﺤﻪ ﻣﻐﻠﻄﺎي ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﻓﻴﺾ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﺮ )‪ - ٢٠٠ / ٤‬اﳌﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ( ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ .(٣‬ﺷﺮح ﻣﺴﻠﻢ اﻟﺜﺒﻮت ﻟﻸﻧﺼﺎري ‪ ٥٧ / ١‬ـ ‪ ، ٥٨‬واﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎت ﻟﻠﺠﺮﺟﺎﱐ ‪. ٢٢٨‬‬
‫)‪ .(٤‬ﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺤﻄﺎوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮاﻗﻲ اﻟﻔﻼح ‪ ١٨٨‬ـ ‪. ١٨٩‬‬
‫)‪.(٥‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ ":‬ﻣﺎ أﺣﻞ اﷲ ‪ " . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﺒﺰار ) ‪ ٣٢٥ / ٣‬ـ ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﺳﺘﺎر( وإﺳﻨﺎدﻩ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ‪ ) .‬ﻣﻴﺰان اﻻﻋﺘﺪال ‪( ٢٤٢ /١‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫َ ََ َ ََ َ َ ُ َ ُ َ ََ َ َ ْ َ ْ َ َ َ َْ ُ َ‬ ‫ََْ َ‬
‫ﺎء ﻓﻼ ﺗ ﺘَ ِﻬﻜﻮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻦ أﺷﻴ‬ ‫ﻌﻠﺒَﺔ ‪  :‬إِن اﷲ ﻓﺮض ﻓﺮاﺋِﺾ ﻓﻼ ﺗﻀﻴﻌﻮﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬و‬
‫َ َ ُ ُ ً َ ََُْ َ ََ َ َ َ ْ َْ َ َ ْ َْ ْ َ َ َْ َُ‬
‫ﺎن ﻓﻼ ﺒﺤﺜﻮا‬ ‫‪ ،‬وﺣﺪ ﺣﺪودا ﻓﻼ ﻌﺘﺪوﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬وﺳﻜﺖ ﻦ أﺷﻴﺎء ِﻣﻦ ِ ِﺴﻴ ٍ‬
‫ْ َْ ْ َ َ َ َ ُ َ ْ ً‬ ‫ََ َ َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫َ َْ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ﺎن ﻓﻼ ﺘَ ﻔﻮﻫﺎ َر َﺔ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﺴ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺜ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﺳ‬‫و‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻆ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻨ َﻬﺎ ‪ ‬و ِ ﻟ‬
‫َ ُ َ ْ ُ َ‬
‫)‪(١‬‬
‫ﻟ ْﻢ ﻓﺎ ﺒَﻠﻮﻫﺎ ‪‬‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫ْ ُ َ َ ْ ْ َ‬
‫ﻳﺚ َﺳﻠ َﻤﺎن ‪  : ‬ﻧﻪ ‪ُ ‬ﺳﺌِﻞ َﻋ ِﻦ‬ ‫َور َوى اﻟ ِﻣ ِﺬي َوا ﻦ ﻣﺎﺟﻪ ِﻣﻦ ﺣ ِﺪ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ام َﻣﺎ َﺣﺮمَ‬ ‫اﷲ ﻛﺘَﺎﺑﻪ ‪َ ،‬وا ْ َ َﺮ ُ‬ ‫ﻼل َﻣﺎ أَ َﺣﻞ ُ‬ ‫َْ ُ‬ ‫ْ َ ََ َ‬
‫ا ُ ِ َوا ﺴ ْﻤ ِﻦ َواﻟ ِﻐﺬا ِء ﻘﺎل ‪ :‬ا‬
‫ْْ‬
‫ِ ِ ِِ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫َ َ َ ْ ُ )‪َ َ َ ْ َ َ (٢‬‬ ‫ََ َ َ َ َ ُْ ََُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ِﺮ ِﻢ‬ ‫اﷲ ِ ِﻛﺘﺎﺑِ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ ﺳﻜﺖ ﻨﻪ ﻬﻮ ِ ﻤﺎ ﻔﺎ ﻨﻪ ‪ . ‬وﻗﺪ ﻧﺰل ِ‬
‫اﷲ ﻚ ﴾‬
‫ُ َ َ‬
‫ﺣﻞ‬ ‫َﻢ ُ َﺮ ُم َﻣﺎ أَ َ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺎر َك َو َ َﻌﺎ َ ‪ ﴿ :‬ﻳَﺎ َ َ‬
‫ﻬ‬ ‫ا ْ َﻼل ﻗَ ْﻮ ُل اﷲ َﺒَ َ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ َْ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ ُ ْ َ َُ َ ْ ََ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫)ا ﺤﺮ ﻢ ‪ِ (١‬إ ﻗﻮ ِ ِ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﴿ﻗﺪ ﻓﺮض اﷲ ﻟ ﻢ ِ ﻠﺔ أ ﻤﺎﻧِ ﻢ ﴾ )ا ﺤﺮ ﻢ ‪ (٢‬ﻓ ِ‬
‫َ َ َ ْ ُ ُ َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َ َ َ َ ُ َ ْ‬
‫اﷲ ﻨ َﻬﺎ ‪ :‬أن ا ِ ‪ ‬ن ﻤﻜﺚ ِﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻴﺢ ُ ْﺴ ِﻠ ٍﻢ ﻦ ِﺸﺔ ر ِ‬ ‫ﺻ ِﺤ ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫َ َ ْ َََ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َْ َ‬ ‫َ َ ُ َْ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ََْ َ ْ‬
‫اﷲ ﻨ َﻬﺎ ﻓ َ َ ُب ِﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ َﻋ َﺴﻼ ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ‪ :‬ﺘﻮاﻃﺄت‬ ‫ﺖ َﺟﺤ ٍﺶ ر ِ‬ ‫ز ﻨﺐ ﺑِﻨ ِ‬
‫َ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫َْ ُْ‬ ‫ََ َ َ ْ َ ُ َ َ ََ َ َ َ َ َ ََْ َ ُ ُ‬
‫اﷲ ‪ ‬ﻓﻠﺘَﻘﻞ ‪ :‬إِ أ ِﺟﺪ ِﻣﻨﻚ ِر َﺢ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮل‬ ‫أﻧﺎ وﺣﻔﺼﺔ أن ﻳ ﻨﺎ ﻣﺎ دﺧﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ رﺳ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ َ ْ َ َ َ َ ََ َ َ ََ ْ َ ُ َ ََ َ ْ َ َ َ ََ َ‬
‫ﺖ ُ ذ ِﻚ ‪ .‬ﻘﺎل ‪ :‬ﺑَﻞ‬ ‫إِﺣﺪاﻫﻤﺎ ﻘﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺎ ِ ‪ .‬أ ﻠﺖ ﻣﻐﺎ ِ ؟ ﻓﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫َ َ ََ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ ََْ َ ْ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ َ َ‬
‫ﺖ َﺟﺤ ٍﺶ ‪َ ،‬وﻟ ْﻦ أ ُﻋﻮد ُ َ ل ﻗ ْﻮ َﻌﺎ ‪َ ِ ﴿ :‬ﻢ‬ ‫ِ ﺖ ﻋﺴﻼ ِﻋﻨﺪ ز ﻨﺐ ﺑِﻨ ِ‬
‫َ َ َ َ َ ْ َ َ )‪(٣‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َُ ُ َ َ‬
‫ﺮم ﻣﺎ أﺣﻞ اﷲ ﻚ ﴾ إِ ﻗﻮ ِ ِ ‪ ﴿ :‬إِن ﺘﻮ ﺎ ﴾ )ا ﺤﺮ ﻢ ‪ِ (٤‬ﻟﻌﺎ ِﺸﺔ وﺣﻔﺼﺔ ‪‬‬
‫َ َ َ َ َ َ ُ ْ ْ ُ َ َ ْ َ َ َْ َْ ُ ْ ُ َُْ َ‬ ‫َو ﻗَ ْ‬
‫ﺐ ْﻦ‬ ‫ﺎر ﺔ اﻟ ِﻘﺒ ِﻄﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻘﺪ روى ا ﻬﻴﺜﻢ ﻦ ﻴ ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫إ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ل‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ َ َ َ َ ُ َ ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ُ ََ َ َ ُ َ ُْ َ َ‬
‫ﻤﺮ ر ِ اﷲ ﻨﻪ ﻗﺎل ‪  :‬ﻗﺎل ا ِ ‪ ِ ‬ﻔﺼﺔ ر ِ اﷲ ﻨﻬﺎ ‪ :‬ﻻ ِ ِي‬
‫ُ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ْ َ ََ َ َ َ ٌ َ َ َ ْ َ َُ ُ َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ َ ً‬
‫ﺎر ﺔ ﻋ ﺣﺮام ﻘﺎﻟﺖ ‪ :‬أ ﺮم ﻣﺎ أﺣﻞ اﷲ ﻚ ؟‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫أﺣﺪا و ِن أم إِﺑ َﺮا ِﻫﻴﻢ ﻌ ِ ﻣ ِ‬
‫ت َ َﺸ َﺔ ‪ .‬ﻗَ َﺎل ‪ :‬ﻓَﺄﻧ ْ َﺰ َل ُ‬ ‫ََْ ْ‬ ‫َ َ ََ َْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ ََ‬
‫اﷲ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﷲ ﻻ أﻗ َﺮ ُ َﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ﻓﻠ ْﻢ ﻘ َﺮ ْ َﻬﺎ َﺣ أﺧ‬ ‫ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ﻓﻮ ِ‬

‫)‪.(١‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬إن اﷲ ﻓﺮض ﻓﺮاﺋﺾ ﻓﻼ ﺗﻀﻴﻌﻮﻫﺎ ‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﺪارﻗﻄﲏ ) ‪( ٢٩٨ / ٤‬‬
‫)‪.(٢‬اﻷﺷﺒﺎﻩ واﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻮﻃﻲ ص ‪ ، ٦٥‬واﻷﺷﺒﺎﻩ واﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﻻﺑﻦ ﳒﻴﻢ ص ‪ ٢٧‬وﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬اﳊﻼل ﻣﺎ أﺣﻞ اﷲ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ " أﺧﺮﺟﻪ‬
‫اﻟﱰﻣﺬي ) ‪ ٢٢٠ / ٤‬ـ ط اﳊﻠﱯ ( ‪ ،‬واﳊﺎﻛﻢ ) ‪ ١١٥ / ٤‬ـ ط داﺋﺮة اﳌﻌﺎرف اﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ( وﺿﻌﻔﻪ اﻟﺬﻫﱯ ﻟﻀﻌﻒ أﺣﺪ رواﺗﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻧﺰول ] ﻳﺎ أﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﱯ ﱂ ﲢﺮم ﻣﺎ أﺣﻞ اﷲ ﻟﻚ [ أﺧﺮﺟﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ) ‪ ١١٠٠ / ٢‬ـ ط اﳊﻠﱯ ( ‪.‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪١١‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ُ َ ُ َ َ َْ‬ ‫َْ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫)ا ﺤﺮ ﻢ ‪(٢‬‬
‫)‪(١‬‬
‫اﷲ ﻟ ْﻢ ِ ﻠﺔ أ َﻤﺎﻧِ ْﻢ ﴾‬ ‫َﻌﺎ ‪ ﴿ :‬ﻗﺪ ﻓ َﺮض‬
‫َْ َُ‬
‫اﻷﻃ ِﻌﻤﺔ‬
‫ُ َ ُْ َُ ُ ْ ًَ ََ َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻷ ْﻃ ِﻌ َﻤﺔ ‪ُ ْ :‬ﻊ َﻃ َﻌﺎمٍ ‪َ ،‬وﻫ َﻮ ِ ا ﻠﻐ ِﺔ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ ‪ ،‬و ﺬا‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ َُْ ُُ َُْ ْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻮت ِﻣ َﻦ ا ْ ِﻨْ َﻄ ِﺔ َ‬ ‫ُ َ ُ ُْ ُْ ُ‬
‫اق‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻌ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺎز‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻠ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻌ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺬ ِﻣﻨﻪ اﻟﻘ‬
‫ﻮن َ َ اﻟْ َﻘ ْﻤﺢ َﺧﺎﺻ ًﺔ ‪َ .‬و ُ َﻘ ُﺎل ‪َ :‬ﻃﻌ َﻢ ا ْ َء َ ْﻄ َﻌ ُﻤ ُﻪ ) ﺑ َﻮ ْزن ‪َ :‬ﻏﻨﻢَ‬ ‫ََْ ُ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻷﻗﺪ‬
‫ُْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ََُ ْ َ َُ َ َ ْ ْ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫ََُْ ُ ًْ‬
‫اﺳﺘُﻌ ِﻤﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟ ِﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻮن‪ِ -‬إذا أ ﻠﻪ أو ذاﻗﻪ ‪ .‬و ِذا‬ ‫ﻐﻨﻢ( ﻃﻌﻤﺎ ‪ِ -‬ﺑﻀﻢ ﻓﺴﻜ ٍ‬
‫ﻴﻤﺎ ُ ْ َ ُب)‪َ (٢‬ﻛ َﻤﺎ ﻗَ ْﻮ َ َﻌﺎ َ ‪ ﴿ :‬إن َ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﺎ ﻳُ ْﺆ َ ُ َو َ‬ ‫ﺎز َ‬ ‫ﺑ َﻤ ْﻌ َ ا َو َ َ‬
‫اﷲ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اق ﺟ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫َ ْ ْ َ ْ َ ُْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ُ َْ ُ ْ ََ َ ْ َ َ ُْ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻣ ﴾ )ا ﻘﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘ ِﻠﻴ ﻢ ﺑِﻨﻬ ٍﺮ ﻤﻦ ِب ِﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻠ َﺲ ِﻣ َوﻣﻦ ﻢ ﻄﻌﻤﻪ ﻓﺈِﻧﻪ ِ‬
‫ََ ْ ُُ َُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ ْ‬ ‫‪َ . (٢٤٩‬وﻻ َ ْ ُﺮ ُج ا ْ َﻤ ْﻌ َ‬
‫اﻻﺻ ِﻄﻼ ِ َﻋ ِﻦ ا َﻤﻌ َ ا ﻠﻐ ِﻮي اﻷو ِل ‪ .‬و ﺬﻛﺮوﻧﻪ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫َ َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ َ َ َ َ َ ٌ َ َ‬ ‫ُ َ‬ ‫َ ً‬
‫اء ن ِﻠﺘﻐﺬي ‪ ،‬ﻟﻘ ْﻤ ِﺢ‬ ‫أﻳْﻀﺎ ِ ا ﺮ َﺎ ﻳُ ِﺮ ﺪون ِﺑ ِﻪ " ﻣﻄﻌﻮم اﻵد ِﻣﻴ " ﺳﻮ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ َ َ‬ ‫َوا ْ َ‬
‫ﻼح ﺒ ِﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺻ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫او‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻠﺘ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺎح‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻠﺘ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﺰ‬ ‫مِ‬‫د‬ ‫ﺄ‬‫ﻠﺘ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ء‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬
‫ْ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ا ﺴ ْﻮدا ِء َوا ِﻤﻠ ِﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََ ُ َ ُْ َُ َ َ ُْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََ ْ ُ ْ ُ ُْ َ َ ُ َْ َ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆ وﻣﺎ ب ‪ِ ،‬ﺳﻮى‬ ‫ﺎء ﻟﻔﻆ " اﻷﻃ ِﻌﻤ ِﺔ "‬ ‫وﻗﺪ ﻄ ِﻠﻖ اﻟﻔﻘﻬ‬
‫ﻮد ُﻫ ْﻢ ‪َ :‬ﻣﺎ ُ ْﻤ ُﻦ أ ﻠُ ُﻪ أ ْو ُ ْ ُ ُﻪ ‪َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََْ ُ ُ‬ ‫ا ْ َﻤﺎ ِء َوا ْ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ات‬‫ِ ِ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﺴ‬
‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ًَ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ا َﻮﺳ ِﻊ ‪َ ،‬و َ ْﻮ َ َن ِ ﻤﺎ ﻻ ُ ْﺴ َ َﺴﺎغ َوﻻ ﻳُ َﻨَ َ‬
‫ﺎول َ دة ‪ِ ،‬ﻤ ْﺴ ِﻚ َوﻗِ ِ ا َﻴْ ِﺾ)‪.(٣‬‬
‫ُْ ْ َ ُ َْ ً‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ ُْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ ْ ُْ َ َْ ُ َ َُ َ ً َ‬
‫ﻜﺮات أﻳﻀﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺖ ا ﻤﺴ ِ‬ ‫و ِ ﻤﺎ اﺳ ﺜ ِ ا ﻤﺎء ﻷن ﺑﺎﺑﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ِﺑﺎﺳ ِﻤ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬واﺳ ﺜ ِﻴ ِ‬
‫ﺎح َو َﻣﺎ ﻳُ ْ َﺮهُ‬ ‫ان ﻳَ ُﺪل ﺑﻪ َ َ َﻣﺎ ُ ﺒَ ُ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ َ َْ َ ُ َ َْ ٌ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ِِ‬ ‫ﻢ إِن ﻮﺿﻮع اﻷﻃ ِﻌﻤ ِﺔ ﻫﻮ ِﻋﻨﻮ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫َو َﻣﺎ ُﺮ ُم ِﻣﻨ َﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ ََ َ َ ْ ُْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََ َ ُ َ ْ َ ْ َ‬
‫ِب ﻓ ِﺈ ﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﺄ ِ ﺗﺮ ﺘﻬﺎ وﺗﻔ ِﺼﻴﻠﻬﺎ – ِإن ﺷﺂء اﷲ‬ ‫وأﻣﺎ آداب اﻷ ِﻞ وا‬

‫)‪.(١‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻤﺮ ‪ " :‬ﻻ ﲣﱪي أﺣﺪا " أوردﻩ اﺑﻦ ﻛﺜﲑ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ رواﻳﺔ اﳍﻴﺜﻢ ﺑﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﺐ ﰲ ﺳﻨﺪﻩ وﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ﻫﺬا إﺳﻨﺎد ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪ .‬وﱂ‬
‫ﳜﺮﺟﻪ أﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺴﺘﺔ ‪ ) .‬ﺗﻔﺴﲑ اﺑﻦ ﻛﺜﲑ ‪ ٥١ / ٧‬ـ ط دار اﻷﻧﺪﻟﺲ ( ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(٢‬ﻟﺴﺎن اﻟﻌﺮب ‪ ،‬وﺗﺎج اﻟﻌﺮوس ﻣﺎدة ‪ ) :‬ﻃﻌﻢ ( ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ .(٣‬اﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺘﺐ اﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻴﺔ وﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﰲ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ اﻟﺮﺑﺎ واﻟﻜﻔﺎرة واﻟﻔﺪﻳﺔ واﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ أوﱄ اﻟﻨﻬﻰ ﰲ اﻟﻔﻘﻪ اﳊﻨﺒﻠﻲ ‪. ٣٠٨ / ٦‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪١٢ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ُ ْ َ َُ َ َ َ‬
‫‪.-‬‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ وﺗﻌﺎ‬
‫َْ ُ َ‬
‫ﻴﻢ اﻷ ْﻃ ِﻌ َﻤ ِﺔ‬ ‫ﻘ ِﺴ‬
‫َْ َ َ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََْ ُ َْ َُ َ َْ َ ْ‬
‫ﻨﻘ ِﺴﻢ اﻷﻃ ِﻌﻤﺔ ِإ ﻧﻮ ِ ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﻮا ِﻴ ٍﺔ ‪ ،‬و ِ ﺣﻴﻮا ِﻴ ٍﺔ ‪ .‬ﻢ ِإن ا ﻴﻮان‬
‫اع ﻴﻬﺎَ‬ ‫َ ْ ْ َْ ََْ ٌ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫َ ﻨْ َﻘﺴ ُﻢ إ َ ﻗ ْﺴ َﻤ ْ َرﺋ َﺴ ْ ‪َ :‬ﻣﺎ ‪َ ،‬و َ‬
‫ِﻣﻦ اﻟ ِﻘﺴﻤ ِ أﻧﻮ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﺎح ‪،‬‬ ‫ان ‪ :‬أوﻻ ‪ :‬إِ ُﻣﺒَ ٍ‬ ‫َ ََْ ُ َْ ُ ُ َ ََ َ‬ ‫ُْ َُ‬ ‫َ ُْ َُ َ َ َ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆ و ِ ﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺆ ‪ .‬و ﻨﻘ ِﺴﻢ ا ﻤﺄ ﻮل ِﻣﻦ ا ﻴﻮ ِ‬
‫ُْ َ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫ُْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫َو َﻣﻜ ُﺮو ٍه ‪ .‬ﺛﺎ ِﻴًﺎ ‪ِ :‬إ َﻣﺎ ﺸ َ ُط ا ة ِ ِﺣﻠ ِﻪ ‪َ ،‬و َﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺸ َ ُط ‪.‬‬
‫َ‬ ‫َُ ُ ْ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫َ َ ْ َ َ َ ْ َ ُ َْ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻮد ﺑﺎ ْ َﻴَ َ‬ ‫َ َْ ْ ُ ُ‬
‫ﺎن‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻺ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮز‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻌ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ان‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اع‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺎمِ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ان‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫وا ﻤﻘﺼ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ َ َْ َ ُ‬ ‫َ ُُْ َ ْ ً َْ َُ ُ َ َُ ُ َ َْ َُ‬
‫ﺎن‬ ‫ﻺﺴ ِ‬ ‫اﻹ ﺴﺎن ﻔﺴﻪ ِﺑﺎﻟ َﺴﺒ ِﺔ ِ ِ‬ ‫أو ﻻ ﻮز ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﻳﺮاد ِﺑ ِﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺸﻤﻞ ِ‬ ‫أ ﻠﻪ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻴﻤﺎ َ ِ ﻞ ِﻺ ْ َﺴﺎن أ ْ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺑَﻞ اﻟْ َ ُم َ ْ ُﺼ ٌ‬
‫ﺎر أن َﻣﺎ ِﺳ َﻮى‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺎﻋﺘﺒَ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺑ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻮر َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُْ َ َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ ََ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ َ ْ َ ََ ُ ُ ُ ْ َ َُ ََْ‬
‫ﺎن و ﺼﻠﺤ ِﺘ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ِﻤﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳ ﺘ ِﻔﻊ ِﺑ ِﻪ‬ ‫اﻹ ﺴ ِ‬ ‫ﺎن ﻗﺪ ﺧﻠﻘﻪ اﷲ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ِﻤﻨﻔﻌ ِﺔ ِ‬ ‫اﻹ ﺴ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫اﻹ َﺴﺎن ِﺑﺎﻷ ِﻞ َو ْ ِهِ ‪َ ،‬و ِﻣﻨﻪ َﻣﺎ ﻳَ ﺘَ ِﻔ ُﻊ ِﺑ ِﻪ ِﻟﻐ ْ ِاﻷ ِﻞ ِﻣ ْﻦ ُو ُﺟﻮهِ ا َﻤﻨﺎﻓِ ِﻊ ‪.‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺎن ﻔ ُﺴ ُﻪ ‪ ،‬ا ي ُﻫ َﻮ أ َ ف ا َﻴَ َﻮان َ ً‬‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺎ َوا ِ ي َﺳﺨ َﺮ ُ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻹ ﺴ‬ ‫أﻣﺎ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ ََْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َُْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ َ ُ َ َْ ُ ُ ُُْ‬
‫ﻼل َو َﺣ َﺮامٍ ‪،‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻋﺪاه ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻤﻪ ِ ﻣﻔﻬﻮمِ اﻷﻃ ِﻌﻤ ِﺔ و ﻘ ِﺴﻴ ِﻤﻬﺎ ِإ ﺣ ٍ‬
‫ُ‬
‫ﺖ ُﺳﻼ ُﻪ َو ْﻮﻧﻪ َو ِدﻳﻨﻪ َو ِ ﺌَﺘُﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ُُ‬ ‫َ ُ َ ُُ‬ ‫َﻌﺔ اﻹ ْﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ‪ َ ،‬ﻳﺎ َ ﻧَ ْ‬ ‫ََ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ِﻟﻜ َﺮاﻣ ِﺘ ِﻪ ِ ﻈ ِﺮ ا ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ورة ‪َ ،‬و ُ َ ٌح ﺑ َ‬
‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﻮﻣ ٌﺔ ِﻣ َﻦ ا ﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻓَ ُﺤ ْﺮ َﻣ ُﺔ َ ْﻤﻪ َ َ ﺑَ ﺟ ْﺴﻪ َﻣ ْﻌﻠُ َ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ ُ ْ َ َ ْ ُ ُ ْ ْ )‪َ ُ َ َ ُ ْ ُ َ ْ َ َ َ َ (١‬‬
‫ﺎء ْﻦ ُﺣ ْﺮ َﻣ ِﺔ ْ ِﻤ ِﻪ‬ ‫ﺐ اﻟ ِﻔﻘ ِﻪ ‪ .‬و ِ ِﻚ ﻻ ﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻔﻘﻬ‬ ‫اﺿﻊ ﺘ ِﻠﻔ ٍﺔ ِﻣﻦ ﻛﺘ ِ‬ ‫ﻮ ِ‬
‫ْ َْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﻚ َ‬ ‫ْ َ َ َ ُْ َُ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﻻﺳ ِﺜﻨﺎ ِﻴ ِﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﺿ ِﻄ َ‬ ‫ﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎب اﻷﻃ ِﻌﻤ ِﺔ ‪ ،‬و ِ ﻤﺎ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ذ ِ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ﺑ ِ‬
‫َ ْ َْْ ُ ُ َ ُ ُْ َ َ ُ َ ًَ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ ُ َ ُ َ َ َْ َ َ َ‬
‫ﻮل ﻌ اﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎء دة ﻦ ﻋﺪمِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫و ِ ﺐ ا ﺒﻪ ِإ أن ا ﻴﻮاﻧ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َﺟ َﻮاز أَ ْ ﻠ َﻬﺎ ﺑﺈ ْﺣ َﺪى اﻟْﻌﺒَ َ‬
‫ﺎرات ا ﺎ ِ َ ِﺔ ‪ " :‬ﻻ َ ِ ﻞ أ ْ ﻠُ َﻬﺎ " ‪ُ ْ َ " ،‬ﺮ ُم أ ْ ﻠُ َﻬﺎ " ‪ُ ْ َ " ،‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ْ ِ ِ ِِ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫َْ َ‬ ‫ُُ‬‫َ‬ ‫َُ ُْ َُ‬ ‫ْ َ َُ‬ ‫ُ ْ َُ ْ َُ َ َ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺐ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﻏ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺐا ﻨِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻮل " ‪ " ،‬ﻳ ﺮه أ ﻠﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬وﻫ ِﺬ ِه اﻟ ِﻌﺒﺎرة اﻷ ِﺧ ة ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ِ ﻛﺘ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺄ ٍ‬
‫ُ َْ َ َ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻮن َد ُﻞ ُ‬
‫ﺣ ْﺮ َﻣﺘ َﻬﺎ َ َﻈﺮﻫﻢْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ََُ ُ َ ْ ََ َُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ِِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻮ ِ‬
‫اع ‪ ،‬و ﺮاد ﺑِﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﺮاﻫﺔ ا ﺤ ِﺮ ِﻤﻴﺔ ِﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳ‬

‫)‪.(١‬اﻟﺪر اﳌﺨﺘﺎر ﲝﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺑﺪﻳﻦ ‪ ، ١٣٦ / ١‬واﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﺼﻐﲑ ‪ ، ٣٢٣ / ١‬وﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ أوﱄ اﻟﻨﻬﻰ ‪ . ٣٢٣ / ٦‬و ﺎﻳﺔ اﶈﺘﺎج ‪١٥٢ / ٨‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪١٣ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫َ َ‬
‫ْ َ ْﻄ ِ ‪.‬‬
‫ْ‬
‫ﺎت َ ْ ُ ا ْ َﻤﺄ ُ ﻮﻟَ ِﺔ َواﺣ ٌﺪ ِﻣﻨْ َﻬﺎ ُﺣ ْﺮ َﻣ ُﺔ أَ ْﻠﻪ َ ْﻄﻌﻴ ٌﺔ إ ْ َﺎ ﻴ ٌﺔ ‪َ ،‬و ُﻫﻮَ‬ ‫َ َْ َ َ َ ُ‬
‫ﻓﺎ ﻴﻮاﻧ‬
‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ْ ْ َ َْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ٌ َ‬ ‫ْْ‬
‫ا ِ ِ ُﺮ‪َ .‬و ِ ﺑَ ِﻘﻴ ِﺘ َﻬﺎ ِﺧﻼف ﻗ ِﻮي أ ْو ﺿ ِﻌﻴﻒ ‪ ،‬ﻴَ ِﺼﺢ َو ْﺻﻔ َﻬﺎ ِﺑﺎ ُﺮﻣ ِﺔ أو‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ َ َ‬
‫ِﺑﺎﻟﻜ َﺮاﻫ ِﺔ ا ﺤ ِﺮ ِﻤﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫َُْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َْ ُ َ ُُْ َ‬
‫ﺎب ﺘ ِﻠﻔ ٍﺔ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺮم أ ﻠﻪ ﻷﺳﺒ ٍ‬
‫َ َْ ُ َ‬ ‫ُ َ َ َْ َ‬ ‫ََ َْ‬ ‫ْ ْ‬ ‫َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻴﻤﺎ ﻜ ُﻤﻮن‬ ‫ﺐ ِ‬ ‫ﻴﻼت ﻘﻬﺎ ِء ا ﻤﺬا ِﻫ ِ‬ ‫ﻈﻬ ُﺮ ِﻣﻦ اﻻﺳ ِﺘﻘ َﺮا ِء َوﺗ ﺒ ِﻊ ﻌ ِﻠ ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﻷ َﺣﺪ أَ ْﺳﺒَ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َ َ َْ َُ َ‬ ‫ُْ َ َ ْ َ ُ َُْ ُ َ ُْ‬
‫ﺎب ْ َﺴ ٍﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ء‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ِ ﺮﻣ ِﺔ أ ِﻠ ِﻪ ﻧﻪ ﺮم أ‬
‫ُ َْ َ َ َْ ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُ َ ُ‬
‫ﻼﺣﻖ ﺑِﺎ ﺪ ِن أ ِو اﻟﻌﻘ ِﻞ‬ ‫ا ﺴﺒﺐ اﻷول ‪ :‬ا ر ا ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ُ َ َ ٌ َ َ ْ َََ ً َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ َْ ٌَ َ ٌَ ْ‬
‫و ِﻬﺬا أﻣ ِﺜﻠﺔ ﻛ ِﺜ ة ‪ِ :‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ :‬اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ا ﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﺳﻮاء أ ﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﻴﻮا ِﻴﺔ ﺴﻤ ِﻚ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ﻮر َوا ﺤ ِﻞ ‪َ ،‬و َﻣﺎ ُ ْﺴﺘَﺨ َﺮ ُج‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ا ﺴﺎم ‪َ ،‬و َ ْ َﻮ َز ِغ َواﻟْ َﻌ َﻘﺎرب َوا ْ َﻴﺎت ا ﺴﺎﻣﺔ َوا ﺰ ْﺒُ‬
‫َِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻣﻨْ َﻬﺎ ﻣ ْﻦ َ َﻮاد َ‬
‫ﺎر ا ﺴﺎﻣ ِﺔ ‪ .‬أم‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫َ‬
‫و‬ ‫ﺎر‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫اﻷ‬ ‫ﺾ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ِ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ َﺎدﻳ ًﺔ َ ﺰ ْر ﻴﺦ ‪ ،‬ﻓَ ُ َﻫﺬه ْ ُﺮ ُم ‪ ،‬ﻟ َﻘ ْﻮ ِ َ َﻌﺎ ‪َ ﴿ :‬وﻻ َ ْﻘﺘُﻠﻮا أ ْ ُﻔ َﺴ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻢ ﴾ )اﻟ ﺴﺎء‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُ َََ َْ َ ُ َ ُ ُ َ ََ َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫‪َ (٢٩‬وﻟ َﻘ ْﻮل ا ﺮ ُﺳﻮل ‪َ  : ‬ﻣ ْﻦ َ‬
‫ﺳﻤﺎ ﻘﺘﻞ ﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﺴﻤﻪ ِ ﻳ ِﺪهِ ﺘﺤﺴﺎه ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ُ َْ َُ َ‬ ‫َ َ ً )‪َ ْ َ َ ْ َ (١‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻧَﺎر َﺟ َﻬﻨ َﻢ َﺧﺎ ً ا ُ َ ً‬
‫ﻜﻴﺔ َوا َﻨ ِﺎﺑﻠﺔ ِﺑﺄن‬ ‫ا ِﻴﻬﺎ أﺑﺪا ‪ . ‬ﻟ ِ ﻦ ح ا ﻤﺎ ِﻟ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َﻫﺬه ا ﺴ ُﻤ َ‬
‫ﻣ ْﻦ ﺗ ُه )‪َ . (٢‬وﻫﺬا ﻇﺎ ِﻫ ٌﺮ ﻓ ِﺈن ﻛ ِﺜ ًا ِﻣ َﻦ اﻷد ِو َ ِﺔ‬ ‫ﻮم إِ َﻤﺎ ُﺮ ُم‬ ‫ِِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﺎء ُ ْﺘَﻮ َ ٌﺔ َ َ ا ﺴ ُﻤ ﺑﺎﻟ َﻘ ْﺪر ا ي ﻻ ﻳَ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﻹ َﺴﺎن ‪ ،‬ﺑَﻞ‬
‫َ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻳَ ِﺼ ُﻔ َﻬﺎ اﻷ ِﻃﺒ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻮمِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﻴﻢ اﻷ ْ َﺮاض ‪ ،‬ﻛ َﻤﺎ أن ﺗَ ﺛ َﺮ اﻷ ْﺷ َﺨﺎص ﺑﺎ ﺴ ُﻤ أﻧْ َﻮا ً‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻴﺪ ُه َو َ ْﻘﺘُﻞ َﺟ َﺮا َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ ُ‬
‫ِ ِ ﻮمِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻳ ِﻔ‬
‫َ ْ ُ َْ ْ ُ ُ َ‬ ‫ُْ‬ ‫َ َ ُ ََ ُ َْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ََ َ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ ََْ ُ‬
‫ﺐ اﻷﺧ َﺮى ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ا ﻤﻔﻬﻮم أن‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻫ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻋ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺎه‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫وﻣﻘﺎ ِدﻳﺮ ﺘ ِﻠ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ا ُﻤ َﺤﺮ َم ﻫ َﻮ َﻌﺎ ِ اﻟﻘﺪ ِر ا ﻀﺎر ِﻣ ْﻦ ﻫ ِﺬ ِه ا ﺴ ُﻤﻮمِ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺎء ا ﻀﺎر ُة َو ْن َ ْﻢ ﺗَ ُ ْﻦ َﺳﺎﻣ ًﺔ ‪َ ،‬وﻗَ ْﺪ ُذﻛ َﺮ ﻣﻨْ َﻬﺎ ُﻛﺘُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺐ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َو ِﻣﻨْ َﻬﺎ ‪ :‬اﻷ ْﺷﻴَ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬

‫)‪.(١‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬ﻣﻦ ﲢﺴﻰ ﲰﺎ ‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ) اﻟﻔﺘﺢ ‪ ٢٤٧ / ١٠‬ـ ط اﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺔ ( ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ .(٢‬اﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﺼﻐﲑ ‪ ١٨٣ / ٢‬ﻃﺒﻌﺔ دار اﳌﻌﺎرف ‪ ،‬وﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ أوﱄ اﻟﻨﻬﻰ ‪. ٣٠٩ / ٦‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪١٤ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫َ َ َُْ ُ ََ‬ ‫ﺤ ُﻢ َ َ َﺳ ﻴﻞ ا ْ‬ ‫ُ َ َ ُ َ َْ َ ُ َ ْ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ ْ‬
‫ﻴﻞ ‪ ،‬و ِ ﻤﺎ ﺮم‬ ‫ﺜ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫اب‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻄ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫اﻟ ِﻔ ِ‬
‫ﻘ‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ َ َ ْ َ ُ َ َ َ ِ َ ْ َِ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ ُ ُ َ َ‬
‫ﺎت أ ِو‬ ‫ان أ ِو ا ﺒ ِ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺗ ه ‪ .‬وﻻ ﺷﻚ أن ﻫﺬا ا ﻮع ﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ ن ِﻣﻦ ا ﻴﻮ ِ‬
‫َ ُْ َ َ َ َْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َْ‬ ‫ا ْ َ َﻤﺎد َو ُ ْﻌ َﺮ ُف ا ﻀﺎر ﻣ ْﻦ َ ْ‬
‫ال اﻷ ِﻃﺒﺎ ِء وا ﻤﺠﺮ ِ ‪ .‬وﻻ ﻓﺮق‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎر‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫َِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫َ ْ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﺎت أ ْو ِﺳ َﻮاﻫﺎ َ َ أن ﻳَ ﻮن َ َﺮﺿﺎ ُﺟ ْﺴ َﻤﺎ ِﻴﺎ ﻳﺎ ن‬ ‫ﺎﺻ ِﻞ ِﺑﺎ ﺴﻤﻴ ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫ِر ا َ ِ‬
‫ا َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫َ ْ َْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫َ ْ َ ُ ْ ًَ ُ ُ َ ْ َ َ ُُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻜﻴﺔ ِ اﻟﻄ ِ ﻗﻮﻟ ِ‬ ‫ﻮن َوا ﺒ ِﻞ ‪َ .‬وذﻛ َﺮ ا ﻤﺎ ِﻟ ِ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻪ ‪ ،‬أو آﻓﺔ ﺗ ِﺼﻴﺐ اﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻨ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ ْ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫ْ َ ََ‬ ‫ْ َ‬
‫‪ :‬ا ُ ْﺮ َﻣﺔ ‪َ ،‬واﻟﻜ َﺮاﻫﺔ ‪َ ،‬وﻗﺎ ﻮا ‪ِ :‬إن ا ُﻤﻌﺘَ َﻤﺪ ا ُ ْﺮ َﻣﺔ ‪َ ،‬وذﻛ َﺮ ا ﺸﺎﻓِ ِﻌﻴﺔ ُﺣ ْﺮ َﻣﺔ‬
‫اب ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺤﻢ ‪َ ،‬واﻟ َ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ َْ َ َ ُ َ َ َ َ ْ َ ْ‬
‫ﻔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻫ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﻄ َوا ْ َ َﺠﺮ َ َ َﻣ ْﻦ ﻳَ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫اوى ﺑﻪ ‪َ .‬وﻋﻠﻞ َﺻ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫"‬ ‫ﺐ أو ِ ا‬ ‫ﺎﺣﺐ " ﻣﻄﺎ ِﻟ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َواﻟﻄ ِ اﻟﻜ ِﺜ ِ ا ِ ي ﻻ ﺘﺪ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫ْ َ ََ‬
‫) ‪.( ١‬‬
‫اﻟﻜ َﺮاﻫﺔ ِﺑﺎ َ ِر ‪َ ،‬ﻣ َﻊ ﻧﻪ ﺒْﻞ ذ ِﻚ َﺟ َﻌﻞ ا َ َر َﺳ َﺒًﺎ ِﻠﺘﺤ ِﺮ ِﻢ‬
‫ْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ َ ُ َ‬ ‫َ ُ‬
‫اﻹﺳ ر أ ِو ا ﺨ ِﺪﻳﺮ أ ِو اﻟ ِ ﻴﺪ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ا ﺴﺒﺐ ا ﺎ ِ ‪ِ :‬‬
‫َْ‬ ‫ََ ْ ُ ُ ُْ ْ ُ َ ُ َ َ َ َ ْ ْ َ ُ َ ْ‬
‫ﺐ اﻟ َﻌﻘﻞ دون ا َ َﻮاس َﻣ َﻊ ﺸ َﻮ ٍة َو َﻃ َﺮ ٍب ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻜﺮ ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻴ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺮم ا ﻤﺴ ِ‬
‫اء أ َ ﺎﻧَ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻜ َﺮات ‪َ ،‬ﺳ َﻮ ٌ‬ ‫َ ْ َ ْﻤﺮ ا ْ ُﻤﺘ َﺨﺬ ﻣ ْﻦ َﻋﺼ اﻟْﻌﻨَﺐ اﻟ ِء ‪َ ،‬و َﺳﺎﺋﺮ ا ْ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﺖ ِﻣ ْﻦ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫َ ِِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ْ َ ْ َ َ َ َ َ َْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﻴﺬ ا ﺸﺪﻳﺪ ا ُﻤ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫َ ْ ا َﻴَ َ‬
‫ﻴﺾ ا ِ ي‬ ‫ان ﻠ ِ ا ﻤ ِﺨ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ْ ٍء ﺪ ٍر َو ُﻘﺎل ُ ‪" :‬ا ُﻤﻔ ِﺴﺪ"‬ ‫ﻜ ًﺮا ‪َ .‬و ُﺮ ُم أ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻤ َﺮ َوﺻﺎر ﺴ ِ‬ ‫ﺗ ِﺮ َك َﺣ‬
‫َْ َ ً‬ ‫َ ْ َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ََُ َ َ َ ْ َْ ُ َ ْ‬
‫ﺐ اﻟ َﻌﻘﻞ دون ا َ َﻮاس ِﺑﻼ ﺸ َﻮ ٍة َو َﻃ َﺮ ٍب ‪ِ َ ،‬ﺸ ﺸ ِﺔ ‪َ .‬و ُﺮ ُم أﻳْﻀﺎ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻴ‬
‫َ َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺐ اﻟْ َﻌ ْﻘ َﻞ َوا ْ َ َﻮاس َﻣ ًﻌﺎ ‪ َ ،‬ﻷ ْ ﻴُ‬ ‫ا ْ ُﻤ َﺮﻗ ُﺪ َو ُﻫ َﻮ َﻣﺎ َ ﻴ َ‬
‫ان ‪َ ،‬ﻤﺎ ن‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻜَ‬
‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ﻮن‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُ ْ َ ُ ُ ْ ً َ ُ ََْ ُ َ ْ ُ َ َ ْ َ َ ُ َ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻜَ‬ ‫ﻣ َﻦ ا ْ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ب ﺎ ﻓ ِﺈﻧﻪ ﻳ ﺒﻊ ﻮﺿﻮع اﻷ ِ ِﺔ ‪ ،‬و ﺮى ﻔ ِﺼﻴﻞ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ات‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َ َ َ ُْ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ََ ْ َُ ُ َْ َُ َُ‬ ‫َ ْ َ‬
‫ات أ ِو‬ ‫ِر ‪ .‬وﻣﺎ ن ِﻣﻦ ا ﻤﺨﺪر ِ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫أﺣ ِﻣ ِﻪ ِ ﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﺸﺎر إِ ِﻪ ﻫﻨﺎ ِﺑﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒ ِﺔ ا‬
‫َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬ ‫ْ َُ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُْ َ َ‬
‫ﻮع اﻷ ْﻃ ِﻌ َﻤ ِﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ‪َ ،‬وﻗﺪ‬
‫َُ‬ ‫ات ا َﺎ ِﻣ َﺪ ِة اﻟ ِ ﺗُﺆ أ ﻼ ﻓ ِﺈﻧ ُﻪ ﻳَﺪ ُﺧﻞ ِ َ ْﻮ ُﺿ ِ‬ ‫ا ﻤﺮﻗ ِ‬ ‫ﺪ‬
‫ﻮع اﻷ ْ َﺔ ﺑﺎ ْ ُﻤﻨَ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُْ َُ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﺎﺳﺒَ ِﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ِ ﻮ‬

‫)‪ .(١‬اﳌﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ أن ﻫﺬا اﳋﻼف ﻟﻴﺲ ﺧﻼف دﻟﻴﻞ وﺑﺮﻫﺎن ‪ ،‬وإﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺧﻼف ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪١٥ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫َ َ ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ا ﺴﺒَ ُ‬
‫ﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺐ ا ﺎ ِﻟﺚ ‪ :‬ا ﺠ‬
‫ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ َْ َ ُْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬
‫مِ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨﻪ ‪ - :‬ﻓﺎ ِﺠﺲ‬ ‫ﻴَﺤ ُﺮ ُم ا ِﺠ ُﺲ َوا ُﻤﺘَﻨﺠ ُﺲ َﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻌ‬
‫َْ َُْ ََ َ َ ً َ ُ َََ ُ ُ ُ َ ْ‬ ‫َوا ْ ُﻤﺘَﻨَﺠ ُﺲ َ ﺴ ْﻤﻦ ا ي َﻣﺎﺗَ ْ‬
‫ﺖ ِ ﻴ ِﻪ اﻟﻔﺄرة و ن ﻣﺎﺋِﻌﺎ ﻓ ِﺈﻧﻪ ﻳ ﻨﺠﺲ ﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ِﺈن‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ُْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ َْ ََ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ً َُ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ن َﺟﺎ ِﻣﺪا ﻨﺠ ُﺲ َﻣﺎ َﺣ ْﻮل اﻟﻔﺄ َر ِة ﻘ ْﻂ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ِﺈذا ُﻃ ِﺮ َح َﻣﺎ َﺣ ْﻮ َﻬﺎ َﺣﻞ أ ﻞ ﺑَﺎ ِ ﻴ ِﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َْ َْ َ‬ ‫َْ َ ْ َ‬
‫َو ِﻣ ْﻦ أﻣ ِﺜﻠ ِﺔ ا ُﻤﺘَﻨﺠ ِﺲ ِﻋﻨﺪ ا َﻨ ِﺎﺑﻠ ِﺔ ‪َ :‬ﻣﺎ َﺳﻘ َﻂ أ ْو ُﺳﻤﺪ ِﺑﻨ ِﺠ ٍﺲ ‪ِ ،‬ﻣ ْﻦ َز ْر ٍع َو َﻤ ٍﺮ‬
‫ﻚ ََْ‬ ‫َْ َْ ُ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َُ‬
‫‪ُ ،‬ﻬ َﻮ ﺮ ٌم ِ َﻨﺠ ِﺴ ِﻪ ‪َ ،‬وﻻ ِ ﻞ َﺣ ُ ْﺴ َﻌﺪ ذ ِﻚ ِﺑ َﻤﺎ ٍء َﻃﺎ ِﻫ ٍﺮ ﺴﺘﻬ ِﻠ‬
‫َُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُ َْ‬ ‫ﺎﺳﺔ ‪َ ،‬وﻧُﻘ َﻞ اﻹﻧْ َﺼﺎف َﻋﻦ اﺑْﻦ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﻴﻞ ﻗ ْﻮ ُ ‪ :‬ﻟ َﺲ ِﺑﻨ ِﺠ ٍﺲ َوﻻ ﺮمٍ ‪،‬‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻘ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ا ﺠ ِ‬
‫ُ َ ً‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬
‫ﺎﻻﺳ ِﺘ َﺤﺎﻟ ِﺔ ‪ ،‬مِ َ ْﺴﺘَ ِﺤﻴﻞ َﻨﺎ ‪َ ،‬و َﺟ َﺰ َم ِﺑ ِﻪ ِ ا ﺒْ ِ َ ِة )‪َ .(١‬و ِ ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑَﻞ ْﻄ ُﻬ ُﺮ ِﺑ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ ْ َ ُ َُ َ َ ْ َ َ ُْ َُ َ ُ‬
‫ْ ُﻤﻪ َﻃﺎ ِﻫ ٌﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟ ْﺴ ِﻤﻴﺪ ﺑِ ِﻪ ﻻ َﺮ ُم ا ﺰ ْرع ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻫﻨﺎ أن روث ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆ‬
‫ََ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ ْ ُ‬ ‫َو َ َح ا ْ َﻨَﻔﻴ ُﺔ َوا ْ َﻤﺎﻟﻜﻴ ُﺔ َوا ﺸﺎﻓﻌﻴ ُﺔ ا ْ َﻤ ْ‬
‫ﻮر ﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳَ ﻨﺠ ُﺲ َوﻻ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ِِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ْ ُ‬ ‫ْ ُْ َ‬ ‫ََ‬ ‫ْ َ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ﻼف َ َ اﻟﻔﻘ َﻬﺎ ِء ‪ -‬ا َﻴْﺾ ا ِ ي‬ ‫ِﺧ ٍ‬ ‫ُﺮ ُم )‪َ . (٢‬و ِﻣ ْﻦ أﻣ ِﺜﻠ ِﺔ ا ُﻤﺘَﻨﺠ ِﺲ ‪-‬‬
‫)‪(٣‬‬
‫ُﺳ ِﻠ َﻖ ِﺑ َﻤﺎ ٍء ٍﺲ ‪.‬‬
‫ْ ْ َ ُ ْ َ‬
‫ﺎع ا ﺴﻠ َ‬
‫ﻴﻤ ِﺔ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ار ِﻋﻨ َﺪ ذ ِوي اﻟﻄﺒَ ِ‬ ‫ﺐ ا ﺮاﺑِ ُﻊ ‪ :‬اﻻﺳ ِﺘﻘﺬ‬ ‫ا ﺴﺒَ ُ‬
‫ٌ‬ ‫َُ َ‬
‫ﺎط َواﻟ َﻌ َﺮ ِق َوا َﻤ ِ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻫ ِﺬهِ َﻃﺎ ِﻫ َﺮة‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُْ َ‬ ‫َو َﻣﺜ َﻞ َ ُ ا ﺸﺎﻓﻌﻴ ُﺔ ﺑﺎ ْ ُ َ‬
‫ﺎق َوا ﻤﺨ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ِِ ِ‬
‫ار‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘ ْﻘ َﺬ ُ‬
‫ِ‬
‫اﺳ َﺜْﻨَ ْﻮا َﻣﺎ َ َن ْ‬ ‫ﻼﺳﺘ ْﻘ َﺬار ‪َ .‬و ْ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﺎو ُ َﻬﺎ ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِﻣ َﻦ اﻹ ْ َﺴﺎن ‪َ ،‬وﻟَ ِ ْﻦ َ ْ ُﺮ ُم َﻨَ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫َ َُ ُ ْ َْ َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ ُ)‪َ َ (٤‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َُ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻴﻪ ﻟ َ‬
‫ات ِﺑﺎ ﺮ َو ِث‬ ‫ﺎر ٍض ﻛﻐﺴﺎﻟ ِﺔ ﻳ ٍﺪ ﻓﻼ ُﺮم ‪َ .‬وﻣﺜﻞ ا َﻨ ِﺎﺑﻠﺔ ِﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﺬر ِ‬ ‫ﻌ‬
‫ِ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫َ َ َُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َْ ْ َ َ ْ َ ُْ ُ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﻮث‪َ .‬و ِ ﻤﺎ ﻳَ ﺒَ ِ ا ﺒﻪ ُ أن ا َﻨ ِﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻘﻮ ﻮن ‪ :‬إِن َر َوث‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫وا ﻮ ِل واﻟﻘﻤ ِﻞ واﻟ‬
‫َ َْ َ َُ‬
‫ارة‬ ‫ار ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻘﺬ‬
‫ْ ْ َ‬
‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺘ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻼﺳ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫َﻣﺎ ﻳُ ْﺆ َ ُ َ ْ ُﻤ ُﻪ َﻃﺎ ِﻫ ٌﺮ ‪َ ،‬و َ َﺬا ﺑَ ْﻮ ُ ُ ‪َ ،‬وﻟَ ِ ْﻦ َ ْ ُﺮ ُم َﻨَ ُ‬
‫ﺎو ُ ُﻬ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ ُ ُ ْ ُ ُ )‪(٥‬‬ ‫َ ََ ْ َْ َ ُ‬ ‫َُ‬
‫َﻃﺎ ِﻫ ٍﺮ ﻮز أ ﻠﻪ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻨﺎ ِ اﻟﻄﻬﺎرة إِذ ﻟ ﺲ‬

‫)‪ .(١‬اﻹﻧﺼﺎف ‪ ، ٣٦٨ / ١٠‬واﳌﻐﲏ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﻜﺒﲑ ‪. ٨٢ / ١١‬‬

‫)‪ .(٢‬اﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺑﺪﻳﻦ ‪ ، ٢١٧ / ٥‬واﳋﺮﺷﻲ ‪ ، ٨٨ / ١‬وﲢﻔﺔ اﶈﺘﺎج ‪. ١٤٩ / ٨‬‬
‫)‪ .(٣‬اﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﺼﻐﲑ ‪ ٥٧ / ١‬ط – دار اﳌﻌﺎرف ‪ ،‬وﲢﻔﺔ اﶈﺘﺎج ‪. ١٤٩ / ٨‬‬
‫)‪.(٤‬ﲢﻔﺔ اﶈﺘﺎج ‪١٤٨ / ٨‬‬
‫)‪ .(٥‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ أوﱄ اﻟﻨﻬﻰ ‪. ٣٠٩ / ٦‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪١٦ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ﺐ ا ْ َﺎ ُﺲ ‪َ :‬ﻋ َﺪ ُم اﻹذْن َ ْ ً َﻖ اﻟ ْ َﻐ ْ‬ ‫ا ﺴﺒَ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ ْ ُ ُ َ َُْ‬ ‫َ ُ َ َْ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ َ ْ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ْ َْ َ َ َ‬
‫ﻮك ِﻤﻦ ﻳ ِﺮ ﺪ أ ﻠﻪ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻤﻠ ٍ‬ ‫ﺐ أن ﻳ ﻮن اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬ ‫ِ ْﻣﻦ أﻣ ِﺜﻠ ِﺔ ﻫﺬا ا ﺴﺒ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ْ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻮب أ ِو ا َﻤ ُ وق أ ِو ا َﻤﺄﺧﻮذ‬
‫ْ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻚ ا ْ َﻤ ْﻐ ُﺼ ُ‬ ‫ُ ََ َ‬
‫ﺎرع ‪ ،‬وذ ِ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻜ ُﻪ َ‬
‫و‬
‫َ ُ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َو َ ْﻢ ﻳَﺄ َذ ْن َ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟْﻘ َﻤﺎر أَ ْو ﺑﺎ ْ َﻐﺎ ِء ‪ .‬ﻼف َﻣﺎ ْ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﺎرع ‪ ،‬ﻛﺄ ِﻞ ا َﻮ ِ َﻣﺎل ُ َﻮ ِﻪ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻴ‬
‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ِِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ْ َ َ‬ ‫ُ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ْ َﻤ ْﻌ ُﺮوف ‪َ ،‬وأَ ﻞ ﻧَﺎﻇﺮ ا َﻮﻗْﻒ ﻣ ْﻦ َ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﺎل ْ ِ ِه‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫َ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺎل‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬ ‫َ ُ ْ َ ُ ُ َ َ‬
‫ار ‪ .‬و ِ‬ ‫ﺎر ِع ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﺄ ِ ِ اﻟ مِ ﻦ ﺣ َﺎﻟ ِﺔ اﻻﺿ ِﻄﺮ ِ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓ ِﺈ ﻬﻢ ﻣﺄذوﻧﻮن ِﻣﻦ ا ﺸ ِ‬
‫ﻗَﻀﻴﺔ َﻋ َﺪمِ اﻹ ْذن ا ْ ِ إ َذا َ َﻌﻠ َﻖ ﺑﺎ ْ َﻴَ َﻮان ا ِ ي َ ﻞ أ ْ ﻠُ ُﻪ ُ َﻔﺮ ُق ُ ْ ُﻬ ُ‬
‫ﻮر‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ْ َ َ ُ ْ َ ْ ْ َ ْ َْ ُ‬ ‫اﻟْ ُﻔ َﻘ َﻬﺎ ِء َ ْ َ‬
‫ون ِﺑﺎﻟ ْﺴﺒَ ِﺔ ِﻠﻔﺎ ِﻋ ِﻞ ‪.‬‬ ‫ِﺻﺤ ِﺔ ا ﺬ ِﻛﻴ ِﺔ وﺣﺮﻣ ِﺔ اﻟ ِﻔﻌ ِﻞ ِ ا ﻤﺄذ ِ‬
‫ﻮر ٍة ُ ْﺴﺘَ ْﻮ ِ ﻴَ ٍﺔ‬ ‫ﺐ ُ ْﺴﻠ ٌﻢ أَ ْو ﻛﺘَﺎ َﺷ ًﺎة َﻣﺜَﻼ ‪ ،‬أَ ْو َ َ َ َﻬﺎ ﻓَ َﺬ َ َ َﻬﺎ ﺑ ُﺼ َ‬ ‫ﻓَﺈ َذا َﻏ َﺼ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ َ‬
‫ﻴﺤﺔ ﺗ ﻮن ْ ًﻤﺎ َﻃﺎ ِﻫ ًﺮا َﻣﺄ ﻮﻻ ‪َ ،‬وﻟ ِ ﻦ ا ِاﺑ َﺢ ﻳَ ﻮن‬ ‫اﺋِﻄﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ِﺈن ا ِ‬
‫َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ََُ ً َ ْ َ ُ َ ْ‬
‫ﺎﺣ ِﺒ َﻬﺎ َوﻻ إِذ ِن ا ْ ِع ‪َ ،‬وﻫ َﻮ ﺿﺎ ِﻣ ٌﻦ َﻬﺎ‪َ .‬و ﺬ ِﻚ‬ ‫ْ َ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﻳﺎ ِﺑﺬ ِ ﻬﺎ دون إِذ ٍن ِﻣﻦ ﺻ ِ‬
‫ْ َ ْ )‪(١‬‬ ‫ُ َ ْ َ ً‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ُْ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﻻ ِ ﻞ ُ َوﻻ ِﻟﻐ ْ ِ ِه أ ﻞ ْ ٍء ِﻣ ْﻦ ْ ِﻤ َﻬﺎ دون ِإذ ٍن أﻳْﻀﺎ ِ َﻤﺎﻧِ ِﻊ َﺣﻖ اﻟﻐ ِ ‪.‬‬
‫َُْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ُ ْ ُ َ ُُْ َ‬
‫ﺎب ﺘ ِﻠﻔ ٍﺔ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻳ ﺮه أ ﻠﻪ ﻷﺳﺒ ٍ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َْ َُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ ْ َ‬ ‫َْ ًَ َ‬
‫َذ َﻛ َﺮ اﻟْ ُﻔ َﻘ َﻬ ُ‬
‫ﺎء )‪ (٢‬أﻣ ِﺜﻠﺔ ِﻸ ْﻃ ِﻌ َﻤ ِﺔ ا َﻤﻜ ُﺮوﻫ ِﺔ ‪ِ ،‬ﻣﻨ َﻬﺎ اﻷﻣ ِﺜﻠﺔ ا ﺎ ِ َﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫َ ْ َ َ َُ ْ َُ َ ُْ‬ ‫ُ ْ ُ ُ َُْ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ْ َ ُ‬
‫ات ا ﺮا ِ ِﺔ اﻟﻜ ِﺮ ﻬ ِﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻴﻜﺮه أ ﻞ‬ ‫أ ‪ -‬ا َﺼﻞ َوا ﻮم َواﻟﻜﺮاث َو ﻮﻫﺎ ِﻣﻦ ذ َو ِ‬
‫ﻚ ‪ُ ،‬ﺒْﺚ َرا َﺘﻪ َﻣﺎ َ ْﻢ ُ ْﻄﺒَ ْﺦ ‪ ،‬ﻓَﺈ ْن أَ َ ﻠَ ُﻪ ُﻛﺮ َه ُد ُﺧﻮ ُ ُ ا ْ َﻤ ْﺴﺠ َﺪ ﺣَ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ذِ‬
‫َ ْ َ ْ َ َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺐ ر ُ ُﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻟ َﻘ ْﻮل َر ُﺳﻮل اﷲ ‪َ  : ‬ﻣ ْﻦ أ َ َﻞ ﺛُ ً‬ ‫ﻳَ ْﺬ َﻫ َ‬
‫ﻮﻣﺎ أ ْو ﺑَ َﺼﻼ ﻓﻠﻴﻌ ِ ﺎ ‪-‬‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َ َ َْ ُ ْ ُ َ َْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َْ‬
‫أ ْو ِ َﻌ ِ ل ﺴ ِﺠﺪﻧﺎ ‪َ -‬و َﻘﻌﺪ ِ ﺑ ِﺘ ِﻪ ‪َ . ‬و ح أ ﺪ ﻦ ﺣﻨﺒ ٍﻞ أن‬ ‫(‬‫‪٣‬‬ ‫)‬

‫َْ‬ ‫ْ ََ ََ َ ْ‬
‫ﺖ ا ﺼﻼ ِة ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮاﻫﺔ ﻷﺟ ِﻞ ا ﺼﻼ ِة ِ وﻗ ِ‬

‫)‪.(١‬ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ا ﺘﻬﺪ ‪. ٤٥٢ / ١‬‬

‫)‪.(٢‬ﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪر اﳌﺨﺘﺎر ‪ ١٣٦ / ١‬و ‪ ، ١٣٩‬واﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﺼﻐﲑ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﺎوي ‪ ، ١٩ / ١‬وﺷﺮح اﳋﺮﺷﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻴﻞ ‪ ، ٨٨ / ١‬و ﺎﻳﺔ اﶈﺘﺎج ‪ ، ١٤٨ / ٨‬وﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ أوﱄ اﻟﻨﻬﻰ ‪٣٠٨ / ٦‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬ﻣﻦ أﻛﻞ ﺛﻮﻣﺎ ‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ) اﻟﻔﺘﺢ ‪ ٥٧٥ / ٧‬ـ ط اﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺔ ( وﻣﺴﻠﻢ ) ‪ ٣٩٤ / ١‬ـ ط اﳊﻠﱯ ( واﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻟﻪ‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪١٧ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ْ َ ْ ُْ َ‬ ‫َْ ُ َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫َ َ ُْ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻪ ا ُ ُﻤ ُﺮ اﻷﻫ ِﻠﻴﺔ أ ِو ا ِﻐﺎل ‪َ ،‬و َ ﺒَ ِ أن ﻐ َﺴﻞ ‪.‬‬ ‫ب ‪ -‬ا َﺐ ا ِ ي د‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ َ‬ ‫ََْ ُُْ ََْ َ ُ‬ ‫َ ُ ْ ْ‬
‫ﺎل َ ِب ا ﻠﻮ ِث ِإ ْ َﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﺣ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻟ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻮر‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ج ‪ -‬ﻣﺎء ا ِ ِ ِ‬
‫َْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﺤ ُﻢ ا ْ ُﻤﻨْ ُ ‪ ،‬ﻗَ َﺎل َﺻﺎﺣ ُ‬
‫ﺎع " ِﻣ َﻦ ا َﻨ ِﺎﺑﻠ ِﺔ‬ ‫اﻹ ﻨَ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫"‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُ َ ْ‬
‫د ‪ -‬ا ﻠﺤ ُﻢ اﻟ ء وا ﻠ‬
‫ْ‬
‫َْ َْ َ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ َ‬
‫اﺟ َﺢ ِﻋﻨﺪ ا َﻨ ِﺎﺑﻠ ِﺔ َﻋﺪ ُم اﻟﻜ َﺮاﻫ ِﺔ )‪.(١‬‬ ‫ِﺑ ﺮاﻫ ِﺘ ِﻬﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻟ ِ ﻦ ا ﺮ ِ‬
‫َ ُُ َ َ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ َ َ ُ ْ‬
‫ا ﻴﻮان ا ﻤﺎ ِ ‪ :‬ﺣﻼ وﺣﺮاﻣﻪ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ َ ْ ُ ُ َْ َ َ ْ‬
‫ان ا َﻤﺎ ِ َﻣﺎ ﻳَ ِﻌ ﺶ ِ ا َﻤﺎ ِء ‪ ِ ،‬ﻠ ًﺤﺎ ن أ ْو َﻋﺬﺑًﺎ ‪ِ ،‬ﻣ َﻦ‬ ‫ا ﻤﻘﺼﻮد ﺑِﺎ ﻴﻮ ِ‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُْ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََْ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫اْ َ‬
‫ﺎر أ ِو‬ ‫اﻵﺑ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻮن‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺎر‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫اﻷ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺎر‬ ‫ﺤ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ َ ِ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫اﻫﺎ ‪َ .‬وﻻ َ ِ ﻞ ِﻋﻨْ َﺪ ا َﻨَﻔﻴ ِﺔ ِﻣ َﻦ ا َﻴَ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ َ َ‬ ‫ا ْ ُﻤ ْﺴ َﻨْ َﻘ َ‬
‫ْ ٌء ِﺳ َﻮى‬ ‫ان ا َﻤ ِﺎ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺳ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻌ‬
‫ُ َ َْ‬ ‫َ ُُْ َ َ ٌ َ َ َ َ ُُ‬ ‫َ ََ‬
‫ﻮس ﻗ أم ﻻ ‪.‬‬ ‫ا ﺴﻤ ِﻚ ﻴ ِﺤﻞ أ ﻠﻪ ﺳﻮاء أ ﺎن ذا ﻓﻠ ٍ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ َْ ُ‬ ‫َََْ‬ ‫ﺎك ﺻﻨْ َﻔﺎن ﻣ َﻦ ا ْ َﻴَ َﻮان ا ْ َ‬ ‫َو ُﻫﻨَ َ‬
‫ﻼف ِ‬ ‫ﻴﻬﻤﺎ ا َﻨ ِﻔﻴﺔ ‪ِ ،‬ﻼﺧ ِﺘ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﺧ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َُ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ ْ َ َْ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َ‬
‫ﺎت ا ﻤﺎ ِﻴ ِﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى ‪ ،‬وﻫﻤﺎ ا ِ ﺮ ﺚ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻧِ ِﻬﻤﺎ ِﻣﻦ ا ﺴﻤ ِﻚ أو ِﻣﻦ ا ﻴﻮاﻧ ِ‬
‫َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ ُ ُ َ ُ ْ ُ َْ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ ْ َ )‪َ َ َ (٢‬‬
‫اﺟ َﺢ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻬ‬
‫ِِ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫مِ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎم‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻹ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎل‬ ‫وا ﻤﺎرﻣﺎ ِ ‪ .‬ﻘ‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ َ َْ َ‬
‫ﻴﻬ َﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻷ ُﻬ َﻤﺎ ِﻣ َﻦ ا ﺴ َﻤ ِﻚ ‪َ .‬و ُ ْﺴ ﺜ َ ِﻣ َﻦ ا ﺴ َﻤ ِﻚ َﻣﺎ ن‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻔ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِﻋﻨﺪ ا ﻨ‬
‫ْ َ َ ْ َ َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ ً َ ُ ُْ َُ َْ ُ‬
‫ِﻋﻨﺪﻫ ْﻢ ‪َ .‬واﻟﻄﺎ ِ ‪ :‬ﻫ َﻮ ا ِ ي َﻣﺎت ِ ا ﻤﺎ ِء ﺣﺘﻒ أﻧ ِﻔ ِﻪ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻃﺎ ِ ﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ِﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺆ‬
‫اء أ َﻋﻼ ﻓَ ْﻮ َق َو ْﺟﻪ ا ْ َﻤﺎ ِء أ ْم َ ْﻢ َ ْﻌ ُﻞ ‪َ ،‬و ُﻫ َﻮ ا ﺼﺤ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺑ َﻐ ْ َﺳﺒَﺐ َﺣﺎ ِدث ‪َ ،‬ﺳ َﻮ ٌ‬
‫ﻴﺢ ‪.‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫َ َ ََْ َْ َ ُْ َْ َ َ ْ َْ َ َ ً َ‬ ‫َ ً َ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ َُ‬
‫ﺐ و ﻮ ﻢ ﻌﻞ ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄ ِﺢ ا ﻤﺎ ِء ﻈﺮا ِإ‬ ‫و ِ ﻤﺎ ﺴ ﻃﺎ ِ ﻴﺎ ِإذا ﻣﺎت ِﺑﻼ ﺳﺒ ٍ‬
‫ْ ََ َْ‬ ‫ْ َ ْ ُ َ ‪٣‬‬
‫َ َْ ََ َ َ َ َ َْ َْ َ‬ ‫َ َْ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻷن اﻟﻌﺎدة ِإذا ﻣﺎت ﺣﺘﻒ أﻧ ِﻔ ِﻪ أن ﻌﻠﻮ ‪ .‬و ِن ِﺣﻜﻤﺔ ِﺮ ِﻢ‬ ‫اﻷﻏﻠ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ َ ُ َْ ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ ُ َ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎ ِ اﺣ ِﺘ َﻤﺎل ﻓ َﺴﺎ ِدهِ َوﺧﺒْ ِﺜ ِﻪ ِﺣﻴﻨ َﻤﺎ ُﻤﻮت َﺣﺘﻒ أﻧ ِﻔ ِﻪ َو ُ َﺮى َﻃﺎ ِ ﻴًﺎ ﻻ ﻳُﺪ َرى‬
‫َ َ َ َْ ُ‬
‫ﺐ َﺣﺎ ِد ٍث ﻓﻼ ﻓ ْﺮق ﺑَ ﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺎت ؟ ﻓَﺄَﻣﺎ ا ي ﻗُﺘ َﻞ ا ْ َﻤﺎ ِء َ ﺘْﻼ َﺴﺒَ‬ ‫ََْ َ َ َ َ َ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻒ وﻣ ﻣ‬
‫ِ ٍ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬

‫)‪.(١‬اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﱳ ﺑﺄن ﻳﻘﻴﺪ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺗﻐﲑا ﻃﻔﻴﻔﺎ ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ إذا اﺷﺘﺪ ﻧﺘﻨﻪ ﺣﱴ ﺧﻴﻒ ﺿﺮرﻩ ﻓﺈن أﻛﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﳚﺐ أن ﳜﻀﻊ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻀﺮر اﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﱘ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(٢‬اﳉﺮﻳﺚ ـ ﺑﻜﺴﺮ وﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺮاء ـ ﲰﻚ أﺳﻮد ‪ ،‬وﻗﻴﻞ ‪ :‬ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﻣﺪور ﻛﺎﻟﱰس ‪ .‬واﳌﺎرﻣﺎﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﲰﻚ ﰲ ﺻﻮرة اﳊﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻛﺬا‬
‫ﰲ اﻟﺪر اﳌﺨﺘﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻮﻳﺮ اﻷﺑﺼﺎر ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺐ اﳊﻨﻔﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ " رد اﶈﺘﺎر " ﻻﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺑﺪﻳﻦ ) ‪( ١٩٥ / ٥‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻊ ‪ ٣٥ / ٥‬ـ ‪ ، ٣٦‬وﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺑﺪﻳﻦ ‪ ، ١٩٥ / ٥‬واﳋﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ٣٥٦ / ٣‬ﺎﻣﺶ اﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪١٨ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ٌَ‬ ‫ﺎت ا ْ َﻬ َﻮاء ‪َ .‬و َذا ا ْﺘَﻠَ َﻌ ْ‬ ‫َ َ َُ ْ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َو َ ْ َ َ‬
‫ﺖ َﺳ َﻤﻜﺔ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺖ َﺴﺒَﺐ َﺣﺎ ِدث ُﻫﻮَ‬ ‫ﻷ َﻬﺎ َﻣﺎﺗَ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََ ُْ َُ‬ ‫َ ََ‬ ‫َ َ ًَ ُ َْ َ‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ِ ٍ‬ ‫اﺧﻠﺔ ﺗﺆ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻜﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻓ ِﺈن ا ﺴﻤﻜﺔ ا ِ‬
‫ﻚ ﻣ َﻦ ا ْ َﺮ أو اﻟْ َ ْد أ ْو َﻛ َﺪر ا ْ َﻤﺎء ﻓَﻔﻴﻪ ر َوا َ ﺘَ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﺎن‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ُ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﺑ ْ ِﺘﻼ َﻬﺎ ‪ .‬و ِذا ﻣ‬
‫ﺖ ِﻣ ْﻦ‬ ‫ﻮر ا ﻼﺛَ َﺔ ﻟَ ْ َﺴ ْ‬ ‫اﻫ َﻤﺎ ‪ َ :‬ﻧ ُﻪ ﻻ ﻳُ ْﺆ َ ُ ‪ ،‬ﻷن َﻫﺬه اﻷ ُ َ‬ ‫ْ َ ُ‬
‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ْ َ َْ َ‬
‫ِِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِﻋﻨﺪ ا ﻨ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻔ‬
‫َ َْ َْ َ ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ ْ َ ً َ‬ ‫أَ ْﺳﺒَ‬
‫ﻴﻬﺎ َﻣﺎت َﺣﺘﻒ أﻧ ِﻔ ِﻪ ﻴُﻌﺘَ َ ُ َﻃﺎ ِ ﻴًﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻚ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ﻫ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻈ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ت‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺎب‬‫ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫َوا ﺎ ﻴَﺔ ‪ :‬ﻧ ُﻪ ﻳُ ْﺆ ‪ ،‬ﻷن َﻫﺬه اﻷ ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﻮر ا ﻼﺛﺔ أ ْﺳﺒَﺎب ِﻠ َﻤ ْﻮ ِت ِ ا ُ ْﻤﻠ ِﺔ ﻴَﻜﻮن‬ ‫ِِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ُ‬ ‫َ ُْ‬
‫ﺐ َﺣﺎ ِد ٍث ﻓﻼ ﻌﺘَ َ ُ َﻃﺎ ِ ﻴًﺎ ‪َ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻫ َﻮ اﻷﻇ َﻬ ُﺮ ‪َ ،‬و ِ ِﻪ ﻔ َ ‪َ .‬و ِذا أ ِﺧﺬ‬ ‫َ ً َ َ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺘﺎ ِﺴﺒ ٍ‬
‫َ ُ َ َْ َُْ َ ُُْ َ َ َ َ ُ َ‬
‫ُﻤﻮت أ ْو َﻤﺎت ‪.‬‬ ‫ا ﺴﻤﻚ ﺣﻴﺎ ﻢ ﺰ أ ﻠﻪ ﺣ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ‬
‫اﺳﺘَﺪل َﻣ ْﻦ َﺣﺮ َم اﻟﻄﺎ ِ َ ِﺑﺎﻷ ِدﻟ ِﺔ ا ﺎ ِ َ ِﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫و‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ َ ُ َْ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫أ ‪َ -‬ﺪﻳﺚ أ َد ُ َ َ ْ َ ْ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﷲ ﻨ ُﻬ َﻤﺎ ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ﻗﺎل َر ُﺳﻮل‬ ‫اﷲ ر ِ‬ ‫اود ﻦ ﺟ ِﺎﺑ ِﺮ ﺑ ِﻦ ﺒ ِﺪ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُْ َ ُُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ ْ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﷲ ‪َ  : ‬ﻣﺎ أﻟ ا َﺤ ُﺮ أ ْو َﺟ َﺰ َر ﻨﻪ ﻓ ﻮهُ ‪َ ،‬و َﻣﺎ َﻣﺎت ِﻴ ِﻪ َﻄﻔﺎ ﻓﻼ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ً‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻴﺪ ْ ُﻦ َﻣﻨْ ُ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ ُ )‪ُ َ ُ َ ْ َ َ َ (١‬‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻮر ْﻦ َﺟ ِﺎﺑ ٍﺮ َ ْﺮﻓﻮ ً أﻳْﻀﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ﺗﺄ ﻠﻮه‪ . ‬وروى ﻮه ﺳ ِﻌ‬
‫ﺎس‬
‫ْ َ‬ ‫ب ‪ -‬ﺑﺂﺛَﺎر َ ْﻦ َﺟﺎﺑﺮ ﺑْﻦ َ ﺒْﺪ اﷲ ‪َ ،‬و َﻋﻦ اﺑْﻦ أَ َﻃﺎﻟﺐ ‪َ ،‬و َ ﺒْ‬
‫اﷲ ﺑ ِﻦ ﺒ ٍ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ِ ٍ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫َِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ٍ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ َ ُ َْ‬
‫اﷲ ﻨ ُﻬ ْﻢ ‪ُ :‬ﻬ ْﻢ ُﻬﻮا ْﻦ أ ِﻞ اﻟﻄﺎ ِ ‪َ .‬وﻟﻔﻆ َﺟ ِﺎﺑ ٍﺮ ِ ِر َواﻳَ ٍﺔ ‪َ  :‬ﻣﺎ َﻃﻔﺎ‬ ‫رِ‬
‫ُْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﻮه ‪َ . ‬و ِ ِر َواﻳَ ٍﺔ أﺧ َﺮى ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓَﻼ ﺗَﺄ ُ ﻠُﻮهُ ‪َ ،‬و َﻣﺎ َ َن َ َ َﺣﺎ ﺘَﻴْﻪ أ ْو َﺣ َ َ ﻨْ ُﻪ ﻓَ ُ ُ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َ ُْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ ْ َ ُْ‬ ‫َ َ َ َْ ُ َ‬
‫ﺎء ْﻦ ِﺿﻔ َ ِ ا َﺤ ِﺮ ﻓ ‪َ ،‬و َﻣﺎ َﻣﺎت ِﻴ ِﻪ َﻃﺎ ِﻴًﺎ ﻓﻼ ﺗﺄ ﻞ ‪. ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣﺎ ﺣ ِ ا ﻤ‬
‫َُْ ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ ْ َ ْ َْ ْ‬ ‫َوﻟَ ْﻔ ُﻆ َ‬
‫ﺎس ‪  :‬ﻻ‬ ‫ﻮه ‪َ .‬وﻟﻔﻆ اﺑ ِﻦ ﺒ ٍ‬ ‫ﺤﺮ ﻓَﻼ ﺗَﺄ ُ ﻠُ ُ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻃ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫)‪(٢‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ ُ ْ ْ ُ َ ْ ْ َ َ َ َْ ْ‬
‫ﺗﺄ ﻞ ِﻣﻨﻪ ‪ -‬أي ِﻣﻦ ﺳﻤ ٍﻚ و ِ ا ﺤ ِﺮ ‪ -‬ﻃﺎ ِﻴﺎ ‪. ‬‬
‫ﺤﺮ ﺑﻼ ﺗَ ْﺬﻛﻴَﺔ َو َﻮْ‬ ‫َْ ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ َ ْ َ َ َْ َ َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ َ َ‬
‫ِ ٍ‬ ‫ﺎت ا ِ ِ‬ ‫وذﻫﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪا ا ﻨ ِﻔﻴﺔ إِ إِﺑﺎﺣ ِﺔ ﺣﻴﻮاﻧ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ْ َ‬ ‫َْ َ‬ ‫ُُ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺎح َوا ﺴﻠﺤﻔﺎ ِة ا َﺤ ِﺮ ِﺔ ‪،‬‬ ‫ْﻤ َﺴ ِ‬ ‫َﻣﺎ ُﻄﻮل َﺣﻴَﺎﺗﻪ ِ اﻟ ‪،‬‬ ‫َﻃﺎ ِ ﻴَﺔ َﺣ‬

‫)‪ .(١‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬ﻣﺎ أﻟﻘﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ ‪ " . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﺟﻪ ) ‪ (١٠٨١ / ٢‬وأﺑﻮ داود ) ‪ ( ١٦٦ / ٤‬وﺻﻮب أﺑﻮ داود وﻗﻔﻪ ‪ .‬وﰲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻨﻦ اﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﺟﻪ ﻗﺎل اﻟﺪﻣﲑي ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎق اﳊﻔﺎظ ﻻ ﳚﻮز اﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎج ﺑﻪ‬
‫)‪ .(٢‬اﻵﺛﺎر ﻋﻦ ﺟﺎﺑﺮ وﻋﻠﻲ واﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎس رﺿﻲ اﷲ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ‪ ،‬أﺧﺮﺟﻬﺎ اﺑﻦ ﺣﺰم ﰲ اﶈﻠﻰ ) ‪ ، ( ٣٩٤ / ٧‬وأﻋﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻌﻒ واﻻﻧﻘﻄﺎع ‪.‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪١٩ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫َ ُ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﺤﺮ ْ ‪َ .‬وﻻ َ ُﻌﺪ اﻟْ ُﻔ َﻘ َﻬ ُ‬ ‫َْ ْ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َ ََ‬
‫ﺎء َﻃ ْ َ ا َﻤﺎ ِء ِﺮ ﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺎن ا ِ ِ‬ ‫وا ﻀﻔﺪ ِع وا ﻃ ِ‬
‫ْ َ َْ َ ُ‬ ‫ُ ُ َ َُ َْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ْﺴ ُ ُﻦ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﺎﺟ ِﺔ ﻢ‬ ‫ﺖ َﺳ ْﻄ ِﺢ ا َﻤﺎ ِء ‪َ ،‬و ِ َﻤﺎ ﻳَ ﻮن ﻓ ْﻮﻗﻪ َو َﻨﻐ ِﻤ ُﺲ ِ ﻴ ِﻪ ِﻋﻨﺪ ا‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻳَ ِﻄ ُ ‪َ ،‬و ِ َﻬﺬا ﻻ ِ ﻞ ِﻋﻨﺪﻫ ْﻢ ِإﻻ ِﺑﺎ ﺬ ِﻛﻴَ ِﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺤﺮ َوﺧ ْ ﺮه ﻗَ ْﻮ ٌل ﺑﺎﻹﺑَ َ‬ ‫َْ ْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ﺎﺣ ِﺔ ‪َ ،‬وآﺧ ُﺮ ِﺑﺎﻟﻜ َﺮاﻫ ِﺔ ‪،‬‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺐا ِ ِ ِ ِِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻜﻴ ِﺔ ِ‬ ‫َو ِﻠﻤﺎ ِﻟ ِ‬
‫ْ َ َُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ َُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ ُ‬ ‫َ ْﺐ ا ْ َ‬ ‫َوا ﺮ ُ‬
‫ﺎﺣﺔ ‪َ ،‬و ِ ِﺧ ِ ِﺮهِ اﻟﻜ َﺮاﻫﺔ ‪) ،‬أ ِي اﻟﻜ َﺮاﻫﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺑ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﺟﺢ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُ ْ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ َْ ُ‬ ‫ْ َ ََ‬‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﺎن ا َﻤﺎ ِء)‪ ،(١‬ﻓ ِﻤﻨ ُﻬ ْﻢ َﻣ ْﻦ َﺣﺮ َﻣﻪ َو ِﻣﻨ ُﻬ ْﻢ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ا ِ ِﻬﻴﺔ ِﻋﻨﺪ ا ﻨ ِﻔﻴ ِﺔ (‪ .‬واﺧﺘﻠﻔﻮا ِ ِإ ﺴ ِ‬
‫ﺎﺣ ُﻪ ‪َ ،‬و ُﻫ َﻮ ا ﺮاﺟ ُﺢ ‪َ ،‬و َ َح ا ْ َﻤﺎﻟﻜﻴ ُﺔ َ َﻮاز ﻗَ ْ ا ﺴ َﻤﻚ َو َﺷﻴﻪ ﻣ ْﻦ َ ْ‬ ‫َﻣ ْﻦ أَﺑَ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ َِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َﺷﻖ َ ْﻄﻨﻪ َو َ ْﻮ َﺣﻴﺎ ﻗَﺎ ُﻮا ‪َ :‬وﻻ َﻌﺪ ﻫﺬا ﻌﺬﻳﺒًﺎ ﻷن َﺣﻴَ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﺎر َج ا َﻤﺎ ِء ﻛ َﺤﻴَﺎ ِة‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺎﺗ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِِ‬
‫ْ ْ‬
‫)‪(٢‬‬
‫ﻮح‬ ‫ا َﻤﺬﺑُ ِ‬
‫ُ ُ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ُُ َ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫َو ُ ْﺴﺘَ َﺤﺐ ِﻋﻨﺪ ا ﺸﺎﻓِ ِﻌﻴ ِﺔ ذﺑ ْ ُﺢ َﻣﺎ ُﻄﻮل َﺣﻴَﺎﺗﻪ ﻛ َﺴ َﻤﻜ ٍﺔ ﻛ ِﺒ َ ٍة ‪َ .‬و َ ﻮن‬
‫َ َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ُُْ‬
‫ﻴﻤﺎ ُﺸ ِﺒﻪ َﺣﻴَ َﻮان اﻟ َ ‪ .‬ﻓ ِﺈذا ْﻢ‬ ‫ا ﺑﺢ ِﻣﻦ ِﺟﻬ ِﺔ ا ﻳ ِﻞ ِ ا ﺴﻤ ِﻚ ‪َ ،‬و ِﻣ َﻦ اﻟﻌﻨ ِﻖ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُْ ْ َ‬
‫ْ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻮل َﺣﻴَﺎﺗُ ُﻪ ُﻛﺮ َه َذ ْ ُ ُﻪ َو َ ْﻄ ُﻌ ُﻪ َﺣﻴﺎ‪َ .‬و َﻫ َﺬا ا ْﻌﻤ ُ‬ ‫َُ ُ‬ ‫ﻳَ ُ ْ‬
‫ﻴﻢ ِ ا ِﻞ ﻫ َﻮ أ َﺻﺢ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻦ‬
‫َْ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ا ُﻮ ُﺟﻮهِ ِﻋﻨﺪﻫ ْﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫ان "اﻟْ َ ْ َﻣﺎ " )‪ (٣‬أَي ا ي ُ ْﻤ ُﻦ َﻋ ْ ُﺸ ُﻪ َداﺋﻤﺎً‬ ‫َْ َ َ ُ‬
‫َو ُﺮ ُم ِﻋﻨﺪ ا ﺸﺎﻓِ ِﻌﻴ ِﺔ ا ﻴﻮ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻮل ‪َ .‬وﻗَ ْﺪ َﻣﺜﻠُﻮا َ ُ‬ ‫َْ َ ْ ُ ٌ‬ ‫ُ َ َ‬ ‫ْ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ِﻣ َﻦ اﻟ َ َوا َﺤ ِﺮ إِذا ْﻢ ﻳَ ْﻦ ُ ﻧ ِﻈ ٌ ِ اﻟ ﻣﺄ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ ْ َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ َ َ ََ‬
‫ﺎح ‪َ ،‬وا ﺴﻠﺤﻔﺎ ِة )‪. (٥‬‬ ‫ﺎس)‪َ (٤‬وا ْﻤ َﺴ ِ‬ ‫ﺎن َوا َﻴ ِﺔ َواﻟ ﺴﻨ ِ‬ ‫ِﺑﺎ ﻀﻔﺪ ِع وا ﻃ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫َو ِﺮ ُﻢ ﻫﺬا ا ْﻮ ِع اﻟ َ ْ َﻣﺎ ِ ﻫ َﻮ َﻣﺎ َﺟ َﺮى َﻋﻠﻴْ ِﻪ ا ﺮاﻓِ ِ َوا َﻮ ِوي ِ " ا ﺮ ْوﺿ ِﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻊ ﻣﺎَ‬ ‫ﻮع " أَن َ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫" وأﺻﻠﻬﺎ وا ﺘﻤﺪه ا ﺮ ِ ‪ .‬ﻟ ِ ﻦ ﺻﺤﺢ ا ﻮ ِوي ِ " ا ﻤﺠﻤ ِ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََ ْ ُ َ َ ْ‬
‫ِ‬

‫)‪ .(١‬ﻫﻮ ﺣﻴﻮان أﺳﻄﻮري ﻳﻮﺻﻒ ﰲ اﻟﻘﺼﺺ اﳋﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺄن ﻧﺼﻔﻪ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ اﻣﺮأة وﻧﺼﻔﻪ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﲰﻜﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺳﲑﻳﻦ‬
‫)‪ .(٢‬اﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﺼﻐﲑ ‪ ٣١٢ / ١‬و ‪ ، ٣٢٣‬واﻟﺮﻫﻮﱐ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻨﻮن ‪ ، ٤٢ / ٣‬واﳋﺮﺷﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳐﺘﺼﺮ ﺧﻠﻴﻞ ‪. ٨٣ / ١‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﱪﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(٤‬اﻟﻨﺴﻨﺎس ‪ :‬ﺑﻔﺘﺢ اﻟﻨﻮن وﳚﻮز ﻛﺴﺮﻫﺎ ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﻮان ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﲜﺰاﺋﺮ اﻟﺼﲔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺜﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ رﺟﻞ واﺣﺪة ‪ ،‬وﻟﻪ ﻋﲔ واﺣﺪة ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺘﻞ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن إذا‬
‫إذا ﻇﻔﺮ ﺑﻪ ‪ ،‬وﻳﻨﻘﺰ ) أي ﻳﺜﺐ ﺻﻌﺪا وﻳﻘﻔﺰ ( ﻛﻨﻘﺰ اﻟﻄﲑ ) ر ‪ :‬ﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺠﲑﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮح اﳌﻨﻬﺞ ‪ ، ٣٠٤ / ٤‬وﳏﻴﻂ اﶈﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻣﺎدة ‪ :‬ﻧﺴﻨﺲ ( ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(٥‬اﻟﺴﻠﺤﻔﺎة ‪ :‬ﺑﻀﻢ اﻟﺴﲔ وﻛﺴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻓﺘﺢ اﻟﻼم وﺳﻜﻮن اﳊﺎء ‪ ،‬وﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻐﺎت أﺧﺮى ‪ :‬داﺑﺔ ﺑﺮﻳﺔ و ﺮﻳﺔ وﲝﺮﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﳍﺎ أرﺑﻊ ﻗﻮاﺋﻢ ‪،‬‬
‫ﲣﺘﻔﻲ ﺑﲔ ﻃﺒﻘﺘﲔ ﻋﻈﻤﻴﺘﲔ ﺻﻘﻴﻠﺘﲔ ‪ ،‬واﻟﻜﺒﺎر ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻘﺪارا ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬وﻳﻘﺎل ﳍﺎ ‪ :‬اﻟﻠﺠﺄة أﻳﻀﺎ ‪ ،‬واﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻳﻘﺎل ﻟﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻐﻴﻠﻢ ‪ ) .‬ﳏﻴﻂ اﶈﻴﻂ ( ‪.‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٢٠ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ ُ ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ ُ َ َ َ‬ ‫ْ ْ ْ َ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ُ ُ‬
‫ﻳَ ﻮن َﺳﺎ ِﻛﻨﺎ ِ ا َﺤ ِﺮ ِﻓﻌﻼ ِ ﻞ َﻣﻴْ ﺘُﻪ ‪َ ،‬و ْﻮ ن ِ ﻤﺎ ْﻤ ِ ُﻦ َﻋ ﺸﻪ ِ اﻟ َ ‪،‬‬
‫َ َ َ ََ‬
‫ﻴﺐ َواﺑْ ِﻦ َﺣ َﺠ ٍﺮ ا َﻬﻴْﺘَ ِ ‪ ،‬وزادا‬
‫ْ‬
‫ﻄ‬ ‫ع ‪َ ،‬و َﻫ َﺬا ُﻫ َﻮ ا ْ ُﻤ ْﻌﺘَ َﻤ ُﺪ ﻋﻨْ َﺪ ا ْ َ‬ ‫ْ َ ُ‬
‫ِإﻻ ا ﻀﻔﺪ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺎح‬‫ﺎس َوا ْﻤ َﺴ ُ‬ ‫ﺎن َوا ْ َﻴ ُﺔ َواﻟ ْﺴﻨَ ُ‬ ‫َ ََ َ َ َ َ َ ُ‬
‫َﻣﺎ ِ ﻴ ِﻪ ُﺳﻢ ‪ .‬و ﻫﺬا ﻓﺎ ﻃ‬
‫ْ َ ُ‬
‫ا ﻀﻔﺪ ِع‬
‫ََْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ََ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ ْ َ ُ ْ َ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﺖ ﻫ ِﺬ ِه ا َﻴَ َﻮاﻧﺎت َﺳﺎ ِﻛﻨﺔ ا َﺤ ِﺮ ِﺑﺎﻟ ِﻔﻌ ِﻞ ِ ﻞ ‪َ ،‬وﻻ ِﻋ ة‬ ‫وا ﺴﻠﺤﻔﺎة ِإن ﻧ‬
‫ْ ْ َْ‬ ‫ََ ْ‬ ‫ﺑﺈ ْﻣ َ ن َﻋ ْﺸ َﻬﺎ اﻟْ َ ‪َ ،‬و ْن َ ﻧَ ْ‬
‫ﺖ َﺳﺎ ِﻛﻨﺔ اﻟ َ ﺑِﺎﻟ ِﻔﻌ ِﻞ ُﺮ ُم ‪.‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِِ ِ‬
‫ُ َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َواﺧﺘَﻠﻔﻮا ِ ا ِﻴ ِﻠ ِﺲ)‪ (١‬ﻓﺄ َ ا ْ ُﻦ َﻋﺪﻻن ِ ِ ﻠ ِﻪ ‪َ ،‬وﻧ ِﻘﻞ َﻋ ِﻦ ا ﺸﻴْ ِﺦ ِﻋﺰ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﺤﺮ ﻤﻪ )‪َ . (٢‬وﻻ ُ ْﻌﺘَ َ ُ‬ ‫َْ ُ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ َْ‬
‫اﻹ َوز َوا َﻂ ِ ﻤﺎ ﻳَ ِﻌ ﺶ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻹ ﺘﺎء ِﺑﺘ ِ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﺑ ِﻦ ﺒ ِﺪ ا ﺴﻼمِ ِ‬ ‫ا ِ‬
‫ﺤﺮ َداﺋ ًﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓَ َ ﻣ ْﻦ ُﻃﻴُﻮر اﻟْ َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ َ ُ َْْ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺤﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻷ َ‬ ‫َْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺶ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ِ اﻟ وا ِ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ﺎء ُ‬
‫اﷲ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓَﻼ َ ِ ﻞ إﻻ ﺑﺎ ﺬ ِﻛﻴَ ِﺔ َﻛ َﻤﺎ ﻳَﺄ إ ْن َﺷ َ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫َو ُ َﺮ ُه ِﻋﻨﺪ ا ﺸﺎﻓِ ِﻌﻴ ِﺔ اﺑ ْ ِﺘﻼع ا ﺴ َﻤ ِﻚ َﺣﻴﺎ ِإذا ْﻢ ﻳَ ُ ‪َ ،‬و ﺬا أ ﻞ ا ﺴ َﻤ ِﻚ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ََُ ُ َْ ُ َ ُ‬
‫ﻮز ﻗﻠﻴُﻪ َوﺷﻴﻪ ِﻣ ْﻦ ْ ِ ﺷﻖ َ ْﻄ ِﻨ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻟ ِ ْﻦ ﻳُ َﺮ ُه‬ ‫ا ﺼ ِﻐ ِ ِﺑ َﻤﺎ ِ َﺟ ْﻮﻓِ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬و‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ ََ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫ذ ِﻚ ِإن ن َﺣﻴﺎ ‪َ ،‬و ﻳﺎ َﻣﺎ ن ﻓﻼ ﻳَ ﻨﺠ ُﺲ ِﺑ ِﻪ ا ﻫ ُﻦ )‪. (٣‬‬
‫ﺎن‬ ‫ﻃ‬ ‫ﺤ َﻔﺎة َوا َ َ‬ ‫َ َْ َْ َ َ ْ‬
‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺐ ا ْ َﻨَﺎﺑﻠَ ُﺔ ا ْ َﻴَ َﻮان اﻟْ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻣ‬ ‫َو َذ َﻫ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ َْ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ َِ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ َ ََ ُ‬ ‫َ َ ُ َ َ‬
‫ﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓ ِﺔ ِﻠﻀﻔﺪع اﺳ ِﺜﻨﺎء ا ﻴ ِﺔ‬ ‫ِإ ﻧﻪ ِإ ﻤﺎ ِ ﻞ ِﺑﺎ ﺬ ِﻛﻴ ِﺔ ‪ .‬وزادوا ِﺑ ِ‬
‫َ َْ ُ ْ ْ‬ ‫ْ َ َْ‬ ‫َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َﻘﺎ ُﻮا ُ ْﺮ َ‬
‫ﻻﺳ ِﺘﺨﺒَﺎﺛِ َﻬﺎ ‪،‬‬ ‫ْﻦ ﺘ ِﻠ َﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬وا ﻴﺔ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻠﻨ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻼﺛ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َُْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ َ ً ََْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻜﻨ ُﻬ ْﻢ ْﻢ َ ْﺴ ﺜﻨﻮا َﺳ َﻤﻚ اﻟ ِﻘ ْﺮ ِش ُﻬ َﻮ َﺣﻼل‬ ‫َوا ﻤﺴﺎح ﻷن ﻧﺎﺑﺎ ﻔ ِس ِﺑ ِﻪ ‪ .‬ﻟ ِ‬
‫ْ َ ُ‬
‫ْ َ َ َ َْ ُ َ َ ْ ٌ ََ َ ْ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ َ َ َ ٌ ََْ‬
‫‪َ ،‬و ِن ن ُ ﻧﺎب ﻔ ِ ُس ِﺑ ِﻪ ‪َ .‬واﻟﻈﺎ ِﻫ ُﺮ أن ا ﻔ ِﺮﻗﺔ ﺑ ﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺒ ِﻴﺔ أن اﻟ ِﻘﺮش‬
‫َْ َ ُ‬ ‫ْ ْ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫َْ ٌ‬
‫ﺎح ‪َ .‬وﻗﺪ ﻗﺎ ﻮا ‪ :‬إِن‬ ‫ﻼف ا ْﻤ َﺴ ِ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع ِﻣ َﻦ ا ﺴﻤ ِﻚ ﻻ ﻳ ِﻌ ﺶ ِإﻻ ِ ا َﺤ ِﺮ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫َﻛﻴْﻔﻴ َﺔ َذ َ ة ا َ َﻃﺎن أَ ْن ُ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻞ ﺑﻪ َﻣﺎ ﻳُﻤﻴﺘُ ُﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄَ ْن ُ ْﻌ َﻘ َﺮ أَي َ ْﻮﺿﻊ َ َن ﻣﻦْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫)‪.(١‬ﻗﺎل اﻟﺪﻣﲑي ‪ " :‬اﻟﺪﻧﻴﻠﺲ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺪف واﳊﻠﺰون " وﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮع ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻮﻩ ﻓﻴﻪ أﻧﻪ اﻟﺼﺪف اﻟﺼﻐﲑ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮ ‪ :‬أم اﳋﻠﻮل ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(٢‬ﻟﻌﻞ اﻹﻓﺘﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺮﱘ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﺪﻧﻴﻠﺲ ﻫﻮ أﺻﻞ اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن ﳏﺮﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن أﺻﻠﻪ ﳏﺮﻣﺎ ‪ .‬واﻹﻓﺘﺎء‬
‫ﺑﺎﳊﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻧﻴﻠﺲ واﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن أﺻﻞ ﺑﺮأﺳﻪ ‪ ،‬أو ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن اﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﰲ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺣﻼل ‪ ،‬وإن أﻣﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻴﺸﻪ ﰲ اﻟﱪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺻﺤﺤﻪ اﻟﻨﻮوي ﰲ ا ﻤﻮع ) ر ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺎة اﳊﻴﻮان ﻟﻠﺪﻣﲑي ‪ ، ٣٣٩ / ١‬وﲢﻔﺔ اﶈﺘﺎج ﻻﺑﻦ ﺣﺠﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺮواﱐ ‪. ( ١٧٥ / ٨‬‬
‫)‪ .(٣‬ﺎﻳﺔ اﶈﺘﺎج ‪ ، ١٤٣ / ٨‬وﺷﺮح اﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺠﲑﻣﻲ ‪ ، ٣٠٤ / ٤‬وﲢﻔﺔ اﶈﺘﺎج ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺮواﱐ ‪١١٢ / ٨‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٢١ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫َ ُ َ َْ َُْ َ ُُْ َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ َُ ُ‬ ‫َ ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ُﻤﻮت أ ْو َﻤﺎت ‪ ،‬ﻛ َﻤﺎ ﻘﻮل‬ ‫ﺑَﺪ ِﻧ ِﻪ )‪َ . (١‬و ِذا أ ِﺧﺬ ا ﺴﻤﻚ ﺣﻴﺎ ﻢ ﺰ أ ﻠﻪ ﺣ‬
‫َ ُ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫َ ُ َْ‬ ‫ْ َ ُ‬ ‫َْ ُ َْ َُ‬
‫ا َﻨ ِﻔﻴﺔ َوا َﻨ ِﺎﺑﻠﺔ ‪َ .‬و ُ َﺮ ُه ﺷﻴﻪ َﺣﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻌ ِﺬﻳﺐ ِﺑﻼ ﺣﺎﺟ ٍﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ِﺈﻧﻪ ﻤﻮت‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ٌ‬

‫ﺎر َ ْﻮﺗِ ِﻪ )‪. (٢‬‬ ‫َ ًﻌﺎ َ ﻴُ ْﻤ ُﻦ اﻧْﺘ َﻈ ُ‬

‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َ ُ َ َ ْ ُ ُ َ َْ َْ َ َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُُْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻮر ا ِ ﻳﻦ أﺣﻠﻮا ﻣﺎ ﺴ ﻦ ﺟﻮف ا ﻤﺎ ِء وﻻ ﻳ ِﻌ ﺶ ِإﻻ ِ ﻴ ِﻪ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ود ِ ﻞ ا ﻤﻬ ِ‬
‫ٌ َ ُ َ َ ْ‬ ‫َْ ْ َ َ َ ْ ٌ ُ ٌ‬ ‫ﻗَ ْﻮ َ َﻌﺎ َ ‪َ ﴿ :‬و َﻣﺎ َ ْﺴﺘَ‬
‫ان ﻫﺬا َﻋﺬب ﻓ َﺮات َﺳﺎﺋِﻎ َ اﺑُﻪ َوﻫﺬا ِ ﻠ ٌﺢ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﻮ‬
‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﻮن ْ ًﻤﺎ َﻃﺮ ﺎ ﴾ )ﻓﺎﻃﺮ ‪َ . (١٢‬وﻗَ ْﻮ ُ ُﺳﺒْ َﺤﺎﻧَ ُﻪ ‪ ﴿ :‬أﺣﻞ ﻟ ُ ﻢْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ َ ٌ َ ْ ُ َْ ُ ُ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫أﺟﺎج و ِﻣﻦ ﺗﺄ ﻠ‬
‫ﺎرة ﴾ )ا ﺎﺋﺪة ‪ (٩٦‬ﻓَﻠَ ْﻢ ُ َﻔﺮ ْق َﻋﺰ َو َﺟﻞ َ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُْ ْ ْ َ َ ُُ ََ ً َ ُ ْ‬
‫ﺻﻴﺪ ا َﺤ ِﺮ َوﻃﻌﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﺘﺎ ﻟ ﻢ َو ِﻠﺴﻴ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ ْ‬ ‫َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﺎس َﺳ َﻤ ً َو َﻣﺎ ُ َﺴﻤﻮﻧَ ُﻪ ﺑ ْ‬ ‫َﻣﺎ ُ َﺴﻤﻴﻪ ا ُ‬
‫ﺎﺳ ٍﻢ آﺧ َﺮ ﻛ ِﺨ ِ ِﺮ ا َﻤﺎ ِء أ ْو ِإ َﺴﺎ ِﻧ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈِن‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ ْ ً َ ْ ُُ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ ُ ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻫ ِﺬ ِه اﻟ ْﺴ ِﻤﻴَﺔ ﻻ َﻌﻠﻪ ِﺧ ِ ًﺮا أ ْو ِإ َﺴﺎﻧﺎ ‪َ .‬و ِﻣﻦ أ ِدﻟ ِﺔ ذ ِﻚ أﻳﻀﺎ ﻗﻮ ‪ ‬ﻤﺎ‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ ُ ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ ْ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻮر َﻣﺎؤهُ ‪ ،‬ا ِﻞ َﻣﻴ ْ ﺘُﻪ ‪َ . (٣) ‬وﻫﺬا‬ ‫ُﺳﺌِﻞ َﻋ ِﻦ ا ُﻮﺿﻮ ِء ِﺑ َﻤﺎ ِء ا َﺤ ِﺮ ‪  :‬ﻫ َﻮ اﻟﻄﻬ‬
‫ً‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ ُ ُ ْ ْ َ َ ٌ ُ َ َ َ‬ ‫َْ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ٌ ََ‬
‫ان ا ِ ي ﺴ ﻦ ا َﺤ َﺮ ﺳﻮاء أ ِﺧﺬ ﺣﻴﺎ أم ﻣﻴﺘﺎ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻴﻊ ا ﻴﻮ ِ‬ ‫ِﺣﻞ ِ ِ‬ ‫دِﻞ‬
‫َ َ ٌ َ َ َ َ ً َْ‬
‫َوﺳﻮاء أ ﺎن ﻃﺎ ِ ﻴﺎ أم ﻻ ‪.‬‬
‫ََُ َ ٌ َ ٌ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ْ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫اﺳﺘَ َﺪﻟﻮا أَﻳْ ًﻀﺎ َ‬
‫ﻴﺢ أﺧ َﺮ َﺟﻪ ُ ْﺴ ِﻠ ٌﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺚ داﺑ ِﺔ اﻟ َﻌﻨ َ ِ ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﺣ ِﺪﻳﺚ ﺻ ِﺤ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫َو ْ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ََََ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ َ ٌ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ ْ‬ ‫َ ْ َ‬
‫اﷲ ‪َ ‬وأﻣﺮَ‬ ‫ﻦ أ ِ ا ﺰ ِ ا ﻤ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎل ﺣﺪﺛ ِ ﺟ ِﺎﺑﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎل ‪  :‬ﻌﺜﻨﺎ رﺳﻮل ِ‬
‫ًا ﻟ ُﻘ َﺮ ْﺶ ‪َ ،‬و َزو َدﻧَﺎ ﺟ َﺮاﺑًﺎ ِﻣ ْﻦ َ ْﻤﺮ َ ْﻢ َ ْﺪ َ َﺎ َ ْ َهُ‬ ‫َ ََْ ََ ُ َْ َ َ َََ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ٍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ أﺑﺎ ﺒﻴﺪة ‪ ،‬ﺘﻠ ِ‬
‫َ َ‬
‫ﺖ ِ َﺎﺑِ ٍﺮ ‪ :‬ﻛﻴْﻒ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓَ َ َن أَﺑُﻮ ُ ﺒَﻴْ َﺪةَ ُ ْﻌﻄﻴﻨَﺎ َ ْﻤ َﺮةً َ ْﻤ َﺮةً ‪ .‬ﻗَ َﺎل أﺑُﻮ ا ﺰ َ ْ ‪ُ َ :‬ﻘﻠ ْ ُ‬
‫َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻮن ﺑ َﻬﺎ ؟ ﻗَﺎل ‪ُ َ :‬ﻤﺼ َﻬﺎ ﻛ َﻤﺎ َ ُﻤﺺ ا ﺼ ‪ُ ،‬ﻢ َ ْ َ ُب َﻋﻠﻴْ َﻬﺎ ا َﻤ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ ُْ ْ َ ْ َُ َ‬
‫ﺎء ‪،‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻌ ِ‬
‫َ ُُُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫ُ َ ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ‬
‫ﺘَﻜ ِﻔﻴﻨﺎ ﻳَ ْﻮ َﻣﻨﺎ إِ ا ﻠﻴْ ِﻞ ‪َ .‬و ﻨﺎ ﻧ ِ ُب ﺑِ ِﻌ ِﺼﻴﻨﺎ ا َﺒْ َﻂ ‪ ،‬ﻢ ﺒُﻠﻪ ﺑِﺎ َﻤﺎ ِء َوﻧﺄ ﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺨﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻓَﺄَﺗَ ْﻨَﺎهُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ ْ َُ َ ََ َ َ َْ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺎل ‪َ :‬وا ْ َﻄﻠَ ْﻘﻨَﺎ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫‪.‬ﻗ‬
‫ﻴﺐ ا ﻀ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺜ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺌ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻓ‬‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎﺣ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺳ‬

‫)‪ .(١‬اﳌﻘﻨﻊ ﻻﺑﻦ ﻗﺪاﻣﺔ ‪ ، ٥٢٩ / ٣‬وﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ أوﱄ اﻟﻨﻬﻰ ‪ ٣١٥ / ٦‬و ‪. ٣٢٩‬‬
‫)‪ .(٢‬اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻊ ‪ ٣٥ / ٥‬ـ ‪ ، ٣٦‬واﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺑﺪﻳﻦ ‪ ، ١٩٥ / ٥‬واﻟﺼﺎوي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﺼﻐﲑ ‪ ، ٣٢٣ / ١‬واﻟﺪﺳﻮﻗﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﻜﺒﲑ‬
‫‪ ، ١١٥ / ٢‬واﳋﺮﺷﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳐﺘﺼﺮ ﺧﻠﻴﻞ ‪ ، ٩٣ / ١‬و ﺎﻳﺔ اﶈﺘﺎج ‪ ، ١٤٢ / ٨‬وﲢﻔﺔ اﶈﺘﺎج ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺮواﱐ ‪ ١٧٤ / ٨‬ـ‬
‫‪ ، ١٧٥‬وﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺠﲑﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﳌﻨﻬﺞ ‪ ٣٠٣ / ٦‬ـ ‪ ، ٣٠٤‬وﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ أوﱄ اﻟﻨﻬﻰ ‪. ٣٢٨ / ٦‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬ﻫﻮ اﻟﻄﻬﻮر ﻣﺎؤﻩ ‪ . "....‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ) ‪ ٢٢ / ١‬ـ ( وﺻﺤﺤﻪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري وﻏﲑﻩ ‪ ) ،‬اﻟﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ اﳊﺒﲑ ‪( ٩ / ١‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٢٢ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ْ َْ‬ ‫ٌ ُ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ َ ُ ََ‬ ‫َ َ ُ َ ٌ ُْ َ ْ ْ‬
‫ﻓﺈِذا ﻫ َﻮ داﺑﺔ ﺗﺪ اﻟ َﻌﻨ َ َ ‪ .‬ﻗﺎل أﺑُﻮ ﺒَﻴْﺪة ‪َ :‬ﻣﻴْﺘَﺔ ؟ ﻢ ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ﻻ ‪ ،‬ﺑَﻞ ُﻦ ُر ُﺳﻞ‬
‫اﺿ ُﻄﺮ ْر ُ ْﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻓَ ُ ُﻮا ‪ .‬ﻓَﺄَ َ ْﻤﻨَﺎ َﻋﻠَﻴﻪْ‬ ‫ََ َ ََ ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﷲ ﻌﺎ ‪ ،‬وﻗ ِﺪ‬ ‫ﻴﻞ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﷲ ‪ ، ‬و ِ ﺳ ِ‬ ‫ﻮل ِ‬ ‫رﺳ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ ْ ََََْ َ ْ َ ُ ْ َ ْ َ‬ ‫َﺷ ْﻬ ًﺮا َو َ ْ ُﻦ ﺛَﻼﺛُﻤﺎﺋَﺔ َﺣ َ‬
‫ﻼل‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻘ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎﻟ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻪ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻨ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫أ‬‫ر‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻤ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ِ ٍ‬
‫ُ ُ ََْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َََ ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ َََْ ُ ُْ َْ ْ َ َ‬
‫ْﻮ ِر أ ْو ﻛﻘﺪ ِر ا ْﻮ ِر ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻘﺪ أﺧﺬ ِﻣﻨﺎ أﺑﻮ ﺒﻴﺪة‬ ‫ا ﻫﻦ ‪ ،‬و ﻘﺘ ِﻄﻊ ِﻣﻨﻪ اﻟﻔﺪر‬
‫َََ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ََْ َ َ ُ ْ َ ْ َ‬ ‫َ ََ َ َ َ َ ُ‬
‫ﺐ ﻴْ ِﻨ ِﻪ ‪َ ،‬وأﺧﺬ ِﺿﻠ ًﻌﺎ ِﻣ ْﻦ أﺿﻼ ِﻋ ِﻪ ﻓﺄﻗﺎ َ َﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋ رﺟﻼ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄ ﻌﺪﻫﻢ ِ وﻗ ِ‬
‫َ َ َ َ َ َ ْ َ َ َ َ َ ْ َ ْ َْ َ َ َ َ َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ َ َ َ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻢ رﺣﻞ أ ﻈﻢ ﺑ ِﻌ ٍ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻤﺮ ﺘﻬﺎ ‪ .‬وﺗﺰودﻧﺎ ِﻣﻦ ِﻤ ِﻪ وﺷﺎﺋِﻖ ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﻗ ِﺪﻣﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺧ َﺮ َﺟ ُﻪ اﷲُ‬ ‫َ َ َ ْ َ َُ َ َ َ َ َ ُ َ ْ ٌ َ ْ‬ ‫َْ ََ َََْ َ ُ َ‬
‫اﷲ ‪ ‬ﻓﺬﻛﺮﻧﺎ ذ ِﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻘﺎل ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ِرزق أ‬ ‫ا ﻤ ِﺪﻳﻨﺔ أﺗ ﻨﺎ رﺳﻮل ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫َ َ َ َ ُ ْ َ َ ْ َ َ ُ ْ ْ َْ َ ْ ٌ َ ُ ْ ُ َ َ ْ َ ْ َ َ َ ُ‬
‫اﷲ‬
‫ﻮل ِ‬ ‫ﻌﺎ ﻟ ﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻬﻞ ﻣﻌ ﻢ ِﻣﻦ ِﻤ ِﻪ ء ﺘﻄ ِﻌﻤﻮﻧﺎ ؟‪ ،‬ﻓﺄرﺳﻠﻨﺎ إِ رﺳ ِ‬
‫ﻮن ﺑﻪ ‪ َ َ :‬أَ ْر َ َﻌﺔ أُ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻳﺚ َ ْﺴﺘَ‬ ‫ْ ُ َ َ َ َ ُ )‪ُ َ ْ َ َ َ (١‬‬
‫ﻮر‪:‬‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِِ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫‪ِ ‬ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﺄ ﻠﻪ ‪ . ‬ﻬﺬا ا ِﺪ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ُُْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫ََ َ َ َ َ َ َْ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎر‬ ‫اﻻﺧ ِﺘﻴ ِ‬ ‫أن ﺣﻴﻮان َا ﺤ ِﺮ ِﻣﻦ َ ِ ا ﺴﻤ ِﻚ ِ ﻞ أ ﻠﻪ ِ ﺣﺎﻟ ِ‬ ‫أوﻻ ‪:‬‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ً ََ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ورة ‪ .‬ﺛَﺎ ﻴًﺎ ‪ َ َ :‬ﻧ ُﻪ ﻻ َ ْﺘَ ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ِﺣﻞ اﻟﻄﺎ ِ ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺎج إِ ذ ٍة ‪ .‬ﺛﺎ ِ ﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َوا ُ ِ‬
‫ﺠﻮ ِ‬ ‫ﺎت َﺣﺘْ َﻒ أَﻧْﻔﻪ أَ ْو َﺴﺒَﺐ َﺣﺎدث ‪َ .‬راﺑ ًﻌﺎ ‪ َ َ :‬أَن َﺻﻴْ َﺪ ا ْ َﻤ ُ‬ ‫َْ َ َ‬
‫ﻳَﺪ ِري ﻫﻞ ﻣ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ٍ‬ ‫ْ ِِ ِ ِ‬
‫َ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫ﻷﻧ ُﻪ إ َذا َ ﻧَ ْ‬ ‫َ َ َُ َ‬ ‫َوا ْ َﻮﺛَ ﻠﺴ َ‬
‫ﺖ َﻣﻴْ ُﺘﻪ َﺣﻼﻻ ﻓ َﺼﻴْﺪ ا َﻤ ُﺠﻮ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺄ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫اء ‪.‬‬ ‫َوا ْ َﻮﺛَ َوا ْ ُﻤ ْﺴﻠﻢ َﺳ َﻮ ٌ‬
‫ِِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ُ‬
‫ﺐ اﻷ ْر َ َﻌ ِﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ً‬ ‫َ َ ً‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻫﺬا ‪ ،‬واﻟﻔ ِﺴﻴﺦ إِن ن ﺻ ِﻐ ا ن ﻃﺎ ِﻫﺮا ِ ا ﻤﺬا ِﻫ ِ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ َ َ‬ ‫ْ َْ‬ ‫ُْ َ‬
‫َﻣﻌﻔﻮ ﻤﺎ ِ َ ْﻄ ِﻨ ِﻪ ‪ِ ،‬ﻟ ُﻌ ِ ﻨ ِﻘﻴَ ِﺔ َﻣﺎ ِ ﻴ ِﻪ ‪َ ،‬و ِن ن ﻛ ِﺒ ًا ُﻬ َﻮ َﻃﺎ ِﻫ ٌﺮ ِﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻜﻴ ِﺔ ‪ِ ،‬ﺧﻼﻓﺎ ِﻠﺸﺎﻓِ ِﻌﻴ ِﺔ‬
‫ً‬ ‫َ َْ‬ ‫ا ْ َﻨَﻔﻴﺔ َوا ْ َﻨَﺎﺑﻠَﺔ َواﺑْﻦ اﻟْ َﻌ َﺮ َوا ْ‬
‫ﻳﺮ ِﻣﻦ ا ﻤﺎ ِﻟ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫د‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ََ‬ ‫َُْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫َو ِ ُ ْﻤ ُﻬ ْ َ‬
‫ﻜﻴ ِﺔ ‪َ .‬و ِذا ا ﺘُ ِ َ َﻃﺎ ِﻫ ًﺮا ﻓ ِﺈن أ ﻠﻪ َﻣ َﻊ ﻔﺴ ِﺨ ِﻪ َوا ﻐ ُ ِ َرا ِ َ ِﺘ ِﻪ‬ ‫ﻮر ا ﻤﺎ ِﻟ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﻳُ ْﺒَ ُﻊ ﻴﻪ ْ ً َرأ ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎء ا ﻘﺎت ‪ :‬إِﻧﻪ‬ ‫َ َ رهِ أ ْو َﻋ َﺪ ِﻣ ِﻪ ‪ :‬ﻓﺈن ﻗﺎل اﻷ ِﻃﺒ ُ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻄ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ُ ُ ُُ َُْ ً َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻮرا ْ ً ِ َ َ ِر ِه ِﺑﺎ ﺼﺤ ِﺔ ‪َ ،‬و ِﻻ ﻓﻼ)‪. (٢‬‬ ‫ﺿﺎر ﻳ ﻮن أ ﻠﻪ ﻈ‬

‫)‪.(١‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺟﺎﺑﺮ ‪ " :‬ﺑﻌﺜﻨﺎ رﺳﻮل اﷲ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ ‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ) ‪ ١٥٣٦ / ٣‬ـ ط اﳊﻠﱯ ( ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(٢‬اﻟﺒﺠﲑﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ اﻟﻄﻼب ‪ ، ٣٠٤ / ٤‬وﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﰲ اﻟﺒﺠﲑﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻗﻨﺎع ‪ ، ٩٢ ، ٨٩ / ١‬واﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﺼﻐﲑ ﲝﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﺎوي‬
‫‪ ، ٢٢ / ١‬واﻟﺪر اﳌﺨﺘﺎر ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺑﺪﻳﻦ ‪ ، ٢١٢ / ١‬وﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ أوﱄ اﻟﻨﻬﻰ ‪. ٢٣٤ / ١‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٢٣‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫َ ُُ َ َ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫ْ ُ ْ‬
‫اﻣﻪ‬ ‫ا َﻴَ َﻮان اﻟ َ ي ‪ :‬ﺣﻼ وﺣﺮ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﻮر ‪.‬‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻄ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫اب‬ ‫ﻮد ﺑﺎ ْ َﻴَ َﻮان اﻟْ َ ي ‪َ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻳَ ِﻌ ُﺶ اﻟ ْ َ ِﻣ َﻦ ا َ‬
‫و‬
‫َْ ْ ُ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا ﻤﻘﺼ ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫َو ُ ْﻘ َﺴ ُﻢ َ َﺴﺐ أﻧ ْ َﻮا ِﻋ ِﻪ َو َﺧ َﺼﺎﺋِﺼ ِﻪ َو َﻣﺎ َ ﺘﺼ ُﻞ ﺑ ِﻪ ِﻣ ْﻦ أ ْﺣ َ مٍ إ َ ﺛَﻼﺛَ َﺔ َﻋ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﻧ ْﻮ ً ‪:‬‬
‫اﻷ ْ َﻌ ُ‬‫َ‬ ‫ُ َ ُ‬
‫ﺎم‬ ‫ا ْﻮع اﻷول ‪:‬‬
‫اع ِ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ ُ َ ْ َْ ْ َ َ ْ ُ َ َ َ ْ َ َْ َ ُ َ ْ ٌ َََ َ ُ َ ََ َْ‬
‫اﻷ ﻌﺎم ِﺑﻔﺘ ِﺢ ا ﻬﻤﺰ ِة ﻊ ﻌ ٍﻢ ِﺑﻔﺘﺤﺘ ِ وﻫﻮ اﺳﻢ ﻳ ﻨﺎول ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧﻮ ٍ‬
‫اء أَ َ ﺎﻧَﺖ ا ْ َ َﻘ ُﺮ ِﻋ َﺮاﺑًﺎ أَ ْم َﺟ َﻮا ِﻣ َﺲ ‪َ ،‬و َﺳ َﻮاءٌ‬ ‫‪ :‬اﻹﺑ ُﻞ ‪َ ،‬وا ْ َ َﻘ ُﺮ ‪َ ،‬واﻟْ َﻐﻨَ ُﻢ ‪َ ،‬ﺳ َﻮ ٌ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ ُ َ َ ٌ َْ ِ ُْ ْ َ ُْ ْ َ‬ ‫ْ َ َ ُ َ ْ ً َ ْ َ ًْ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬
‫ﺖ اﻟﻐﻨﻢ ﺿﺄﻧﺎ أم ﻣﻌﺰا ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻬﺎ ﺣﻼل ِﺑ ِﺈ ﺎع ا ﻤﺴ ِﻠ ِﻤ ا ﻤﺴ ِﻨ ِﺪ ِإ‬ ‫أ ﺎﻧ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ َْ َ َ ََ َ َ ُ ْ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ َْ ََ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ ُ‬
‫ﻴﻬﺎ ِدف ٌء َو َﻣﻨﺎﻓِ ُﻊ‬ ‫ﻮص ﻛ ِﺜ َ ٍة ‪ِ .‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﻮ ﻌﺎ ‪﴿ :‬واﻷ ﻌﺎم ﺧﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﻟ ﻢ ِ‬ ‫ﻧﺼ ٍ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ َْ َْ ُ ُ َ‬
‫اﷲ ا ِ ي َﺟ َﻌ َﻞ ﻟَ ُ ﻢُ‬ ‫ﻮن ﴾ )ﺳﻮرة ا ﺤﻞ ‪َ ،(٥‬و ِﻣﻨْ َﻬﺎ ﻗَ ْﻮ ُ ُ َﺟﻞ َﺷﺄﻧُ ُﻪ ‪ُ ﴿ :‬‬ ‫و ِﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺄ ﻠ‬
‫َ ْ ُ َْ ََ ُ ََ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫َْ َ َْ َ ُُ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ََْ َ َْ َ‬
‫ﻫ ِﺬهِ‬ ‫اﻷ ﻌﺎم ﻟِ ﻛﺒﻮا ِﻣﻨﻬﺎ و ِﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺄ ﻠﻮن ﴾ ) ﻓﺮ ‪ . (٧٩‬واﺳﻢ اﻷ ﻌﺎمِ ﻘﻊ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ َْ‬ ‫َْ َ َ َ‬
‫ﻼف َ َ أﻫ ِﻞ ا ﻠﻐ ِﺔ )‪. (١‬‬ ‫ا ﻴﻮاﻧ ِ ِ ِ ٍ‬
‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎت‬
‫اﻷ ْرﻧَﺐُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ا ْﻮع ا ﺎ ِ ‪:‬‬
‫َ ْ ََ َ ُ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ََْ ُ َ ٌ َ َُْ َْ ْ‬
‫ﻮر ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ﺻﺢ ﻦ أ ٍﺲ ﻧﻪ ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬‬ ‫ﺐ ﺣﻼل أ ﻠﻬﺎ ِﻋﻨﺪ ا ﻤﻬ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻷرﻧ‬
‫َ َ َُْ َ ْ ُ َ َ َ ْ َ َ ََ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ َََ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََْ ْ َ‬
‫ﺤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺬ َ َﻬﺎ‬ ‫أ ﻔﺠﻨﺎ )‪ (٢‬أ ْر ﺒًﺎ ﻓ َﺴ َ اﻟﻘ ْﻮ ُم ﻓﻠﻐﺒُﻮا ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺧﺬ ﻬﺎ و ِﺟﺌﺖ ﺑِﻬﺎ أﺑﺎ ﻃﻠ‬
‫َ َُ‬ ‫ََ َُ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َو َ َﻌﺚ ﺑِ َﻮ ِر ِ َﻬﺎ ‪ -‬أ ْو ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ﺑِﻔ ِﺨ ِﺬﻫﺎ إِ ا ِ ‪ ‬ﻘ ِﺒﻠﻪ ‪َ . (٣) ‬و ْﻦ ﻤ ِﺪ ﺑْ ِﻦ‬
‫َ ْ َ َ )‪(٤‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ ُ َ ََْْ َ َ َْ‬ ‫َ ُ َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َ َْ َ ْ َ َ ْ َُ‬
‫ﺻﻔﻮان ) أو ﺻﻔﻮان ﺑ ِﻦ ﻤ ٍﺪ ( ﻧﻪ ﻗﺎل ‪ِ  :‬ﺻﺪت أرﻧ ِ ﻓﺬ ﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺑِﻤﺮوة‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ َ َْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ َ ْ َ )‪ُ (٥‬‬ ‫َ َ َْ ُ َ ُ َ‬
‫ﺎب‬ ‫ان ا ﻤﺴﺘﻄ ِ‬ ‫اﷲ ‪ ‬ﻓﺄ ﺮ ِ ﺑِﺄ ِﻠ ِﻬﻤﺎ ‪ ‬ﻢ إِ ﻬﺎ ِﻣﻦ ا ﻴﻮ ِ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺄﻟﺖ رﺳﻮل ِ‬
‫ََْ َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََْ‬ ‫ََْ َ ْ َ َ َ‬
‫ﺎﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﺎب ﻔ ِ ُس ِﺑ ِﻪ ‪َ ،‬و ْﻢ ﻳَ ِﺮد ﻧﺺ ِﺑﺘَﺤ ِﺮ ِﻤ َﻬﺎ ‪َ ،‬ﻬ ِﺬ ِه ا ﻤﻨ‬ ‫‪ ،‬وﻟ ﺴﺖ ذات ﻧ ٍ‬
‫)‪ .(١‬اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻊ ‪ ٣٥ / ٥‬ـ ‪ ، ٣٦‬واﻟﺪﺳﻮﻗﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﻜﺒﲑ ‪ ، ١١٥ / ٢‬و ﺎﻳﺔ اﶈﺘﺎج ‪ ، ١٤٢ / ٨‬وﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ أوﱄ اﻟﻨﻬﻰ ‪٣٢٨ / ٦‬‬
‫)‪ .(٢‬ﻧﻔﺠﺖ اﻷرﻧﺐ ‪ :‬ﺛﺎرت ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻘﺎﻣﻮس ‪ ،‬وأﻧﻔﺠﻬﺎ ‪ :‬أﺛﺎرﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ .(٣‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ أﻧﺲ ‪ " :‬أﻧﻔﺠﻨﺎ أرﻧﺒﺎ ‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ) اﻟﻔﺘﺢ ‪ ٦٦١ / ٩‬ـ ط اﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺔ ( وﻣﺴﻠﻢ ) ‪ – ١٥٤٧ / ٣‬ط اﳊﻠﱯ (‬
‫)‪ .(٤‬اﳌﺮوة واﺣﺪة اﳌﺮو ‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺣﺠﺎرة ﺑﻴﺾ رﻗﺎق ﺑﺮاﻗﺔ ﺗﻘﺪح ﻣﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺎر ) ر ‪ :‬اﳌﻌﺠﻢ اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ( وﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﳍﺎ ﺣﺪ ﺻﺎﱀ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻜﲔ‬
‫)‪ .(٥‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪":‬ﺻﺪت أرﻧﺒﲔ ‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ أﺑﻮ داود واﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﺟﻪ ‪ ،‬وﺻﺤﺤﻪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﻧﺼﺐ اﻟﺮاﻳﺔ ) ‪. ( ٢٠١ / ٤‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٢٤ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫َ َََ َ ْ ُ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْﺴﺘَ ْﻮﺟ ُ‬
‫أ ﻠﻬﺎ ﺳﻌﺪ ﻦ أ ِ‬ ‫اع ا ُﻤ َﺤﺮ َﻣ ِﺔ ‪َ .‬وﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺐ ِﺣﻠ َﻬﺎ ﻛ َﻤﺎ َﺳ ُ َى ِ اﻷﻧ َﻮ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺎء َوا ْ ُﻦ ا ْ ُﻤ َ‬
‫َ َﻄ ٌ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ َ ُْ َ َ‬
‫ﺐ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻴﺪ ا ُﺪ ِري َو‬ ‫ﺎص ر ِ َ اﷲ ﻨﻪ َورﺧﺺ ِ ﻴﻬﺎ أﺑﻮ ﺳ ِﻌ ٍ‬
‫َوﻗ ٍ َ‬
‫)‪(١‬‬ ‫َ ْ ُ ََُ َ ْ َ ْ ُ ُْ ْ‬
‫وا ﻠﻴﺚ وأﺑﻮ ﺛﻮ ٍر وا ﻦ ا ﻤﻨ ِﺬ ِر ‪.‬‬
‫ْ َ ُ ْ َْ ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ا ْﻮع ا ﺎﻟِﺚ ‪ :‬ا َﻴَ َﻮاﻧﺎت ا ُﻤﻔ ِ َﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺎب َ ْﻔ َ ُس ﺑ ِﻪ ‪َ ،‬ﺳ َﻮاءٌ‬ ‫ُ َ ََ َ ٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُْ َْ‬ ‫ْ ُ َ ُ َْ َ َ َ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫داﺑ ٍﺔ ﻬﺎ ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎت ا ﻤﻔ ِﺳ ِﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ا ﻤﺮاد ِﺑﺎ ﻴﻮاﻧ ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫ْ )‪ْ َ َ َ ً ْ َ ْ (٢‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺖ أَ ْﻫﻠﻴ ًﺔ َ ﻟْ َ ْﺐ َوا ﺴﻨ ْ‬ ‫أَ َ ﺎﻧَ ْ‬
‫ﺐ َوا ﻀﺒُ ِﻊ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ﺪ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺣ‬‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫اﻷ‬ ‫ر‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫)‪(٤‬‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﺣ ِ َوا ﺴﻨْ َﺠﺎب َواﻟ َﻔﻨَ ِﻚ)‪َ (٣‬‬ ‫ْ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َوا ِﻤﺮ َواﻟْ َﻔ ْﻬ ِﺪ َوا ْﻌﻠﺐ َ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﻮر‬
‫َِ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻴﻞ ‪َ .‬و ُﺣﻜ ُﻤ َﻬﺎ ‪َ :‬ﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟ‬‫و‬‫آوى َ‬ ‫)و ُﻫ َﻮ أﺑُﻮ ُﻣﻘﺮ ٍض( َوا ب َواﻟ ِﻘ ْﺮ ِد َواﺑْﻦ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َوا ﻟُﻖ)‪َ (٥‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻻ َ ﻞ َ ْ ٌء ﻣﻨْ َﻬﺎ ﻋﻨْ َﺪ ا ْ َﻨَﻔﻴﺔ َوا ﺸﺎﻓﻌﻴﺔ َوا ْ َﻨَﺎﺑﻠَﺔ َو ُﻫ َﻮ ﻗَ ْﻮ ٌل ﻠْ َﻤﺎﻟﻜﻴﺔ ‪َْ َ ،‬‬
‫ِ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َُ ٌ‬ ‫َ ُ ُ ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َُ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻮﺳﻒ َو ﻤﺪ )‪. (٦‬‬ ‫ﺐ ﻗﺎل ِ ِ ﻠ ِﻬﻤﺎ أﺑﻮ ﻳ‬ ‫أن ا ﻀﺒﻊ وا ﻌﻠ‬
‫ً‬ ‫ِْ ُ َْ َ َ َ َ َ َ ً َْ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ُْ ْ ُ ُ َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫َ ْ َ‬
‫ِﺮ ِﻢ ﻫﺬا ا ﻮع ِﻪ أو ﻛﺮاﻫ ِﺘ ِﻪ ﻛﺮاﻫﺔ ِﺮ ِﻤﻴﺔ ‪-‬‬ ‫اﺳﺘَﺪل ا ﻤﻬﻮر‬ ‫و‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ َُ‬ ‫َََُْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬
‫اﷲ ‪ ‬ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻮل ِ‬ ‫ﻳﺚ أ ِ ﻫﺮ ﺮة ‪ ‬ﻦ رﺳ ِ‬ ‫ِﺑﻘﻄ ِﻊ ا ﻈ ِﺮ ﻋ ِﻦ اﻷﻣ ِﺜﻠ ِﺔ ‪ِ ِ -‬ﺪ ِ‬
‫ﺎع َﺣ َﺮ ٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُْ ُ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ام ‪. (٧) ‬‬ ‫ﺎب ِﻣ َﻦ ا ﺴﺒَ ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ذ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻗﺎل ‪  :‬أ ﻞ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫َُ ُْ ُ ْ ََ َ َْ َ‬ ‫َ َ ْ ََْ‬
‫ﺎر ﻛ ِﺜ َ ٍة ْﻦ َﻌ ِﺾ ا ﺼ َﺤﺎﺑَ ِﺔ ‪ِ ،‬ﻣﻨ َﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻣ ِﻦ اﺳ ﺜ ا ﻀﺒﻊ َ ِﻣﻨﻬﻢ اﺳﺘﺪل ِﺑﺄﺧﺒ َ ٍ‬
‫اﷲ َﻋ ِﻦ ا ﻀﺒُ ِﻊ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ َ ْ َ َْ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻳﺚ اﺑ ْ ِﻦ أ ِ ﻤ‬ ‫َ ََ ْ َ‬
‫ﺎر ﻗﺎل ‪  :‬ﺳﺄﻟﺖ ﺟﺎﺑِ َﺮ ﻦ ﺒ ِﺪ ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ َورد ِﻣﻦ ﺣ ِﺪ ِ‬
‫ﻚ ﻣﻦْ‬ ‫َ َُُ َ َ ََ ْ ُْ ُ َ َ ٌْ َ َ َ ََ ْ ُْ ُ ََ ْ َ َ َ‬
‫أآ ﻠﻬﺎ ؟ ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ﻌﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻗﻠﺖ ‪ :‬أﺻﻴﺪ ِ ؟ ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ﻌﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻗﻠﺖ ‪ :‬أﺳ ِﻤﻌﺖ ذ ِ ِ‬
‫ُ‬
‫ﻳﺚ ﻧﺎﻓِ ٍﻊ َ ْﻮ اﺑ ْ ِﻦ َﻤ َﺮ ‪،‬‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺎل ‪َ َ :‬ﻌ ْﻢ‪َ . (٨) ‬و ُرو َي أَﻳْ ًﻀﺎ ﻣ ْﻦ َ‬
‫ﺣ‬
‫َ َ‬
‫ﻗ‬ ‫؟‬ ‫اﷲ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﻧ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َ َ َ‬ ‫ُُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ َْ ٌُ ْ ُ َ َ َ ْ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﺎص ﻳَﺄ ﻞ ا ﻀﺒَﺎع ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎل ﻧﺎﻓِ ٌﻊ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬أﺧ َ َرﺟﻞ ا َﻦ ﻤ َﺮ أن ﺳﻌﺪ َﻦ أ ِ َوﻗ ٍ‬
‫)‪ .(١‬اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻊ ‪ ، ٣٩ / ٥‬واﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﺼﻐﲑ ﻟﻠﺪردﻳﺮ ‪ ، ٣٢٢ / ١‬و ﺎﻳﺔ اﶈﺘﺎج ‪ ، ١٤٣ / ٨‬واﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﺑﺄﺳﻔﻞ اﳌﻐﲏ ﻻﺑﻦ ﻗﺪاﻣﺔ‬
‫‪ ٨١ / ١١‬و ‪ ، ٨٢‬واﶈﻠﻰ ﻻﺑﻦ ﺣﺰم ‪ ، ٤٣٢ / ٧‬واﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻟﺰﺧﺎر ‪. ٣٢٥ / ٤‬‬
‫)‪ .(٢‬اﻟﺴﻨﻮر ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ اﳍﺮ ‪ ،‬أي اﻟﻘﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ .(٣‬اﻟﻔﻨﻚ ‪ :‬دوﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﺮو)ﺣﻴﺎة اﳊﻴﻮان ‪(٨٣/٢‬‬
‫)‪ .(٤‬اﻟﺴﻤﻮ ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﻮان ﺑﺮي ﻳﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﺴﻨﻮر )ﺣﻴﻠﺔ اﳊﻴﻮان ‪(٤٠٤/١‬‬
‫)‪ .(٥‬اﻟﺪﻟﻖ ‪ :‬دوﻳﺒﺔ ﺗﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻤﻮر )ﺣﻴﺎة اﳊﻴﻮان ‪. (٣٤٣/١‬‬
‫)‪ .(٦‬اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻊ ‪ ، ٣٩ / ٥‬وﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺑﺪﻳﻦ ‪. ١٩٤ / ٥‬‬
‫)‪ .(٧‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬أﻛﻞ ﻛﻞ ذي ﻧﺎب ‪ " ......‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ) ‪ (٤٩٦ / ٢‬وأﺧﺮﺟﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ) ‪ (١٥٣٤ / ٣‬ﺑﻠﻔﻆ ﻣﻘﺎرب ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ .(٨‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺟﺎﺑﺮ ﰲ اﻟﻀﺒﻊ أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﱰﻣﺬي واﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﺟﻪ وﺻﺤﺤﻪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ اﻟﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ ) ‪ ١٥٢ / ٤‬ـ ط دار اﶈﺎﺳﻦ ( ‪.‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٢٥ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ُ َ َ‬ ‫ََْ ُْ‬
‫ﻜ ِﺮ ا ْ ُﻦ َﻤ َﺮ ذ ِﻚ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻢ ﻨ ِ‬
‫ْ َْ‬ ‫ُ ُ ْ ُ َْ ً ُْ ََْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ ُْ َْ ْ ُ ُ َْ‬
‫ﺎت ا ُﻤﻔ ِ َﺳ ِﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻴ ِﺔ ﻧﻪ ‪ :‬ﻳ َﺮه ِ ﻬﺎ أ ﻞ ا َﻴﻮاﻧ ِ‬ ‫َواﻟﻘﻮل ا ﻤﺸﻬﻮر ِﻠﻤﺎ ِﻟ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ ََُ َ ً َ ْ‬ ‫ْ َ ْ َْ‬ ‫َ َ ٌ َ َ َ ْ َْ ً َ‬
‫ﻜﻴ ِﺔ‬ ‫ﺐ واﻷﺳ ِﺪ ‪ .‬و ِﻠﻤﺎ ِﻟ ِ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺐ ‪ ،‬أم ﻣﺘﻮﺣﺸﺔ ﺋ ِ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاء أ ﺎﻧﺖ أﻫ ِﻠﻴﺔ ﺴﻨﻮ ِر واﻟ ِ‬
‫َْ ُ َ‬
‫ﻮر ِﻋﻨﺪﻫ ْﻢ ﻟ ِ ْﻦ‬ ‫ﻼف ا ْ َﻤ ْﺸ ُ‬
‫ﻬ‬
‫ُ‬
‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺎﺣ ِﺔ َو ُﻫ َ‬ ‫اﻟْﻘ ْﺮد َواﻟ ْﺴﻨَﺎس ﻗَ ْﻮ ٌل ﺑﺎﻹﺑ َ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫)‪(١‬‬
‫ﻴﺢ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َﺻﺤ َﺤ ُﻪ َﺻ ُ‬
‫ﺎﺣﺐ ا ﻮ ِﺿ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َ َ‬ ‫ُ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُ َْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓ ِﺔ ِإ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ذ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻖ‬
‫ِِ‬ ‫ﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﺜ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻷ‬ ‫ﺾ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻮا‬ ‫ﺎﺣ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻓ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻟ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ ٌَ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﻮر ﺘَﺠ َ ِﺑﺄن أ ﻴَﺎ َ َﻬﺎ ﺿ ِﻌﻴﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ُْ‬
‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬‫ا ﻀﺒُ ِﻊ َوا ْﻌﻠَﺐ َ ﺴﻨْ َﺠﺎب َواﻟْ َﻔﻨَ ِﻚ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َُ َ ٌ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ََ ُ‬
‫َ‬
‫وﻗﺎ ﻮا ِ ا ﺴﻨﻮ ِر ا ﻮﺣ ِ واﻷﻫ ِ واﺑ ِﻦ آوى وا ﻤ ِﺲ وا ﻟ ِﻖ ‪ِ :‬إ ﻬﺎ ﺮﻣﺔ ِ‬
‫َْ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﻷ َﺻﺢ ‪َ ،‬و ِ ﻴﻞ ِ ﻫ ِﺬ ِه ا َ ْﻤ َﺴ ِﺔ اﻷ ِﺧ َ ِة َﻬﺎ ِﺑﺎ ِﻞ ِﻋﻨﺪﻫ ْﻢ )‪. (٢‬‬
‫َُ ََْ ََ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َْ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ َُ ََ ْ َ‬
‫َ‬
‫َ‬
‫أﻣﺎ ا ﻨ ِﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻘﺪ أﺑﺎﺣﻮا ِﻣﻦ اﻷﻣ ِﺜﻠ ِﺔ ا ﺴ ِﺎﺑﻘ ِﺔ ا ﻀﺒﻊ ﻘﻂ ‪ .‬وﻗﺎ ﻮا ‪ :‬إِن ِ‬
‫ﺣ ر َواﻳَ ًﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺑَ َ‬ ‫ْ َْ ْ‬ ‫ا ْﻌﻠَﺐ َ‬
‫ﺎﺣ ِﺔ )‪. (٣‬‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُْ َ ُ َ ُ َ َ‬ ‫ََ َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ُ ََ ََْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﷲ ﻌﺎ ‪ ﴿ :‬ﻗﻞ ﻻ أ ِﺟﺪ ِﻴﻤﺎ أو ِ إِ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﺔ ﻘ ِﺪ اﺳﺘﺪﻟﻮا ِﺑﻘﻮ ِل ِ‬ ‫َوأﻣﺎ ا ﻤﺎ ِﻟ ِ‬
‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﺎع ﻟَ ْ َﺴ ْ‬ ‫ﻮم ا ﺴﺒَ ِ‬ ‫ُ َﺮ ًﻣﺎ َ َ َﻃﺎﻋﻢ َ ْﻄ َﻌ ُﻤ ُﻪ ‪ . . .‬اﻵﻳَ َﺔ ﴾ )اﻷﻧﻌﺎم ‪ (١٤٥‬ﻓَﺈن ُ ُ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ٍِ‬
‫َ‬
‫َ َ َُْ َُ ََ ُ ُ َُ َ ً َ َ َ ََ َ ْ َ ْ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ِذي‬ ‫ِ ﻤﺎ ﺗﻀﻤﻨﺘﻪ اﻵﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺔ ‪ ،‬وأﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ورد ِﻣﻦ ا ِ ﻦ أ ِﻞ‬
‫َ َ َْ ٌ ََ ْ َ َ‬
‫) ‪(٤‬‬
‫ﺎب ُﻬ َﻮ ُﻤﻮل اﻟﻜ َﺮاﻫ ِﺔ‬
‫ﻧ ٍ‬
‫ات‬ ‫َ ْﻔ َ ُس ﺑ ِﻪ َوﻟَ ْ َﺲ ِﻣ َﻦ ا ْ َ َ َ‬ ‫ُ ُ ْ َْ َ َ ٌ‬
‫َوﺣ ٍﺶ ﻟ َﺲ ُ ﻧﺎب‬
‫ُ‬
‫ا ْﻮع ا ﺮاﺑِﻊ ‪:‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ ْ‬ ‫ْ ْ‬ ‫َُ‬ ‫َ ْ ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬
‫ُ ِﺮ ا َﻮﺣ ِﺶ َو ِ ِﺑ ِﻞ ا َﻮﺣ ِﺶ ‪َ .‬وﻫﺬا ا ْﻮع‬ ‫َوذ ِﻚ ﻟﻈﺒَﺎ ِء َو َﻘ ِﺮ ا َﻮﺣ ِﺶ و‬
‫َ‬
‫ﺎع ا ْ ُﻤ ْﺴﻠﻤ َ ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧ ُﻪ ﻣ َﻦ اﻟﻄﻴﺒَﺎت ‪ .‬ﻟَ ْﻦ ﻗَ َﺎل ا ْ َﻤﺎﻟﻜﻴ ُﺔ ‪ :‬إ َذا ﺗَ َﺲ ِ َ ُ‬ ‫ٌ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎر‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِِ‬ ‫َﺣﻼل ﺑِ ِﺈ َ ِ‬
‫َ ْ َ َ َ‬ ‫َْ َ َْ‬ ‫َ ُ ْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ﺣ ْ َﻢ ا ْ َ‬ ‫َ َ ُ ْ‬
‫ﻜ ُﻤ ُﻪ ُ‬ ‫َْ ْ‬
‫ُ‬
‫ﺎر اﻷﻫ ِ ‪ ،‬وﺣ ﻢ اﻷﻫ ِ ﺳﻴﺄ ِ ‪ .‬ﻓﺈِن د إِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎر‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺶ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫اﻮ‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ا َﻮﺣﺶ َر َﺟ َﻊ ُﻣﺒَ ً‬
‫ﺎﺣﺎ ﻛ َﻤﺎ ن ‪.‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫)‪ .(١‬اﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﺳﻮﻗﻲ ‪ ١٠٤ / ٢‬ﻃﺒﻊ اﳌﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﱪى ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ .(٢‬ﺎﻳﺔ اﶈﺘﺎج ‪. ١٤٤ - ١٤٣ / ٨‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬اﳌﻘﻨﻊ ‪. ٥٢٨ - ٥٢٥ / ٣‬‬
‫)‪.(٤‬اﳌﻨﺘﻘﻰ ‪. ١٣١ / ٣‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٢٦ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ٌ‬
‫ﺐ َﺻﺎﺋِﺪ‬ ‫ع ا ْ َﺎ ُﺲ ‪َ ُ :‬ﻃﺎﺋﺮ َ ُ ْﻠَ ٌ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬
‫ا ﻮ‬
‫ٍِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ْ ُ‬ ‫ََ َ‬ ‫َ ْ ََ َ َُْ‬ ‫ﺎﺷﻖ َوا ﺼ ْﻘﺮ َ‬ ‫ﻚ َ ْ َﺎزي َوا ْ َ‬ ‫ََ َ‬
‫ﺎب ‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ا ﻮع‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬
‫ِ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻫ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺸ‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫وذ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ ٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ ٌ َْ ً َْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬
‫‪ِ -‬ﺑﻘﻄ ِﻊ ا ﻈ ِﺮ ﻋ ِﻦ اﻷﻣ ِﺜﻠ ِﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﻜﺮوه ِﺮ ﻤﺎ ِﻋﻨﺪ ا َﻨ ِﻔﻴ ِﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺣﺮام ِ ﺑﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻴﻊ ﻫ ِﺬ ِه‬
‫َ َ َ‬
‫ن‬ ‫إ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا ْ َﻤ َﺬاﻫﺐ‪ (١)،‬إﻻ ﻋﻨْ َﺪ ا ْ َﻤﺎﻟﻜﻴﺔ َ َﻘ ْﺪ ﻗَﺎ ُﻮا ا ْ َﻤ ْﺸ ُﻬﻮر َ ﻨْ ُﻬ ْ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻴُ ُ َ َ َ ْ َ َ ْ َ ً )‪َ َ ُ َ َ ْ ُ ْ َ َ َ ْ َ َ ُ َ (٢‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ٌ‬
‫از أ ِﻠ َﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻮر ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺔ و ﻮ ﻧﺖ ﺟﻼﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬ور ِوي ﻦ ﺎﻋ ٍﺔ ِﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻋﺪم ﺟﻮ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ْ ََ ْ‬ ‫‪َ .‬و َﻣ َﺎل ا َﻤﺎزري َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ا ِ ِﻪ ‪.‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻤ‬
‫َِ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫َ َ ً َْ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫َو ِﻣ ْﻦ أ ِدﻟ ِﺔ ِﺮ ِﻢ ﻫﺬا ا ْﻮ ِع أ ْو ﻛ َﺮاﻫ ِﺘ ِﻪ ﻛ َﺮاﻫﺔ ِﺮ ِﻤﻴﺔ َﺣ ِﺪﻳﺚ اﺑْ ِﻦ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ ْ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ َُ َ‬ ‫اﷲ َ ﻨْ ُﻬ َ‬ ‫ﺎس َر ِ َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎب ِﻣ َﻦ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ذ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫اﷲ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮل‬ ‫ﺳ‬‫ر‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺒ‬
‫ﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ‪ ،‬إ ْذ ِﻣﻦَ‬ ‫ْ )‪ُ َ ٌ َ ْ ُ َ ُ ْ َ (٣‬‬ ‫ﺎع ‪َ ،‬و َ ْﻦ ُ ِذي ِ ْﻠَﺐ ِﻣ َ‬ ‫ا ﺴﺒَ ِ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اد‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻄ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ٍ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ ْ‬ ‫َ َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َْ ْ ُ َ ُ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﺐ ِﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻌﺮ ِب ِإﻻ ا ﺼﺎﺋِﺪ ِﺑ ِﻤﺨﻠ ِﺒ ِﻪ وﺣﺪه ‪ .‬وأﻣﺎ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ا ﻤﻌﻠﻮمِ ﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺴ ذا ِ ﻠ ٍ‬
‫ات َ َﺎﻟﺐَ‬ ‫ََ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُ ْ َ َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ َ َْ َ ُ َ ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ا ﻳﻚ واﻟﻌﺼﺎ ِ وا ﻤﺎم وﺳﺎﺋِﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳ ِﺼﻴﺪ ِﺑ ِﻤﺨﻠ ِﺒ ِﻪ ﻓﻼ ﺴ ذو‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻼﺳﺘ ْﻤ َﺴﺎك َوا ْ َ ْﻔﺮ ﺑ َﻬﺎ ‪َ ،‬وﻟَ ْ َﺴ ْ‬ ‫ﻷن َ َﺎ َ َﻬﺎ ْ‬ ‫َ )‪َ (٤‬‬
‫اس‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻻﻓ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻠﺼ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ا ﻠﻐ ِﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ُْ َ ُ َ ُ‬
‫ﻜﻴ ُﺔ ﺑﺎ ْ َ ْ ا ِ ي ﻗَ ْﻮ َ َﻌﺎ َ ‪ ﴿ :‬ﻗﻞ ﻻ أﺟﺪ ِﻴﻤﺎ أو ِ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻟ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺘَ َﺪل ا ْ َ‬
‫ﻤ‬ ‫َو ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻮﺣﺎ أَ ْو َ ْﻢَ‬ ‫ﻮن َﻣﻴْﺘَ ًﺔ أَ ْو َد ًﻣﺎ َ ْﺴ ُﻔ ً‬ ‫َ ْ َ ُ َ‬
‫َﻃﺎ ِﻋ ٍﻢ ْﻄ َﻌ ُﻤﻪ إِﻻ أن ﻳ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َُ ً ََ‬
‫ﺮﻣﺎ‬ ‫إِ‬
‫ْ َ ُ ْ ٌ ْ ْ ً َ َْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﷲ ﺑِ ِﻪ ﴾ )اﻷﻧﻌﺎم ‪. (١٤٥‬‬ ‫ِﺧ ِ ٍﺮ ﻓﺈِﻧﻪ ِرﺟﺲ أو ﻓِﺴﻘﺎ أﻫﻞ ِﻟﻐ ِ ِ‬
‫ْ َ َ‬ ‫ُُْ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ا ْﻮع ا ﺴﺎ ِد ُس ‪ :‬اﻟﻄﺎﺋِ ُﺮ ا ِ ي ﻻ ﻳَﺄ ﻞ إِﻻ ا ِ ﻴَﻒ ِ ًﺎ‬
‫َْ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ا َﻔ َﻖ ا ْ َﻨَ ِﻔﻴ ُﺔ َوا ﺸﺎﻓِ ِﻌﻴ ُﺔ َوا ْ َﻨَﺎﺑﻠَ ُﺔ َ َ َ ْﺮ ﻢ اﻟْ ُﻐ َ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻷ‬ ‫اب‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َْ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََْ‬
‫َ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫وا ِﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮاﻫ ِﺔ ا ﺤ ِﺮ ِﻤﻴ ِﺔ ‪ .‬وا ﻤﻘﺼﻮد‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫اب اﻷ ﻘ ِﻊ ‪ِ ،‬إﻻ أن ا ﻨ ِﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫َواﻟْ ُﻐ َ‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫َواﺣ ٌﺪ ‪َ ،‬و ُﻫ َﻮ َﻣﻨ ُﻊ ا ﺸﺎر ِع اﻷ ﻞ ‪َ ،‬و َﻣ ْﻌﻠ ٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﻮم أن د ِ ﻞ ا َﻤﻨ ِﻊ ﻟ َﺲ ْﻄ ِﻌﻴﺎ ‪َ ،‬و َﻣﺎ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬

‫)‪.(١‬اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻊ ‪ ، ٣٩ / ٥‬و ﺎﻳﺔ اﶈﺘﺎج ‪ ، ١٤٤ / ٨‬واﳌﻘﻨﻊ ‪ ، ٥٢٧ / ٣‬واﶈﻠﻰ ‪ ، ٤٠٣ / ٧‬واﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻟﺰﺧﺎر ‪. ٣٢٩ / ٤‬‬
‫)‪.(٢‬اﳉﻼﻟﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﻮذة ﻣﻦ اﳉﻠﺔ ) ﺑﺘﺜﻠﻴﺚ اﳉﻴﻢ وﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻼم ( وﻫﻲ اﻟﺒﻌﺮ وﳓﻮﻩ ﻣﻦ روث اﳊﻴﻮان ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻤﻴﺖ اﻟﺪاﺑﺔ ﺟﻼﻟﺔ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻐﺬى ﺑﺎﳉﻠﺔ وﳓﻮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﺎﺳﺎت ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻘﺎﻣﻮس ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎس ‪ " :‬ﻰ رﺳﻮل اﷲ ‪ ‬ﻋﻦ أﻛﻞ ﻛﻞ ذي ﻧﺎب ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺒﺎع ‪ . " . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ) ‪ ١٥٣٤ / ٣‬ـ ط اﳊﻠﱯ (‬
‫)‪.(٤‬اﶈﻠﻰ ‪. ٤٠٥ / ٤‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٢٧ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ْ َْ‬ ‫ﺤﺮ ِﻤﻴ ِﺔ ‪َِ .‬‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ْ ََ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ْ َُ َ َ ُْ‬ ‫ﻚ ﻳَ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اﻫ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﺎﻟ‬ ‫و‬
‫ِ ِ ِ‬‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ن ﻛﺬ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ َ‬ ‫َ ُ َ ُ ْ َ ْ ََ‬ ‫ََْ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫َْ ُ ُ َ‬
‫ﺎن ِﻋﻨﺪ ذ ِوي اﻟﻄﺒﺎﺋِ ِﻊ ا ﺴ ِﻠﻴﻤ ِﺔ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﺄ ﻞ ِ ﺎ ِإﻻ ا ِ ﻴﻒ ‪ ،‬ﻬﻤﺎ ﺴﺘﺨﺒﺜ ِ‬
‫ْ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ ُ َ ُ َْ ُ ُ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ ُُ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺄ ﻞ ِﺳﻮى ا ﻠﺤ ِﻢ ِﻣﻦ ِﺟﻴ ٍﻒ و ِﺳﻮاﻫﺎ ‪،‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َو َﺪﺧﻞ ِ ﻫﺬا ا ْﻮ ِع اﻟ‬
‫َ ْ َْ َ ُ ْ َ َْ‬
‫ﺐ َﺻﺎﺋِ ٍﺪ )‪. (١‬‬ ‫و ِن ﻢ ﻳ ﻦ ذا ِ ﻠ ٍ‬
‫ُ ُ ُ ٌ َ ُ‬ ‫َ ُ ُ‬ ‫ُ َ‬ ‫َو َ ﻞ ُﻏ َﺮ ُ‬
‫اب ا ﺰ ْر ِع ‪َ ،‬وﻫ َﻮ ﻧ ْﻮ َ ِن ‪ :‬أ َﺣﺪﻫ َﻤﺎ ‪ :‬ا ﺰاغ َوﻫ َﻮ ﻏ َﺮاب أ ْﺳ َﻮد‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ْ ْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ ُ ُْ‬
‫ﻴﻬ َﻤﺎ ‪ :‬اﻟﻐﺪاف ا ﺼ ِﻐ ُ ‪َ ،‬وﻫ َﻮ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎر َوا ﺮﺟﻠ ِ َوﺛﺎ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َﺻ ِﻐ ٌ ‪َ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﻳَ ﻮن َﻤﺮ ا ِﻤﻨﻘ‬
‫ْ َ َ َْ َ َ ْ ُ ُ ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ ُ َ َْ ُ ُ‬ ‫َ ُُ ََ‬ ‫ُ ٌ‬
‫ﻏ َﺮاب َﺻ ِﻐ ٌ ْﻮﻧﻪ ْﻮ ِن ا ﺮ َﻣﺎ ِد ‪ ،‬و ِ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻳﺄ ﻞ ا ﺰرع وا ﺐ وﻻ ﻳﺄ ﻞ ا ِ ﻴﻒ‬
‫َْ َُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ ً َ َ‬
‫‪َ .‬و ِ ِ ﻠ ِﻬ َﻤﺎ أﻳْﻀﺎ ﻗﺎل ا ﺸﺎ ِﻓ ِﻌﻴﺔ َوا َﻨ ِﺎﺑﻠﺔ )‪. (٢‬‬
‫ٌ‬ ‫َ َ ْ َ ْ َ ُ )‪ُ َ ً ْ َ َ َ َ ْ ُ ْ َ ٌ َ ُ َ ُ َ (٣‬‬
‫ﻧﺐ ِ ﻴ ِﻪ َﻴَﺎض‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫وأﻣﺎ اﻟﻌﻘﻌﻖ ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻏﺮاب ﻮ ا ﻤﺎﻣ ِﺔ ﺣﺠﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻃ ِﻮ‬
‫َ ٌ َْ َ َ َ َ َ ْ ُ ٌ َْ ً َْ‬ ‫ام ﻋﻨْ َﺪ ا ْ ُ ْﻤ ُ‬ ‫َ ٌ َُ َ ٌ‬
‫ﻮر ‪ ،‬ﺣﻼل ِﻋﻨﺪ أ ِ ﺣ ِﻨﻴﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺮوه ِﺮ ﻤﺎ ِﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫َوﺳ َﻮاد ‪ ،‬ﻬ َﻮ ﺣ َﺮ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ُ َ ُ َُُْ ََْ ُ ُ ْ ََ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ َ َْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ ُ ُ َ‬
‫أ ِ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ‪ .‬واﻷﺻﺢ ِﻋﻨﺪ ا ﻨ ِﻔﻴ ِﺔ ِﺣﻠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻠﻂ ﻴﺄ ﻞ ا ِ ﻴﻒ وا ﺐ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺎﻷ ْﺳ َﻤﺎ ِء ‪َ ،‬وﻻ ﺑﺎﻟْﻜ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ ْ َ ُ ْ َ َْ َ‬ ‫ﺨﺒَﺜًﺎ ‪َ .‬وﻟَ ْ َ‬ ‫َ َ ُ ُ ُ ْ َ ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺑ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻔ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻋ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻌ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ ﻳ ﻮن ﺴﺘ‬
‫ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ُُ‬
‫ان ‪َ ،‬و ِ َﻤﺎ اﻟ ِﻌ ْ َ ة ِﺑﻨ ْﻮ ِع ِﻏﺬا ِﺋ ِﻪ ‪ :‬ﻓﺎ ِ ي ﻻ ﻳَﺄ ﻞ ِإﻻ ا ِ ﻴَﻒ‬
‫ََ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺎﻷ ْ َ‬
‫ﻮ‬ ‫َوا ﺼﻐ ِﺮ ‪َ ،‬وﻻ ِﺑ‬
‫َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ً َ ُ ُ َ‬ ‫َْ ُ َ ٌ َْ َ َ ََ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ً َ ْ ُ ٌ َْ‬
‫وه ِﺮ ًﻤﺎ ‪َ ،‬وا ِ ي ِﻠﻂ ﺣﻼل ِﻋﻨﺪ أ ِ ﺣ ِﻨﻴﻔﺔ ِﺧﻼﻓﺎ ﻷ ِ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ‪،‬‬ ‫ِ ﺎ ﻣﻜﺮ‬
‫َ ُُ ََْ َ ٌ َ ً َ َ َ ْ َ ُ َْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺐ ا َﻨ ِﻔﻴ ِﺔ)‪. (٤‬‬ ‫َوا ِ ي ﻻ ﻳﺄ ﻞ ا ِ ﻴﻒ ﺣﻼل ا ﻔﺎﻗﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬا ﻣﺬﻫ‬
‫َ‬ ‫اﻫﺔ َ َ ا ْ َﻤ ْﺸ ُ‬ ‫ََ ُ ْ َْ َ ُ َ ْ َ ْ َ َ َ‬ ‫َوا ْ َ‬
‫ﻮر ‪َ .‬و ُر ِو َي ْﻦ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺎن‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻐ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻮا‬ ‫ﺎﺣ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََ َ ْ‬
‫از آ ِ ﻠ ِﺔ ا ِ ﻴَ ِﻒ )‪. (٥‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎﻋ ٍﺔ ِﻣﻨ ُﻬ ْﻢ َﻋﺪ ُم َﺟ َﻮ‬
‫اﺳ ُﺜْ َ‬ ‫ﺤﺮ ﻤﻴﺔ ‪ -‬إﻻ َﻣﺎ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َْ َْ ََ َ‬ ‫َ ُ ُ َْ َ َ ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺘ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اﻫ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺎن‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫وﺣﺠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺋِ ِﻠ ِﺑﺘ ِ‬
‫ﺤ‬
‫َْ ُ ََ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ َ َْ‬ ‫َ ُ َ َ َ َ‬
‫اﺳ َﻖ‬ ‫اﷲ ‪ ‬ﻗﺎل ‪  :‬ﺲ ﻓﻮ ِ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺣ ِﺪﻳﺚ ِﺸﺔ ر ِ َ اﷲ ﻨﻬﺎ أن رﺳﻮل ِ‬
‫)‪.(١‬أي ‪ :‬ﺑﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻨﺴﺮ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮ اﳉﺎرح ﺷﺒﻴﻪ اﳌﻨﻘﺎر ﻟﻐﲑ اﳉﺎرح ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ اﳌﺨﻠﺐ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ اﻟﻈﻔﺮ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎن ‪ ) .‬اﳌﺼﺒﺎح ‪ :‬ﺧﻠﺐ‬
‫وﻧﺴﺮ ‪ ،‬وﺣﻴﺎة اﳊﻴﻮان ﻟﻠﺪﻣﲑي ‪ ٤١٠ / ٢‬ط ﺑﻮﻻق ( ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ .(٢‬ﺎﻳﺔ اﶈﺘﺎج ‪ ، ١٤٣ / ٨‬واﳌﻘﻨﻊ ‪ . ٥٢٧ / ٣‬واﻟﻌﻘﻌﻖ ‪ :‬ﻃﺎﺋﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪر اﳊﻤﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻐﺮاب وﺟﻨﺎﺣﺎﻩ أﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺎﺣﻲ اﳊﻤﺎﻣﺔ وﻫﻮ ذوﻟﻮﻧﻴﺖ أﺑﻴﺾ وأﺳﻮد ﻃﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﺬﻧﺐ وﻳﻘﺎل ﻟﻪ ‪ :‬اﻟﻘﻌﻘﻊ أﻳﻀﺎ )ﺣﻴﺎة اﳊﻴﻮان ‪(١٢/٢‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬وﻳﻘﺎل ﻟﻪ ‪ :‬اﻟﻘﻌﻘﻊ أﻳﻀﺎ )ﺣﻴﺎة اﳊﻴﻮان ‪(١٢/٢‬‬
‫)‪.(٤‬اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻊ ‪ ، ٤٠ / ٥‬وﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪر اﳌﺨﺘﺎر ‪. ١٩٤ / ٥‬‬
‫)‪.(٥‬اﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﺳﻮﻗﻲ ‪ ، ١١٩ / ٢‬و ﺎﻳﺔ اﶈﺘﺎج ‪ ، ١٤٣ / ٨‬واﳌﻘﻨﻊ ‪. ٥٢٧ / ٣‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٢٨ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ﺐ اﻟْ َﻌ ُﻘﻮرُ‬ ‫اﻷ ْ َﻘ ُﻊ َواﻟْ َﻔﺄ ْ َرةُ َواﻟْ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ُْ ُ َ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬
‫ﻘﺘَﻠ َﻦ ِ ا ِﻞ َوا َ َﺮمِ ‪ :‬ا َﻴﺔ َواﻟﻐ َﺮاب‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُْ ْ‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ َ )‪َ ُ َ َ ً ْ َ َ ْ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ (١‬‬
‫اﷲ ‪ ‬ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬‬ ‫وا ﺪﻳﺎ ‪ .‬وﺣ ِﺪﻳﺚ ِﺸﺔ ر ِ اﷲ ﻨﻬﺎ أﻳﻀﺎ أن رﺳﻮل ِ‬
‫ْ َ ُ ْ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ ٌﺲ ﻣ َﻦ ا َواب ُ ُﻬﻦ ﻓَﺎﺳ ٌﻖ ‪ْ ُ ،‬ﻘﺘَﻠ ْ َﻦ ا ْ َ َﺮ ‪ :‬اﻟ ْ ُﻐ َﺮ ُ‬
‫اب َوا ِﺪأة َواﻟ َﻌﻘ َﺮ ُب‬ ‫مِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ ْ َ ُ َ ْ َ ْ ُ ْ َ ُ ُ )‪ْ َ ُ َ َ َ َ ُ ْ ُ َ َ (٢‬‬
‫اﷲ ﻨ ُﻬ َﻤﺎ أن َر ُﺳﻮل‬ ‫واﻟﻔﺄرة واﻟ ﺐ اﻟﻌﻘﻮر ‪ ‬وﺣ ِﺪﻳﺚ اﺑ ِﻦ ﻤﺮ ر ِ‬
‫اب‬ ‫ﺎح ‪ :‬اﻟ ْ ُﻐ َﺮ ُ‬ ‫َُ ٌ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ََ ْ ْ‬
‫اﷲ ‪ ‬ﻗﺎل ‪ٌ ْ  :‬ﺲ ِﻣ َﻦ ا َواب ﻟ َﺲ ا ُﻤﺤ ِﺮمِ ِ ﺘ ِﻠ ِﻬﻦ ﺟﻨ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫‪َ ،‬وا َﺪأةُ ‪َ ،‬واﻟ َﻔﺄ َرةُ ‪َ ،‬واﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ َﺮ ُب ‪َ ،‬واﻟ َ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﻮر ‪. (٣) ‬‬ ‫ﺐ اﻟ َﻌ ُﻘ ُ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َُُْ ََ َ َ ُ ْ َْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُْ ُ‬
‫ﺎن‬ ‫ﻳﺚ أ ِﻴﺢ ﺘﻠﻪ ‪ ،‬و ﺬا ﺳﺎﺋِﺮ اﻟ ِﻐﺮ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻐ َﺮاب اﻷ ﻘﻊ ا ِ ي ذ ِﻛ َﺮ ِ ا َ ِﺪ ِ‬
‫ََ ُ َ َُُْ‬ ‫ﻳﺚ اﻷ ْﺧ َ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﻷ َ‬ ‫َُْ‬ ‫َُ َ ََْ ُ ُ ُ َْ‬
‫ﻴﺢ ﺘﻠﻪ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫اب " ِ‬ ‫اﻟ ِ ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻮم ﻟﻔ ِﻆ " اﻟﻐﺮ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ َُ َ َ َ َ َْ ْ َ َ ُ ْ َ ْ َ ْ َ ُ َ ْ َ‬
‫وح ِﺑ ﻳ ِﺔ‬ ‫ﺎق ا ﺮ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ ذ ة ‪ ،‬ﻷن ِﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﺘ ِﻞ ﻣ أﻃ ِﻠﻘﺖ ﻨ ِف ِإ إِز ِ‬
‫ﻫ‬
‫َْ َ َ ًَ‬
‫ﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫وﺣ ِﻪ ِﺑﻐ ِﻫﺎ ِإﺿ‬ ‫َ ََ َ َْ ُ ُ‬ ‫اﺳﺘَ َﻄﺎ َ َﻬﺎ ْ َ ُ َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫َوﺳﻴﻠَﺔ ْ‬
‫اﻹ ﺴﺎن ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻮ ﺣﻞ ِﺑﺎ ِة ﻟ ن إِزﻫﺎق ر ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ٍ‬
‫َ ََْ َ ْ ُ ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َ َْ‬ ‫ََْ َ َ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ﺎل ‪َ .‬وﻗﺪ َر َوى ا ْ ُﻦ أ ِ ﺷ ﺒﺔ ﻦ ﻋﺮوة‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻦ إِﺿﺎﻋ ِﺔ ا ﻤ ِ‬ ‫ﺎل ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ‬ ‫ِﻠﻤ ِ‬
‫َ ً‬ ‫َ ْ َْ ُ ُ ُْ َ َ َ َ ْ َ ُ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫َ ُ َ َ‬
‫ﺎﺳﻘﺎ ؟ ‪َ ‬و َر َوى‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫اﷲ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮل‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺎه‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اب‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻐ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺎل‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻧﻪ ﻗ‬
‫َْ ْ ْ َ َْ ْ َ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫َ ُ َ َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َُْ‬
‫اق َﻋ ِﻦ ا ﺰﻫ ِﺮي ﻧﻪ ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ﻛ ِﺮ َه ِر َﺟﺎل ِﻣ ْﻦ أﻫ ِﻞ اﻟ ِﻌﻠ ِﻢ أ ﻞ ا ِﺪا ِء‬ ‫ﺒﺪ ا ﺮز ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ُْ ُ‬ ‫ْ ََ‬ ‫َْ ُ َ ُ َ َُ ُ‬ ‫َواﻟْ ُﻐ َ‬
‫اﺳ ِﻖ ا َواب اﻟ ِ ﻘﺘَﻞ ِ ا َ َﺮمِ ‪.‬‬ ‫اﷲ ‪ِ ‬ﻣﻦ ﻓﻮ ِ‬ ‫اب ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﻤﺎﻫﻤﺎ رﺳﻮل ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ َ َ َْ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ ْ َْ‬ ‫َ ُ ُ َْ‬
‫ِﺮ ِﻢ اﻷ ِﻞ ِﻟﻘﻮ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻜﻴ ِﺔ أن إِﺑﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻘﺘ ِﻞ ﻻ دﻻﻟﺔ ِ ﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﺣﺠﺔ ا ﻤﺎ ِﻟ ِ‬
‫َُ ً ََ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ َﻌﺎ َ ‪﴿ :‬ﻗُ ْﻞ ﻻ أَﺟ ُﺪ َ‬
‫َﻃﺎ ِﻋ ٍﻢ ‪ . . .‬اﻵﻳَ َﺔ ﴾ )اﻷﻧﻌﺎم ‪. (١٤٥‬‬ ‫ﻴﻤﺎ أو ِ َ إِ ﺮﻣﺎ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫َ ََ ُ ُ َُ َ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََ ُْ ٌ َ َُْ َ َْ‬
‫وﻣﻌﻠﻮم أن اﻟﻐﺮاب ﻟ ﺲ ِ اﻵﻳ ِﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻴﻜﻮن ﻣﺒﺎح اﻷ ِﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫َََ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ َْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َ ُ ُ َ ْ ََْ َ َ َ َ ْ‬
‫ﺎن أن اﻷﺣﺎ ِدﻳﺚ اﻟ ِ ورد‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻐ‬‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬‫ِ‬ ‫اع‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫اﻷ‬ ‫ﺾ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫وﺣﺠﺔ ﻣ ِﻦ اﺳ ﺜ ِإﺑﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ُْ َ َ َْ ْ ُ َ ُ َ ُْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََْ ْ ََ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ‬
‫اب ِﺑﺎﻷ ﻘ ِﻊ أﺷﻌﺮت أن اﻟﻐﺮاب ا ﻤﺬﻛﻮر ﻫﻮ ا ﻤﺘ ِﺼﻒ ِﺑ ِﺼﻔ ٍﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻬﺎ َو ْﺻ ُﻒ اﻟْ ُﻐ َ‬
‫ﺮ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ََ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُُ‬ ‫َ ُُ‬ ‫ََ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ ُ ُ َُْ َ َ ْ ُ َ‬
‫ﻮﺣﻆ أن ﻫ ِﺬ ِه ا ﺼﻔﺔ ِ َ ﻛ ْﻮﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳَﺄ ﻞ ِإﻻ ا ِ ﻴﻔﺔ ِ ًﺎ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻮﺟﺐ ﺧﺒﺜﻪ ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ِ‬ ‫ﺗ ِ‬
‫)‪.(١‬اﳊﺪﻳﺎ ‪ :‬ﺗﺼﻐﲑ ‪ :‬اﳊﺪأة ‪ ،‬وزان ) ﻋﻨﺒﺔ ( وﻫﻲ ﻃﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﻦ اﳉﻮارح ) وﺗﺴﻤﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﳊﺪاﻳﺔ ( وﲨﻌﻬﺎ ﺣﺪأ ﻛﻌﻨﺐ ‪ ،‬وﺣﺪاء‬
‫ﻛﻜﺴﺎء ‪ .‬واﳌﺮاد ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻮاﺳﻖ ﻫﻨﺎ ‪ :‬اﳌﺆذﻳﺎت ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(٢‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﺎﺋﺸﺔ ‪ " :‬ﲬﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪواب ‪ " . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ) اﻟﻔﺘﺢ ‪ ( ٣٤ / ٤‬وﻣﺴﻠﻢ ) ‪ ٨٥٧ / ٢‬ـ ط اﳊﻠﱯ (‬
‫)‪.(٣‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ اﺑﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ ‪ " :‬ﲬﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪواب ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﶈﺮم ﰲ ﻗﺘﻠﻬﻢ ‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ) ‪ ٨٥٨ / ٢‬ـ ط اﳊﻠﱯ ( ‪.‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٢٩ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ََُ ُ ُْ َ ُ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ُ ُ ْ‬ ‫ُ ْ ََُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُ َ‬
‫ﺖ اﻷ َﺣﺎ ِدﻳﺚ ا ُﻤ ْﻄﻠﻘﺔ َﻋﻠﻴْ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻢ أ ِ َﻖ ﺑِﺎﻷ ْﻘ ِﻊ َﻣﺎ َﻣﺎﺛﻠﻪ َوﻫ َﻮ اﻟﻐﺪاف‬ ‫ﻓﺤ ِﻤﻠ ِ‬
‫َ ْ ُ ْ ُ ْ َْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫اﺧﺘَﻠَ ُﻔﻮا اﻟْ َﻌ ْﻘ َﻌﻖ َﺒَ ً‬ ‫ْ َ ُ َ ْ‬
‫ﺎر ِﻫ ْﻢ ِ ﻛﻮﻧِ ِﻪ ﻳ ِ ِﻣﻦ أ ِﻞ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻈ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻼف‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺘ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻻﺧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻜ ِﺒ ‪ .‬و‬
‫ﻴﻔ ِﺔ أَ ْوﻻ ﻳُ ْ ‪ُ.‬‬ ‫ْ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ا ِ‬
‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﺐ َﺻﺎﺋ ٌﺪ َوﻟَ ْ َﺲ أَ ْﻏﻠَ ُ‬ ‫ع ا ﺴﺎﺑ ُﻊ ‪َ ُ :‬ﻃﺎﺋﺮ ذي َدمٍ َﺳﺎﺋﻞ َوﻟَ ْ َﺲ َ ُ ْﻠَ ٌ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬
‫ا ﻮ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ٍِ‬ ‫ٍِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ََْ‬ ‫َ ْ‬
‫أ ِﻠ ِﻪ ا ِ ﻴﻒ ‪.‬‬
‫ْ َ ُ ْ َ ًَ ََُ ً‬ ‫ْ‬
‫) ‪(١‬‬
‫ﺖ‬ ‫اﺧ ِ‬
‫َْ َ‬
‫اﻹ َوز َوا َﻤﺎمِ ﺴﺘﺄ ﺴﺎ َوﻣﺘﻮﺣﺸﺎ‪َ ،‬واﻟﻔﻮ ِ‬ ‫ﺎج َوا ْ َﻂ َ‬
‫و‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻚ َ َ‬
‫ﺟ‬
‫ََ َ‬
‫وذ ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫َواﻟ َﻌ َﺼﺎ ِ ِ َواﻟﻘﺒَ ِﺞ)‪َ (٢‬وا ُﻮمِ )‪َ (٣‬وا ِ )‪َ (٤‬واﻟﻜ ْﺮ ِ )‪َ (٥‬وا ﺼﻠ ُﺼ ِﻞ)‪َ (٦‬وا ﻠﻘﻠ ِﻖ‬
‫َُ َ َ ُْ ٌ َْ َْ‬ ‫)‪َ (٧‬وا ﻠ َﺤﺎمِ )‪َ ،(٨‬وا ْ ُﻬ ْﺪ ُﻫﺪ َوا َ د َوا ْ ُ‬
‫)‪(٩‬‬
‫ﺎش ﻓ ﻫﺬا َﻣﺄ ﻮل ِﻋﻨﺪ ا َﻨ ِﻔﻴ ِﺔ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺎﺣﺔ َﻫ َﺬا ا ْﻮ ِع ُ ﻪ َو ْﻮ َﺟﻼﻟﺔ ا َﻤ ْﺸ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َوﻗَ َﺎل ا ْ َﻤﺎﻟﻜﻴ ُﺔ ﺑﺈﺑَ َ‬
‫ﻮر ﻨ ُﻬ ْﻢ ‪ِ ،‬إﻻ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِِ‬
‫َ َ ْ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ َُ‬ ‫ُْ ُ َ ْ َ ْ ُ ُ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ﻮر ِﻋﻨﺪﻫ ْﻢ ِ ﻴ ِﻪ اﻟﻜ َﺮاﻫﺔ ‪َ ،‬و ِ ﻴﻞ ِﺑ َﺮاﻫ ِﺔ ا ُﻬﺪﻫ ِﺪ َوا َ ِد ‪َ ِ ،‬ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ا ﻔﺎش ﻓﺎ ﻤﺸﻬ‬
‫اﷲ َ ﻨْ ُﻬ َﻤﺎ ﻧ ُﻪ ‪ َ َ َ  ‬ﻦْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺎس َر ِ َ ُ‬ ‫َ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ُ َُ َ َُ َ َ‬
‫ﻴﺢ ﻋ ِﻦ اﺑ ِﻦ ﺒ ٍ‬ ‫رواه أﺑﻮ داود ِﺴﻨ ٍﺪ ﺻ ِﺤ ٍ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ َ‬
‫ﺘ ِﻞ أ ْر َ ٍﻊ ِﻣ َﻦ ا َواب ‪ :‬ا ْﻤﻠ ِﺔ َوا ﺤﻠ ِﺔ َوا ُﻬﺪﻫ ِﺪ َوا َ ِد ‪َ . (١٠) ‬و ِ ﻴﻞ‬
‫َ َُ ُ‬ ‫َْ ُ ُ ُ ْ ََ ََ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َْ ً‬ ‫اﻫﺔ ا ْ ُ‬ ‫ْ ََ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺶ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺑ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻪ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻫ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺺ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺎف‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﻣﺎ ِ َﻤ ْﻦ ُﻋﺸﺶ ِﻋﻨﺪ ُه )‪. (١١‬‬ ‫اﺣ َ ً‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬
‫ﻮت ِ‬ ‫ا ُﻴ ِ‬

‫)‪ .(١‬اﻟﻔﻮاﺧﺖ ‪ :‬ﲨﻊ ﻓﺎﺧﺘﺔ وﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ اﳊﻤﺎم اﻟﺬي ﻟﻪ ﻃﻮق ‪ ،‬وﲰﻴﺖ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ؛ ﻷن ﻟﻮ ﺎ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﻔﺨﺖ ) ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﻓﺴﻜﻮن ( وﻫﻮ ﺿﻮء‬
‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ أول ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﺪو‬
‫)‪ .(٢‬اﻟﻘﺒﺞ ) ﺑﻔﺘﺢ اﻟﻘﺎف واﻟﺒﺎء ( ‪ :‬اﳊﺠﻞ ‪ ،‬واﻟﻜﺮوان ‪ ،‬واﺣﺪﺗﻪ ﻗﺒﺠﺔ ) ﺑﻔﺘﺤﺘﲔ ( وﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺬﻛﺮ واﻷﻧﺜﻰ‬
‫)‪ .(٣‬اﻟﺒﻮم واﻟﺒﻮﻣﺔ ـ ﺑﻀﻢ أوﳍﻤﺎ ـ ﻃﺎﺋﺮ ﻻ ﻳﱪز ﰲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎر ﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺑﺎﺻﺮﺗﻪ ‪ ،‬ﳛﺐ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة وﻳﺴﻜﻦ اﳋﺮاب ‪ ،‬وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﺸﺎءم ﺑﻪ‬
‫)‪ .(٤‬اﻟﺪﺑﺴﻲ ) ﺑﻮزن ‪ :‬ﻛﺮﺳﻲ ( ﻃﺎﺋﺮ أدﻛﻦ ﻳﻘﺮﻗﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ .(٥‬اﻟﻜﺮﻛﻲ ‪ ) :‬ﺑﻮزن ‪ :‬ﻛﺮﺳﻲ( ﻃﺎﺋﺮ ﻳﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮزة ‪ ،‬أﺑﱰ اﻟﺬﻧﺐ رﻣﺎدي اﻟﻠﻮن ﰲ ﺧﺪﻩ ﻋﻼﻣﺎت ﺳﻮد ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻠﺤﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺻﻠﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻈﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺄوي إﱃ اﳌﺎء أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ‪ ،‬وﲨﻌﻪ ﻛﺮاﻛﻲ ) ﺑﻔﺘﺢ أوﻟﻪ وﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ آﺧﺮﻩ ( ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ .(٦‬اﻟﺼﻠﺼﻞ ) ﺑﺼﻢ اﻟﺼﺎدﻳﻦ ( ﻃﺎﺋﺮ ﺻﻐﲑ ﻳﺴﻤﻴﻪ اﻟﻌﺠﻢ ‪ :‬اﻟﻔﺎﺧﺘﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ .(٧‬اﻟﻠﻘﻠﻖ ) ﺑﻔﺘﺢ اﻟﻼﻣﲔ ( وﻳﻘﺎل ﻟﻪ ‪ :‬اﻟﻠﻘﻼق ) ﺑﺰﻳﺎدة أﻟﻒ ﻗﺒﻞ آﺧﺮﻩ ( ﻃﺎﺋﺮ أﻋﺠﻤﻲ ﳓﻮ اﻷوزة ﻃﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻖ ‪ ،‬وﻛﻨﻴﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ أﻫﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮاق ‪ :‬أﺑﻮ ﺧﺪﻳﺞ ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻳﺄﻛﻞ اﳊﻴﺎت وﻳﻮﺻﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻄﻨﺔ واﻟﺬﻛﺎء ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ .(٨‬اﻟﻠﺤﺎم ) ﺑﺎﻟﻼم ( ﻫﻜﺬا ﰲ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺑﺪﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬وﱂ ﻧﻌﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ اﻟﻠﺴﺎن وﻻ ﰲ ﻏﲑﻩ ‪ ،‬وﻟﻌﻠﻪ ﲢﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﺤﺎم ) ﺑﻨﻮن‬
‫ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻣﺔ ‪ ،‬وﲣﻔﻴﻒ اﳊﺎء ( وﻫﻮ ﻃﺎﺋﺮ أﲪﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻘﺔ اﻷوز ‪ ،‬وﻳﻘﺎل ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺎرﺳﻴﺔ ‪ " :‬ﺳﺮخ آوى " ﻳﻜﻮن آﺣﺎدا وأزواﺟﺎ ﰲ‬
‫اﻟﻄﲑان ‪ ،‬واﻟﻮاﺣﺪة ﳓﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫)‪.(٩‬اﳌﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ اﻷرﻧﺐ ) ف ‪ ، ( ٢٣ /‬وﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺑﺪﻳﻦ ‪. ١٩٤ / ٥‬‬
‫)‪.(١٠‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎس ‪ " :‬ﻰ ‪ ‬ﻋﻦ ﻗﺘﻞ أرﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪواب ‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ أﺑﻮ داود ) ‪ ( ٤١٨ / ٥‬وﻗﻮاﻩ اﻟﺒﻴﻬﻘﻲ ‪ ،‬وﻗﺎل اﺑﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺠﺮ ‪ :‬رﺟﺎﻟﻪ رﺟﺎل اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ) اﻟﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ اﳊﺒﲑ ‪ ٢٧٠ / ٢‬ـ ط دار اﶈﺎﺳﻦ ( ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(١١‬ﺣﺎﺷﻴﺘﺎ اﻟﺮﻫﻮﱐ وﻛﻨﻮن ‪. ٣٨ / ٣‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٣٠ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ََ َ َ ُ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ َ َْ َ َ ُ َ َ‬ ‫َوا َﻔ َ‬
‫ﻴﻞ ا ﺎ ِ ِ ﻫﺬا ا ْﻮ ِع ‪ ،‬ﻓﺬﻛ ُﺮوا ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺎﺑ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻌ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻓ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻖ‬
‫ﺚ ‪َ ،‬و َ ﻞ َﻣﺎ َﻢْ‬ ‫ََ ُْ ْ َ‬ ‫ََ َ َ َ ْ َْ‬ ‫ُ َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ ُ َ َ‬
‫ﻦ ﺘ ِﻠ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ اﺳﺘﺨ ِﺒ‬ ‫ﺎرع ِﺑﻘﺘ ِﻠ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺮم ﻣ ﺎ أ ﺮ ا ﺸ ِ‬
‫ﻴﻖ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻚ ‪ .‬ﻟَﻜﻨ ُﻬ ُﻢ ا ْﺧﺘَﻠَ ُﻔﻮا ا ْ‬ ‫َ ُ ْ َ َ َ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻳ ﻦ ﻛﺬ ِ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ ُ‬
‫ﻓﺎ ﺮ َﺔ َوا ُﻔﺎش َوا ﻠﻘﻠ ُﻖ َوا ُﻄﺎف َوا ﺴﻨﻮﻧﻮ)‪ُ (١‬ﺮ ُم ِﻋﻨﺪ ا ﺸﺎ ِﻓ ِﻌﻴ ِﺔ‬
‫َ‬ ‫وس َ ْ ُﺮ َﻣﺎن ﻋﻨْ َﺪ ا ﺸﺎﻓﻌﻴﺔ ُﺒْ‬ ‫ﺎو ُ‬ ‫َ َْ َ‬ ‫َ َْ َ َ‬
‫ﺚ ِﻏﺬا ِﺋ ِﻬ َﻤﺎ ‪،‬‬ ‫ِِ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻄ‬ ‫َ‬
‫و‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﺎء‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫وا ﻨ ِﺎﺑﻠ ِ‬
‫َْ َُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َو َ ﻼن ﻋﻨْ َﺪ ا ْ َﻨَﺎﺑﻠَﺔ ‪َ .‬وأﺑُﻮ ُز َر ْﻖ َو ُ َﺴ ‪ :‬ا ْر َ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎب أ ِو اﻟﻘﻴْ َﻖ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺺ ا َﻨ ِﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََُْ َ َ‬ ‫ََ َْ‬
‫مِ ا ﺸﺎﻓِ ِﻌﻴ ِﺔ ﻧﻪ ِ ﻞ ‪َ .‬واﻷﺧﻴَﻞ َو ُ َﺴ ‪:‬‬ ‫ِﺮ ِﻤ ِﻪ ِ ُﺒْ ِﺜ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬وﻣﻘﺘ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ َْ َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬
‫ا ﺸﻘ َﺮاق )‪ُ (٢‬ﺮ ُم ِﻋﻨﺪ ا َﻨ ِﺎﺑﻠ ِﺔ ِ ُﺒْ ِﺜ ِﻪ ‪َ ،‬و ِ ﻞ ِﻋﻨﺪ ا ﺸﺎ ِﻓ ِﻌﻴ ِﺔ‪.‬‬
‫َْ‬ ‫ْ َ َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ َ‬ ‫َوا ْ ُﻬ ْﺪ ُﻫ ُﺪ َوا َ ُد َ ْ ُﺮ َ‬
‫ﺐ ا ﻼﺛ ِﺔ ِﻠﻨ ِ ْﻦ ﺘ ِﻠ ِﻬ َﻤﺎ ‪َ .‬و ُﺮ ُم‬ ‫ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺎن‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫اﻟْ َﻌ ْﻘ َﻌ ُﻖ ﻋﻨْ َﺪ ا ﻼﺛَﺔ أَﻳ ْ ًﻀﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧ ُﻪ ﻳَﺄ ﻞ ا ﻴَ َﻒ َ ﻟ ُﻐ َﺮاب اﻷ ْ َﻘﻊ ‪َ ،‬وﻗَ ْﺪ َﺳﺒَﻖَ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻴﻖ َو َﺳﺎﺋِ ُﺮ‬ ‫ﺎج َوا ْ َﻂ َواﻹ َوز َواﻟْ َﻐ َﺮ ُ‬ ‫ﺎرى َوا َﺟ ُ‬ ‫ﻜ ْﺮ َوا ْ ُﺒَ َ‬ ‫ُُْ َ َ َ ُ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِذﻛﺮه ‪ .‬وا ﻌﺎﻣﺔ واﻟ ِ‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُْ َُ ََ َْ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﺐ ا ﻼﺛ ِﺔ ‪َ ،‬و ﺬا‬ ‫ا ﻤﺬا ِﻫ ِ‬ ‫ﻮر ا َﻤﺎ ِء ‪ِ -‬ﺳ َﻮى ا ﻠﻘﻠ ِﻖ ‪َ -‬ﻬﺎ ِ ﻤﺎ ﻳﺆ‬ ‫ﻃﻴ ِ‬
‫ُ ُ‬

‫ﺖ‬ ‫اﺧ‬ ‫َوا ْ َ َﻤﺎمِ َواﻟْ َﻔ َ‬

‫ﻮ‬
‫َ ْ‬
‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫اﺳ ٌﻢ ﻟ ُ َﻣﺎ َﻋﺐ َو َﻫ َﺪ َر َ ﻟْ ُﻘ ْ‬ ‫ﺎم ‪َ ،‬و ُﻫ َﻮ ْ‬ ‫ا ْ َ َﻤ ُ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ﺐ ا ُﻤ َﺴ‬
‫َ ََْ‬
‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻌ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻪ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ﺷ‬
‫ََ َ َ ُْ ْ ُ ُ َُ َ َ َ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻮر‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫َواﻟْ َﻘ َﻄﺎ َوا ْ َ َ‬
‫ﺠ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ْ ُ ٌَ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ْ َﻬ َﺰار َوا ﺼ ْﻌ َﻮة َوا ﺰ ْر ُزور َﺣﻼل ا َ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ٌ‬
‫ﺐ ا ﻼﺛ ِﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻷ َﻬﺎ َﻣﻌﺪودة ِﻣ َﻦ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻫ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ََ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ ُ ُ ََ ُ َ ْ َ َ َ ُ َ ُ ُ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎت ‪ -‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻘﻮل ا ﻨ ِﻔﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬و ِن ن ﻫﺆﻻ ِء ﻘﻮ ﻮن ِﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮاﻫ ِﺔ ا ِ ِﻬﻴ ِﺔ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻴﺒ ِ‬
‫ُُ‬ ‫َْ ََ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫َﻣﺎ َﺳﺒَ َﻖ َﻴَﺎﻧﻪ ‪. -‬‬ ‫َﻌ ٍﺾ ِﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ْ ُ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ا ْﻮع ا ﺎ ِﻣ ُﻦ ‪ :‬ا َﻴْﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺎﺣ ِﺔ ا ْ َﻴْﻞ ‪َ ،‬ﺳ َﻮاءٌ‬ ‫ﺐ ا ﺸﺎﻓﻌﻴ ُﺔ َوا ْ َﻨَﺎﺑﻠَ ُﺔ ‪َ ،‬و ُﻫ َﻮ ﻗَ ْﻮ ٌل ﻠْ َﻤﺎﻟﻜﻴﺔ إ َ إﺑَ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َذ َﻫ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﷲ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ)‪َ .(٣‬وﺣﺠﺘﻬ ْﻢ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺟﺎﺑﺮ ﺑﻦ ﺒﺪ اﷲ َر ِ َ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ﺖ ِﻋ َﺮاﺑًﺎ أَ ْم ﺑَ َﺮا ِذ َ‬ ‫أَ َ ﺎﻧَ ْ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬

‫)‪.(١‬اﻟﺴﻨﻮﻧﻮ ‪ :‬ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﳋﻄﺎﻃﻴﻒ ‪.‬‬

‫)‪.(٢‬اﻟﺸﻘﺮاق ‪ :‬وﻳﻘﺎل ﻓﻴﻪ أﻳﻀﺎ ‪ :‬ﺷﻘﺮاق‪ ،‬وﺷﺮﻗﺮق‪ ،‬وﺑﺼﻴﻎ أﺧﺮى ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻃﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﺮﻗﻂ ﲞﻀﺮة وﲪﺮة وﺑﻴﺎض ‪ ،‬وﻳﻜﻮن ﺑﺄرض اﳊﺮم‬
‫)‪.(٣‬اﻟﱪاذﻳﻦ ‪ :‬اﳋﻴﻞ ﻏﲑ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﺮاب ‪ :‬اﳋﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٣١‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َُ ُ‬ ‫َ ُْ َ َ َ‬
‫اﷲ ‪ ‬ﻳ َ ْﻮ َم ﺧﻴ ْ َ َ ْﻦ ُﻮمِ ا ُ ُﻤ ِﺮ اﻷﻫ ِﻠﻴ ِﺔ ‪َ ،‬وأ ِذن‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮل‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺎل‬ ‫ﻨﻬ ﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻗ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ ْ )‪ُ َ َ (١‬‬
‫ﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫اﷲ َ ﻨْ ُﻬ َﻤﺎ ﻗَﺎﻟَ ْ‬ ‫ﺎء ﺑﻨْﺖ أ ﺑَ ْ ﺮ َر ِ َ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻳﺚ أ ْﺳ َﻤ َ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻮمِ‬ ‫ِ ُُ‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ْﺮﻧَﺎ َ َ َ ْﻬﺪ َر ُ‬
‫اﷲ ‪ ‬ﻓ َﺮ ًﺳﺎ ﻓﺄ ﻠﻨﺎهُ َو ُﻦ ﺑِﺎ َﻤ ِﺪﻳﻨ ِﺔ ‪.(٢) ‬‬ ‫ﻮل ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺐ ا ْ َﻨَﻔﻴ ُﺔ ا ﺮاﺟﺢ ﻋﻨْ َﺪ ُﻫ ْﻢ ‪َ ،‬و ُﻫ َﻮ ﻗَ ْﻮ ٌل ﺛَﺎن ﻠْ َ‬ ‫َو َذ َﻫ َ‬
‫ﻜﻴ ِﺔ ‪ِ ،‬إ ِﺣﻞ أ ِﻠ َﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬
‫ٍ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﺎب‬ ‫ﻳﺚ ا ْ َﻤ ْﺮو ِﺔ ا ْ َ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫اﻷ َ‬
‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻼف‬
‫َ ُ ُُ ْ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﺘ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اﺧ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻬ‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻬ‬
‫ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫َ َ ْ ََ َ‬
‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﺮ ِ‬
‫اﻫ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْ َْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ ُ َ َ َ َْ ْ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﺎﻃﺎ ‪َ ،‬وﻷن ِ أ ِﻠ َﻬﺎ ﻘ ِﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻴَ ً‬
‫ﻼف ا ﺴﻠ ِﻒ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺬﻫﺒﻮا ِإ ﻛ َﺮاﻫ ِﺔ ا ﻴ ِﻞ ِ‬ ‫َواﺧ ِﺘ ِ‬
‫ُ َ ُ َْ َ ُ َ ُ ْ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ْ َ )‪َ َ ْ َ َ ً َ َ (٣‬‬
‫اﻟﻜ َﺮاﻫ ِﺔ ا ِ ِﻬﻴ ِﺔ ﻘﺮر ا ﻨ ِﻔﻴﺔ ‪ :‬أن ﺳﺆر اﻟﻔﺮ ِس‬
‫َ‬ ‫آﻟ ِﺔ ا ِ ﻬﺎ ِد ‪ .‬و ِﻨﺎء‬
‫اﻫ َﺔ أ ْ ﻞ ا َﻴْﻞ ﻟَ ْ َﺴ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ََ َ‬
‫ﺎﺳ ِﺘ َﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑَﻞ ﻻﺣ ِ َا ِ َﻬﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﺖ َ َﺠ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ان‬ ‫َو َ َﻨَ َﻬﺎ َﻃﺎ ِﻫ َ‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َ ْ َ ْ َ ُ ْ َ ُ )‪َ َ َ ُ ُ ُ َ َ َ (٤‬‬ ‫َُ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻷ َﻬﺎ آﻟﺔ ا ِ َﻬﺎ ِد ‪ ،‬و ِ ﺗﻮ ِ ِﻫﺎ إِرﻫﺎب اﻟﻌﺪو ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻘﻮل اﷲ ﻌﺎ ‪﴿ :‬‬
‫َ ُ‬ ‫َْ ْ ُ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َُ ْ َ ْ ََ ُْ ْ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎط ا ﻴ ِﻞ ﺗﺮ ِﻫﺒﻮن ﺑِ ِﻪ ﻋﺪو ِ‬
‫اﷲ‬ ‫َوأ ِﻋﺪوا ﻬﻢ ﻣﺎ اﺳﺘﻄﻌﺘﻢ ِﻣﻦ ﻗﻮةٍ و ِﻣﻦ ِر ِ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ُ ُ‬
‫َو َﻋﺪو ْﻢ ﴾ )اﻷﻧﻔﺎل ‪. (٦٠‬‬
‫ُ ْ َ ُ َْ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬
‫ﺎر اﻷﻫ ِ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺎﺳﻊ ‪ :‬ا ِﻤ‬ ‫ا ﻮع ا ِ‬
‫ﻜﻴ ِﺔ ‪ِ -‬إ ُﺣ ْﺮ َﻣ ِﺔ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﺐ ا ﺸﺎﻓﻌﻴ ُﺔ َوا ْ َﻨَﺎﺑﻠَ ُﺔ ‪َ -‬و ُﻫ َﻮ اﻟْ َﻘ ْﻮ ُل ا ﺮ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫َذ َﻫ َ‬
‫اﺟﺢ ِﻠﻤﺎ ِﻟ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َْ ُ َ‬ ‫َ َ ْ ُ ُ َ َ ُ َْ َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬
‫أ ِﻠ ِﻪ ‪ .‬و ﻮه ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ا ﻨ ِﻔﻴ ِﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ وا ﺑِﺎﻟﻜﺮاﻫ ِﺔ ا ﺤ ِﺮ ِﻤﻴ ِﺔ اﻟ ِ ﻘﺘ ِ‬
‫َ َ َ‬ ‫َْ َْ َ َ َ ٌ ََ َ ََ َ ْ‬
‫أﻫ ِﻠﻴ ِﺘ ِﻪ أ ْم ﺗ َﻮﺣﺶ ‪.‬‬ ‫ا ﻤﻨﻊ ‪ ،‬وﺳﻮاء أﺑ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ ُ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ ََ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬
‫َو ِﻣﻦ أ ِدﻟ ِﺔ ا ﺤ ِﺮ ِﻢ أ ِو اﻟﻜﺮاﻫ ِﺔ ا ﺤ ِﺮ ِﻤﻴ ِﺔ ‪ :‬ﺣ ِﺪﻳﺚ أ ِﺲ ﺑ ِﻦ ﻣﺎ ِ ٍﻚ ‪ :‬‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ َ َ ُ َُ َ َْ َ ُ ْ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َََ َُ ً ََ َ‬ ‫َ َُ َ‬
‫اﷲ ‪ ‬أ ﺮ ﻣﻨﺎ ِدﻳﺎ ﻨﺎدى ‪ :‬إِن اﷲ ورﺳﻮ ﻨﻬﻴﺎﻧِ ﻢ ﻦ ﻮمِ‬ ‫أن رﺳﻮل ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُْ ُ ُ َ َ ََُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫َ َ ْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫)‪(٥‬‬
‫ﺖ اﻟﻘﺪور و ِ ﻬﺎ ﻔﻮر ﺑِﺎ ﻠﺤ ِﻢ ‪. ‬‬ ‫ا ﻤ ِﺮ اﻷﻫ ِﻠﻴ ِﺔ ﻓﺈِ ﻬﺎ ِرﺟﺲ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄ ِﻔﺌ ِ‬ ‫ُ‬

‫)‪.(١‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺟﺎﺑﺮ ‪ " :‬ﻰ رﺳﻮل اﷲ ‪ " . . . ‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ) ﻓﺘﺢ اﻟﺒﺎري ‪ ٦٤٨ / ٩‬ـ ط اﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺔ ( وﻣﺴﻠﻢ ) ‪ – ١٥٤١ / ٣‬ط اﳊﻠﱯ (‬
‫)‪.(٢‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ أﲰﺎء ‪ " :‬ﳓﺮﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻬﺪ رﺳﻮل اﷲ ‪ ‬ﻓﺮﺳﺎ ‪ ". .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ) اﻟﻔﺘﺢ ‪ ٦٤٨ / ٩‬ط اﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺔ ( وﻣﺴﻠﻢ ) ‪. ( ١٥٤١ / ٣‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻊ ‪ ، ٣٨ / ٥‬وﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺑﺪﻳﻦ ‪ ١٤٨ / ١‬و ﺎﻳﺔ اﶈﺘﺎج ‪ ، ١٤٣ / ٨‬واﳌﻘﻨﻊ ‪٥٢٨ / ٣‬‬
‫)‪.(٤‬اﻟﺪر اﳌﺨﺘﺎر ﲝﺎﺷﻴﺔ رد اﶈﺘﺎر ‪ ١٩٣ / ٥‬وﻧﻘﻞ ﻫﻨﺎ ﰲ رد اﶈﺘﺎر ﻋﻦ اﻟﻄﺤﻄﺎوي أن اﳋﻼف ﰲ ﺧﻴﻞ اﻟﱪ ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ ﺧﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻓﻼ‬
‫ﺗﺆﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ اﳊﻨﻔﻴﺔ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(٥‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ أﻧﺲ أن رﺳﻮل اﷲ ‪ ‬أﻣﺮ ﻣﻨﺎدﻳﺎ ﻓﻨﺎدى ‪ " . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ) اﻟﻔﺘﺢ ‪ ٦٥٣ / ٩‬ـ ط اﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺔ ( ‪.‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٣٢‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ َُ َ‬ ‫َ ُ َ ْ َْ‬
‫ﻳَ ْﻮ َم ﺧﻴْ َ َ ْﻦ ُﻮمِ ا ُ ْﻤ ِﺮ‬ ‫اﷲ ‪‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮل‬ ‫اﷲ ‪ ‬أن رﺳ‬ ‫َوﺣ ِﺪﻳﺚ ﺟ ِﺎﺑ ِﺮ ﺑ ِﻦ ﺒ ِﺪ ِ‬
‫ُ ُﻮمِ ا ْ َﻴْﻞ ‪َ .‬و َذ َﻛ َﺮ ا ْ ُﻦ َﺣ ْﺰمٍ َ ﻧ ُﻪ َ َﻘ َﻞ َ ْﺮ َﻢ ا ْ ُﻤﺮُ‬ ‫ََ َ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻷﻫ ِﻠﻴ ِﺔ ‪ ،‬وأ ِذن ِ‬
‫ﻴﺪ َ ﺸ ْﻤﺲ ‪ُ َ ،‬ﻬﻮَ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اﻷﻫ ِﻠﻴ ِﺔ ﻋ ِﻦ ا ِ ‪ِ ‬ﻣﻦ ﻃ ِﺮ ِﻖ ِﺴﻌ ٍﺔ ِﻣﻦ ا ﺼﺤﺎﺑ ِﺔ ِﺑﺄﺳﺎ ِ‬
‫ُ ْ َُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْﻘ ُﻞ ﺗَ َﻮاﺗُﺮ ﻻ َ َﺴ ُﻊ أَ َﺣ ًﺪا ﺧﻼﻓُ ُﻪ)‪َ .(١‬واﻟْ َﻘ ْﻮ ُل ا ﺎ ﻠْ َ‬
‫ﻜﻴ ِﺔ ‪ :‬ﻧﻪ ﻳُﺆ َﻣ َﻊ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ٍَ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ َ َ‬
‫اﻟﻜ َﺮاﻫ ِﺔ أ ِي ا ِ ِﻬﻴ ِﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ْْ‬ ‫ُ ْ‬
‫ا ْﻮع اﻟ َﻌﺎ ِ ُ ‪ :‬ا ِ ِ ُﺮ‬
‫ُْ َ ُ‬ ‫َْ ََ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ ْ ُ َ َ ٌ َْ ُ ُ َ َ ْ ُ ُ َ َ ُ َ ْ‬
‫ا ِ ِ ﺮ ﺣﺮام ﻤﻪ وﺷﺤﻤﻪ و ِ ﻴﻊ أﺟﺰاﺋِ ِﻪ ‪ِ ،‬ﻟﻘﻮ ِ ِ ﻌﺎ ‪ ﴿ :‬ﻗﻞ ﻻ أ ِﺟﺪ‬
‫َ ْ َ ُ ُ َ ْ َ ُ َ َ ْ َ ً َ ْ َ ً َ ْ ُ ً َْ‬ ‫َ ُ َ َ َُ ً ََ‬
‫َﻃﺎ ِﻋ ٍﻢ ﻄﻌﻤﻪ إِﻻ أن ﻳ ﻮن ﻣﻴﺘﺔ أو دﻣﺎ ﺴﻔﻮﺣﺎ أو‬ ‫ِﻴﻤﺎ أو ِ إِ ﺮﻣﺎ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ ُ ْ ٌ ْ ْ ً‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ْ‬
‫اﷲ ﺑِ ِﻪ ﴾ )اﻷﻧﻌﺎم ‪ . (١٤٥‬ﺧﺺ ا ﻠﺤ َﻢ‬ ‫ْﻢ ِﺧ ِ ٍﺮ ﻓﺈِﻧﻪ ِرﺟﺲ أو ﻓِﺴﻘﺎ أﻫﻞ ﻟِﻐ ِ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ َ َ َ َ َ ْ َ َْ ً َ َ ٌ َ ُ ُ ْ َ ُ َ ُْ َُ َ ْ‬
‫ان ‪،‬‬ ‫ِﺑﺎ ﻛ ِﺮ ﻣﻊ أن ﺑ ِﻘﻴﺔ أﺟﺰاﺋِ ِﻪ أﻳﻀﺎ ﺣﺮام ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆ ِﻣﻦ ا ﻴﻮ ِ‬
‫ُ َْ ََ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫)‪(٢‬‬ ‫َُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََ َ َْ َ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴ ه ‪ .‬وا ﻀ ِﻤ ِ ﻗﻮ ﻌﺎ‬ ‫ِﺎﺑ ِﻊ ‪ ،‬ذﻛﺮه اﻷ ﻮ ِ‬ ‫وﺳﺎﺋِ ِﺮ أﺟﺰاﺋِ ِﻪ‬
‫َََ َ ُْ ْ ُ َ ٌ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﺟ ٌﺲ ﴾ ﻟ َﻐ ِﺔ اﻟ َﻌ َ‬ ‫َ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ ْ َْ َ ْ‬
‫اﺟﻊ ِإ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺑ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺰ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ر‬
‫َ‪ ﴿ :‬أو ﻢ ِﺧ ِ ٍ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺈ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫أﻗْ َﺮب َﻣ ْﺬ ُﻛﻮر إ َ ْﻪ َو ُﻫ َﻮ ا ْ ِ ْ ُﺮ َ ْﻔ ُﺴ ُﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓَ َﺼﺢ ﺑﺎﻟْ ُﻘ ْ‬
‫آن أن ا ِ ِ َﺮ ِﺑ َﻌﻴْ ِﻨ ِﻪ ِرﺟ ٌﺲ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ٍ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ ْ ُ َ َ ٌ َ ٌ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﺟﺲ ر ْﺟ ٌ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ََُ ُ ْ ٌ ََْ ُ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﺐ اﺟ ِﺘﻨﺎﺑُﻪ ‪،‬‬ ‫اﺟ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ام‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺾ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻬﻮ ﻪ ِرﺟﺲ و ﻌ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ ْ‬
‫ام ‪ ،‬ﻻ ُﺮ ُج ِﻣ ْﻦ ذ ِﻚ ﺷﻌ ُﺮ ُه َوﻻ ْ ُ ُه ‪.‬‬
‫َْ‬ ‫ﻓَﺎ ْ ْ ُﺮ ُ ُﻪ َﺣ َﺮ ٌ‬
‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْ َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ ْ‬
‫ا ْﻮع ا َﺎ ِد َي َﻋ َ ‪ :‬ا َ َ ات‬
‫َ‬ ‫َْ َ َ ُ َ ْ ُ ْ َ ُ ُ َ ً َ َ ْ َ َ َ َ ْ َ َ ْ ُ ْ َ ُ َ َ‬
‫ﺎر ا َواب‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﺻ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ا ﻬﻮام ﻘﻂ ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ات ﻗﺪ ﻄﻠﻖ ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ا‬
‫َ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ ُ َُ ْ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ً‬
‫ﻓﺔ ِ ﻤﺎ ﻳَ ِﻄ ُ أ ْو ﻻ ﻳَ ِﻄ ُ ‪َ .‬وا ُﻤ َﺮاد ﻫﻨﺎ ا َﻤﻌ َ ا ﺎ ِ اﻷ ﻢ )‪َ . (٣‬وا َ َ ات‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََْ‬
‫ﻨﻘ ِﺴ ُﻢ ِإ ِﻗ ْﺴ َﻤ ِ ‪:‬‬
‫َْ ُ َ ْ َ ْ َ ُ َ ُْ ْ‬ ‫َ ْ َْ َ‬ ‫ٌ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫أ ‪َ -‬ﻣﺎ ُ د ٌم َﺳﺎﺋِﻞ ) ذا ِ ( و ِﻣﻦ أﻣ ِﺜﻠ ِﺘ ِﻪ ‪ :‬ا ﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻟﻔﺄرة ‪ ،‬وا ‪ ،‬وا ﻀﺐ ‪،‬‬
‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬

‫)‪.(١‬اﶈﻠﻰ ‪ ٤٠٦ / ٧‬ـ‬

‫)‪.(٢‬ﺗﻔﺴﲑ روح اﳌﻌﺎﱐ ‪. ٤٢ / ٢‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬اﻟﻘﺎﻣﻮس وﺷﺮﺣﻪ ﺗﺎج اﻟﻌﺮوس ﻣﺎدة ‪ ) :‬ﺣﺸﺮ ( ‪.‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٣٣‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ُُْْ ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫َواﻟ َ ْ ُﻮع ‪َ ،‬وا ْ ُﻦ ُﻋ ْﺮ ٍس ‪َ ،‬واﻟﻘﻨﻔﺬ ‪.‬‬
‫َْ َ ُ َ َْ ْ َ ُ َ َْ ْ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫َ ْ َْ َ‬ ‫ٌ َ‬ ‫َْ َ َ‬
‫ب ‪َ -‬ﻣﺎ ﻟ َﺲ ُ د ٌم َﺳﺎﺋِﻞ ) ذا ِ ( و ِﻣﻦ أﻣ ِﺜﻠ ِﺘ ِﻪ ‪ :‬ا ﻮزغ واﻟﻌﻘﺮب واﻟﻌﻨﻜﺒﻮت‬
‫ﺎب‬ ‫ﻮر ‪َ ،‬وا ﺑَ ُ‬ ‫اد ‪َ ،‬وا ﺰ ْﺒُ ُ‬ ‫َ َْ َ ُ‬
‫ﺎء َوا ْﻤﻞ َواﻟ ُ ْﻏﻮث ‪ ،‬وا ﺮ‬
‫ْ ُ ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫اد َوا ْ ُﻨْ ُﻔ َﺴ ُ‬ ‫َ ُْ َ ُ‬
‫واﻟﻘﺮ‬
‫ْ ُ‬
‫َوا َ ُﻌﻮض ‪.‬‬
‫ْ‬
‫ﻴﻢ ا ْ َ َ َ ات إ َ َذ َوات َدمٍ َﺳﺎﺋﻞ َو َ ْ َﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻻ ﺗَﺄ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬ ‫ََ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ٍِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ٍِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫وﻫﺬا ا ﻘ ِﺴ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َْ ُ ًَ َْ َ َْ َْ ُ َ‬
‫اﻷ ْﻃﻌ َﻤ ِﺔ ُﻫﻨَﺎ ‪َ ،‬وﻟَ ﻦ َ ُ ﺗَﺄ اً‬ ‫ﻮع‬‫ﻣﺄ ﻮﻟ ٍﺔ ِ ﻮﺿ ِ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻧِﻬﺎ ﻣﺄ ﻮﻟﺔ أو‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ات ا مِ ا ﺴﺎﺋﻞ َﻨْ ُ‬ ‫ََ ُ‬ ‫َ َ ُ َ ََ َ َُ ََ َ َُ‬
‫ﺠ ُﺲ َﻣﻴْ ﺘُ َﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫ِِ‬ ‫ﺎر َﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺬ‬ ‫ﻮع آﺧﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎ وﻃﻬ‬ ‫َ ْﻮ ُﺿ ٍ‬
‫َ َ ُ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫َْ َ َ‬ ‫َََ ُ َ َْ َ ُ َْ َُ‬
‫ﻼف َﻣﺎ ﻟ َﺲ َﻬﺎ د ٌم َﺳﺎﺋِﻞ ‪َ ،‬و ِ ِﻚ ِ َﻊ‬ ‫َوﺗ ﻨﺠﺲ ِﺑﻬﺎ ا ﻤﺎ ِﺋﻌﺎت اﻟﻘ ِﻠﻴﻠﺔ ‪ِ ِ ِ ،‬‬
‫َ ْ َْ ُ َ َ ُ َ ْ‬ ‫َ ْ َ ُ َ َ ْ َ ُْ ْ‬
‫از اﻷ ِﻞ‬ ‫ﻴﻬﻤﺎ ِﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻮع اﻷﻃ ِﻌﻤ ِﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ِﻮﺣﺪ ِة ا‬ ‫ا ْﻮ َ ِن ِ َ ْﻮ ُﺿ ِ‬
‫أَ ْو َﻋ َﺪﻣﻪ ‪َ .‬و َﻤﺎ َ َن ﻟ ُ ﻣ َﻦ ا ْ َ َﺮاد َوا ﻀﺐ َوا ود ُﺣ ْ ٌﻢ َﺧﺎص ﺑ ُ ﻞ ﻣﻨْﻬﺎَ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِِ‬
‫َ ُ َ َْ ُ ُ َْ ََ َ‬
‫ِﺣﺪ ٍة ‪.‬‬ ‫ِﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﻦ إِﻓﺮاد‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ا َ َﺮاد‬
‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺚ اﻟْ َﻘﺎﺋ ُﻞ ‪ :‬أُﺣﻠ ْ‬ ‫َْ ُ‬
‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫د‬
‫ََْ َََ‬
‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺮ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺣ‬
‫ُ ُ ََ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬‫اﻷ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫أَ ْ َ َ‬
‫ﻌ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻮت ‪َ ،‬وأﻣﺎ ا َ‬‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ََ ُ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ َﺎ َﻣﻴْ َﺘَﺎن َو َد َﻣﺎن ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ا َﻤﻴ ْ َﺘَ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﺎن ‪ :‬ﻓﺎﻟﻄﺤﺎل‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫اد‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺎن‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ََ َ‬ ‫َ َْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻮر إ ﻧ ُﻪ ﻻ َﺣ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫َ ْ َ ُ )‪ُ ُ ْ ُ َ َ َ (١‬‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎﺟﺔ ِإ ﺗﺬ ِﻛﻴَ ِﺔ ا ﺮا ِد ‪ .‬وﻗﺎل‬ ‫واﻟﻜ ِﺒﺪ ‪ . ‬وذﻫﺐ ا ﻤﻬ ِ‬
‫ُ ُ َُ َ‬ ‫َ ْ َْ َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫اَْ‬
‫ﻜﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻻ ﺑُﺪ ِﻣ ْﻦ ﺗﺬ ِﻛﻴَ ِﺘ ِﻪ ِﺑﺄن ﻔ َﻌﻞ ِﺑ ِﻪ َﻣﺎ َﻌﺠﻞ َ ْﻮﺗﻪ ِﺑ ْﺴ ِﻤﻴَ ٍﺔ َو ِﻴ ٍﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ِ ِ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬
‫َ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫َو ِ ﻤﺎ ﻳَ ﺒَ ِ ا ﺒﻪ ُ أن ا ﺸﺎﻓِ ِﻌﻴﺔ ﻛ ِﺮﻫﻮا ذﺑْ َﺢ ا َ َﺮا ِد َو ْﻄ َﻌﻪ َﺣﻴﺎ ‪َ .‬و َ ُﺣﻮا‬
‫َْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ََ‬ ‫ََ َْ َ ًْ ُ َ ْ‬
‫اج َﻣﺎ ِ َﺟ ْﻮﻓِ ِﻪ ‪َ ،‬وﻻ ﻳَ ﻨﺠ ُﺲ ِﺑ ِﻪ ا ﻫ ُﻦ ‪َ .‬و ُﺮ ُم‬ ‫از ﻗﻠ ِﻴ ِﻪ ﻣﻴﺘﺎ دون ِإﺧ َﺮ ِ‬ ‫ِﻮ ِ‬
‫َ َ َ َ‬
‫ﻳﺐ ‪َ ،‬و ِ ﻴﻞ ‪ ِ :‬ﻞ ذ ِﻚ‬ ‫ﺬ‬
‫َ َ ْ‬
‫ﻌ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻴﻬ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨْ َﺪ ُﻫ ْﻢ ﻗَﻠْﻴُ ُﻪ َو َﺷﻴ ُﻪ َﺣﻴﺎ َ َ ا ﺮاﺟﺢ َ‬
‫ﻤ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ََ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ َْ ُ َ ٌ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ِ ﻴ ِﻪ ﻛ َﻤﺎ ِ ﻞ ِ ا ﺴ َﻤ ِﻚ ‪َ ،‬وﻟ ِ ﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻘ ْﻮل ِﻋﻨﺪﻫ ْﻢ ﺿ ِﻌﻴﻒ ‪ ،‬ﻷن ﺣﻴﺎة‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ َ ُ ْ َ ٌ َ ْ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻼف ا ﺴ َﻤ ِﻚ ا ِ ي ﺧ َﺮ َج ِﻣ َﻦ ا َﻤﺎ ِء‬ ‫ﻮح ‪ِ ِ ِ ،‬‬ ‫ﺖ ﻛ َﺤﻴَﺎ ِة ا َﻤﺬﺑُ ِ‬ ‫ا ﺮا ِد ﺴﺘ ِﻘﺮة ﻟ ﺴ‬

‫)‪.(١‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬أﺣﻠﺖ ‪ ...‬رواﻩ اﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﺟﻪ ) ‪ ( ١٠٧٣ / ٢‬واﻟﺪارﻗﻄﲏ ) ‪. ( ٢٧٢ / ٤‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٣٤‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ََ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َْ َ َ ُ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ َ ْ َ ُ )‪َ َ َ َ (١‬‬
‫ﻗﻠ ِﻴ ِﻪ َوﺷﻴ ِﻪ َﺣﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺬﻫﺒُﻮا‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﻮح ‪ .‬وﺧﺎﻟ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓ ِﺈن ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻛﺤﻴﺎ ِة ا ﻤﺬﺑ ِ‬
‫َ َْ ٌ َ ُ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫إ َ ﻣﺜْﻞ اﻟ ْ َﻘ ْﻮل ا ﺎ ﻠﺸﺎﻓﻌﻴﺔ ‪َ ،‬و ُﻫ َﻮ إﺑَ َ‬
‫ﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻌ ِﺬﻳﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ‬ ‫ن ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺎﺣﺘُ ُﻬ َﻤﺎ ‪َ ،‬و ِن‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻮل ﻓَ َ ُﺸﻖ اﻧْﺘ َﻈ ُ‬ ‫َْ ٌ ْ َ َ َ ََ َُ َْ َُ ُ‬
‫َ ْﻮﺗِ ِﻪ )‪. (٢‬‬ ‫ﺎر‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻌ ِﺬﻳﺐ ِﻠﺤﺎﺟ ِﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ِﺈن ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻄ‬

‫ا ﻀﺐ‬
‫اﺳﺘَﺪﻟﻮا‬
‫َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻮر إ َ إﺑَ َ‬
‫ﺎﺣ ِﺘ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬و‬ ‫ﺐ ا ْ ُ ْﻤ ُﻬ ُ‬ ‫ﺎء ا ﻀﺐ ‪ :‬ﻓَ َﺬ َﻫ َ‬ ‫اﺧﺘَﻠَ َﻒ اﻟْ ُﻔ َﻘ َﻬ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ْ ُ ََ َ َ ُ ْ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ ْ َْ‬ ‫َْ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﺎس ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬دﺧﻠﺖ أﻧﺎ وﺧﺎ ِ ﻦ ا ﻮ ِ ِﺪ‬ ‫اﷲ ﺑ ِﻦ ﺒ ٍ‬ ‫ﻳﺚ ا ﻤﺮ ِوي ﻦ ﺒ ِﺪ ِ‬ ‫ِﺑﺎ َ ِﺪ ِ‬
‫َ ْ ُ )‪ُ ُ َ َ َ َ َ (٣‬‬ ‫َْ َ َ ُْ ََ َُ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ َُ‬
‫اﷲ ‪‬‬ ‫اﷲ ‪ ‬ﻴﺖ ﻣﻴﻤﻮﻧﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄ ِ ﺑِﻀﺐ ﻨﻮ ٍذ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮ ﻊ رﺳﻮل ِ‬ ‫ﻮل ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ رﺳ ِ‬
‫ﻮل اﷲ ؟ ﻗَ َﺎل ‪ :‬ﻻ ‪َ ،‬وﻟَﻜﻨ ُﻪ َ ْﻢ ﻳَ ُ ْﻦ ﺑﺄَ ْرض ﻗَ ْ‬
‫ﻮ‬
‫ََُ َُ ْ ُ َ َ َ ٌ َُ َ َُ َ‬
‫ﻳﺪه ‪ ،‬ﻘﻠﺖ ‪ :‬أﺣﺮام ﻫﻮ ﻳﺎ رﺳ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻮل اﷲ ‪ َ ‬ﻨْ ُﻈ ُﺮ ‪َ . ‬و َذ َﻫﺐَ‬ ‫ََ ُ َ َ ُُ َ َ َ ٌ َ ْ ََ ُُْ َ َ ُُْ َ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻓﺄ ِﺟﺪ ِ أ ﻓﻪ ‪ .‬ﻗﺎل ﺧﺎ ِ ‪ :‬ﻓﺎﺟ رﺗﻪ ﻓﺄ ﻠﺘﻪ ورﺳ‬
‫َْ ْ َ َ ََ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫َُ َ َ َ َ َْ‬
‫ﻳﺚ ا ﻤﺮ ِوي ﻦ ﺒ ِﺪ ا ﺮ ِﻦ اﺑ ِﻦ ﺣﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ِﺮ ِﻤ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬واﺣﺘﺞ ِﺑﺎ ِﺪ ِ‬ ‫أﺑﻮ ﺣ ِﻨﻴﻔﺔ ِإ‬
‫َ َُ‬ ‫ََ َ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ ُ ْ َ َ َُْ ْ ََ َ ٌ‬
‫اﷲ ‪ ‬ﻓﻮﺟﺪ ا ﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻮل ِ‬ ‫ات ﻣﻊ رﺳ ِ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻬﻢ أﺻﺎ ﺘﻬﻢ ﺎﻋﺔ ِ إِﺣﺪى اﻟﻐﺰو ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ُ ُ ُ َْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ً َ َ ُ َ َ َ ُ َ َ َ َْ َ َ َ‬
‫ور ‪ ،‬ﻐ ِ ﺑِ َﻬﺎ َﻋ ِﻠ َﻢ ﺑِﺬ ِﻚ ا ﺮ ُﺳﻮل‬ ‫ﺖ اﻟﻘﺪ‬ ‫ِﺿﺒﺎﺑﺎ ﻓﺤ َﺮﺷﻮﻫﺎ َوﻃﺒﺨﻮﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺒ ﻨﻤﺎ ﻧ ِ‬
‫)‪(٤‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َََ َ ُ ْ ْ َ ُْ ُ ََُْ‬
‫ور ﻓﺄﻟﻘﻮا ﺑِﻬﺎ ‪. ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻓﺄ ﺮﻫﻢ ﺑِﺈِﻛﻔﺎ ِء اﻟﻘﺪ ِ‬
‫َ َ ُ ََ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ ُ ً‬ ‫َ ْ َ َ َ ُْ ْ ُ ُ َ َ َ َ َ ْ‬
‫اﻹﺑﺎﺣ ِﺔ ﻣﺘﺄﺧ ٌﺮ ‪،‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻳﺚ‬ ‫ﺪ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻮﺧ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻪ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻤ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫وا ﺘ ا ﻤﻬﻮر ﻣﺎ ورد ِ‬
‫‪ ‬إﻻ ﺑﺎ ْ َﻤﺪﻳﻨَﺔ ‪َ .‬و ِ ﻤ ْﻦ َﻛﺮهَ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َُ َ َْ َْ‬ ‫َ ُ َ َ َُ ْ ُ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﺎس وﻫﻮ ﻢ ﺘ ِﻤﻊ ِﺑﺎ ِ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ ﺣ ه ا ﻦ ﺒ ٍ‬
‫َ ُْ َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ ُ َ ُْ ْ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﷲ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺐ ‪َ ،‬وﺟ ِﺎﺑ ُﺮ ﻦ ﺒ ِﺪ ِ‬ ‫ا ﻀﺐ ِﻣﻦ ا ﺼﺤﺎﺑ ِﺔ ر ِ اﷲ ﻨﻬﻢ ﻋ ِ ﻦ أ ِ ﻃﺎ ِﻟ ٍ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ً َ َ َ َْ َ ُ َ َ َْ‬ ‫َ َُْ َ ُ َ ْ َ ُ َ ْ َ َ َ ُ ْ َ ُ َ َْ‬
‫و ﺘﻤﻞ أن ﺗ ﻮن اﻟﻜﺮاﻫﺔ ِﻋﻨﺪﻫﻤﺎ ِﺮ ِﻤﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ِﻋﻨﺪﺋِ ٍﺬ ﺘ ِﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﻮ ِل‬
‫َ َ َ َْ ً ََ ُ ُ‬ ‫ٌ )‪َ َ ْ َ ُ ُ َ (٥‬‬ ‫َ َُْ َ ُ َ َ َْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ِﺑﺎ ﺤ ِﺮ ِﻢ ‪ ،‬و ﺘﻤﻞ ﻬﺎ ِ ِﻬﻴﺔ ‪.‬وﺣﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎل ﺑِ ﺮاﻫ ِﺘ ِﻪ ِ ﻬﺎ ﻌﺎرض‬
‫ً‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َُ ْ َُ َْ ً ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﻹﺑﺎﺣ ِﺔ وا ﺤ ِﺮ ِﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻴﻜﺮه ِ ﻬﺎ اﺣ ِﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫أ ِدﻟ ِﺔ ِ‬
‫)‪ .(١‬ﺎﻳﺔ اﶈﺘﺎج ‪ ، ١٠٧ / ٨‬وﲢﻔﺔ اﶈﺘﺎج ﲝﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺮواﱐ ‪ ١٧٤ / ٨‬ـ ‪ ، ١٧٥‬وﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺠﲑﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﳌﻨﻬﺞ ‪. ٣٠٣ / ٦‬‬
‫)‪.(٢‬اﳌﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺴﻤﻚ ) ف ‪. ( ١٨ /‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬ﳏﻨﻮذ ‪ :‬أي ﻣﺸﻮي وﺣﺪﻳﺚ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎس ‪ :‬دﺧﻠﺖ أﻧﺎ وﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺑﻦ اﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ‪ . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ) ‪ ١٥٤٣ / ٣‬ـ ط اﳊﻠﱯ ( ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(٤‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ " أ ﻢ أﺻﺎﺑﺘﻬﻢ ﳎﺎﻋﺔ‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ أﲪﺪ ) ‪ ( ١٩٦ / ٤‬واﺑﻦ ﺣﺒﺎن ) وﺻﺤﺤﻪ اﺑﻦ ﺣﺠﺮ ﰲ اﻟﻔﺘﺢ ) ‪٦٦٥ / ٩‬ـ (‬
‫)‪.(٥‬اﶈﻠﻰ ﻻﺑﻦ ﺣﺰم ‪. ٤٣١ / ٧‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ُ‬
‫ا ود‬
‫َ َ َْ ُ‬ ‫ﺎز َﻫﺎ َ‬ ‫ﺐ اﻟْﻔ ْﻘﻪ َ ْﻔﺼﻴﻼت َﻋﻦ ا ود إ َ ُ‬ ‫ﺖ ُﻛﺘُ ُ‬ ‫ﺎوﻟَ ْ‬ ‫َﻨَ َ‬
‫ﻴﻤﺎ ﻳَ ِ ‪ :‬ﻗﺎل ا َﻨ ِﻔﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻷﻧ ُﻪ ﻟَ ْﺲَ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ َ ُْ َ َْ ََْ َ ْ َُْ َ‬
‫ﻮر و ِﻮهِ ﺒﻞ أن ﻨﻔﺦ ِ ﻴ ِﻪ ا ﺮوح ﻻ ﺑﺄس ِﺑﺄ ِﻠ ِﻪ ‪،‬‬ ‫إِن دود ا ﺰ ﺒ ِ‬
‫َُ ُ َ ُْ ْْ َ‬ ‫ُُ ََ َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ َ َ‬ ‫ﺑ َﻤﻴْﺘَﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓَﺈ ْن ﻧُﻔ َﺨ ْ‬
‫وح ْﻢ ُ ْﺰ أ ﻠﻪ ‪َ .‬و ﻫﺬا ﻻ ﻮز أ ﻞ ا ُ ِ أ ِو‬ ‫ﺖ ِ ﻴ ِﻪ ا ﺮ‬ ‫ِ ٍ ِ ِ‬
‫َ )‪(١‬‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫َْ َ‬
‫ُ‬
‫ﺎر ﺑِﺪو ِدﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫ا ﻞ أ ِو ا ﻤ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ َ َْ‬
‫ﻜﻴﺔ ‪ :‬إِن َﻣﺎت ا ود َو ُﻮهُ ِ َﻃ َﻌﺎمٍ َو َﻤ َ َﻋ ِﻦ اﻟﻄ َﻌﺎمِ أﺧ ِﺮ َج‬ ‫َوﻗﺎل ا ﻤﺎ ِﻟ ِ‬
‫ُْ َ َ ََُْ‬ ‫َ ُ َْ َ َْ‬ ‫ُْ ُ ُ ً َ ُْ َُ َ َ ُ َ ُ ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﺟ ِﻪ ِﻣﻨﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻷن ﻣﻴ ﺘﻪ‬ ‫ِﻣﻨﻪ وﺟﻮ ﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﺆ ﻣﻌﻪ ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﻄﺮح اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻌﺪ إِﺧﺮ ِ‬
‫ﺎم ‪ ،‬ﻟ َﻌ َﺪ إﺑَ َ‬ ‫اﺧﺘَﻠَ َﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻄ َﻌﺎمِ َو َ َﻬﺮى ُﻃﺮ َح اﻟﻄ َﻌ ُ‬ ‫َ ٌَ َ ْ َْ َََ ْ َ ْ‬
‫ﺎﺣ ِﺔ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫مِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻃﺎ ِﻫﺮة ‪ .‬و ِن ﻢ ﺘﻤ ِﺑﺄ ِن‬
‫َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َ َ ً ََُْ َْ‬ ‫َ ْﻮ ا ود ا ْ َ‬
‫ﺐ أ ْو ِﻫﺮ أ ْو داﺑ ٍﺔ ‪ِ ،‬إﻻ ِإذا ن‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻟ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻫ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻃ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻪ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻤ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُ ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ ُ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ ْ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﺎز أ ﻠﻪ َﻣ َﻌﻪ ‪ .‬ﻫﺬا ﻪ ِإن‬ ‫ﺖ اﻟﻄ َﻌﺎمِ َﺟ َ‬
‫ا ﻤﺘﻤ ِ ﻗ ِﻠﻴﻼ ‪ .‬و ِن ﻢ ﻤ ِ‬
‫ود ْ َ ُ َ َ‬ ‫ا‬
‫َ َ ٌ َ َ َ ً‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ َْ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اء أ ﺎن ﻓﺎ ِﻛ َﻬﺔ‬ ‫ْﻢ ﻳَ ِﻦ ا ود َو ُﻮ ُه ﺗ َﻮ َ ِ اﻟﻄ َﻌﺎمِ )أ ْي َ ش َوﺗ َﺮ ِ ﻴ ِﻪ( ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َْ ُُ ً َْ ًَْ َ ْ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ ُُْ ُ َْ ُ َ َ َُ‬
‫ﺎز أ ﻠﻪ َﻣ َﻌﻪ ِﻋﻨﺪﻫ ْﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻗﻞ أ ْو ﻛ َ ‪َ ،‬ﻣﺎت‬ ‫أم ﺣﺒﻮ ﺎ أم ﻤﺮا ‪ ،‬ﻓ ِﺈن ن ﻛﺬ ِﻚ ﺟ‬
‫ﻮن ﻴﻪ ﺣﻴ َﺌﺬ َﻣ ْﻌ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ َ َ َ ْ َ ْ َ َ َ ْ)‪َ ُ َ ْ َ ْ ُ َ َ َ ْ َ َ (٢‬‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ِ ﻴ ِﻪ أو ﻻ‪ ،‬ﻤ أو ﻢ ﺘﻤ ‪ .‬وﻣﻌ ذ ِﻚ ﻬﻢ ﻳﻠﺤﻈ ِ ِ ِ ِ ٍ‬
‫ا ﺒَ ِﻌﻴ ِﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ َْ َُ َ َ ُْ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫َوﻗﺎل ا ﺸﺎ ِﻓ ِﻌﻴﺔ َوا َﻨ ِﺎﺑﻠﺔ ‪ ِ :‬ﻞ أ ﻞ ا و ِد ا ُﻤﺘَ َﻮ ِ ِ َﻃ َﻌﺎمٍ ﻛﺨﻞ َوﻓﺎ ِﻛ َﻬ ٍﺔ‬
‫َ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ ْ ََ‬ ‫ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻼث َ ا ِﺋ َﻂ ‪ :‬اﻷو ‪ :‬أن ﻳُﺆ َﻣ َﻊ اﻟﻄ َﻌﺎمِ ‪َ ،‬ﺣﻴﺎ ن أ ْو َﻣﻴﺘًﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ِﺈن أ ِ ﻞ‬ ‫ِﺑﺜ ِ‬
‫َُ َ ََُْ َُْ ً َ ْ ُ َ َُْ ً َْ َُْ َ ُُْ‬ ‫َْ ً َ َ‬
‫ُﻣﻨﻔ ِﺮدا ْﻢ ِ ﻞ ‪ .‬ا ﺎ ِﻴﺔ ‪ :‬أﻻ ﻨﻘﻞ ﻣﻨﻔ ِﺮدا ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈِن ﻧ ِﻘﻞ ﻣﻨﻔ ِﺮدا ﻢ ﺰ أ ﻠﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻮر ِ ﻴﻬ َﻤﺎ أَﻳ ْ ًﻀﺎ إ َ َﻣ ْﻌ َ ا ﺒَﻌﻴ ِﺔ ‪ .‬ا ﺎ ِ َ ُﺔ ‪ :‬أَﻻ ُ َﻐ َ‬ ‫َﻄﺘَﺎن َﻣﻨْ ُﻈ ٌ‬ ‫ﺎن ا‬
‫ََ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫وﻫﺎﺗ ِ‬
‫َ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ُ ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ َُ َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫َﻃﻌ َﻢ اﻟﻄ َﻌﺎمِ أ ْو ْﻮﻧﻪ أ ْو ِر َﻪ ِإن ن َﻣﺎ ِﺋ ًﻌﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ِﺈن َ ﺷ ﺌًﺎ ِﻣ ْﻦ ذ ِﻚ ْﻢ ُ ْﺰ‬
‫ِﻮ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫ﻮس ا ْ ُﻤﺘَ َﻮ ُ‬ ‫ﺎس َ َ ا ود ا ﺴ ُ‬ ‫ﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺣﻴ َﺌﺬ ‪َ .‬و ُ َﻘ ُ‬ ‫أَ ْ ﻠُ ُﻪ َوﻻ ُ ْ ُ ُﻪ ‪َ َ ،‬ﺠ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِِ ِ ٍِ‬ ‫ِ‬

‫)‪.(١‬اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻊ ‪ ٣٥ / ٥‬ـ ‪ ، ٣٦‬وﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺑﺪﻳﻦ ‪ ، ١٩٤ / ٥‬واﳋﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺎﻣﺶ اﻟﻔﺘﺎوى اﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ ‪. ٣٥٨ / ٣‬‬
‫)‪.(٢‬اﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﺼﻐﲑ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﺎوي ‪. ٣٢٣ / ١‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٣٦‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫َ‬
‫ُ َ‬
‫ﺎء ‪َ .‬و ﺬا ا ْﻤﻞ ِإذا‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫ا ْﻤﺮ َوا ْ َﺎ ِﻗﻼ ِء إ َذا ُﻃﺒ َﺨﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓَﺈﻧ ُﻪ َ ِ ﻞ أ ْ ﻠُ ُﻪ َﻣﺎ َ ْﻢ ُ َﻐ ا ْ َﻤ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ ُ َ )‪(١‬‬ ‫َ‬
‫َْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َو َﻊ ِ اﻟﻌﺴ ِﻞ و ِﻮهِ ﻄ ِﺒﺦ ‪.‬‬
‫ات‬ ‫ﺑَﻘﻴ ُﺔ ا ْ َ َ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َ َُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُﺣ ْ ﻢ ﺑَﻘﻴ ِﺔ ا ْ َ َ َ‬ ‫ُْ َ َ‬
‫ات ‪َ ،‬ﻣﺎ َﻋﺪا ا َ َﺮاد َوا ﻀﺐ ‪َ ،‬وا ود ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِﻠﻔﻘﻬﺎ ِء ِ‬
‫ُُ‬ ‫ﻷ َﻬﺎ ُ َﻌﺪ ﻣ َﻦ ا ْ َﺒَ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫اﻷو ُل ‪ُ :‬ﺣ ْﺮ َﻣ ُﺔ أَ ْﺻﻨَﺎف ا ْ َ َ َ ات ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻮر‬‫ِ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺚ‬ ‫ﺋ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫آرا ٍء ‪.‬‬
‫َ َْ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َْ ُ‬
‫ﺐ ا َﻨ ِﻔﻴﺔ )‪. (٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒَﺎﺋِ ِﻊ ا ﺴ ِﻠﻴﻤ ِﺔ ِﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ .‬و ِ ﻫﺬا ذﻫ‬
‫ﺐ ا ْ َﻤﺎ ِﻟﻜﻴ ُﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟَﻜﻨ ُﻬﻢُ‬ ‫ا ﺎ ‪ :‬ﺣﻞ أَ ْﺻﻨَﺎﻓ َﻬﺎ ُ َﻬﺎ َﻤ ْﻦ ﻻ ﺗَ ُ ُه ‪َ .‬و َ ْﻪ َذ َﻫ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َُ َ ٌ َ ٌ ُ َ ْ َ‬ ‫اﺷ َ َ ُﻃﻮا ا ﻞ ﺗَ ْﺬﻛﻴَﺘَ َﻬﺎ ‪ :‬ﻓَﺈ ْن َ ﻧَ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﺖ ﻛ َﻤﺎ ﻳُﺬ‬ ‫ﺖ ِ ﻤﺎ ﻟ ﺲ دم ﺳﺎﺋِﻞ ذﻛﻴ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ُْ ْ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َُ َ ٌ َ ٌ ُ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ َ ُ َ َ َ ْ َ َ ُ َ َ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫ا ﺮاد ‪ ،‬وﺳﻴﺄ ِ ﻴﺎن ذ ِﻚ ‪ .‬و ِن ﻧﺖ ِ ﻤﺎ دم ﺳﺎ ِﺋﻞ ذﻛﻴﺖ ِﺑﻘﻄ ِﻊ ا ﻠﻘﻮمِ‬
‫ْ‬
‫َوا ْ َﻮ َد َﺟ ْ ِﻣ ْﻦ أَ َﻣﺎمِ اﻟْ ُﻌﻨُﻖ ﺑ ﻴ ٍﺔ َو َ ْﺴﻤﻴَ ٍﺔ ‪َ .‬وﻗَ َﺎل ا ْ َﻤﺎ ِﻟﻜﻴ ُﺔ اﻟْ َﻔﺄر إ َذا ُﻋﻠﻢَ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﺎﺳﺔ ‪ :‬إﻧ ُﻪ َﻣﻜ ُﺮ ٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ ُ ُُ‬
‫وه ‪َ ،‬و ِن ْﻢ ﻌﻠ ْﻢ ُو ُﺻﻮ ُ إِ ْ َﻬﺎ ُﻬ َﻮ ُﻣﺒَﺎح )‪. (٣‬‬ ‫وﺻﻮ إِ ا ﺠ ِ ِ‬
‫َ َ‬
‫ُ َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ا ﺎ ِﻟﺚ ‪ :‬ا ﻔ ِﺼﻴﻞ ِﺑﺘَﺤ ِﺮ ِﻢ َﻌ ِﺾ أ ْﺻﻨﺎﻓِ َﻬﺎ دون َﻌ ٍﺾ ‪ :‬ﻓﺎ ﺸﺎ ِﻓ ِﻌﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻗﺎ ﻮا‬
‫َ ُ ُ َْ‬ ‫َ ُُْْ‬ ‫ﻮع ‪َ ،‬واﺑْﻦ ُﻋ ْ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎﺣﺔ ا ْ َﻮ َﺮ ‪َ ،‬وأُم ُﺣﺒَ ْ ‪َ ،‬واﻟْ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺑَ َ‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺬ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫س‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِِ‬
‫َ َ ْ َ ُ َ َ َ َ ْ ُ ُ ْ َ ْ َ َ )‪َُ َ ُ َ َ َ ْ َ (٤‬‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﺴﺘﺨﺒﺜ ٍﺔ ‪ .‬وا ﻨ ِﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺧﺎﻟﻔﻮا‬ ‫ﻓ ِﻠﺸﺒَ ِﻬ َﻬﺎ ِﺑﺎ ﻀﺐ ‪ ،‬وأﻣﺎ ا ِﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻸ ﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺎن ِ ا َﻮ َ ِﺮ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ ُ ُْ َ َ ََُ ْ َ ََ‬ ‫ُُْْ َ ْ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ا ﺸﺎﻓِ ِﻌﻴﺔ ِ اﻟﻘﻨﻔ ِﺬ واﺑ ِﻦ ﻋﺮ ٍس ‪ ،‬ﻘﺎ ﻮا ِ ﺮﻣ ِﺘ ِﻬﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬و ﻬﻢ ِروا ﺘ ِ‬
‫ﺎﺣﺔ )‪. (٥‬‬
‫َ َ ُ‬
‫اﻹﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻮع أَ َﺻﺤ ُﻬ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َواﻟْ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ِ‬
‫َ َ َ ََُْ َ ُ َ َْ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ا ْﻮع ا ﺎ ِ ﻋ ‪ :‬ا ﻤﺘﻮ ات ‪ ،‬و ِﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ :‬ا ِﻐﺎل‬
‫َ ُ َ َ َُ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ُ ْﻘ َﺼ ُﺪ ﺑﺎ ْ ُﻤﺘَ َﻮ َ ات َﻣﺎ ﺗَ َﻮ َ َ ْ َ ﻧَ ْﻮ َ ْ ِﻣ َﻦ ا ْ َﻴَ َ‬
‫ﺎف ‪:‬‬ ‫ان ‪ .‬وﻫﻮ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﺻﻨ ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ََُ َ ٌ‬ ‫َ ََ َ ََْ َْ َ ْ َ َْ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫ُْ‬
‫ﻼف ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮ ِ ﺣﻼﻟ ِ ‪ .‬وﻫﻮ ﺣﻼل ﺑِﻼ ِﺧ ٍ‬ ‫ا ﺼﻨﻒ اﻷول ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮ‬

‫)‪ .(١‬ﺎﻳﺔ اﶈﺘﺎج ‪. ١٠٧ / ٨‬‬

‫)‪.(٢‬اﳋﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺎﻣﺶ اﻟﻔﺘﺎوى اﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ ‪. ٣٥٨ / ٣‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬اﳋﺮﺷﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻴﻞ ‪ ، ٨٨ ، ٨١ / ١‬واﻟﺪﺳﻮﻗﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﻜﺒﲑ ‪ ، ١١٥ / ٢‬واﻟﺼﺎوي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﺼﻐﲑ ‪٣٢٣ / ١‬‬
‫)‪ .(٤‬ﺎﻳﺔ اﶈﺘﺎج ‪. ١٤٤ / ٨‬‬
‫)‪.(٥‬اﳌﻘﻨﻊ ‪ ، ٥٢٩ / ٣‬وﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ أوﱄ اﻟﻨﻬﻰ ‪. ٣٠٩ / ٦‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٣٧‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ُ َُ‬ ‫ْ َْ َْ‬ ‫ْ َ َ ْ َُ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُْ‬
‫ا ﺼﻨﻒ ا ﺎ ِ ‪َ :‬ﻣﺎ ﺗ َﻮ َ َ َ ﻧ ْﻮ ِ ﺮ َﻣ ِ أ ْو َﻣﻜ ُﺮوﻫ ِ ِﺮ ًﻤﺎ ‪َ .‬وﻫ َﻮ ﺮ ٌم‬
‫ﺚ ‪َ :‬ﻣﺎ ﺗَ َﻮ َ َ ْ َ ﻧَ ْﻮ َ ْ أَ َﺣ ُﺪ ُﻫﻤﺎَ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﻼف ‪ .‬ا ﺼﻨﻒ ا ﺎ ِﻟ‬
‫ُْ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫َْ َ ْ ُ ٌ َْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫أو ﻣﻜﺮوه ِﺮ ﻤﺎ ِﺑﻼ ِﺧ ٍ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ ٌ َ َ َ َ ْ َ َ ْ ََ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫َُ ٌ َْ َ ْ ُ ٌ َْ‬
‫اﻹﺑﺎﺣ ِﺔ أو ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﺮاﻫ ِﺔ ا ِ ِﻬﻴ ِﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺮم أو ﻣﻜﺮوه ِﺮ ﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬وا ﺎ ِ ﺣﻼل ﻣﻊ ِ‬
‫َْ ٌ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ َ َ َ‬
‫َو ِﻣ ْﻦ أﻣ ِﺜﻠ ِﺔ ﻫﺬا ا ﺼﻨ ِﻒ ‪ :‬ا ِﻐﺎل ‪َ .‬و ِ ُﺣﻜ ِﻤ َﻬﺎ ﻔ ِﺼﻴﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ْ َ َ‬ ‫ﻗَ َﺎل ا ﺸﺎﻓﻌﻴ ُﺔ َوا ْ َﻨَﺎﺑﻠَ ُﺔ ‪ :‬إن ا ْ َ ْﻐ َﻞ َو َ ْ َ ُه ِﻣ َﻦ ا ْ ُﻤﺘَ َﻮ َ‬
‫ات ﻳَ ﺒَ ُﻊ أﺧﺲ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِِ‬
‫ﻴﻌﺔ إ َﻤﺎ َ ﻋﻨْ َﺪ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺎ َﻮ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫اﻷ ْﺻﻠَ ْ ‪َ .‬و َ َح ا ﺸﺎﻓﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﺄن َﻫﺬه ا َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِِ ِ‬ ‫ِِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُ َ ْ َ ً ُ َ ْ ُ ْ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ ْ َ َ ٌْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ َ َ ْ َ ََ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ا ْﻮ ِ ‪ .‬و ﻫﺬا ﻮ و ِت ا ﺸﺎة ﺒﺔ دون أن ﻌﻠﻢ ﻬﺎ ﻧﺰا ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺐ‬
‫َ ُ َْ ََ ُ ْ َْ ُ ََ‬ ‫ََ َ ْ َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬
‫ﻼف‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻫ‬
‫ِ مِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻓ ِﺈ ﻬﺎ ِ‬
‫َ ْ َ َ ْ َ َ ُ َ ْ َ َ )‪(١‬‬
‫ُ َ َ‬
‫اﻷ ْ‬
‫ﺻ ِﻞ ‪ ،‬و ِن ن ا ﻮرع ﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻮر ِة‬
‫َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َو ُﺣﺠﺘُ ُﻬ ْﻢ ِ ﻗ ْﻮ ِ ِﻬ ْﻢ ﻳَ ﺒَ ُﻊ أﺧﺲ اﻷ ْﺻﻠ ِ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ُﻣﺘَ َﻮ ٌ ِﻣﻨ ُﻬ َﻤﺎ ﻴَﺠﺘَ ِﻤ ُﻊ ِ ﻴ ِﻪ‬
‫َ ُ َ‬ ‫ْ ْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻴَ ً‬ ‫ُ ٌَْ ََُ ُ َ ُ ْ َْ ْ‬
‫ﺎﻃﺎ ‪َ .‬و ِﻣ َﻦ اﻟﻘ َﻮا ِﻋ ِﺪ اﻟ ِﻔﻘ ِﻬﻴ ِﺔ ﻧﻪ إِذا‬ ‫ِﺣﻞ َوﺣﺮﻣﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻴﻐﻠﺐ ﺟﺎﻧِﺐ ا ُﺮﻣ ِﺔ ِ‬
‫ﺎﻇ ِﺮ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺐاَْ‬ ‫ﺐ َﺟﺎﻧ ُ‬ ‫ﻴﺢ ‪ُ ،‬ﻏﻠ َ‬ ‫ﺎر َض ا ْ َﻤﺎﻧ ُﻊ َوا ْ ُﻤ ْﻘﺘَ ‪ ،‬أَو ا ْ َﺎﻇ ُﺮ َوا ْ ُﻤﺒ ُ‬ ‫َ َﻌ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﺣﺘﻴَ ً‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﺎﻃﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ ٌَ‬ ‫ُ ُ ََ ٌ‬ ‫َ َْ ْ ُ‬ ‫ْ َ ُ َ ٌَ ُ‬ ‫َْ َْ‬
‫َو ِﻋﻨﺪ ا َﻨ ِﻔﻴ ِﺔ ا ِﻐﺎل ﺗ ِﺎﺑﻌﺔ ِﻸم ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎ ﻐﻞ ا ِ ي أﻣﻪ أﺗﺎن ) ِ ﺎرة (‬
‫ْ ُ‬ ‫ُ ُ ََ ٌ َْ‬ ‫ََ‬ ‫ُ ْ ُ َ ُْ َ َْ ً ًََ ُ‬
‫ﻳ َﺮه أ ﻞ ْ ِﻤ ِﻪ ِﺮ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺎ ﻷﻣ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬وا ِ ي أﻣﻪ ﻓﺮس ِﺮي ِ ﻴ ِﻪ ا ِﻼف ا ِ ي‬
‫ََ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ ْ ُ َ َ ُ ُ َ ْ ُ ً ْ َ َ َ َ َ َ ُ َ ً ْ َ‬
‫ﺎﺣﺒَ ِ ‪ .‬ﻓﻠ ْﻮ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ِ ﻴ ِﻪ ا ﻴﻞ ‪ :‬ﻴﻜﻮن ﻣﻜﺮوﻫﺎ ِﻋﻨﺪ أ ِ ﺣ ِﻨﻴﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻣﺒﺎﺣﺎ ِﻋﻨ‬
‫ََََ ََُ َُ ٌ َْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ َ ََ ُُ ََْ َ ََََ َْ َْ‬
‫ﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺎن و ﻘﺮ ٍة ﻬﻮ ﻣﺒﺎح ِﻋﻨﺪ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِﺣﺼ ٍ‬ ‫ﺎر و ﻘﺮ ٍة ‪ ،‬أو‬ ‫ِ ٍ‬ ‫ﻓ ِﺮض ﺗﻮ ه‬
‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ َ ََ َ ََ َُ ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ا ْ َﻨَﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﻼ ﺧﻼف ا ْ َﻤ ْﺬ َﻫﺐ ‪ َ ،‬ﺒَ ً‬
‫ﺎل‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺎل‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ ِ ٍ ِ‬
‫َْ َ ُ َْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ُ َﻘ ُﺎل ُ ُﻣﺘَ َﻮ ٍ َ ْ َ َ ْ َ ْ َ َ َ َ‬
‫ان ‪ (٢) ،‬ﻓﺎ ﺒَ ِﻌﻴﺔ ِﻸم ِ َ اﻟﻘﺎ ِﻋﺪة ِﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮ ِ ِﻣﻦ ا ﻴﻮ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َ ْ ََْ ُ‬ ‫ُ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ا ْ َﻨَﻔﻴ ِﺔ ‪َ .‬و ُ ْﻌ َﺮ ُف ِﻣ َ‬
‫ﺎﺷ َ ِﺘ ِﻪ ﻻﺑْ ِﻦ َ ِﺑ ِﺪﻳﻦ ‪ :‬أن اﻟ ِﻌ ة ِﻸم‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺨﺘَﺎر" َو َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫"‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ِ‬

‫)‪ .(١‬ﺎﻳﺔ اﶈﺘﺎج ‪ ، ١٤٦ ، ١٤٤ / ٨‬واﳌﻘﻨﻊ ‪ ، ٥٢٧ / ٣‬واﳌﻐﲏ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﻜﺒﲑ ‪ . ٦٦ / ١١‬وا ﻠﺔ وﺷﺮوﺣﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬اﳌﺎدة ‪. ٤٦ /‬‬
‫)‪.(٢‬اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻊ ‪. ٣٧ / ٥‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٣٨‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ﻮر ُة َ ْ ا ْ َﻤﺄ ْ ُ ﻮل ‪َ ،‬ﻛ َﻤﺎ َ ْﻮ َو َ َ ت ا ﺸ ُﺎة ذ ْﺒﺎً‬ ‫ُ ﻮﻟَ ُﺔ َﻣﺎ ُﺻ َ‬
‫ﻮرﺗُ ُﻪ ُﺻ َ‬
‫َْْ‬
‫َو ْﻮ َو َ ِت ا ﻤﺄ‬
‫َ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ ُ َ‬
‫ﻓ ِﺈﻧﻪ ِ ﻞ )‪.(١‬‬
‫ُْ ْ َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ َْ ً َ ُ ُ َ َ َ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ِﻢ ﻣﻊ ﻌ ِﺾ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﺔ أﻳﻀﺎ ﻘﻮ ﻮن ِﺑﻘﺎ ِﻋﺪ ِة ا ﺒ ِﻌﻴ ِﺔ ِﻸم ِ ا‬ ‫َوا ﻤﺎ ِﻟ ِ‬
‫َ ُ ْ ُ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َْ َ ََُْ ُ ََْ َْ َ ْ ََ ُ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﻮر ِة ا ُﻤ َﺤﺮمِ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻧﻮ ِ‬ ‫ﻼف ‪ :‬ﻬﻢ ﻘﻴﺪون ذ ِﻚ ِﺑﺄﻻ ﻳﺄ ِ ا ﻤﺘﻮ‬ ‫اﺧ ِﺘ ٍ‬
‫ُ ْ‬ ‫ُ َُ َ ً َ َ َ‬ ‫ْ َ َ‬ ‫َْ ُ‬ ‫َ ُ َْ‬
‫ﺎﺣﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻛ َﻤﺎ ْﻮ َو َ ِت ا ﺸﺎة ِﺧ ِ ًﺮا ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺖ اﻷم ﻣﺒ‬ ‫ﻓ ِﺈﻧﻪ ِﻋﻨﺪ ِﺋ ٍﺬ ُﺮم ‪َ ،‬و ِن ﻧ ِ‬
‫َ ًْ َْ َ‬ ‫ْ ََ‬ ‫ُ َ ُ َ َ ْ َ ُ َ َ ََ ُْ َُ َ ٌ َ َ‬ ‫ََ َ َ‬
‫ﺎن ) و ﻘﺎ ِﻠﻘﺎ ِﻋﺪ ِة (‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺎح‬‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ون‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫و ﺬِ‬
‫ﻜ ُﺴ ُﻪ أﻳ ْ ًﻀﺎ ‪َ ،‬ﻛﺄﺗَﺎن ِﻣ ْﻦ َﺷﺎة ) َ َ ﺧﻼف اﻟْ َﻘﺎﻋ َﺪة ( َوﻟَ ﻦ َﻫ َﺬا ا ْ َﻮ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫وﻻ ﻋ‬
‫ُ َ َ‬ ‫َ ََ َ َُُْ َ ُُ َْ ُ‬ ‫َ َ ُْ ُْ َ َ ُ ََ ُ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ْﺴﻠﻪ ِﻋﻨﺪﻫ ْﻢ َﺣﻴْﺚ ن‬ ‫ﺎح ِإذا ﺴﻞ ﻳﺆ‬ ‫ﻮر ِة ا ُﻤﺒَ ِ‬ ‫ا ِ ي و ﺗﻪ ا ﻤﺤﺮﻣﺔ ﺻ‬
‫ْ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫ََ ُ َ ْ‬
‫ﺎح ‪ُ ِ ،‬ﻌ ِﺪهِ ْﻦ أﻣ ِﻪ ا ُﻤ َﺤﺮ َﻣ ِﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻮر ِة ا ُﻤﺒَ ِ‬ ‫ﺻ‬
‫ﺎر ِﻫ ْﻢ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ﺚ َﻋ َ َ ‪َ ُ :‬ﺣﻴَ َﻮان َ ْﻢ َ ْﻌﺮﻓ ْ ُﻪ اﻟ ْ َﻌ َﺮ ُب أَ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬
‫ْ ُ‬
‫ع‬ ‫ا ﻮ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َ ُ َْ ْ‬ ‫ْ َ َ َ َْ َ ْ‬ ‫ُْ ُ َ َ‬
‫وف ِﻣ ْﻦ ﺒْﻞ ِﻋﻨﺪ اﻟ َﻌ َﺮ ِب أﻫ ِﻞ ا ﻠﻐ ِﺔ‬ ‫ا ﻤ َﺮاد ِﺑﻬﺬا ا ﻮ ِع ﻣﺎ ن َ ﻣﻌ ُﺮ ٍ‬
‫ْ ََ ْ َ َ َ ْ َ َ ُ ُ َ ْ َ ْ َُ ُ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َََ َ ُْ ْ ُ‬
‫ﺎر ِﻫﻢ وأﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺎ اﺳﺘﻄﺎﺑﻮه أ ِو اﺳﺘﺨﺒﺜﻮه ‪ .‬ﻤﺎ ن‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫اﻟ ِ ﻧﺰل ِﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻘﺮ ِ‬
‫آن‬
‫ﻮه َ ُﻬ َﻮ َﺣ َﺮ ٌ‬ ‫ﺨﺒَﺜُ ُ‬ ‫ُ َ ً َ ََْ ُ ُ ََُ َ ٌ ُُْ ََ َ َ ُ َ ً َ َْ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ام‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻬﺎ ِﻤﺎ اﺳﺘﻄﺎﺑﻮه ﻬﻮ ﺣﻼل أ ﻠﻪ ‪ .‬وﻣﺎ ن ﺸﺒﻬﺎ ِﻤﺎ اﺳﺘ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ ُْ‬ ‫َُ َ َ َ ُ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ َ ْ ُ ٌ َْ‬
‫وه ِﺮ ًﻤﺎ ‪ِ ،‬ﻟﻘ ْﻮ ِ ِ َﻌﺎ ‪ْ َ ﴿ :‬ﺴﺄ ﻮﻧﻚ َﻣﺎذا أ ِﺣﻞ ُﻬ ْﻢ ﻗﻞ أ ِﺣﻞ ﻟ ُﻢ‬ ‫أو ﻣﻜﺮ‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫ُ َ‬ ‫ُ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ْ َ ْ ََ ُُْ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ُوﺟﻪ ِإ ْ ِﻬ ُﻢ‬ ‫ﻮن ا ِ َ‬ ‫ﻮه أ ﺘُ ْﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻫ ُﻢ ا ﺴﺎﺋِﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻴﺒَﺎت ﴾ )ا ﺎﺋﺪة ‪ (٤‬أي ﻣﺎ اﺳﺘﻄﺒﺘﻤ‬
‫ﺨﺒَﺜُﻮهُ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َْ ْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬ ‫ا ْ َ َﻮ ُ‬
‫اب ‪َ .‬و ِﻟﻘ ْﻮ ِ ِ َﻌﺎ ‪َ ﴿ :‬و َﺮ ُم َﻋﻠﻴْ ِﻬ ُﻢ ا َﺒَﺎﺋِﺚ ﴾ )اﻷﻋﺮاف ‪ (١٥٧ :‬أي ﻣﺎ اﺳﺘ‬
‫ﻷن اﻟْﻜﺘَﺎبَ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََ َ ُ ََُْ ْ َ َُُ ْ َ ْ ْ َ ُُ ْ َ ُ ْ َ ْ ُ ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎز ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺎ ِ ﻳﻦ ﻌﺘ اﺳ ِﺘﻄﺎ ﺘﻬ َﻢ واﺳ ِﺘﺨﺒﺎ ﻬﻢ إِ ﻤﺎ َﻫﻢ أﻫﻞَ ا ِﺠ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ُْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻧَ َﺰ َل َﻋﻠَﻴْﻬ ْﻢ َو ُﺧﻮﻃﺒُﻮا ﺑﻪ أوﻻ ‪َ .‬وا ْ ُﻤ ْﻌﺘَ َ ُ ﻣﻨْ ُﻬ ْﻢ أ ْﻫ ُﻞ اﻷ ْ َ‬
‫ﺎر ﻻ أﻫﻞ ا َ َﻮا ِدي‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ُ َ َ َْ َ َ َ َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َُ‬
‫ان‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫‪،‬ﻷن ﻫﺆﻻ ِء ﻳﺄ ﻠﻮن ِﻠ ور ِة ﻣﺎ ِ ﺪون ﻬﻤﺎ ن‪ .‬ﻤﺎ ﻢ ﻳ ﻦ ِﻣﻦ ا ﻴﻮ ِ‬
‫اﺳﺘَ َﻄﺎﺑُﻮهُ‬ ‫أَ ْ َﺼﺎر ا ْ َﺠﺎز ﻳُ َﺮد إ َ أَﻗْ َﺮب َﻣﺎ ُ ْﺸﺒ ُﻬ ُﻪ ﺑﻼدﻫ ْﻢ ‪ .‬ﻓَﺈ ْن أَ ْﺷﺒَ َﻪ َﻣﺎ ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ َِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َْ ُ‬ ‫ْ َ ْ ْ َ ْ‬ ‫ﺨﺒَﺜُ ُ‬ ‫َ ْ ْ ََ َ َْ ْ‬
‫ﻮه َﺣ ُﺮ َم ‪َ .‬و ِن ْﻢ ُﺸ ِﺒﻪ ﺷ ﺌًﺎ ِ ﻤﺎ ِﻋﻨﺪﻫ ْﻢ َﺣﻞ ‪،‬‬ ‫َﺣﻞ ‪ ،‬و ِن أﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺎ اﺳﺘ‬

‫)‪.(١‬اﻟﺪر اﳌﺨﺘﺎر ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺑﺪﻳﻦ ‪. ١٩٧ ، ١٩٣ / ٥ ، ١٥٠ / ١‬‬

 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٣٩‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُْ َ ُ َ ُ َ َ َُ ً ََ‬ ‫َْ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫َﻃﺎ ِﻋ ٍﻢ ْﻄ َﻌ ُﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺖ ﻗ ْﻮ َﻌﺎ ‪ ﴿ :‬ﻗﻞ ﻻ أ ِﺟﺪ ِﻴﻤﺎ أو ِ إِ ﺮﻣﺎ‬ ‫ِ ُ ﺧﻮ ِ ِ‬
‫َ َ َ ْ َ ُ ْ َ َ )‪ْ َ َ َ َ (١‬‬ ‫َ ْ َ ُ َ َ ًَْ‬
‫إِﻻ أن ﻳ ﻮن ﻣﻴﺘﺔ ‪) ﴾ . . .‬اﻷﻧﻌﺎم ‪ . (١٤٥‬ﻫﺬا ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ا ﻨ ِﻔﻴ ِﺔ و ح ِﺑﻨﺤ ِﻮهِ‬
‫ُ َ َْ َ َ ُ َ َ ْ َ َ َ ُ ْ َ ُ ُ َ َ ُ‬
‫اﺟ َﻌ ِﺔ ﻛﺘُ ِﺒ ِﻬ ْﻢ)‪. (٢‬‬ ‫ﺎت ِﺴ ٍة ﻌﻠﻢ ِﺑﻤﺮ‬ ‫ا ﺸﺎﻓِ ِﻌﻴﺔ وا ﻨ ِﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ اﺧ ِﺘﻼﻓ ٍ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ُ َْ‬ ‫)‪َ ْ َ (٣‬‬ ‫َ‬
‫ََ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ ُ َ ُ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ﻜﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻌﺘَ ِ ُ ون‬ ‫ِﺮ ِﻤ ِﻪ ‪ .‬ﻓﺎ ﻤﺎ ِﻟ ِ‬ ‫َﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻧﺺ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﺔ ِ ﻠﻮن‬ ‫َوا ﻤﺎ ِﻟ ِ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺨﺒَﺎ َ ُﻬ ْﻢ َوﻻ ا ْ ُﻤ َﺸﺎ َ َﻬ َﺔ أَ َﺳﺎ ً‬ ‫ْ ْ‬
‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﺳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫َ‬
‫و‬ ‫ﺎز‬ ‫ﺠ‬‫اﺳﺘ َﻄﺎﺑَ َﺔ اﻟْ َﻌ َﺮب ﻣ ْﻦ أَ ْﻫﻞ ا ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ََ َ َ َُْ ُ َ‬ ‫ُْ ََ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ﻼث ا ﺎ ِ َ ِﺔ ‪َ ِ ،‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎت ا‬ ‫ﺎت‪َ .‬و ِ ﻤﺎ ﺴﺘﺪل ِﺑ ِﻪ ذ ِﻚ ﻤﻮع اﻵﻳ ِ‬ ‫ﻔ ِﺴ ِ اﻟﻄﻴﺒ ِ‬
‫َ َ ُُْ ُ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ ُ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬
‫ﻗ ْﻮ َﻌﺎ ‪ ﴿ :‬ﺧﻠ َﻖ ﻟ ْﻢ َﻣﺎ ِ اﻷر ِض ِ ﻴﻌﺎ ﴾ )ا ﻘﺮة ‪ ، ( ٢٩‬وﻗﻮ ‪ ﴿ :‬ﻗﻞ ﻻ أ ِﺟﺪ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ْ‬
‫َْ َ َ َ ُ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُ‬
‫ﻴﻤﺎ أو ِ َ إِ ‪ ...‬اﻵﻳَﺔ ﴾ )اﻷﻧﻌﺎم ‪َ ،(١٤٥‬وﻗ ْﻮ ُ ‪َ ﴿ :‬وﻗﺪ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻟ ْﻢ َﻣﺎ َﺣﺮ َم‬
‫َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ُ َ ْ ََْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َْ ُ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴ ْﻢ ﴾ )اﻷﻧﻌﺎم ‪ (١١٩‬ﻓ ِﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻌ َﺮف أن ا ُﻤ َﺤﺮ َم ﻫ َﻮﻣﺎاﺳ ﺜﻨ ُﺎه ا ﺺ ِﻣ ْﻦ ُﻤﻮمِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ُ ُ َ ْ‬ ‫َ ُ َ َََْ َ َ ُ َ‬
‫ﻴﺢ ‪.‬‬ ‫اﺧﻼ ِ ﻤﻮ ِ ﻬﺎ ا ﻤ ِﺒ ِ‬ ‫ﺎﺳﻮاه د ِ‬ ‫اﻵﻳ ِﺔ اﻷو ﻴﺒ ﻣ ِ‬
‫َ ْ َ ُ َْ َ َ َ َ ْ َ َ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ان وﻣﺎ ا ﻔﺼﻞ ِﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫أﺟﺰاء ا ﻴﻮ ِ‬
‫ْ ْ‬ ‫ُْ ُ ُْ َْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺎن ِﻣ َﻦ ا ْ َﻴَ َ‬ ‫َُ ُ‬ ‫إن اﻟْ ُﻌ ْﻀ َ‬
‫ان ‪ ،‬أ ْي ﻔ َﺼﻞ ِﻣﻨﻪ ‪َ ،‬ﺘ ِﻠﻒ ا ُ ُﻢ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ ُ َْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ال ‪َ .‬و ﻔ ِﺼﻴﻞ ذ ِﻚ ﻛ َﻤﺎ ﻳَ ِ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺐ اﻷﺣﻮ ِ‬ ‫ا ِ ِ ِﺣﻞ أ ِﻠ ِﻪ وﺣﺮﻣ ِﺘ ِﻪ ِ ﺴ ِ‬
‫ْ‬
‫َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ ََُْ َ َ َْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ُْ ْ ُ َُْ ُ ْ َ ََ َ‬
‫ان ِ ِﺣﻞ اﻷ ِﻞ‬ ‫ان ‪ :‬ﻌﺘ ﻛﻤﻴﺘ ِﺔ ﻫﺬا ا ﻴﻮ ِ‬ ‫أ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﻀﻮ ا ﻤﺒﺎن ِﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﻮ ٍ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﺎن ﻣ َﻦ ا ﺴ َﻤﻚ اﻟ َ أو ا َ َﺮاد اﻟ َ ﻳُ ْﺆ َ ُ ﻋﻨْ َﺪ ا ُ ْﻤ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َُْ ُ‬ ‫َو ُﺣ ْﺮ َ‬
‫ﻮر ‪ ،‬ﻷن‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﻪ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺘ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ َُ َ ًَ َ‬ ‫ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ُ َُ ُ َ‬ ‫َﻣﻴْ َﺘَ ُﻬ َﻤﺎ ﺗُ ْﺆ َ ُ ‪َ .‬وا ْ َ‬
‫اﻹﺑﺎﻧﺔ ﺧﺎ ِ ﺔ ﻦ ِﻴ ِﺔ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫إ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫د‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮن‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻟ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬
‫ْ َ َ ْ ً َْ ُْ َ َُْ ُ َ ْ َ َ ْ َ ْ ُ ًَ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ َْ َ ًَ‬
‫ا ﺬ ِﻛﻴ ِﺔ ‪ ،‬أو ﺧﺎ ِ ﺔ ﻋ ِﻦ اﻟ ﺴ ِﻤﻴ ِﺔ ﻤﺪا ﻢ ﻳﺆ ِ ا ﻤﺒﺎن ‪ ،‬و ِن ﻧﺖ ﺼﺤﻮ ﺔ‬
‫ﺎﺣﺎ أَوْ‬ ‫ﺎن إ ْن َ َن ُﻫ َﻮ ا ﺮأْ ُس ‪َ ،‬وﻻ ﻳُ ْﺆ َ ُ إ ْن َ َن َﺟﻨَ ً‬ ‫َ ْ َ ُ َ َُْ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِﺑﺎ ﻴ ِﺔ واﻟ ﺴ ِﻤﻴ ِﺔ أ ِ ﻞ ا ﻤﺒ ِ‬
‫ْ َُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﺎن ﻣ ْﻦ َﺳﺎﺋﺮ ا َﻴَ َﻮاﻧَﺎت اﻟ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ًَ َْ ََْ ُ َ َ َُْ ُ‬
‫ات ا مِ ا ﺴﺎ ِﺋ ِﻞ ﻻ ﻳُﺆ ‪،‬‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻳﺪا أو َ ﻮﻫﻤَﺎ ‪ .‬وا ﻤ ْﺒ ِ َ ِ ِ‬
‫َ َ ََْ ُ‬ ‫َ ْْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ْ َ َْ َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺎن أ ْﺻﻠُ ُﻪ َﻣﺄ ُ ﻮﻻ َ ﻷ ْ َ‬ ‫َ َ ٌ َ َ‬
‫ﻮل ِ ِ ِﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ِﺈن ﻣﻴﺘﺔ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺎمِ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاء أ‬

‫)‪.(١‬ﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺑﺪﻳﻦ ‪. ١٩٤ / ٥‬‬

‫)‪.(٢‬اﻟﺒﺠﲑﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﳋﻄﻴﺐ ‪ ، ٢٥٧ / ٤‬وﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ أوﱄ اﻟﻨﻬﻰ ‪. ٣١١ / ٦‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬اﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﺼﻐﲑ ‪. ٣٢٢ / ١‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫)‪ُ ُ َ َ َ ْ َ َ َ ُ ْ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َ (١‬‬ ‫ُْ َُ‬ ‫ُْ َ‬
‫اﷲ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮل‬ ‫ﻼف ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺬ ِﻚ ﻣﺎ أ ِ ِﻣﻨﻪ ﺣﻴﺎ ﻘﺪ ﻗﺎل رﺳ‬ ‫ِﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺆ ِﺑﻼ ِﺧ ٍ‬
‫ٌ‬ ‫ٌ َ‬
‫ﻴﻤ ِﺔ َو ِ َ َﺣﻴﺔ ُﻬ َﻮ َﻣﻴْﺘَﺔ ‪.(٢) ‬‬ ‫‪َ : ‬ﻣﺎ ﻗُﻄ َﻊ ﻣ َﻦ ا ْ َﻬ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ ْ ْ ُ‬
‫ب ‪ -‬اﻟ ُﻌﻀ ُﻮ ا ُﻤﺒَﺎن ِﻣ َﻦ ا َﻤﻴْﺘَ ِﺔ ‪ُ :‬ﺣﻜ ُﻤﻪ ُﺣ ُﻢ َﺳﺎﺋِ ِﺮ ا َﻤﻴْﺘَ ِﺔ ِ اﻷ ِﻞ َو َﻋﺪ ِﻣ ِﻪ‬
‫ﻼف‪.‬‬ ‫ِﺑﻼ ِﺧ ٍ‬
‫ْ ُ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬ ‫ََْ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ُْ ْ ُ َُْ ُ َ ُْ َ َْ ُ‬
‫ﻮل ِ أ ﻨﺎ ِء ﺗﺬ ِﻛﻴَ ِﺘ ِﻪ ﺒْﻞ َﻤﺎ ِ َﻬﺎ ‪ُ :‬ﺣﻜ ُﻤﻪ‬ ‫ج ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﻀﻮ ا ﻤﺒﺎن ِﻣﻦ ا ﻤﺬ ا ﻤﺄ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫ﺎن ُﺣﻠْ ُﻘ َ‬ ‫َ َْ ََْ ََ َ َْ ٌ‬ ‫ُﺣ ْ ُﻢ ا ْ ُﻤﺒَ‬
‫ﻮم ا ﺸﺎ ِة َو َﻌﺾ َ ﺮ ﺌِ َﻬﺎ ِﻠﺘﺬ ِﻛﻴَ ِﺔ‬ ‫ﺎن ِﻣﻦ اﻟ ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻮ ﻄﻊ ِإ ﺴ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ ْ َ ُْ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ َْ ٌ َ ُ َ َ َ َ ْ ََََْ َ َْ ْ ُ ُ َ ٌ َ َ ُ َ ْ‬
‫ﻮع‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻘﻄﻊ إِ ﺴﺎن آﺧﺮ ﻳﺪﻫﺎ أو أ ﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎ ﻤﻘﻄﻮع ِ ﺲ ﺣﺮام اﻷ ِﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻤﻘﻄ ِ‬
‫َ ً‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ِﻣ َﻦ اﻟ َ ‪َ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻻ ِﺧﻼف ِ ﻴ ِﻪ أﻳْﻀﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ُ ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺎن ﻣ َﻦ ا ْ َ‬ ‫ُْ ْ ُ َُْ ُ‬
‫ﻴﺪ ِﺑﺂﻟ ِﺔ ا ﺼﻴْ ِﺪ ‪ِ :‬إﻣﺎ أن ﺒْ ا َﻤ ِﺼﻴﺪ َﻌﺪ ِإﺑَﺎﻧ ِﺘ ِﻪ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫د ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﻀﻮ ا ﻤﺒ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُُ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﻮح ‪ :‬ﻓ ِ ا َﺎﻟ ِﺔ اﻷو ‪:‬‬ ‫َﺣﻴﺎ َﺣﻴَﺎة ُ ْﺴﺘَ ِﻘﺮة ‪َ ،‬و ِﻣﺎ أن ﺗ ِﺼ َ َﺣﻴَﺎﺗﻪ َﺣﻴَﺎة َﻣﺬﺑُ ٍ‬
‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ ُ ُ َ َ‬ ‫َ ُ ُ ُ ْ ً َُ ً ْ َََ َ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻴَﻜﻮن ﻛ َﻤﻴْ ِﺘ ِﻪ ‪َ .‬و ِ ا َﺎﻟ ِﺔ ا ﺎ ِﻴَ ِﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ان‬
‫ﻳ ﻮن ﻋﻀﻮا ﻣﺒﺎﻧﺎ ِﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﻮ ٍ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َْ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ُ ُ ْ‬
‫ﻳَ ﻮن ُﻋﻀ ًﻮا ُﻣﺒَﺎﻧﺎ ﺑِﺎ ﺬ ِﻛﻴَ ِﺔ ‪َ ،‬و ﺘَ ِﻠﻒ ا ﻈ ُﺮ إِ ْ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻷن ُ ِﺻﻔﺘَ ِ ِﺷﺒْﻪ‬
‫َ ُ ُ ْ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬ ‫َُ ُ َ َ ُ ْ ُ‬ ‫ََُ َ ْ‬
‫ﺎرﺿﺘَ ِ ‪ :‬ا ﺼﻔﺔ اﻷو ‪ :‬ﻧﻪ ُﻋﻀ ٌﻮ أ ِ َ ﺒْﻞ َﻤﺎمِ ا ﺬ ِﻛﻴَ ِﺔ ﻴَﻜﻮن ُﺣﻜ ُﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌ ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫ُﺣ ْ َﻢ ا ْ ُﻤﺒَﺎن ﻣ َﻦ اﻟْ َ ﻓَﻼ َ ﻞ ‪َ .‬وا ﺼ َﻔ ُﺔ ا ﺎ ﻴَ ُﺔ ‪ :‬أن ا ْﺬﻛﻴَ َﺔ َﺳﺒَ ٌ‬
‫ﺐ ِ ِﺣﻞ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫َْ ٌ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُْ َ‬ ‫ا ْ ُﻤ َﺬ ‪َ ،‬و ُ ﻣ َﻦ ا ْ ُﻤﺒَ َ ْ ُ َ‬
‫ﺎن ِﻣﻨﻪ ُﻣﺬ ‪ ،‬ﻷن ا ﺬ ِﻛﻴَﺔ ِﺑﺎ ﺼﻴْ ِﺪ ِ َ ﺗﺬ ِﻛﻴَﺔ‬ ‫ﺎن وا ﻤﺒ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ْ َ ْ ََ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ﻴﺪ ِﻪ ﻻ ِ َﻌ ِﻀ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻴَ ِﺤﻞ اﻟ ُﻌﻀ ُﻮ ﻛ َﻤﺎ ِ ﻞ ا َﺎ ِ ‪َ .‬و ِ َﻬﺬا ن ِ ا ﻤﺴﺄﻟ ِﺔ‬ ‫ِﻠﻤ ِﺼ ِ‬
‫ٌ َْ ٌ‬
‫ِﺧﻼف َو ﻔ ِﺼﻴﻞ )‪.(٣‬‬
‫َ ُ َ ْ‬
‫اب اﻷ ِﻞ‬ ‫آد‬
‫َ ُ َ ََْ َ ْ‬
‫أ ‪ -‬آداب ﻣﺎ ﺒﻞ اﻷ ِﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫َ‬
‫َ َ َ َ َ ْ ً َ َ ََ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اب اﻷ ِﻞ ا ﺴﺆال ﻋ ِﻦ اﻟﻄﻌﺎمِ إِذا ن ﺿﻴﻔﺎ أﺣ ٍﺪ وﻻ‬ ‫أوﻻ ‪ِ :‬ﻣﻦ آد ِ‬

‫)‪.(١‬ﻣﻮاﻫﺐ اﳉﻠﻴﻞ ‪ ، ٢٢٨ / ٣‬واﶈﻠﻰ ﻻﺑﻦ ﺣﺰم ‪. ٤٤٩ / ٧‬‬

‫)‪.(٢‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬ﻣﺎ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻬﻴﻤﺔ ‪ " . .‬رواﻩ أﲪﺪ ) ‪ (٢١٨ / ٥‬واﻟﱰﻣﺬي ) ‪ ( ٧٤ / ٤‬وﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ﻫﺬا ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬ﻳﺆﻳﺪ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺮ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻐﻨﻤﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ إذا ﻓﺼﻞ رأﺳﻬﺎ ﻛﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺑﺢ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٤١‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ﻮل ‪ ‬ﻻ ﻳَﺄْ ُ ُﻞ َﻃ َﻌﺎﻣﺎً‬ ‫َ َ َ ْ َُ ُ ُ َْ ََ ْ َ َ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻌ ِﺮﻓﻪ ‪َ ،‬وﻻ ْﻄ َﻤ ِ ِإ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻘﺪﻣﻪ ِإ ِﻪ ‪ .‬ﻘﺪ ن ا ﺮﺳ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َْ ُُ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ ْ َ‬ ‫َُ َ َ ْ َ َ ُ َ َ َ ْ َ َ ُْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َُ َ َ‬
‫ﺎري ﻦ ﺧﺎ ِ ِ ﺑ ِﻦ‬ ‫ﻴﻌ ِﺮف ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻘﺪ روى ا ﺨ ِ‬ ‫ﺪث أو ﺴ‬ ‫ﺣ‬
‫َ َ ُ َ َُ‬ ‫ََ‬ ‫ََ‬ ‫ا ْ َﻮ ﺪ ‪  :‬ﻧ ُﻪ َد َﺧ َﻞ َﻣ َﻊ َر ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َﻣﻴ ْ ُﻤﻮﻧﺔ ‪َ ،‬و ِ َ ﺧﺎ ُﻪ َوﺧﺎﻟﺔ اﺑ ْ ِﻦ‬ ‫اﷲ ‪‬‬ ‫ﻮل ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َُْ َ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ﻮذا ﻗَﺪ َﻣ ْ‬ ‫ََ َ َ ْ َ َ َ َُْ ً‬
‫ﺎر ِث ِﻣ ْﻦ ٍﺪ‬ ‫ﻴﺪةُ اﺑْﻦ ا َ‬ ‫ﻔ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻋ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎس‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺒ‬
‫َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬ ‫َُ‬ ‫ََ َ‬
‫ﺪث ﺑِ ِﻪ‬ ‫اﷲ ‪َ ‬و ن ﻗﻠﻤﺎ ﻘﺪم ﻳﺪهُ ِﻟ َﻄﻌﺎمٍ ﺣ‬ ‫ﻮل ِ‬ ‫ﺖ ا ﻀﺐ ِﺮﺳ ِ‬ ‫ﻘﺪﻣ ِ‬
‫ﻮل اﷲ ‪ ‬ﻳ َ َﺪهُ إ َ ا ﻀﺐ َ َﻘﺎﻟَﺖ ا ْ َﺮأَةٌ ِﻣ َﻦ اﻟ ْﺴﻮةَِ‬ ‫َُ ََ ْ َ َ ُ ُ‬
‫‪ ،‬وأﻫﻮى رﺳ‬ ‫َو ُ َﺴ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ ْ ُ َُ ُ‬ ‫َ ْ ْ َ َُ َ‬ ‫ُْ ُ‬
‫اﷲ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ا ﻀﺐ ﻳﺎ رﺳﻮل ِ‬ ‫اﷲ ‪ : ‬أن ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪﻣ‬ ‫ﻮر ‪ :‬أﺧ ِ ن رﺳﻮل ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ا‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻮل اﷲ ﻳَ َﺪهُ َﻋﻦ ا ﻀﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻗَ َﺎل َﺧﺎ ُ ْ ُﻦ ا ْ َﻮ ﺪ ‪ :‬أ َﺣ َﺮ ٌ‬ ‫ََ َ َ َُ ُ‬
‫ام ا ﻀﺐ ﻳَﺎ َر ُﺳﻮل‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻓﺮ ﻊ رﺳ‬
‫ََ ُ َ ُُ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫اﷲ ؟ ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ﻻ ‪َ ،‬وﻟ ِ ْﻦ ْﻢ ﻳَ ْﻦ ﺑِﺄ ْر ِض ﻗ ْﻮ ِ ﻓﺄ ِﺟﺪ ِ أ َ ﻓﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎل ﺧﺎ ِ ٌ ‪:‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ََ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ ُ َ )‪َ ْ ُ َ َ َ َ (١‬‬ ‫َ ْ ََ ُُْ ََ َ ُُْ َ َ ُ ُ‬
‫اﷲ ‪ ‬ﻨﻈﺮ إِ ‪ . ‬و ﺣﻪ ا ﺰرﻛ ِ ﻘﺎل ‪ :‬ﻗﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺟ رﺗﻪ ﻓﺄ ﻠﺘﻪ ورﺳﻮل ِ‬
‫ﺎف َﺷ ْﺌًﺎ ﻣ َﻦ ا ْﻤﺂَ‬ ‫ََ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ََْ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ ْ َُ‬
‫َ ِِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا ْ ُﻦ ا ِ ‪ :‬إِ ﻤﺎ ن ﺴﺄل ‪ ،‬ﻷن اﻟﻌﺮب ﻧﺖ ﻻ ﻌ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫َْ َ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫َ َ ُ‬ ‫َْ ُ‬
‫ِﻟ ِﻘﻠ ِﺘ َﻬﺎ ِﻋﻨﺪﻫ ْﻢ ‪َ ،‬و ن ﻫ َﻮ ‪ ‬ﻗﺪ َﻌﺎف َﻌﺾ ا ْ ِء ‪ ،‬ﻓ ِ ِﻚ ن َ ْﺴﺄل ‪.‬‬
‫ﺤﺮ ﻢ َ ْﻌﺾ ا ْ َﻴَ َﻮاﻧَﺎت َو ﺑَﺎﺣﺔَ‬ ‫ْ َ َََ َ ْ‬ ‫َ َْ ُ َ ُ َ َ َ ْ َُ َ‬
‫َ‬
‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫و ﺘ ِﻤﻞ ﻧﻪ ن ﺴﺄل ﻷن ا ع ورد ِﺑﺘ ِ ِ‬
‫َْ َ ْ ُ ً َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫َُ ُ َ َْ َ ًْ َ ُ َ ََ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫َﻌ ِﻀ َﻬﺎ ‪َ ،‬و ﻧﻮا ﻻ ﺮ ﻮن ِﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺷ ﺌﺎ ‪ ،‬ور ﻤﺎ أﺗﻮا ِﺑ ِﻪ ﺸ ِﻮ ﺎ أو ﻣﻄﺒﻮﺧﺎ ﻓﻼ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫َ َ ُْ‬
‫ال ﻨﻪ ‪.‬‬ ‫َََ ُ ْ َْ‬
‫ﺘﻤ ِﻣﻦ ِهِ إِﻻ ِﺑﺎ ﺴﺆ ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ً َُْ َ َُ َ َ ْ َ ُ َ َ‬
‫ﺛﺎ ِﻴﺎ ‪ :‬ا ﻤﺒﺎدرة إِ اﻷ ِﻞ إِذا ﻗﺪم إِ ِﻪ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ِﻣﻦ ِﻀﻴ ِﻔ ِﻪ‬
‫ﺐ ا َﻤ ِ ِل‬
‫ْ ْ‬
‫ﺎﺣ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫اﻣﺔ َ‬ ‫ﻴﻞ ا ْﻘﺪﻳﻢ َ ُ ‪َ ،‬وﻣ ْﻦ َﻛ َﺮ َ‬ ‫ْ َْ َ‬
‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓَﺈن ﻣ ْﻦ َﻛ َﺮ َ‬
‫اﻣ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ُُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُ َ‬ ‫ُْ ُْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َُْ َ َُ َ َُ‬
‫ﻮل َﻃ َﻌﺎ ِﻣ ِﻪ َواﻷ ﻞ ِﻣﻨﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ِﺈ ُﻬ ْﻢ ﻧﻮا إِذا َرأ ُوا ا ﻀﻴْﻒ ﻻ ﻳَﺄ ﻞ‬ ‫ا ﻤﺒﺎدرة إِ ﺒ ِ‬
‫ْ َ َ‬ ‫ْ َ ْ َُ َ َ‬ ‫َََ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎﻃ َﺮ ُ ِﻀﻴ ِﻔ ِﻪ ِﺑﺎ ُﻤﺒَﺎد َر ِة ِإ َﻃ َﻌﺎ ِﻣ ِﻪ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻇﻨﻮا ِﺑ ِﻪ ا ‪ ،‬ﻌ ا ﻀﻴ ِﻒ أن ﻬﺪئ ِ‬
‫ﺧ‬
‫َ َ ْ َْ ً َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﻃ ِﻤﺌﻨﺎﻧﺎ ِﻟﻘﻠ ِﺒ ِﻪ )‪. (٢‬‬ ‫ﻓ ِﺈن ِ ذ ِﻚ‬

‫)‪.(١‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ) اﻟﻔﺘﺢ ‪ ( ٥٣٤ / ٩‬وﺑﻮب ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬ﺑﺎب ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻨﱯ ‪ ‬ﻻ ﻳﺄﻛﻞ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻴﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(٢‬ﺗﻔﺴﲑ اﻟﻘﺮﻃﱯ ‪. ٦٤ / ٩‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٤٢‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫َ ُ ْ َ ََْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺛﺎ ِ ًﺎ ‪ :‬ﻏ ْﺴﻞ ا َﺪﻳ ْ ِﻦ ﺒﻞ اﻟﻄ َﻌﺎمِ‬
‫ﻴﻔﺘَﺎن ‪َ ،‬ﻼ ﻳَ ُ‬ ‫َْ َُ َ َ ُ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ ُ ْ َ َ َ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ُ ْﺴﺘَ َﺤﺐ ﻏ ْﺴﻞ ا َﺪﻳْ ِﻦ ﺒْﻞ اﻟﻄ َﻌﺎمِ ‪ ِ ،‬ﺄ ﻞ ِﺑﻬﺎ وﻫﻤﺎ ﻧ ِﻈ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َْ َْ ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ ُ َ َ ْ َ ُ ُ َ َْ َ َ َْ َ‬
‫ﻔﺴﻪ ِﺑﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳ ﻮن ﻋﻠﻴ ِﻬﻤﺎ ِﻣﻦ ا ﻮﺳ ِﺦ ‪ .‬و ِ ﻴﻞ ‪ :‬إِن ذ ِﻚ ِ ِ اﻟﻔﻘ ِﺮ ‪ِ ،‬ﻤﺎ ِ‬
‫ْ َ ْ َ )‪(١‬‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ُْ ُ ُ َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﻮء ﺒْﻞ اﻟﻄ َﻌﺎمِ ﻨ ِ اﻟﻔﻘﺮ ‪‬‬ ‫ﻳﺚ ‪ :‬ا ﻮﺿ‬ ‫ا ِ ِ‬
‫ﺪ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ْ َُ ََْ َ ْ‬
‫َراﺑِ ًﻌﺎ ‪ :‬اﻟ ﺴ ِﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻞ اﻷ ِﻞ‬
‫َ َُْ‬ ‫ْ َ ََ‬ ‫َ ُْ َ ُ‬ ‫ْ َُ ََْ َ ْ‬
‫ُ ْﺴﺘَ َﺤﺐ اﻟ ﺴ ِﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻞ اﻷ ِﻞ ‪ ،‬وا ﻤﺮاد ِﺑﺎﻟ ﺴ ِﻤﻴ ِﺔ اﻟﻄﻌﺎمِ ﻗﻮل " ِﺑﺎﺳ ِﻢ‬
‫ْ‬
‫اﻷ ْ ﻞ ‪َ َ ،‬ﻘ ْﺪ ُرو َي َ ْﻦ َ َﺸ َﺔ َ ْﺮﻓُﻮ ً ‪  :‬إ َذا أَ َ َﻞ أَ َﺣ ُﺪ ُ ﻢْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ء‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫اﷲ " ِ اﺑ ِﺘ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َُ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫َ َ ً َ َُ ْ‬
‫آﺧ ِﺮهِ‪‬‬ ‫اﷲ ِ أو ِ ِ َو ِ‬ ‫اﷲ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈِن ِ َ ِ أو ِ ِ ﻓﻠﻴﻘﻞ ‪ :‬ﺑِﺎﺳ ِﻢ ِ‬ ‫ﻃﻌﺎﻣﺎ ﻓﻠﻴﻘﻞ ‪ :‬ﺑِﺎﺳ ِﻢ ِ‬
‫َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ َ َ َ ْ َُ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈِن‬ ‫اﷲ ا ﺮ ِﻦ ا ﺮ ِﺣ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫)‪َ (٢‬و َ َﺮى ا َﻮ ِوي أن اﻷﻓﻀﻞ أن ﻘﻮل ا ﻤﺮء ‪:‬‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ُ َُ ْ ُ َ َ َََ َ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ََ ُ َ َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﺖ ا ﺴﻨﺔ ‪َ ِ ،‬ﻤﺎ َر َوى ﻤﺮ ﻦ أ ِ ﺳﻠﻤﺔ ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬‬ ‫اﷲ ﻛﻔﺎه َوﺣﺼﻠ ِ‬ ‫ﻗﺎل ‪ِ :‬ﺑﺎﺳ ِﻢ ِ‬
‫ْ َ ََ َ‬ ‫ََ َ ْ ََ َ ُ‬ ‫ْ َُ‬ ‫ُْ ُ ُ ً‬
‫اﷲ ‪ ‬و ﻧﺖ ﻳﺪي ﺗ ِﻄ ﺶ ِ ا ﺼﺤﻔ ِﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻘﺎل ِ‬ ‫ﻮل ِ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺖ ﻏﻼﻣﺎ ِ ِﺣﺠ ِﺮ رﺳ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ ُْ‬ ‫َ ُْ‬ ‫ﻮل اﷲ ‪ : ‬ﻳَﺎ ُﻏ ُ‬ ‫َُ ُ‬
‫اﷲ ‪َ ،‬و ِﻴَ ِﻤﻴ ِﻨﻚ ‪َ ،‬و ِ ﻤﺎ ﻳَ ِﻠﻴﻚ ‪. (٣) ‬‬ ‫ﻼم َﺳﻢ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫رﺳ‬
‫َ ُ َ َ‬
‫ﺎء اﻟﻄ َﻌﺎمِ َو َ ْﻌ َﺪهُ‬ ‫اب اﻷ ْ ﻞ أ ْﻨَ َ‬ ‫ب ‪ -‬آد‬
‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫أوﻻ ‪ :‬اﻷ ْ ُﻞ ﺑﺎ ْ ِﻤَ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻳَ ْﺒَ ِﻠْ ُﻤ ْﺴ ِﻠ ِﻢ أن ﻳَﺄ ﻞ ﻴَ ِﻤﻴ ِﻨ ِﻪ َوﻻ ﻳَﺄ ﻞ ِﺸ َﻤﺎ ِ ِ ‪ ،‬ﻘﺪ َر َوت ِﺸﺔ َر ِ َ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ََ‬ ‫َ َ ُْ ُُ َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ َ َْ‬
‫َُ ُ‬ ‫َََ‬
‫ﻮرهِ ِ‬ ‫اﷲ ﻨﻬﺎ ‪  :‬أن ا ِ ‪ ‬ن ﻌ ِﺠﺒﻪ ا ﻴﻤﻦ ِ ﻨﻌ ِﻠ ِﻪ َوﺗﺮﺟ ِﻠ ِﻪ وﻃﻬ ِ‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ )‪ْ َ ُ َ َ َ َ ُ ْ َ َ ُ ْ َ َ (٤‬‬
‫ﺷﺄﻧِ ِﻪ ِﻪ ‪ . ‬وﻗﺪ ر ِوي ﻋ ِﻦ اﺑ ِﻦ ﻤﺮ ر ِ اﷲ ﻨﻬﻤﺎ أن ا ِ ‪ ‬ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬‬
‫ﺎن ﻳَﺄ ْ ُ ُﻞ ﺸﻤﺎَ‬ ‫َْ َ‬
‫ﻦ ﺑِﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈِن ا ﺸﻴﻄ‬
‫َ َْ ََ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺄ ﻠﻦ أﺣﺪ ِﻣﻨ ﻢ ِ ِﺸﻤﺎ ِ ِ ‪ ،‬وﻻ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ ُ َ َ َ ٌ ْ ُ‬
‫ِ ِ ِِ‬

‫)‪.(١‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﻄﱪاﱐ ﰲ اﻷوﺳﻂ ‪ .‬ﻗﺎل اﳍﻴﺜﻤﻲ ‪ :‬ﻓﻴﻪ ﺸﻞ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ وﻫﻮ ﻣﱰوك ) ﳎﻤﻊ اﻟﺰواﺋﺪ ‪(٢٣ / ٥‬‬
‫)‪.(٢‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬إذا أﻛﻞ أﺣﺪﻛﻢ ‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﱰﻣﺬي واﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻟﻪ وأﺑﻮ داود واﳊﺎﻛﻢ ‪ .‬ﻗﺎل اﻟﱰﻣﺬي ‪ :‬ﻫﺬا ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺻﺤﺤﻪ اﳊﺎﻛﻢ وأﻗﺮﻩ اﻟﺬﻫﱯ ) ﲢﻔﺔ اﻷﺣﻮذي ‪ ، ٥٩٤ / ٥‬وﺳﻨﻦ أﰊ داود ‪ ١٣٩ / ٤‬واﳌﺴﺘﺪرك ‪. ( ١٠٨ / ٤‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ أﰊ ﺳﻠﻤﺔ ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ﻛﻨﺖ ﻏﻼﻣﺎ ‪ " . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري وﻣﺴﻠﻢ ) ﻓﺘﺢ اﻟﺒﺎري ‪ ٥٢١ / ٣‬ط اﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ‪ ١٥٩٩ / ٣‬ط ﻋﻴﺴﻰ اﳊﻠﱯ (‬
‫)‪.(٤‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﺎﺋﺸﺔ ‪ " :‬أن اﻟﻨﱯ ‪ ‬ﻛﺎن ﻳﻌﺠﺒﻪ ‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ) ﻓﺘﺢ اﻟﺒﺎري ‪ ٢٦٩ / ١‬ط اﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺔ (‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٤٣‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫َ ْ َ َ ْ َ َ َ َْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫َو َ َ ُب ﺑِ َﻬﺎ ‪َ .(١) ‬وﻫﺬا ِإن ْﻢ ﻳ َ ْﻦ ُﻋﺬ ٌر ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈِن ن ُﻋﺬ ٌر ْﻤﻨ ُﻊ اﻷ ﻞ أ ِو‬
‫َ‬ ‫َْ َ َ َْ َْ َ َ َ ََ ََ‬ ‫ا ْ َب ﺑﺎ ْ َ ِﻤ ِﻣ ْﻦ َ َ‬
‫ﺎل ‪.‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻫ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫اﺣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺟ‬‫ِ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُْ ُ ََْ َ‬ ‫ْ َ َ ََْ َ ْ َ َ َ َ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ْ ُ ُ ُ َ َ‬
‫َ َ‬
‫اﻹ ﺴﺎن ﻳ ﺒ ِ أن ﺘﺠﻨﺐ اﻷ ﻌﺎل اﻟ ِ ﺸ ِﺒﻪ أ ﻌﺎل‬ ‫وا ِﺪﻳﺚ ِﺸ ِإ أن ِ‬
‫ﺎن )‪. (٢‬‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ا ﺸﻴﻄ ِ‬
‫َ ُْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺛﺎ ِﻴًﺎ ‪ :‬اﻷ ﻞ ِ ﻤﺎ ﻳَ ِﻠﻴ ِﻪ‬
‫ﺎن ﻤﺎ ﻳَﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﻄ َﻌ ُﻣﺒَﺎ َ َ ًة ‪َ ،‬وﻻ َ ْﻤﺘَﺪ ﻳَ ُﺪ ُه إ َ ﻣﺎَ‬ ‫َْ ُ‬ ‫ُ َ َ ْ َْ ُ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎمِ‬ ‫اﻹ ﺴ ِ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺴﻦ أن ﻳﺄ ﻞ ِ‬
‫َْ َْ ْ ْ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﻮء‬‫ﺎﺣﺒ ِﻪ ُﺳ ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻳ ِ اﻵﺧ ِﺮ ﻦ ‪َ ،‬وﻻ إِ َوﺳ ِﻂ اﻟﻄﻌﺎمِ ‪ ،‬ﻷن أ ﻞ ا ﻤﺮ ِء ِﻣﻦ ﻮ ِﺿ ِﻊ ﺻ ِِ‬
‫َ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ َََ ُُ َ‬
‫اق َو َﻣﺎ ﺷﺎ َ َﻬ َﻬﺎ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺎﺣﺒُ ُﻪ ﻻ ِﺳﻴ َﻤﺎ اﻷ ْ َ‬
‫ﺮ‬ ‫وء ٍة ‪َ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﺘﻘﺬره ﺻ ِ‬ ‫ِﻋ ْ َ ٍة َوﺗَ ْﺮ ُك ُ ُﺮ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ْ ََ َْ ُ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬
‫ﺎس أن ا ِ ‪ ‬ﻗﺎل ‪  :‬إِن اﻟ َ َ ﺔ ِ ل َو َﺳ َﻂ اﻟﻄ َﻌﺎمِ ‪،‬‬ ‫َوذ ِﻚ ِﻤﺎ َر َوى ا ُﻦ ﺒ ٍ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫)‪ُ ْ َ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َ (٣‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ َ َْ َ َْ ُ ُ‬ ‫َ ُُ‬
‫ﻓ ﻮا ِﻣﻦ ﺣﺎ ﺘﻴ ِﻪ وﻻ ﺗﺄ ﻠﻮا ِﻣﻦ وﺳ ِﻄ ِﻪ ‪ . ‬و ﺬ ِﻚ ﻣﺎ ر ِوي ﻦ ﻤﺮ ﺑ ِﻦ‬
‫ْ َ‬ ‫ََ ََْ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ُْ ُ ُ‬ ‫َ َ َََ َ َ‬
‫أ ِ ﺳﻠﻤﺔ ﻗﺎل ‪  :‬ﻛﻨﺖ ﻏﻼﻣﺎ ِ ِﺣﺠ ِﺮ ا ِ ‪ ‬و ﻧ ﻴﺪي ﺗ ِﻄ ﺶ ِ ا ﺼﺤﻔ ِﺔ‬
‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﻴﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻗَ َﺎل ‪َ َ :‬ﻤﺎ َزاﻟَ ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ ُْ‬
‫اﷲ َو ِﻴَ ِﻤﻴ ِﻨﻚ َو ِ ﻤﺎ ﻳ ِﻠ‬
‫َ ُْ‬
‫ﻼم َﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺎل ‪ :‬ﻳَﺎ ُﻏ ُ‬ ‫ََ َ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻘ ِ‬
‫َ ُ ًَْ َْ َ َْ ً ََ ْ ََُ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ ُ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬ ‫ْ َ ْ‬
‫ﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ِﺗﻠﻚ ُﻃﻌ َﻤ ِ َﻌﺪ ‪ِ (٤) ‬إﻻ ﻧﻪ ِإن ن اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻤﺮا أو أﺟﻨﺎﺳﺎ ﻘﺪ ﻘﻠﻮا ِإﺑ‬
‫َ َ ْ )‪(٥‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﻼف اﻷﻳ ِﺪي ِ اﻟﻄﺒ ِﻖ و ِﻮهِ ‪.‬‬ ‫اﺧ ِﺘ ِ‬
‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺛﺎ ِ ًﺎ ‪ :‬ﻏ ْﺴﻞ ا َ ِﺪ َﻌﺪ اﻟﻄ َﻌﺎمِ‬
‫َ َ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َْ ُ‬
‫ُﺼﻞ ا ﺴﻨﺔ ِﺑ ُﻤ َﺠﺮ ِد اﻟﻐ ْﺴ ِﻞ ِﺑﺎ َﻤﺎ ِء ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎل ا ْ ُﻦ َر ْﺳﻼن ‪َ :‬واﻷ ْو ﻏ ْﺴﻞ ا َ ِﺪ‬
‫َ ْ ََ َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َْ ُ َ ََ ْ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ َ‬ ‫ُْ َ َ‬
‫ﻮن أو ﻣﺎ ِ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﻤﺎ ‪ .‬ﻘﺪ أﺧﺮج اﻟ ِﻣ ِﺬي ﻦ أ ٍﺲ ﻗﺎل ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺎن أ ِو ا ﺼﺎﺑ ِ‬ ‫ِﺑﺎﻷﺷﻨ ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ََ ُْ‬ ‫ٌ َ ٌ َ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َُ ُ‬
‫اﷲ ‪ : ‬إِن ا ﺸﻴ ْ َﻄﺎن َﺣﺴﺎس ﺎس ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺣﺬ ُروا أ ﻔ ِﺴ ْﻢ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎل رﺳﻮل ِ‬
‫َ ْ َ ُ )‪ُ ْ َ ْ َ َ َ (٦‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َ َ َ َ َ ٌ ََ َ َُ َ ْ ٌ َ َُ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎت و ِ ﻳ ِﺪهِ ﻤﺮ ﻓﺄﺻﺎﺑﻪ ء ﻓﻼ ﻳﻠﻮﻣﻦ إِﻻ ﻔﺴﻪ ‪ . ‬ﻫﺬا واﻟﻐﺴﻞ‬
‫)‪.(١‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬ﻻ ﻳﺄﻛﻠﻦ أﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻜﻢ ﺑﺸﻤﺎﻟﻪ ‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ) ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ‪ ١٥٩٩ / ٣‬ط ﻋﻴﺴﻰ اﳊﻠﱯ ( ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(٢‬ﻧﻴﻞ اﻷوﻃﺎر ‪. ٤١ / ٩‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬إن اﻟﱪﻛﺔ ﺗﻨﺰل ‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﱰﻣﺬي ‪ .‬وﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ﻫﺬا ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ) ﲢﻔﺔ اﻷﺣﻮذي ‪. ( ٥٢٥ / ٥‬‬
‫ﱠﺴ ِﻤَﻴﺔُ ﻗَـْﺒ َﻞ اﻷَ ْﻛ ِﻞ (‬
‫)‪.(٤‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬ﻛﻨﺖ ﻏﻼﻣﺎ ‪ " . . .‬ﺳﺒﻖ ﲣﺮﳚﻪ )اﻟﺘ ْ‬
‫)‪.(٥‬اﳌﻐﲏ ﻻﺑﻦ ﻗﺪاﻣﺔ ‪. ٩١ / ١١‬‬
‫)‪.(٦‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ :‬إن اﻟﺸﻴﻄﺎن‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﱰﻣﺬي وﺣﺴﻨﻪ اﳌﻨﺬري ) ﲢﻔﺔ اﻷﺣﻮذي ‪ ، ٥٩٦ / ٤‬واﻟﱰﻏﻴﺐ واﻟﱰﻫﻴﺐ ‪( ٢١٢ / ٤‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٤٤ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ْ ُ‬ ‫ْ ُ ََ ُ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ َ َ ْ‬
‫ُوﺿﻮ ٍء ‪َ .‬و َر َوى َﺳﻠ َﻤﺎن َﻋ ِﻦ‬ ‫ُ ْﺴﺘَ َﺤﺐ ﺒْﻞ اﻷ ِﻞ َو َﻌﺪ ُه ‪َ ،‬و ْﻮ ن ا ﺸﺨﺺ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ ُْ ُ ُ َ َْ ُ َ ُْ ُ ُ َ ْ َ‬ ‫َََ ُ‬ ‫َ ُ َ َ‬
‫ا ِ ‪ ‬ﻧﻪ ﻗﺎل ‪  :‬ﺑﺮ ﺔ اﻟﻄﻌﺎمِ ا ﻮﺿﻮء ﺒﻠﻪ ‪ ،‬وا ﻮﺿﻮء ﻌﺪه ‪‬‬
‫)‪(١‬‬
‫ﻮء ا ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻴﻒ ا ْ َ ِﺪ ﺑ َﻐ ْﺴ ِﻠ َﻬﺎ ‪َ ،‬وﻟَ ْ َﺲ ا ْ ُﻮ ُﺿ َ‬ ‫ُْ َ ُ ُْ ُ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻈ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫اد‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻄ‬
‫َ َ‬
‫ﺎل‬ ‫ﻗ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ْ ْ َ ُ ْ َ‬
‫راﺑﻌﺎ ‪ :‬ا َﻤﻀ َﻤﻀﺔ َﻌﺪ اﻟﻄ َﻌﺎمِ‬
‫اغ ِﻣ َﻦ اﻟﻄ َﻌﺎمِ ُ ْﺴﺘَ َﺤﺒ ٌﺔ )‪َ ، (٢‬ﻤﺎ َر َوى َﺸ ُ ْ ُﻦ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ ْ َ َ ُ َ ْ َ َْ‬
‫ﺎر‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ا ﻤﻀﻤﻀﺔ ﻌﺪ اﻟ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺧ َ َهُ ُﻬ ْﻢ َ ﻧُﻮا َﻣ َﻊ ا ‪ ‬ﺑﺎ ﺼ ْﻬﺒَﺎ ِء ‪َ -‬و ِ َ‬ ‫ُ ْ‬
‫أ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺎن‬ ‫ﻤ‬‫َ ْﻦ ُﺳ َﻮ ْﺪ ﺑْﻦ ا ْﻌ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ً‬ ‫ََ َ ْ‬ ‫ُ ََ‬ ‫َ َ َر ْو َﺣﺔ ﻣ ْﻦ َﺧﻴ ْ َ َ ‪ -‬ﻓَ َ‬
‫ﺤ َ َ ِت ا ﺼﻼة ‪ ،‬ﻓﺪ َ ﺑِ َﻄ َﻌﺎمٍ ﻓﻠ ْﻢ ِ ﺪهُ إِﻻ َﺳ ِﻮ ﻘﺎ‬ ‫ٍ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ُ ُ َ‬ ‫َ َ ُْ َُ َْ‬
‫ﻼك ِﻣﻨﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻜﻨﺎ َﻣ َﻌﻪ ﻢ د َ ﺑِ َﻤﺎ ٍء َﻤﻀ َﻤﺾ ‪ ،‬ﻢ َﺻ َو َﺻﻠﻴْﻨﺎ َو ْﻢ ﺘَ َﻮﺿﺄ )‪.(٣‬‬ ‫ﻓ‬
‫ﺧﺎ ﺴﺎ ‪ :‬ا َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻴﻒ‬ ‫ُء ِﻠﻤ ِﻀ ِ‬
‫ﺎء ُ ْ‬ ‫ﺎدةَ ﻓَﺠَ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ ْ ْ َُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫ََ ْ َ َ ََ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﻘﺪ روى أ ﺲ ‪  : ‬أن ا ِ ‪ ‬ﺟﺎء إِ ﺳﻌ ِﺪ ﺑ ِﻦ ﺒ‬
‫ِ ٍ‬
‫ُ َ َ َ َ َ َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ ُ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َ َْ ََ َ َ ُ َ َ‬
‫ﺎﻣ ُﻢ‬ ‫ﺖ ﻓﺄ ﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻢ ﻗﺎل ا ِ ‪ : ‬أ َﻄ َﺮ ِﻋﻨﺪ ُﻢ ا ﺼﺎﺋِﻤﻮن ‪ ،‬وأ ﻞ ﻃﻌ‬ ‫وز ٍ‬
‫َ ُ )‪(٤‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََْ ُ َ َ ْ َ َْ ُ ُ ْ‬
‫اﻷﺑﺮار ‪ ،‬وﺻﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻴ ﻢ ا ﻤﻼﺋِ ﺔ ‪. ‬‬
‫اﻷ ْ ُﻞ ﺑﺜَﻼﺛَﺔ أَ َﺻﺎﺑﻊَ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺳﺎدﺳﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُْ َْ َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُْ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ ٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ا ﺴﻨﺔ اﻷ ﻞ ِﺑﺜﻼﺛ ِﺔ أﺻ ِﺎﺑﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎل ِ ﻴﺎض ‪َ :‬واﻷ ﻞ ِﺑﺄ َ ِﻣﻨﻬﺎ ِﻣ َﻦ ا َ هِ‬
‫ْ َ ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ُ َ‬ ‫ََ‬
‫َو ُﺳﻮ ِء اﻷد ِب ‪َ ،‬وﻷﻧﻪ ْ ُ ُ ﻀ َﻄﺮ ِ ِﻚ ِ َ ْﻤ ِﻌ ِﻪ ا ﻠﻘ َﻤﺔ َو ِ َﺴﺎ ِﻛ َﻬﺎ ِﻣ ْﻦ ِﺟ َﻬﺎ ِﺗ َﻬﺎ‬
‫َ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ ُ َ َ ْ َ ََْ ْ َ َ َ‬
‫ِﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛ ِﺔ أﺻ ِﺎﺑﻊ ‪ِ ِ ،‬ﻔ ِﺔ اﻟﻄﻌﺎمِ وﻋﺪمِ‬ ‫ﻼث ‪َ :‬و ِ ِن اﺿﻄﺮ ِإ اﻷ ِﻞ ِﺑﺄ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا‬
‫َ َْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ َ ْ ََ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ ُ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ﻼث ﻳَﺪ ُﻤﻪ ِﺑﺎ ﺮ ِاﺑ َﻌ ِﺔ أ ِو ا َﺎ ِ َﺴ ِﺔ )‪ .(٥‬ﻫﺬا إِن أ ﻞ ِﻴَ ِﺪهِ َوﻻ ﺑﺄس‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺗﻠ ِﻔﻴ ِﻘ ِﻪ ِﺑﺎ‬
‫ْ ْ َ ْ ْ َ َْ َ‬
‫ﺎل ا ِﻤﻠ َﻌﻘ ِﺔ َو ِﻮﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫ِﺑﺎﺳ ِﺘﻌﻤ ِ‬

‫)‪.(١‬اﳌﻐﲏ ‪ ، ٩١ / ١١‬وﻓﻴﺾ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﺮ ‪ . ٢٠٠ / ٣‬وﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬ﺑﺮﻛﺔ إﻃﻌﺎم ‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﱰﻣﺬي ) ﲢﻔﺔ اﻷﺣﻮذي ‪ ( ٥٧٨ / ٥‬وأﺑﻮ داود )‬
‫ﺳﻨﻦ أﰊ داود ‪( ١٣٩ / ٤‬‬
‫)‪.(٢‬ﻓﺘﺢ اﻟﺒﺎري ‪ ، ٤٥٧ / ٩‬واﶈﻠﻰ ‪. ٤٣٥ / ٧‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬روى ﺑﺸﲑ ﺑﻦ ﻳﺴﺎر ﻋﻦ ﺳﻮﻳﺪ ﺑﻦ اﻟﻨﻌﻤﺎن أﻧﻪ أﺧﱪﻩ ‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ) ﻓﺘﺢ اﻟﺒﺎري ‪ ٥٣٤ / ٩‬ط اﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺔ (‬
‫)‪ .(٤‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ أﺑﻮ داود واﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻟﻪ واﻟﺒﻴﻬﻘﻲ ‪ .‬وﺳﻜﺖ ﻋﻨﻪ اﳌﻨﺬري وﻗﺎل ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻘﺎدر اﻷرﻧﺎؤوط ﳏﻘﻖ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ اﻷﺻﻮل ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ‬
‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪ ) .‬ﻋﻮن اﳌﻌﺒﻮد ‪ . ٤٣٣ / ٣‬واﻟﺴﻨﻦ اﻟﻜﱪى ﻟﻠﺒﻴﻬﻘﻲ ‪ ، ٢٨٧ / ٧‬وﺟﺎﻣﻊ اﻷﺻﻮل ‪. ( ٣١١ / ٤‬‬
‫)‪.(٥‬ﻧﻴﻞ اﻷوﻃﺎر ‪ ، ٤٩ / ٩‬وأﺳﲎ اﳌﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪. ٢٢٧ / ٣‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٤٥ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫َ ُْ ْ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺑﻌﺎ ‪ :‬أ ﻞ ا ﻠﻘ َﻤ ِﺔ ا ﺴﺎﻗِ َﻄ ِﺔ‬
‫اﻷ َذى َو ْ َﺄ ْ ُ ﻠْ َﻬﺎ َوﻻ ﻳَ َﺪ ْ ﻬﺎَ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻨ َﻬﺎ‬
‫ُ َْ‬ ‫ْ َ ُ َُْ‬ ‫َ ََ‬
‫ﺖ ا ﻠﻘﻤﺔ ﻓﻠﻴ ِﻤ ِﻂ اﻵ ِ‬ ‫ِإذا َو ﻌ ِ‬
‫ﻮن َﻫﺬه ا ﻠ ْﻘﻤﺔَ‬ ‫ََْ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َََْ‬ ‫َ ُ َْ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِِ‬ ‫ﺎن ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺪ ِري ﻮ ِﺿﻊ اﻟ ِﺔ ِ ﻃﻌﺎ ِﻣ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﻳ‬ ‫ِﻠﺸﻴﻄ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ ََ‬ ‫ََ‬ ‫ََ ُ َُ ُ ََ ْ‬
‫ا ﺴﺎ ِﻗ َﻄ ِﺔ ‪ ْ ،‬ﻛ َﻬﺎ ﻔﻮت ا َﻤ ْﺮ ِء ﺑَ َﺮ ﺔ اﻟﻄ َﻌﺎمِ )‪َ ِ ، (١‬ﻤﺎ ُر ِو َي ْﻦ أ ٍﺲ ‪ ‬أن‬
‫ﻼث ‪َ ،‬وﻗَ َﺎل ‪َ :‬و َذا َﺳ َﻘ َﻄ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ َ َ َ ً َ َ َ َ َُ‬
‫ﺖ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ا ِ ‪  : ‬ن إِذا ﻃ ِﻌﻢ ﻃﻌﺎﻣﺎ ﻟ ِﻌﻖ أﺻﺎﺑِﻌ‬
‫)‪(٢‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُْ َ ُ َ َ ُ ْ َُْ ْ َ َْ ََ ََْْ ُ َْ َ َ َ ْ‬
‫ﺎن ‪. ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻤﺔ أﺣ ِﺪ ﻢ ﻓﻠﻴ ِﻤﻂ ﻨﻬﺎ اﻷذى و ﺄ ﻠﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﻳﺪ ﻬﺎ ِﻠﺸﻴﻄ ِ‬
‫َ ََْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻣﻨﺎ ‪َ :‬ﻋﺪ ُم اﻻﺗ ﺎ ِء أ ﻨﺎء اﻷ ِﻞ‬
‫ﺊ‬ ‫ﻚ ﻟ َﻘ ْﻮ ِ ِ ‪  : ‬أَﻣﺎ أَﻧَﺎ ﻓَﻼ آ ُ ُﻞ ُﻣﺘﻜﺌًﺎ ‪ (٣) ‬ﻗَ َﺎل ا ْ َﻄﺎ ‪ :‬ا ْ ُﻤﺘﻜ ُ‬ ‫ََ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫وذ ِ‬
‫ﺎر ِﻣ َﻦ اﻟﻄ َﻌﺎمِ ‪.‬‬ ‫ُﻫﻨَﺎ ا ْ َﺎ ُﺲ ُﻣ ْﻌﺘَﻤ ًﺪا َ َ و َﻃﺎ ٍء َ ْﺘَ ُﻪ ‪َ ،‬ﻛ ُﻘ ُﻌﻮد َﻣ ْﻦ ﻳُﺮ ُﺪ اﻹ ْﻛﺜَ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َْ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََ َ ُ ْ‬
‫ْ ُْ‬
‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﷲ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ِ‬
‫َﺣﺪﻳﺚ َ ﺒْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮر‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻳﺚ ا ْ َﻤ ْﺬ ُﻛﻮر ﻗِﺼ ُﺔ اﻷ ْﻋ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺪ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫وﺳﺒﺐ ا‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُُ ََ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ََ ْ َ‬ ‫َ ٌ َ ََ َُ ُ‬ ‫ْ َ ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ُرﻛﺒَ ﻴْ ِﻪ ﻳَﺄ ﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻘﺎل‬ ‫اﷲ ‪‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎل ‪  :‬أﻫ ِﺪﻳﺖ ِﻠﻨ ِ ‪ ‬ﺷﺎة ‪ ،‬ﻓﺠﺜﺎ رﺳﻮل ِ‬
‫َ َ ََ َ ًْ َ ً ََْ ََْ ْ‬ ‫ْ ْ َ ُ ََ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫اﷲ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺎل‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ِِ ِ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫أ ِ‬
‫ا‬‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻋ‬
‫)‪(٤‬‬ ‫َ ً َ ً‬
‫ﺎرا ﻋ ِﻨﻴﺪا ‪.  . . .‬‬ ‫ﺟﺒ‬
‫َ َ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ََ‬ ‫ُ ْ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ‬
‫اب اﻷ ِﻞ اﻟ ْﺴ ِﻮ َﺔ َ َ ا َﺎ ِ ِ َﻦ اﻟﻄ َﻌﺎمِ ‪َ ،‬ﺣ ْﻮ ن َﻌﺾ‬ ‫و ِﻣﻦ آد ِ‬
‫َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫َ ُْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ َ ْ َ َ ْ َ ْ )‪ْ ُ َ َ (٥‬‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ﺎط ﺣﺎل اﻷ ِﻞ إِﻻ‬ ‫ﺎق وا ﻤﺨ ِ‬ ‫ا ﺎ ِ ِ ﻦ أﻓﻀﻞ ِﻣﻦ ﻌ ٍﺾ ‪ .‬وﻋﺪم ا ﺼ ِ‬
‫ََ‬ ‫ْ ُ َْ ْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ ُْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُ َ‬
‫ور ٍة ‪َ .‬و ِﻣ ْﻦ آد ِاﺑ ِﻪ ﻛﺬ ِﻚ اﻷ ﻞ ﻣ َﻊ ا َ َﻤﺎﻋ ِﺔ ‪َ ،‬وا َ ِﺪﻳﺚ ُ ا ُﻤ َﺤﺮمِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َُ َْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﺎرهِ َو َز ْو َﺟﺎﺗِ ِﻪ ‪َ ،‬وأﻻ ﺺ ﻔ َﺴﻪ ِﺑ َﻄ َﻌﺎمٍ ِإﻻ ِﻟ ُﻌﺬ ٍر ﻛﺪ َوا ٍء ‪،‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻄ َﻌﺎمِ ‪َ ،‬و ُ ﺆا ﺔ ِﺻﻐ‬
‫ُْ َ َ‬
‫َ َ ََ َ‬
‫ﺐ‪ .‬و ِذا ﻓﺮغ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻃ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺎﺧ َﺮ اﻟﻄ َﻌﺎمِ ‪َ ،‬ﻛ ِﻘ ْﻄ َﻌ ِﺔ َ ْﻢ َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻪ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻔ‬
‫َْ ُْ ُ ُ ْ ََ َْ‬
‫ﺑﻞ ﻳﺆﺛِﺮﻫﻢ‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ٍ ٍ‬ ‫ٍ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬ ‫ُْ‬ ‫َﺿﻴْ ُﻔ ُﻪ ﻣ َﻦ اﻟﻄ َﻌﺎمِ َو َر َ َﻊ ﻳَ َﺪ ُه ﻗَ َﺎل َﺻﺎﺣ ُ‬
‫ﺐ اﻟﻄ َﻌﺎمِ ‪َ ، :‬و ُ ﺮ ُرﻫﺎ َﻋﻠﻴْ ِﻪ َﻣﺎ ْﻢ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬

‫)‪.(١‬ﻧﻴﻞ اﻷوﻃﺎر ‪ ٤٤ / ٩‬وﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫)‪.(٢‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ أﻧﺲ ‪ " :‬أن اﻟﻨﱯ ‪‬ﻛﺎن ‪ . " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ) ‪ ١٦٠٧ / ٣‬ط ﻋﻴﺴﻰ اﳊﻠﱯ ( ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬أﻣﺎ أﻧﺎ ﻓﻼ آﻛﻞ ﻣﺘﻜﺌﺎ ‪ . " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري‪ ) .‬ﻓﺘﺢ اﻟﺒﺎري ‪ ٥٤٠ / ٩‬ط اﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺔ (‬
‫)‪ .(٤‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﺟﻪ ‪ .‬وﻗﺎل اﳊﺎﻓﻆ اﻟﺒﻮﺻﲑي ﰲ اﻟﺰواﺋﺪ ‪ :‬إﺳﻨﺎدﻩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ رﺟﺎﻟﻪ ﺛﻘﺎت ) ﺳﻨﻦ اﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﺟﻪ ‪( ١٠٨٦ / ٢‬‬
‫)‪.(٥‬ﻓﺘﺢ اﻟﺒﺎري ‪. ٤٣٧ / ٩‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٤٦ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َ َ‬ ‫اﻛﺘَ َ ﻣﻨْ ُﻪ ‪َ ،‬وﻻ ﻳَﺰ ُﺪ َ َ ﺛَﻼث َ‬ ‫ََ َ ْ َ ُ ْ‬
‫ات ‪َ ،‬وأن ﺘَﺨﻠﻞ ‪َ ،‬وﻻ ﻳَ ﺘَ ِﻠ َﻊ َﻣﺎ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻧﻪ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ﻼل ﺑَﻞ ﻳَ ْﺮ ِﻣﻴ ِﻪ )‪. (١‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ُﺮ ُج ِﻣ ْﻦ أ ْﺳﻨﺎﻧِ ِﻪ ِﺑﺎ‬
‫َ ْ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻼل‬
‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َﺮي اﻷ ِﻞ ِﻣﻦ ا‬
‫َ‬ ‫َْ ُ ُ َ ْ َ َ ُ ْ ََْ ُ ْ ْ‬ ‫َ َُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ َ ُ ََ َ‬
‫ﺎﻃ ِﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎل اﷲ ﻌﺎ ‪ ﴿ :‬ﻳﺎ ﻬﺎ ا ِ ﻳﻦ آﻣﻨﻮا ﻻ ﺗﺄ ﻠﻮا أ ﻮاﻟ ﻢ ﺑ ﻨ ﻢ ﺑِﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺎرةً َ ْﻦ ﺗَ َﺮاض ﻣﻨْ ُ ْﻢ ﴾ )اﻟ ﺴﺎء ‪َ . (٢٩ :‬وﻗَ َﺎل ا ‪ : ‬ﻻ َ ْﻠُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻮن َ‬ ‫ََْ ُ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ٍ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫إِﻻ أ ﺘﻜ‬
‫ﻜ َ َ‬ ‫َ ُ ُ ْ ْ ُ ْ َ َ ْ َ َ ُ ُ )‪ْ ُ َ (٢‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ ْ‬ ‫َ َ ٌ َ ََ ْ‬
‫ﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺘ‬ ‫ئ ِﺑﻐ ِ إِذﻧِ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬أ ِ ﺐ أﺣﺪ ﻢ أن ﺗﺆ‬ ‫ﺎﺷﻴﺔ ا ِﺮ ٍ‬ ‫أﺣﺪ ﻣ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُ ُ َ َ َْ َ َ َ ُ ُ َ َ َُ ُ َُ ْ ُ ُ َ‬
‫ﺎﺷ َﺘِ ِﻬ ْﻢ أ ْﻃ ِﻌ َﻤﺎﺗِ ِﻬ ْﻢ ﻓﻼ‬ ‫ِﺧ َﺰا ﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻴ ﺘ ِﻘﻞ ﻃﻌﺎﻣﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈِ ﻤﺎ ﺰن ﻬﻢ ُ وع ﻣ ِ‬
‫)‪(٣‬‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََُْ َ َ ٌ َ ََ َ‬
‫ﺎﺷﻴﺔ أﺣ ٍﺪ إِﻻ ﺑِﺈِذﻧِ ِﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻠ أﺣﺪ ﻣ ِ‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫وب ِإذا ْﻢ ﻳَ ْﻦ ِ َﻤﺎ ِ ٍﻚ ِﻣ َﻦ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫اﷲ ‪ :‬أ ْﺻ ُﻞ ا َﻤﺄ ُ ﻮل َوا َﻤ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻗَ َﺎل ا ﺸﺎﻓ َر ِ َ ُﻪ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِِ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َْ َ ُ َ ُ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ‬
‫اﻵد ِﻣﻴ ‪ ،‬أو أﺣﻠﻪ ﻣﺎ ِﻟﻜﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺣﻼل ِإﻻ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺮم اﷲ ﻋﺰ وﺟﻞ ِ ِﻛﺘ ِﺎﺑ ِﻪ أو‬
‫َ َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻮل اﷲ ‪َ ‬ﺰ َم ﻛﺘَ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ َُ ُ‬ ‫ََ َ َ‬
‫اﷲ ﻋﺰ وﺟﻞ أن‬ ‫ﺎب ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺈ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺎن ﻧ ِ‬ ‫ِﺴ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ُْ ْ ُ َ َْ‬ ‫َُ َ َ َُْ ُ َ َْ ََْ‬
‫ِﺮ ِﻤ ِﻪ ‪َ ،‬و ن ِ َﻣﻌ َ ِﻛﺘَﺎ ٍب أ ْو ُﺳﻨ ٍﺔ‬ ‫ﺮم ‪ .‬و ﺮم ﻣﺎ ﻢ ﺘ ِﻠ ِﻒ ا ﻤﺴ ِﻠﻤﻮن ِ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َ َ ٌ ََ ْ ُ َ ُ َ َ َ َُ َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬
‫ﺎح اﻷ ْﺻ ِﻞ ُﺮ ُم‬ ‫ﺎع ‪ .‬ﻓ ِﺈن ﻗﺎل ﻗﺎ ِﺋﻞ ‪ :‬ﻤﺎ ا ُﺠﺔ ِ أن ﻣﺎ ن ﻣﺒ‬ ‫أ ْو ِإ َ ٍ‬
‫َ َ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُ ُ َ ُْ ُ‬ ‫َ ََْ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻜ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺣ ﻳﺄذن ِ ﻴ ِﻪ ﻣﺎ ِﻟﻜﻪ ﻓﺎ ﺠﺔ ِ ﻴ ِﻪ ‪ :‬أن اﷲ ﻋﺰ وﺟﻞ ﻗﺎل ‪ ﴿ :‬ﻻ‬ ‫ِﺑﻤﺎ ِﻟ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ ُ َ َ ًَ َ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ ُ ُ َ ْ َ َ ُ ْ ََْ ُ ْ ْ‬
‫اض ِﻣﻨ ﻢ ﴾‬ ‫ﺎﻃ ِﻞ إِﻻ أن ﺗ ﻮن ِ ﺎرة ﻦ ﺗﺮ ٍ‬ ‫ﺗﺄ ﻠﻮا أ ﻮاﻟ ﻢ ﺑ ﻨ ﻢ ﺑِﺎ ِ‬
‫ًَْ َ ْ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫َ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ََ َ ََ َ َ َ‬
‫ﺎء َﺻﺪﻗﺎﺗِ ِﻬﻦ ِ ﻠﺔ ﻓﺈِن ِﻃ َ ﻟ ْﻢ‬ ‫ﺎر َك َو َﻌﺎ ‪َ ﴿ :‬وآﺗﻮا اﻟ ﺴ‬ ‫)اﻟ ﺴﺎء ‪ . (٢٩ :‬وﻗﺎل ﺒ‬
‫َْ َ‬ ‫ُ ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ ْ ُْ َْ ً َ ُُ ُ َ‬
‫ﻮه ﻫ ِﻨ ﺌًﺎ َ ِﺮ ﺌًﺎ ﴾ )اﻟ ﺴﺎء ‪َ (٤ :‬وﻗﺎل ‪َ ﴿ :‬وآﺗﻮا ا َﺘَﺎ َ أ َﻮا ُﻬ ْﻢ‬ ‫ٍء ِﻣﻨﻪ ﻔﺴﺎ ﻓ‬ ‫ﻦ‬
‫َ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ‬ ‫﴾ )اﻟ ﺴﺎء ‪َ ، (٢ :‬ﻣ َﻊ آي َﻛﺜ َ ة ﻛﺘَ‬
‫ﺎس ِإﻻ‬ ‫اﷲ ﻋﺰ َوﺟﻞ ﺣﻈ َﺮ ِ ﻴﻬﺎ أ َﻮال ا ِ‬ ‫ﺎب ِ‬ ‫ٍ ِ ٍ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ْ )‪(٤‬‬ ‫َُْ‬
‫ﻴﺐ أ ﻔ ِﺴ ِﻬﻢ ‪.‬‬ ‫ِﺑ ِﻄ ِ‬

‫)‪.(١‬أﺳﲎ اﳌﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪. ٢٢٧ / ٣‬‬

‫)‪.(٢‬اﳌﺸﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﻀﻢ اﻟﺮاء وﻓﺘﺤﻬﺎ ‪ :‬اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ) اﳌﺼﺒﺎح ( ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬ﻻ ﳛﻠﱭ أﺣﺪﻛﻢ ‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﺒﺪ اﷲ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ ‪ ) .‬ﻓﺘﺢ اﻟﺒﺎري ‪. ( ٨٨ / ٥‬‬
‫)‪.(٤‬اﻷم ‪. ٢١٣ / ٢‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٤٧ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ُ‬ ‫َ َْ َ ْ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ﺎل اﻟﻐ ْ ِ ِﺑﻐ ْ ِ ِإذ ِﻧ ِﻪ َﻣﺎ َو َرد ْﻦ َﻤ ْ ٍ َ ْﻮ آ ِ ا ﻠﺤ ِﻢ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ُ َ‬
‫و ِ ﻤﺎ ر ِوي ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫َْْ ُ َ َ َ َ ُ ُ ْ ْ َ َ َ َ ْ َََْ َ َْ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﻗﺎل ‪  :‬أَ ﺒﻠﺖ ﻣﻊ ﺳﺎد ِ ﻧ ِﺮ ﺪ ا ِﻬﺠﺮة ‪ ،‬ﺣ أن دﻧﻮﻧﺎ ِﻣﻦ ا ﻤ ِﺪﻳﻨ ِﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎل ‪:‬‬
‫َ ْ ْ َ َ ََ َ َ ََ َ ٌ َ َ ٌ َ َ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫ََ َ ُ ْ ََ‬
‫ﻓﺪﺧﻠﻮا ا َﻤ ِﺪﻳﻨﺔ ‪َ ،‬وﺧﻠﻔﻮ ِ ِ ﻇﻬ ِﺮ ِﻫﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ﻓﺄﺻﺎﺑ ِ ﺎﻋﺔ ﺷ ِﺪﻳﺪة ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎل ‪:‬‬
‫ﺖ ِﻣ ْﻦ‬ ‫ﺖ ا ْ َﻤﺪﻳﻨَ َﺔ ﻓَﺄَ َﺻﺒْ َ‬ ‫َ َﻤﺮ َ ْﻌ ُﺾ َﻣ ْﻦ َ ْ ُﺮ ُج ﻣ َﻦ ا ْ َﻤﺪﻳﻨَﺔ َ َﻘﺎ ُﻮا ‪ْ َ :‬ﻮ َد َﺧﻠْ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُ َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ ْ َ َ َ ََ َ ْ ُ َ ً ََ َ ْ ُ ُْ َْْ َ َ‬
‫ﺎﺣﺐ ا ﺎﺋِ ِﻂ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻤ ِﺮ ﺣﻮاﺋِ ِﻄﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺪﺧﻠﺖ ﺣﺎﺋِﻄﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻘﻄﻌﺖ ِﻣﻨﻪ ﻗِﻨﻮ ِﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺗﺎ ِ ﺻ ِ‬
‫ُ َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ََ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََ ْ ََُ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َََ‬
‫ﺎن ‪ ،‬ﻘﺎل ِ ‪ :‬ﻬﻤﺎ أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫اﷲ ‪ ‬وأﺧ ه ﺧ ِي ‪ ،‬وﻋ ﺛﻮ ِ‬ ‫ﻮل ِ‬ ‫ﻓﺄ ِ إِ رﺳ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ُ ُْ َ ْ‬ ‫ََ َ ْ ُ َُ َ َ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎﺣﺐ ا ﺎﺋِ ِﻂ اﻵﺧﺮ ‪،‬‬ ‫؟ ﻓﺄ ت إِ أﺣ ِﺪ ِﻫﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻘﺎل ‪ :‬ﺧﺬه ‪ ،‬وأ ﻄﻰ ﺻ ِ‬
‫ام َ َ َﻣﺎل اﻟْ َﻐ ْ‬ ‫ﻴﺢ اﻹﻗْ َﺪ َ‬ ‫ﺎﺟ َﺔ ﻻ ﺗُ ُ‬ ‫)‪َ (١‬و َﻫ َﺬا َد ٌﻞ َ َ أَن ا ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََ ْ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫وأﺧ ﺳ ِﻴ ِ ‪‬‬
‫َْ‬ ‫َْ ُ َ َ ُ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ُ ُ َ ُ ْ ُ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ﺎن‬ ‫اﻹ ﺴ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ وﺟﻮ ِد ﻣﺎ ﻤ ِ ﻦ اﻻﻧ ِﺘﻔﺎع ِﺑ ِﻪ أو ِﺑ ِﻘﻴﻤ ِﺘ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬و ﻮ ن ِ ﻤﺎ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ِ‬
‫ْ )‪(٢‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ َ ُ َُ َ َ َ َ َ َ ََْْ َََ َ ُ َ‬
‫ﺐ ا ﺨ ِﻞ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎﺣ ِ‬ ‫ِإ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ِﺈﻧﻪ ﻫﻨﺎ أﺧﺬ أﺣﺪ ﺛﻮ ﻴ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬ود ﻌﻪ ِإ ﺻ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ُْْ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ ْ ُ َ ْ‬
‫ﺎر ِ اﻟﻌﺮ ِس و ِهِ‬ ‫ﺣ ﻢ أﺧ ِﺬ ا ﺜ ِ‬
‫ْ ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ُ َ ْ‬
‫وه ِ اﻟ ُﻌ ْﺮ ِس َو ْ ِهِ ‪ُ ،‬ر ِو َي ذ ِﻚ ْﻦ أ ِ َ ْﺴ ُﻌﻮ ٍد ا َﺪ ِري‬ ‫ﻜ ُﺮ ٌ‬ ‫ا ﺜﺎر ﻣ‬
‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬ ‫ْ ََ ْ‬
‫اﷲ ﺑ ْ ِﻦ ﻳَ ِﺰ ﺪ ا ِ ْﻄ ِ َو َﻃﻠ َﺤﺔ َو ُز َﻴْ ٍﺪ‬ ‫َو ِﻋﻜ ِﺮﻣﺔ َواﺑ ِﻦ ِﺳ ِ ﻦ َو ﻄﺎ ٍء َو ﺒ ِﺪ ِ‬
‫ﻚ َوا ﺸﺎﻓ َوأَ ْ َ ُﺪ َﻤﺎ ُرو َي أَن ا ‪َ َ َ  ‬ﻋﻦ ا ْﻬ َ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ ٌ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎل‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫اَْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻷن ﻴﻪ َ ْﻬﺒًﺎ َوﺗَ َﺰا ُ ًﺎ َوﻗﺘَﺎﻻ ‪َ ،‬و ُر َﻤﺎ أَ َﺧ َﺬ ُه َﻣ ْﻦ ﻳَ ْ َﺮ ُه َﺻﺎﺣﺐُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َُْْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫و‬‫َ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫وا ﻤﺜﻠ ِ‬
‫ﺎﺣﺒُ ُﻪ ِ ُﻤ ُﺮ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُْ ُُ ْ ُ‬ ‫َََ َ َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫وءﺗِ ِﻪ‬ ‫ﺎء ِة ﻔ ِﺴ ِﻪ ‪َ ،‬و َﺮﻣﻪ ﻣﻦ ِ ﺐ ﺻ ِ‬ ‫ﺎر ِ ِ ْﺮ ِﺻ ِﻪ َو َ ِﻫ ِﻪ ودﻧ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا ﺜ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َوﺻﻴَﺎﻧَﺔ َ ْﻔﺴﻪ َوﻋ ْﺮﺿﻪ ‪َ .‬واﻟْ َﻐﺎﻟ ُ‬
‫ُ َ ُْ‬
‫ات ﻳَ ُﺼﻮﻧﻮن أ ﻔ َﺴ ُﻬ ْﻢ‬ ‫وء ِ‬ ‫ﺐ َﻫ َﺬا ‪ ،‬ﻓَﺈن أ ْﻫ َﻞ ا ْ ُﻤ ُﺮ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫َ َ ََ ًَ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََ َ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ ََ َ ََ‬
‫ﺎءة ‪،‬‬ ‫ْ ٍء ِﻣ َﻦ اﻟﻄ َﻌﺎمِ أ ْو ْ ِهِ ‪َ ،‬وﻷن ِ ﻫﺬا دﻧ‬ ‫ﺎس‬ ‫ﻦ َﺰا ِﺔ ﺳﻔﻠ ِﺔ ا ِ‬
‫ْ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َوا َ ُ‬
‫ﻮر َو َ َﺮ ُه َﺳﻔ َﺴﺎ َﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ْ‬ ‫اﻷ ُ‬ ‫ﷲ ُ ِ ﺐ َﻣ َﻌﺎ ِ َ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺎر َﻫﺎ أﺑُﻮ ﺑَ ْ ﺮ ‪َ ،‬و ُﻫﻮَ‬ ‫اﺧﺘَ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ُ ْ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َُ َ َ ْ َ ََْ َ َ َ‬
‫ٌ‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ور ِوي ﻦ أ ﺪ ِرواﻳﺔ ﺛﺎ ِﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻧﻪ ﻟ ﺲ ﺑِﻤﻜﺮوهٍ ‪،‬‬

‫)‪.(١‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻤﲑ ﻗﺎل " أﻗﺒﻠﺖ ﻣﻊ ﺳﺎدﰐ ‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ أﲪﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺣﻨﺒﻞ‪) .‬ﻣﺴﻨﺪ أﲪﺪ ‪ ٢٢٣ / ٥‬ط اﳌﻴﻤﻨﻴﺔ(‬
‫)‪.(٢‬ﻧﻴﻞ اﻷوﻃﺎر ‪. ١٣٢ / ٩‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬أن اﻟﻨﱯ ‪ ‬ﻰ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﻬﱮ واﳌﺜﻠﺔ ‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ) ‪ ١١٩ / ٥‬ـ اﻟﻔﺘﺢ ـ ط اﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺔ ( ‪.‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٤٨ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ْ ْ‬ ‫ََ َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ََ‬ ‫َ ُ ْ‬
‫ﻗ ْﻮل ا َ َﺴ ِﻦ َو ﺘَﺎدة َوا ﺨ ِ َوأ ِ َﺣ ِﻨﻴﻔﺔ َوأ ِ ﺒَﻴْ ٍﺪ َواﺑْ ِﻦ ا ُﻤﻨ ِﺬ ِر ‪َ ِ ،‬ﻤﺎ َر َوى‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َْ ُ َََ َ‬ ‫َ ﺒْ ُﺪ اﷲ ْ ُﻦ ﻗُ ْﺮط ﻗَ َﺎل ‪ :‬ﻗُﺮ َب إ َ َر ُ‬
‫ﺎت أو ِﺳﺖ ‪،‬‬ ‫اﷲ ‪ ‬ﺲ ﺑﺪﻧ ٍ‬ ‫ﻮل ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َ َ ً َ‬ ‫ََْ ََ َ َ َُ ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ْ َ ََْ ْ َ َ‬
‫اﷲ ‪َ ‬وﻗﺎل ِ َﻤﺔ ْﻢ‬ ‫ﻄ ِﻔﻘﻦ ﻳﺰدﻟِﻔﻦ إِ ْ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺑِ ﻳﺘِ ِﻬﻦ ﺒﺪأ ‪ ،‬ﻨﺤ َﺮﻫﺎ رﺳﻮل ِ‬
‫ﺎر‬ ‫ﺎء ا ْﺘَ َﻄ َﻊ ‪َ (١) ‬و َﻫ َﺬا َ‬
‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺖ َﻣ ْﻦ ﻗَ ُﺮ َب ِﻣﻨْ ُﻪ ‪َ َ ،‬ﻘ َﺎل ‪ :‬ﻗَ َﺎل ‪َ :‬ﻣ ْﻦ َﺷ َ‬ ‫أَ ْﺳ َﻤ ْﻌ َﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓَ َﺴﺄَﻟ ْ ُ‬
‫َ ٍ‬
‫َ َْ َ ُ َ‬ ‫َ ْ َﺮى ا ﺜَﺎر ‪َ ،‬وﻗَ ْﺪ ُرو َي أَن ا ‪ُ ‬د َ إ َ َو َﻤﺔ َر ُ‬
‫ﺎر ﻢ أﺗ ْﻮا‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫اﻷ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ٍ ِ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ُ َ ُ ِ َ َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َََ ْ ُ‬
‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫َ ِ‬
‫ﺑﻨَ ْﻬﺐ ﻓَﺄ ْ َﻬ َ‬
‫اﺣﻢ ا ﺎس أو‬ ‫اﷲ ‪ ‬ﻳﺰ ِ‬ ‫ﻮل ِ‬
‫َُ‬
‫اوي ‪ :‬و ﻈﺮت ِإ رﺳ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺐ َﻋﻠﻴْ ِﻪ ‪ .‬ﻗﺎل ا ﺮ‬ ‫ِ ٍ‬
‫ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ََ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََْ‬
‫اﷲ أ َو َﻣﺎ َﻬﻴْ ﻨﺎ َﻋ ِﻦ ا ﻬ َﺒ ِﺔ ؟ ﻗﺎل ‪َ  :‬ﻬﻴْﺘُ ْﻢ ْﻦ‬ ‫ُ َ َُ‬
‫ﻮ ذ ِﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻗﻠﺖ ‪ :‬ﻳﺎ رﺳﻮل ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ُ َْ ُ َ َ ََ ْ ََ َ َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُْ‬
‫ﺎن )‪. (٢‬‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻴﻔ‬ ‫ﻠﻀ‬ ‫ﺎمِ ِ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫اﻟﻄ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻬﺒَ ِﺔ اﻟ َﻌ َﺴﺎ ِﻛ ِﺮ ‪ ‬وﻷﻧﻪ ﻧﻮع ِإﺑﺎﺣ ٍﺔ ﻓﺄﺷﺒﻪ ِإﺑﺎﺣ‬
‫َ‬
‫آد ُ‬
‫ْ ِب‬ ‫اب ا‬
‫ُ ََ‬
‫اوﻻ ‪ :‬اﻟ ْﺴ ِﻤﻴَﺔ ا ْ ِب‬ ‫ّ‬
‫ﺐ َ ﻳَﺔ ا ْ ُﻤﻨْﺘَ َ ‪ُ :‬ﺴَ‬ ‫ُ ْﺴﺘَ َﺤﺐ اﻟ ْﺴﻤﻴَ ُﺔ أَول ا ْب ‪ .‬ﻗَ َﺎل َﺻﺎﺣ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ َْ‬
‫ﺎء ‪ْ ُ :‬ﺴﺘَ َﺤﺐ أن َﻬ َﺮ ِﺑﺎﻟ ْﺴ ِﻤﻴَ ِﺔ ِﻟ ُ ْﺴ ِﻤ َﻊ ْ َ ُه‬ ‫ِﻋﻨْ َﺪ ُ َ ْﻄ ٍﻊ ‪َ .‬وﻗَ َﺎل اﻟْ ُﻌﻠَ َﻤ ُ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ ً َْ َ‬ ‫ْ ََ َ‬ ‫َو ُ َﺒ َﻬ ُﻪ َﻋﻠَﻴْ َﻬﺎ ‪َ .‬و َ ْﻮ ﺗَ َﺮ َ‬
‫ﺎﺳﻴًﺎ أ ْو َﺟﺎ ِﻫﻼ أ ْو‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ب‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬
‫ِ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ِ ِ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ك‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ َ ُ ََ َ َ َ ُ ْ ْ َْ َُ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ ْ ً َ‬
‫ﺎر ٍض آﺧﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻢ ﻤ ﻦ أ ﻨﺎء ِ ِﻪ أو ﻌﺪه ِﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺴﺘﺤﺐ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻜ َﺮﻫﺎ أو ِﺟﺰا ِﻟﻌ‬
‫ﻮل ‪  :‬اﷲ أَو َ ُ َوآﺧ َﺮ ُه ‪ ‬ﻟ َﻘ ْﻮ ِ ‪  : ‬إ َذا أَ َ َﻞ أَ َﺣ ُﺪ ُ ﻢْ‬ ‫ََُ ُ‬
‫أن ﺴ و ﻘ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ ُْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﺳ َﻢ اﷲ ﻓَﺈ ْن َ َ أ ْن ﻳَ ْﺬ ُﻛ َﺮ َ‬ ‫ﻓَﻠْﻴَ ْﺬ ُﻛﺮ ْ‬
‫آﺧ َﺮ ُه‬ ‫اﷲ أو َو ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﷲ ِ أو ِ ِ ﻓﻠﻴَﻘﻞ ‪:‬‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ َُ َ‬ ‫)‪ُ ُ ْ َ َ (٣‬‬
‫اﷲ ا ﺮ ِﻦ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﷲ‪ ‬ﻓ ِﺈن ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫‪ . ‬و ﺼﻞ اﻟ ﺴ ِﻤﻴﺔ ِﺑﻘﻮ ِ ِ ‪ :‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﻴﻢ ‪ ‬ن َﺣ َﺴﻨﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫ا ﺮ ِﺣ ِ‬
‫ﻤ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ا ْ ُب ﺑﺎ ْ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َ ْ َ ُ ْ ُ ٌْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َُ َُ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُْ َ َ‬
‫ﺎل ِإذا ﻢ ﻳ ﻦ ﻋﺬر‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺤﺐ ا ب ِﺑﺎ ِﻤ ِ ‪ ،‬و ﺮه ا ب ِﺑﺎ ﺸﻤ ِ‬
‫)‪.(١‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬ﻣﻦ ﺷﺎء اﻗﺘﻄﻊ ‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ أﺑﻮ داود ) ‪( ٣٧٠ / ٢‬‬
‫)‪.(٢‬ﻣﻮاﻫﺐ اﳉﻠﻴﻞ ‪ ٦ / ٤‬واﳌﻐﲏ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﻜﺒﲑ ‪ .١١٨ / ٨‬وﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬ﻴﺘﻜﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺒﺔ ‪ ...‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﻄﱪاﱐ ﰲ اﻟﻜﺒﲑ ‪٩٧/٢‬‬
‫)‪ .(٣‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ أﺑﻮ داود ) ‪ (١٤٠ / ٤‬واﻟﱰﻣﺬي ) ‪ ( ٢٨٨ / ٤‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﺎﺋﺸﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٤٩ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ ََْ ْ َ ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ َ َ ُ ُ ْ ََْْ ُ ْ‬
‫ِ َ َ ِ ‪  :‬إِذا أ ﻞ أﺣﺪ ﻢ ﻓﻠﻴﺄ ﻞ ِﻴ ِﻤﻴ ِﻨ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬و ِذا ِب ﻓﻠ ب ِﻴ ِﻤﻴ ِﻨ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈِن‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎن ﻳَﺄ ْ ُ ُﻞ ﺸ َﻤﺎ َو َ ْ َ ُب ﺸ َﻤﺎ ‪ . (١) ‬ﻓَﺈ ْن َ َن ُﻋ ْﺬ ٌر َ ْﻤﻨَ ُﻊ ا ْبَ‬ ‫َْ َ‬
‫ا ﺸﻴﻄ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎل )‪.(٢‬‬ ‫اﻫ َﺔ ا ﺸ َ‬
‫ﻤ‬
‫ْ َ َ ْ َْ َ َ َ ََ َ‬
‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫اﺣ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ْ َ ِﻤ ِﻣ ْﻦ َ َ‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫ُ َ َُ َْ‬
‫ﺛﺎ ﺎ‪ :‬ا ْب ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أ ﻔ ٍ‬
‫ﺎس‬
‫ََ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ََ ْ َََ‬ ‫ُ َ ْ َْ َ َ َْ َ َ َ ََْ‬
‫ﻳﺚ أ ٍﺲ –‬ ‫ﺎس ‪ ،‬ﻘﺪ ورد ِﻣﻦ ﺣ ِﺪ ِ‬ ‫ا ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ :‬أن ب ا ﻤﺎء ِ ﺛﻼﺛ ِﺔ أ ﻔ ٍ‬
‫‪  : - ‬أَن ا ‪َ َ ‬ن ﻳ َ َﻨَﻔ ُﺲ اﻹﻧَﺎ ِء ﺛَﻼﺛًﺎ ‪َ ‬و ﻟَ ْﻔﻆ ‪َ َ  :‬ن ﻳ َ َﻨَﻔﺲُ‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫َ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َََُْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ ُ‬ ‫َ ً‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﺎ ‪َ ،‬و َﻘﻮل ‪ :‬إِﻧﻪ أ ْر َوى َوأﺑ َﺮأ َوأ َﺮأ ‪َ . (٣) ‬و َﻣﻌ َ أ ْر َوى ‪ :‬أ ْي أ ُ َر ﺎ ‪ ،‬وأﺑﺮأ ‪:‬‬
‫ْ‬
‫َْ ُ َ‬ ‫ََ‬ ‫َ َﺮ ٍض أَ ْو أَ ًذى َ ْ ُﺼ ُﻞ َﺴﺒَﺐ ا ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬
‫اﺣ ٍﺪ ‪َ ،‬وأ َﺮأ ‪ :‬أ ْي‬‫ِب ِ ﻔ ٍﺲ َو ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫أ ْي أ ْﺳﻠ ُﻢ ِﻣ ْﻦ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ َُْ ْ َ ً‬
‫ﻮر ا ﻼﺛﺔ ِإ َﻤﺎ‬ ‫ا َﺪﻳﺚ ‪ :‬ﻫﺬه اﻷ ُ‬
‫ِِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫‪ .‬ﻗﺎل ا ﺸ ْﻮ ِ ِ ﻌ ِﻠﻴ ِﻘ ِﻪ‬ ‫أ ﻤﻞ ا ِﺴﻴﺎ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ ََ ََْ‬ ‫َْ ُ ُ َ ْ َْ‬
‫ﺎر َج اﻟﻘ َﺪ ِح )‪. (٤‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺎس‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ب ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أ‬ ‫ﺼﻞ ﺑِﺄن‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺎ ِء‬ ‫ﻨﻔ ِﺲ ِ ِ‬ ‫راﺑﻌﺎ‪َ :‬ﻋﺪ ُم ا‬
‫ﺲ‬‫ﺎد اﻟْ َﻘ َﺪ ِح ﺣ َ ا ﻨَﻔﺲ َﺣﺎﻟَ َﺔ ا ْب ‪َ ،‬و ُ ْ َﺮ ُه ا ﻨَﻔ ُ‬ ‫َُْ ُ َْ ُ‬
‫ﻨﺪب ِإ ﻌ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ُ َْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ َ َ ُ ْ ُ ْ ُ‬
‫اﷲ ﻨ ُﻬ َﻤﺎ ‪ -‬أن‬ ‫ﺎس ‪ -‬ر ِ‬ ‫ﻳﺚ اﺑ ِﻦ ﺒ ٍ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺎ ِء ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳ َﺮه ا ﻔﺦ ِ ﻴ ِﻪ ‪ِ َ ِ ،‬ﺪ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫)‪َْ ُ َ َ َ (٥‬‬ ‫َ َْ َُْ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺎ ِء أو ﻨﻔﺦ ِﻴ ِﻪ ‪ . ‬ﻗﺎل أﺑﻮ ا ﻮ ِ ِﺪ ا ﺎ ِ‬ ‫أ ن ﻳ ﻨﻔ ﺲ ِ ِ‬ ‫ا ِ ‪‬‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﻜ َﻤ ِﺔ ا ْ َﻋﻦ ا ْﻔﺦ اﻹﻧَﺎ ِء ‪َ  َ َ :‬ﻋﻦ ا ْﻔﺦ ا َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫اب ْﻼ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ َِ‬ ‫ِ ِﺣ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ َْ َُ ُ ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ََ َ َ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﻼق ‪ ،‬ﻷن ا ﺎﻓِﺦ ِ آ ِﻴ ِﺔ ا ﻤﺎ ِء ﻮز أن ﻘﻊ ِﻣﻦ ِر ِﻘ ِﻪ‬ ‫ﻣ ِرمِ اﻷﺧ ِ‬ ‫ﻷﻣ ِﺘ ِﻪ‬
‫ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ ْ ََََ َُ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﺎﻇ ُﺮ َو ُﻔ ِﺴﺪ ُه َﻋﻠﻴْ ِﻪ )‪. (٦‬‬
‫ِ ﻴﻬﺎ ْ ٌء ﻣﻊ ا ﻔ ِﺦ ﻴﺘﻘﺬره ا ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺧﺎ ﺴﺎ ‪َ :‬ﻋﺪ ُم ا ْ ِب ﻗﺎﺋِ ًﻤﺎ‬
‫َ ُْ َ ُ‬ ‫َ ً َ َ َ َ َ ْ ُ ْ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ن ِﻣ ْﻦ ﻫﺪ ِﻳ ِﻪ ‪ ‬ا ْ ُب ﻗﺎ ِﻋﺪا ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬا ن ﻫﺪﻳُﻪ ا ُﻤﻌﺘَﺎد ‪َ ،‬و َﺻﺢ ﻨﻪ ﻧﻪ‬

‫)‪.(١‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬إذا أﻛﻞ أﺣﺪﻛﻢ ﻓﻠﻴﺄﻛﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﻴﻨﻪ ‪ . " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ) ‪ ١٥٩٨ / ٣‬ـ ط اﳊﻠﱯ ( ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ اﺑﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(٢‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﺑﺸﺮح اﻟﻨﻮوي ‪ ١٩١ / ١٣‬ـ ‪ ، ١٩٢‬واﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﺼﻐﲑ ‪ ، ٧٥٥ / ٤‬وﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ أوﱄ اﻟﻨﻬﻰ ‪. ٢٤٩ / ٥‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬ﻛﺎن ﻳﺘﻨﻔﺲ " ‪ .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ) اﻟﻔﺘﺢ ‪ ٩٢ / ١٠‬ـ ط اﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺔ ( وﻣﺴﻠﻢ ) ‪ ١٦٠٢ / ٣‬ـ ط اﳊﻠﱯ (‬
‫)‪.(٤‬ﻋﻤﺪة اﻟﻘﺎري ‪ ، ٢٩٥ / ٢‬ﻧﻴﻞ اﻷوﻃﺎر ‪ ١٩٢ / ٨‬ـ ط اﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(٥‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬ﻰ أن ﻳﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﰲ اﻹﻧﺎء " ‪ .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﱰﻣﺬي ) ‪ ٣٠٤ / ٤‬ـ اﳊﻠﱯ ( وﻗﺎل ‪ ) :‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ( ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(٦‬اﳌﻨﺘﻘﻰ ‪ ، ٢٣٦ / ٧‬واﻧﻈﺮ اﻵداب اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ‪ ١٨٠ / ٣‬وﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ أوﱄ اﻟﻨﻬﻰ ‪. ٢٤٨ / ٥‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٥٠ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُْ َ ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫)‪(٢‬‬
‫َ ْﺴﺘَ ِ َء‬ ‫َﻋ ِﻦ ا ْ ِب ﻗﺎﺋِ ًﻤﺎ )‪َ ، (١‬و َﺻﺢ ﻨﻪ ﻧﻪ أ َ َﺮ ا ِ ي ِ َب ﻗﺎﺋِ ًﻤﺎ أن‬
‫َُْ ٌ ََ‬ ‫َ ُ َ‬ ‫َ َ َ ْ ُ َ ُ َ َ َ ً )‪َ َ (٣‬‬
‫ﻤﻮل‬ ‫اب أن ا ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫‪ ،‬وﺻﺢ ﻨﻪ ﻧﻪ ِب ﻗﺎﺋِﻤﺎ ‪ .‬ﻗﺎل ا ﻮ ِوي ‪ :‬ا ﺼﻮ‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ َ َ َ ََ ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺎن ﻠ ْ َ‬
‫ﺠَ‬ ‫ُ ُُْ َ ً َََ ٌ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ََ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎرض ‪َ .‬وﻫﺬا‬ ‫از ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ِإﺷ ل وﻻ ﻌ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻪ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اﻫ‬‫ﻛﺮ‬
‫ُ ُ‬ ‫ُ َ َ َ ْ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ‬
‫ا ِ ي ذﻛ ْﺮﻧ ُﺎه ﺘَ َﻌ ُ ا َﻤ ِﺼ ُ ِإ ْ ِﻪ ‪ .‬ﻢ ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ﻓﺈِن ِ ﻴﻞ ‪ :‬ﻛﻴْﻒ ﻳَ ﻮن ا ْ ُب‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ ََ ً ْ‬ ‫َ َْ َ ُ َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫َ ً َ ُْ ً ََْ َََُ‬
‫از‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫إ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻓ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ن‬‫أ‬ ‫اب‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻗﺎﺋِﻤﺎ ﻣﻜﺮوﻫﺎ وﻗﺪ ﻌﻠ‬
‫َ َ َِ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺐ َﻋﻠَﻴْﻪ ‪َ . ‬وﻗَ ْﺪ َﺒَ َ‬ ‫ﺎن َواﺟ ٌ‬ ‫َ ُ ُ َ ْ ُ ً َ ََْ ُ‬
‫ﺖ ‪  :‬ﻧﻪ ‪ ‬ﺗﻮﺿﺄ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳ ﻮن ﻣﻜﺮوﻫﺎ ﺑ ِﻞ ا ﻴ‬
‫ُ ُ َ َ ً َ ً‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ َ ََ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ﺎف َ َ َ‬ ‫َ ً َ ً ََ َ‬
‫ﻮء ﺛﻼﺛﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺎ‬ ‫أن ا ﻮﺿ‬ ‫اﻹ ﺎع‬ ‫ﺑ ِﻌ ٍ ‪ ، ‬ﻣﻊ أن ِ‬ ‫ﺮة ﺮة ‪ ،‬وﻃ‬
‫اف َﻣﺎﺷﻴًﺎ أ ْ َﻤ ُﻞ ‪َ .‬و َ َﻈﺎﺋ ُﺮ َﻫ َﺬا َ ْ ُ ُﻣﻨْ َﺤ َ ٍة ‪ ،‬ﻓَ َ َن ‪ ‬ﻳُ َﺒ ُﻪ َ َ َﺟ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬
‫از‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫واﻟﻄﻮ‬
‫ُْ َ َ َ َ َ َْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََُ ُ ََ‬ ‫َ ً ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺐ اﻷﻓﻀ ِﻞ ِﻣﻨﻪ ‪َ .‬وﻫﻜﺬا ن أ ُ ُوﺿﻮﺋِ ِﻪ ‪‬‬ ‫اﻇ‬‫ات و ﻮ ِ‬ ‫ا ْ ِء ﺮة أو ﺮ ٍ‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ َْ ُ‬ ‫َ ُ َ‬ ‫َ ً َ ً‬
‫ﺎﺷﻴًﺎ َوأ ُ ْ ِ ِﻪ َﺟﺎ ِ ًﺴﺎ ‪َ .‬وﻗﺎل ا َﻮ ِوي ِ ا ﺮ ْوﺿ ِﺔ ﺒَ ًﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺎ َواﻟﻄﻮاف ﻣ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ُْ ْ َ ُ َ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﺎر أن ا ْ َب ﻗﺎ ِﺋ ًﻤﺎ ِﺑﻼ‬ ‫ِﻠﺮا ِﻓ ِ ‪ :‬ﻻ ﻳُ َﺮ ُه ا ْ ُب ﻗﺎ ِﺋ ًﻤﺎ ‪َ .‬وأﺿﺎف ‪َ :‬وا ﻤﺨﺘ‬
‫َ َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َ َ ْ ُ َْ‬ ‫َﺔ ﺑﺎ ْ َ ﻨْ ُﻪ َﺻﺤ ُ ْ‬
‫ﻜﻴ ِﺔ أﺣﺎ ِدﻳﺚ‬ ‫ﻴﺢ ﺴ ِﻠ ٍﻢ ‪َ .‬وﻗﺪ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻌﺾ ا ﻤﺎ ِﻟ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا ِ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ْ َ ٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ ُ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﻳﺚ ‪ :‬إِ َﻬﺎ َﻣ ُﺴﻮﺧﺔ )‪. (٤‬‬ ‫َ‬
‫ا ِ ‪َ ،‬و ِ ﻴﻞ ﻋﺬ ٍر ِﺧﻼف اﻷو ِﻸﺣﺎ ِد ِ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ﺳﺎدﺳﺎ ‪ َ :‬ﺺ ا َﻤﺎ ِء ‪:‬‬
‫َ ُ ُ َْ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َُْ‬
‫ﻨﺪ ُب َ ﺺ ا َﻤﺎ ِء َو ُ َﺮ ُه ﺒﻪ ِﻟﻘ ْﻮ ِ ِ ‪ِ  : ‬إذا ِ َب أ َﺣﺪ ْﻢ ﻓﻠﻴَ ُﻤﺺ‬
‫ُْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫ْ ُ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ ُ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ ﺼﺎ َوﻻ ُﻌﺐ ﺒﺎ ﻓﺈِن اﻟﻜﺒَﺎد ِﻣ َﻦ اﻟ َﻌﺐ ‪َ .(٥) ‬واﻟﻜﺒَﺎد َو َﺟ ُﻊ اﻟﻜ ِﺒ ِﺪ ‪َ ،‬و ِﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َْ ُ‬
‫َﻣﺎﺋِ ٍﻊ ﻠ َ ِ ‪.(٦) .‬‬ ‫ا ﻤﺎ ِء‬
‫ﺳﺎﺑﻌﺎ ‪ :‬ا َ ْﻤ ُﺪ َﻋﻘ َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﺐ ا ْ ِب‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫َ َََ َ َُ َ‬ ‫ﺐا ْ‬ ‫اﷲ َﻋﻘ َ‬ ‫ُ َﺴﻦ ﻠﺸﺎرب أ ْن َ ْ َﻤ َﺪ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﷲ ‪ ‬ﻗﺎل‬ ‫ِب ؛ ِﻤﺎ ورد أن رﺳﻮل ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬
‫)‪.(١‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬ﻰ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺸﺮب ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺎ " ‪ .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ) ‪ ١٦٠٠ / ٣‬ـ ط اﳊﻠﱯ ( ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ أﻧﺲ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(٢‬أﻣﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺷﺮب ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺎ أن ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺊ " ‪ .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ) ‪ ١٦٠١ / ٣‬ـ ط اﳊﻠﱯ ( ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ أﰊ ﻫﺮﻳﺮة ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬ﺻﺢ ﻋﻨﻪ أﻧﻪ ﺷﺮب ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺎ " ‪ .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ) اﻟﻔﺘﺢ ‪ ٨١ / ١٠‬ـ ط اﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺔ ( ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎس ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(٤‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﺑﺸﺮح اﻟﻨﻮوي ‪ ، ١٩٥ / ١٣‬روﺿﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺒﲔ ‪ ، ٣٤٠ / ٧‬وﻋﻤﺪة اﻟﻘﺎري ‪ ، ١٩٣ / ٢١‬وزاد اﳌﻌﺎد ‪. ٢٢٩ / ٤‬‬
‫)‪.(٥‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬إذا ﺷﺮب ‪ " . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺮزاق ) ‪ (٤٢٨ / ١٠‬وﻋﻨﻪ اﻟﺒﻴﻬﻘﻲ ) ‪ ( ٢٨٤ / ٧‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ اﺑﻦ أﰊ ﺣﺴﲔ ﻣﺮﺳﻼ‬
‫)‪.(٦‬اﻵداب اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻻﺑﻦ ﻣﻔﻠﺢ ‪ ، ١٨٠ / ٣‬واﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﺼﻐﲑ ‪. ٧٥٤ / ٤‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٥١ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫ََْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ََْ َ َ َْ ْ َ ْ َْ ُ َ َ ْ ََ ََ ْ َ َ ُ َ ََْ َْ َْ‬
‫ﻋ ِﻦ اﻟﻌﺒ ِﺪ أن ﻳﺄ ﻞ اﻷ ﻠﺔ ﻴﺤﻤﺪه ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬أو ب ا ﺔ‬ ‫‪ِ  :‬إن اﷲ ﻟ‬
‫َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫او َد ﻣ ْﻦ َﺣﺪﻳﺚ أ ﻳ َ‬ ‫ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ْ َ َ َ َ ْ َ )‪َ (١‬‬
‫ﻮب ‪  :‬أن ا ِ ‪ ‬ن إِذا‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻤﺪهُ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪َ . ‬ور َوى أﺑﻮ د ُ ِ‬
‫ﺟﺎ ‪َ . (٢)‬و َ ﻦْ‬ ‫ﺎل ‪ :‬ا ْ َ ْﻤ ُﺪ ﷲ ا ي أ َ ْﻃ َﻌ َﻢ َو َﺳ َ َو َﺳﻮ َﻏ ُﻪ َو َ‬
‫ﺟ َﻌ َﻞ َ ُ َ ْ َﺮ ً‬ ‫َ ََ َْ َ َ َ َ‬
‫أ ﻞ أو ِب ﻗ‬
‫ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ْ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُْ ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﻴﺪ ا ﺪ ِري ‪ : ‬أن ا ِ ‪ ‬ن إِذا ﻓ َﺮغ ِﻣﻦ ﻃﻌﺎ ِﻣ ِﻪ ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ا َﻤﺪ ِ ِ‬
‫ﷲ‬ ‫أ ِ ﺳ ِﻌ ٍ‬
‫اﻷﻧْ َﺼﺎري ‪ ُ " :‬ﻨْ َﺪبُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ ُ ْ َ )‪َ َ َ َ (٣‬‬
‫اَ ِ ي أﻃﻌﻤﻨﺎ وﺳﻘﺎﻧ َﺎ وﺟﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﺴ ِﻠ ِﻤ ‪ . َ ‬ﻗﺎل ز ِﺮ ﺎ َ ِ‬
‫اﺧ ِﺮﻫﺎ )‪. " (٤‬‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫أ ْن َ ْ َ َب ﺛَﻼﺛَﺔ أ ْ َﻔﺎس ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟ ْﺴﻤﻴَﺔ أ َواﺋﻠ َﻬﺎ َو ﺎ ْ َ ْ‬
‫ﻤ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ٍ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ ٌَ َ ُ ْ‬
‫ﺎء َز َﺰ َم‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺗِﻤﺔ ‪ :‬ﻣ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫اﺳ ٌﻢ ﻠْﺒ ْ ا ْ َﻤ ْﺸ ُﻬ َ‬ ‫ﻮﺣﺘَ ْ ‪ْ -‬‬ ‫َز ْ َﺰ ُم ‪ -‬ﺑ َﺰا َ ْ َﻣ ْﻔﺘُ َ‬
‫ﻮر ِة ِ ا َﻤ ْﺴ ِﺠ ِﺪ ا َ َﺮامِ ‪،‬‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫َ ْ َ َ َ َ ْ َ ْ َ ْ َ ْ ُ َ َ َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ ً )‪َْ َ ُ َ ْ َ ْ َ ُ َ (٥‬‬
‫‪ .‬وﺳﻤﻴﺖ ز ﺰم ِﻟﻜ ِة‬ ‫ﺎن وﺛﻼﺛﻮن ِذرا‬ ‫ﺑ ﻨﻬﺎ و اﻟﻜﻌﺒ ِﺔ ا ﻤ ﻓ ِﺔ ﻤ ٍ‬
‫ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ َُ ُ َ ُ ْ‬
‫ﺎء َز َﺰ َم َو ُز ُﺰومٍ ِإذا ن ﻛ ِﺜ ًا ‪َ ،‬و ِ ﻴﻞ ‪ :‬ﻻﺟ ِﺘ َﻤﺎ ِﻋ َﻬﺎ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋِﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻘﺎل ‪ :‬ﻣ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ َ ْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َْ َْ ُ ََ ْ‬
‫ﺎﺟ َﺮ ِﻠ َﻤﺎ ِء ‪َ :‬زم َزم ‪ ،‬أ ْي ‪ :‬اﺟﺘَ ِﻤ ْﻊ ﻳَﺎ‬ ‫َوﺟ ِﻪ اﻷر ِض ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﻫ‬ ‫ﻓﺎض ِﻣﻨﻬﺎ ا ﻤﺎء‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎء‬ ‫ﺖ ﺑﺎﻟ َاب ِ َﻼ ﻳَﺄ ُﺧ َﺬ ا ْ َﻤ َ‬ ‫ﻴﻞ ‪ :‬ﻷ َﻬﺎ َزﻣ ْ‬ ‫َُ َ ُ َ َََْ َ ُ َ ْ ََْ ُ َ َ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎرك ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺟﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﺴﻤﻴﺖ ز ﺰم ‪ ،‬و ِ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ت َو َﺧ َﺮ َج ِﻣﻨْ َﻬﺎ ا َﻤ ُ‬ ‫َ َْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ََ ْ َ ْ َ َ ُ َ َ َ‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺎء‬ ‫ﺎءﻫﺎ ِﺣ ا ﻔﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﻳَ ِﻤﻴﻨﺎ َو ِﺷ َﻤﺎﻻ ‪ ،‬ﻘﺪ ﺿﻤﺖ ﻫﺎﺟﺮ ﻣ‬
‫ﺎﺟﺮُ‬ ‫ﺎح ﻳَﻤﻴﻨًﺎ َوﺷ َﻤﺎﻻ َ ُﻤﻨ َﻊ َ ْﻤﻊ اﻟ َاب َﺣ ْﻮ َ ُ ‪َ ،‬و ُرو َي ‪ْ َ  :‬ﻮﻻ أُﻣ ُ ْﻢ َﻫ َ‬ ‫َو َﺳ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ َ َ ُْ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ َ ْ َ َ ْ َ َ َ َ ْ َ ْ َ َ َ َ )‪َ َ (٦‬‬
‫ﺸﺘﻖ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻃﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻸت أو ِدﻳﺔ ﻣﻜﺔ ‪ . ‬و ِ ﻴﻞ ‪ِ :‬إن اﺳﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻼم ‪ ،‬اﻟ َﺳ َﻘﺎهُ‬ ‫ﻼة َوا ﺴ ُ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﺼ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻢ َﻋﻠَﻴْﻬ َ‬
‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻴﻞ ﺑْﻦ إﺑ ْ َﺮاﻫ َ‬ ‫َ َ ْ َ ُ َ ُْ ْ َ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫وز ﺰم ِ ِﺑ إِﺳﻤﺎ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫َ َ َ ََُ َ ٌ َ ََ َ ْ ُ ُ َ ً َ‬‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ َ َ ْ‬
‫ﺎء ﻓﻠ ْﻢ ِ ﺪ ُه ‪،‬‬ ‫اﷲ َﻌﺎ ِﻣﻨ َﻬﺎ ِﺣ ﻇ ِﻤﺊ وﻫﻮ ﺻ ِﻐ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎ ﻤﺴﺖ أﻣﻪ ﻣ‬
‫َْ ْ ََ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ ََ ْ َ ُُ ْ َ َ ُ ََ‬ ‫ﺖ إ َ ا ﺼ َﻔﺎ ﺗَ ْﺪ ُ‬ ‫ََ َ ْ‬
‫ﺖ ا ﻤﺮوة‬ ‫ﻹﺳﻤﺎ ِ ﻴﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻢ أﺗ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺜ‬ ‫ﻐ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﺴ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫اﷲ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﻣ ِ‬

‫)‪.(١‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬إن اﷲ ﻟﲑﺿﻰ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﺒﺪ ‪ . " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ) ‪ ٢٠٩٥ / ٤‬ـ ط اﳊﻠﱯ ( ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ أﻧﺲ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(٢‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬ﻛﺎن إذا أﻛﻞ أو ﺷﺮب ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬اﳊﻤﺪ ﷲ اﻟﺬي ‪ . " ...‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ أﺑﻮ داود ) ‪.( ١٨٨ / ٤‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬ﻛﺎن إذا ﻓﺮغ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻌﺎﻣﻪ ‪ . " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ أﺑﻮ داود ) ‪.( ١٨٧ / ٤‬‬
‫)‪.(٤‬أﺳﲎ اﳌﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪. ٢٢٨ / ٣‬واﻟﻔﺘﻮﺣﺎت اﻟﺮﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ، ٢٨٨ / ٥‬واﻹﻗﻨﺎع ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺑﻴﲏ اﳋﻄﻴﺐ ‪. ٢٣٩ / ٢‬‬
‫)‪ .(٥‬ﺬﻳﺐ اﻷﲰﺎء واﻟﻠﻐﺎت ‪. ١٣٨ / ٣‬‬
‫)‪.(٦‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ‪ :‬ﻟﻮﻻ أﻣﻜﻢ ‪ .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ) اﻟﻔﺘﺢ ‪ (٤٣ / ٥‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎس ﺑﻠﻔﻆ‪ ":‬ﻳﺮﺣﻢ اﷲ أم إﲰﺎﻋﻴﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮ ﺗﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫زﻣﺰم‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٥٢ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬

‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻼم َ َﻬ َﻤ َﺰ َ ُ ﺑ َ‬

‫ﻌ‬ ‫اﷲ َ َﻌﺎ َ ﺟ ْ َﻞ َﻋﻠَﻴْﻪ ا ﺴ ُ‬ ‫ﺚ ُ‬ ‫ََ َ َ ْ َْ َ َ َََ َ‬
‫ﻔﻌﻠﺖ ِﻣﺜﻞ ذ ِﻚ ‪ ،‬و ﻌ‬
‫ِ ِِِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫َ َ َ َ ْ َ ُ )‪(١‬‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﻷر ِض ﻈﻬﺮ ا ﻤﺎء‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫آدا ُب ا ْ ِب ِﻣ ْﻦ َﻣﺎ ِء َز َﺰم‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ ُْ َ‬ ‫َ ٌ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ِﻠ ْ ِب ِﻣ ْﻦ َﻣﺎ ِء َز َﺰ َم آداب ‪َ ،‬ﻋﺪﻫﺎ َﻌﺾ اﻟﻔﻘ َﻬﺎ ِء ِﻣ َﻦ ا ﺴ ِ أو‬
‫َْ ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ َُ ُ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫ا ْ َﻤﻨْ ُﺪو َ‬
‫ﺎت ‪ِ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ روى ﻤﺪ ﻦ ﺒ ِﺪ ا ﺮ ِﻦ ﺑ ِﻦ ِأ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺎت‬
‫َ َ ُ َ ُْ َ َ ً َ َ َُ َ ُ ٌ ََ َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َ ُْ ُ َْ ْ َ‬
‫ﺎس ر ِ اﷲ ﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺟﺎ ِﺴﺎ ﻓﺠﺎءه رﺟﻞ ﻘﺎل ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑ ٍﺮ ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ﻛﻨﺖ ِﻋﻨﺪ اﺑ ِﻦ ﺒ ٍ‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ َْ َ َ َ َ َ ْ َ َْ َ َ َْ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َْ َ ْ‬
‫ِﻣﻦ أ ﻦ ِﺟﺌﺖ ؟ ﻗﺎل ‪ِ :‬ﻣﻦ ز ﺰم ‪ :‬ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ﻓ ِ ﺖ ِﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳ ﺒ ِ ؟ ﻗﺎل ‪:‬‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫اذ ُﻛﺮ ْ‬ ‫ْ َ ََْ َ ْ‬ ‫َ َ ْ َ َْ َ ْ َْ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ َ َْ‬
‫اﷲ َﻌﺎ ‪،‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﺳ َ‬
‫ﻢ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺒ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫إ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺎل‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﻴ‬
‫َ َ َ‬ ‫َََ ْ َ ً ْ َ َْ َ ََ َ ْ َْ َ َ ََ ْ َ َ ْ‬
‫اﷲ َﻌﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺖ ﻓﺎ َ ِﺪ‬ ‫و ﻨﻔﺲ ﺛﻼﺛﺎ ِﻣﻦ ز ﺰم ‪ ،‬وﺗﻀﻠﻊ ِﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ِﺈذا ﻓﺮﻏ‬
‫ُ َ ﺮ ٍة ﻳَ َﻨَﻔ ُﺲ ِﻣ ْﻦ َز ْ َﺰ َم ‪َ ،‬و َﻨْ َﻀ ُﺢ ِﻣﻦَ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َْ َ ْ َُْ َ َ ْ‬
‫ﺖ ِ‬ ‫و ِﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ :‬أن ﻨﻈﺮ ِإ ا ﻴ ِ‬
‫ََْ َُُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َُ ْ‬ ‫َ َ ْ‬ ‫ََ ْ‬ ‫َْ ََ َْ‬
‫ِ ِﻪ ‪ ،‬و ﻪ‬ ‫ِء ِﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ِ ِﻣﻦ ا‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫رأ ِﺳ ِﻪ ووﺟ ِﻬ ِﻪ وﺻﺪ ِرهِ ‪ ،‬و‬ ‫ا ﻤﺎ ِء‬
‫ُ ُ َْ َََ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻮل ﻋﻨْ َﺪ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ ََُ ُ‬ ‫ِ َﻤ ْﻄﻠُﻮ ِﻪ ا ْﻴَﺎ َ‬
‫ْﻦ ﻧ ِﻴﻚ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫إ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ة‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫اﻵﺧ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ َ‬‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َُ‬
‫ﺎء َز َﺰ َم ِ َﻤﺎ ِ َب ُ ‪َ (٢) ‬وأﻧﺎ أ َ ُﻪ ِﻟﻜﺬا ‪َ -‬و َﺬﻛ ُﺮ َﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ ٍﺪ ‪ ‬ﻧﻪ ﻗﺎل ‪  :‬ﻣ‬
‫َ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ْ ْ َ َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ُ ً ُْ‬
‫ﻳُ ِﺮ ﺪ ِدﻳﻨﺎ َود ﻴَﺎ ‪ -‬ا ﻠ ُﻬﻢ ﻓﺎ َﻌﻞ ذ ِﻚ ِﺑﻔﻀ ِﻠﻚ ‪َ ،‬و َﺪ ُﻋﻮ ِﺑﺎ َ ِء ا ِ ي ن ﺒْﺪ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ ُ َْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬
‫ﺎء َز َﺰ َم َوﻫ َﻮ ‪  :‬ا ﻠ ُﻬﻢ ِإ‬ ‫اﷲ ﻨ ُﻬ َﻤﺎ ﻳَﺪ ُﻋﻮ ِﺑ ِﻪ ِإذا ِب ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎس ر ِ‬ ‫اﷲ ُﻦ ﺒ ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُ َ‬ ‫ً َ ً َ ًْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ْ َ‬‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎء ِﻣ ْﻦ دا ٍء ‪.(٣) ‬‬ ‫اﺳ ًﻌﺎ َو ِﺷ َﻔ ً‬ ‫و‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ز‬‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫أﺳﺄ‬
‫َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ُ ْ َ َ َ ْ َ َ َْ َْ ْ ُ‬ ‫َْ ُ َُْ َ ََ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻮب ِ ا ﻴَﺎ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺰ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ء‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أ‬ ‫َوﻧﺺ ﻌﺾ اﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎ ِء‬
‫َ ْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ََ ُ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ ٌ َ َْ َ َُ َ ْ ََ‬
‫ﺎر ِب ﻔ ِﺴ ِﻪ و ِن‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻵﺧﺮ ِة ﺷﺎ ِ ﻞ ِﻤﺎ ﻮ ِ ﻪ ِﺑﻐ ِ‬ ‫َو ِ‬
‫َ َ َ ُ ْ ٌ َ ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ َْ‬ ‫َ َ َ ْ ُْ ُ َ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬
‫ن ﻇﺎ ِﻫ ُﺮ ُه ﻛﺬ ِﻚ ‪ ،‬ﺑَﻞ ﺘَ َﻤﻞ َﻌﺪي ذ ِﻚ ِإ اﻟﻐ ْ ِ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ِﺈذا ِ َﻪ ِإ َﺴﺎن ِﺑﻘﺼ ِﺪ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬
‫َو ِ هِ أ ْو أ ِﺧﻴ ِﻪ َﻣﺜﻼ َﺣ َﺼﻞ ُ ذ ِﻚ ا َﻤ ْﻄﻠﻮ ُب ِإذا ِ َب ِﺑ ِﻴ ٍﺔ َﺻﺎ ِدﻗ ٍﺔ )‪.(٤‬‬
‫)‪ .(١‬ﻟﺴﺎن اﻟﻌﺮب ‪ ، ٤٨ / ٢‬وﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﳉﻤﻞ ‪ ، ٤٨٢ / ٢‬وﻓﺘﺢ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﺮ ‪ ، ١٨٩ / ٢‬واﻟﺴﲑة اﻟﻨﺒﻮﻳﺔ ‪١١١ / ١‬‬
‫)‪ (٢‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﺟﻪ وﰲ إﺳﻨﺎدﻩ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎل اﻟﺒﻮﺻﲑي ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻪ ﻃﺮق أﺧﺮى ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ اﳌﻘﺎﺻﺪ اﳊﺴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺨﺎوي ) ص ‪(٣٥٧‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬اﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎر ‪ ، ١٥٥ / ١‬ﻣﻮاﻫﺐ اﳉﻠﻴﻞ ‪ ، ١١٠ / ٣‬و ﺎﻳﺔ اﶈﺘﺎج ‪ ، ٣٠٩ / ٣‬واﳌﻐﲏ ‪. ٤٤٥ / ٣‬‬
‫)‪ .(٤‬ﺎﻳﺔ اﶈﺘﺎج ‪ ، ٣٠٩ / ٣‬واﳉﻤﻞ ‪. ٤٨٢ / ٢‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٥٣ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬

‫ﻮس ِﻋﻨﺪ ْ ِب َﻣﺎ ِء‬

‫َْ ُ‬ ‫َوﻧَﺺ َ ْﻌ ُﺾ ا ْ ُﻤ َﺤﺪ َ َواﻟْ ُﻔ َﻘ َﻬﺎء َ َ َ ﻧ ُﻪ ُ َﺴﻦ ا ْ ُﻠُ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ُ َْ‬ ‫ْ َ ْ َ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫َْ َ ََْ‬
‫اﷲ ﻨ ُﻬ َﻤﺎ ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺎس ر ِ‬ ‫ز َﺰم ﻛﻐ ِهِ ‪َ ،‬وﻗﺎ ﻮا ‪ِ :‬إن ﻣﺎ َر َوى ا ﺸﻌ ِ ﻋ ِﻦ اﺑ ِﻦ ﺒ ٍ‬
‫َ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ ْ َ َ َ ُ َ َ ٌ )‪ُ َ َ َ ٌ ُ ْ َ (١‬‬ ‫َ َْ ُ َُ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﺎن‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻮل‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺰ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫اﷲ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮل‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺎل‬ ‫ﻗ‬
‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ‬ ‫ََُ ٌ َ ََ ُ ْ ُ َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﺎﺟﻪ ْﻦ َ ِﺻ ٍﻢ ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ذﻛ ْﺮت ذ ِﻚ ِﻟ ِﻌﻜ ِﺮ َﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺎرض ِﻤﺎ رواه ا ﻦ ﻣ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫از ‪ ،‬وﻣﻌ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا َ َﻮ‬
‫َ ُ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ ََ‬
‫ﺎﷲ َﻣﺎ َﻌﻞ ‪ -‬أ ْي َﻣﺎ ِ َب ﻗﺎﺋِ ًﻤﺎ ‪ -‬ﻷﻧﻪ ن ِﺣﻴ ِﺌ ٍﺬ َرا ِﻛﺒًﺎ )‪. (٢‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻠﻒ ِﺑ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َُْ‬
‫ﻘﻞ َﻣﺎ ِء َز َﺰ َم‬
‫َ َ ُْ َ َ ُ ََ َ ُ َُ ُ َ ُ ْ َ َ َْ َ ََْ ُُ َ ُ ُْ َ ْ َُ‬
‫ﻧﻪ ﻮز اﻟ ود ِﻣﻦ ﻣﺎ ِء ز ﺰم و ﻘﻠﻪ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺴﺘﺨﻠﻒ ‪،‬‬ ‫ا ﻔﻖ اﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎء‬
‫ُ َ َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ََُ َ‬
‫َﻤ َﺮ ِة ‪َ ،‬وﻟ َﺲ ِ ْ ٍء ﻳَ ُﺰول ﻓﻼ ُﻌﻮد ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻬﻮ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ َ َ ْ َ ُ َْ‬
‫ﻜﻴﺔ َوا ﺸﺎﻓِ ِﻌﻴﺔ )‪ِ (٣‬إ ﻧﻪ ُ ْﺴﺘَ َﺤﺐ اﻟ َ ود ِﻣ ْﻦ َﻣﺎ ِء‬ ‫َوذﻫﺐ ا َﻨ ِﻔﻴﺔ َوا ﻤﺎ ِﻟ ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫اﺳ ﺸ ‪َ ،‬وﻗﺪ َر َوى اﻟ ْ ِﻣ ِﺬي ْﻦ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫ْ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﺎء ِ َﻤ ِﻦ‬ ‫َز ْ َﺰ َم َو َ ْﻠُ ُﻪ إ َ ا ْ ﻼ ِد ﻓَﺈﻧ ُﻪ ِﺷ َﻔ ٌ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُْ ُ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﷲ َﻌﺎ َ ﻨ َﻬﺎ ‪َ  :‬ﻬﺎ ﻧ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َﺸ َﺔ َر ِ َ ُ‬
‫ﺖ ِﻤﻞ ِﻣ ْﻦ َﻣﺎ ِء َز َﺰ َم ‪َ ،‬و ِ أن‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َ َْ ُ َ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َْ ُُ‬ ‫َُ َ‬
‫اﷲ ‪ ‬ن ِﻤﻠﻪ ‪َ ، ‬و َر َوى ْ ُ اﻟ ْ ِﻣ ِﺬي ‪  :‬ﻧﻪ ‪ ‬ن ِﻤﻠﻪ َو ن‬ ‫رﺳﻮل ِ‬
‫َ َ ُ َ َ َْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫ﻳ َ ُﺼﺒ ُﻪ َ َ ا ْ َﻤ ْﺮ َ َو َ ْ‬
‫اﷲ َﻌﺎ ﻨ ُﻬ َﻤﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺎس ر ِ‬ ‫ﻴﻬﻢ ‪َ . ‬و َر َوى ا ُﻦ ﺒ ٍ‬
‫ْ )‪(٤‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻘ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺴ‬
‫َ ْ َ َ )‪(٥‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْْ َ ُ َْ َْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َُ َ‬
‫اﷲ ‪ ‬اﺳﺘﻬﺪى ﺳﻬﻴﻞ ﻦ ﻤ ٍﺮو ِﻣﻦ ﻣﺎ ِء ز ﺰم ‪. ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬أن رﺳﻮل ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻓﻀﻞ َﻣﺎ ِء َز َﺰ َم‬
‫ﺎس َر ِ َ ُ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ ْ َْ‬ ‫ََ‬ ‫َ ْ َ َْ َ َ‬
‫اﷲ‬ ‫اﷲ ﺑ ِﻦ ﺒ ٍ‬ ‫ِ ﻓﻀ ِﻞ ﻣﺎ ِء ز َﺰم ر َوى اﻟﻄ ا ِ ﻦ ﺒ ِﺪ ِ‬
‫َ ُْ َ ََ َ ْ َْ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫ََ َ َ ُْ َ َ َ َ َ َُ ُ‬
‫ﺎء َز َﺰ َم ‪،‬‬ ‫اﷲ ‪  : ‬ﺧ ﻣﺎ ٍء وﺟ ِﻪ اﻷر ِض ﻣ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮل‬ ‫ﻌﺎ ﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ﻗﺎل رﺳ‬
‫ُْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺎم ِﻣ َﻦ اﻟﻄ ْﻌﻢ َو ِﺷ َﻔ ٌ‬
‫ﺎء ِﻣ َﻦ ا ﺴﻘ ِﻢ ‪ (٦) ‬أ ْي أن ْ َب َﻣﺎﺋِ َﻬﺎ ﻐ ِ َﻋ ِﻦ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻴﻪ َﻃ َﻌ ٌ‬
‫ِ ِ‬
‫)‪.(١‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎس ‪ " :‬ﺳﻘﻴﺖ رﺳﻮل اﷲ ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ زﻣﺰم ‪ . "......‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ) اﻟﻔﺘﺢ ‪ ٤٩٢ / ٣‬ـ ط اﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺔ ( ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(٢‬ﻓﺘﺢ اﻟﺒﺎري ‪ ، ٤٩٣ / ٣‬واﳉﻤﻞ ‪. ٤٨٢ / ٢‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬رد اﶈﺘﺎر ‪ ، ٢٥٦ / ٢‬ﻣﻮاﻫﺐ اﳉﻠﻴﻞ ‪ ، ١١٥ / ٣‬اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻮﰊ ‪ ، ١٤٣ / ٢‬ﺷﻔﺎء اﻟﻐﺮام ﺑﺄﺧﺒﺎر اﻟﺒﻠﺪ اﳊﺮام ‪ ٢٥٨ / ١‬ـ ‪. ٢٥٩‬‬
‫)‪.(٤‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﺎﺋﺸﺔ ‪ " :‬أ ﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲢﻤﻞ ‪ "..‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﱰﻣﺬي ) ‪ ٢٨٦ / ٣‬ـ ط اﳊﻠﱯ ( ‪ ،‬ورواﻳﺔ ‪ " :‬ﻛﺎن ﳛﻤﻠﻪ وﻛﺎن ‪ "...‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ﰲ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻜﺒﲑ ) ‪ ( ١٨٩ / ٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺧﻼد ﺑﻦ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ اﳉﻌﻔﻲ‬
‫)‪.(٥‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎس‪ " :‬أن رﺳﻮل اﷲ ‪‬اﺳﺘﻬﺪى ‪ " . . .‬أوردﻩ اﳍﻴﺜﻤﻲ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻊ اﻟﺰواﺋﺪ ) ‪ ٢٨٦ / ٣‬ـ ط اﻟﻘﺪﺳﻲ ( وﻗﺎل ‪" :‬‬
‫رواﻩ اﻟﻄﱪاﱐ ﰲ اﻟﻜﺒﲑ واﻷوﺳﻂ ‪ ،‬وﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﺒﺪ اﷲ ﺑﻦ اﳌﺆﻣﻞ اﳌﺨﺰوﻣﻲ ‪ ،‬وﺛﻘﻪ اﺑﻦ ﺳﻌﺪ واﺑﻦ ﺣﺒﺎن وﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ﳜﻄﺊ ‪ ،‬وﺿﻌﻔﻪ ﲨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫)‪.(٦‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ‪ " :‬ﺧﲑ ﻣﺎء ‪ " ..‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﻄﱪاﱐ ) ‪ ( ٩٨ / ١١‬وأوردﻩ اﳍﻴﺜﻤﻲ ﰲ ا ﻤﻊ ) ‪ ( ٢٨٦ / ٣‬وﻗﺎل ‪ :‬رﺟﺎﻟﻪ ﺛﻘﺎت "‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٥٤ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫َ َ َََ َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫اﻟﻄ َﻌﺎمِ َو َ ْﺸ ﻣ َﻦ ا ﺴ َﻘﺎمِ ‪ ،‬ﻟَ ْﻦ َﻣ َ‬
‫ﺎري ‪‬‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ُ َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ َ َ َ ًْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫َ َ ََْ َ َََ‬
‫ﻴﺢ ﻧﻪ أﻗﺎم ﺷﻬﺮا ِﺑﻤﻜﺔ ﻻ ﻗﻮت ِإﻻ ﻣﺎء ز ﺰم ‪ ،‬وروى اﻷزر ِ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓ ِ ا ﺼ ِﺤ ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ﺎس ﺑْﻦ َ ﺒْﺪ ا ْ ُﻤﻄﻠ َ َ ُ َ َ َ َ ْ ُ َ َ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫َﻋﻦ اﻟْ َ‬
‫ﺐ ر ِ اﷲ ﻌﺎ ﻨﻪ ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ﻨﺎﻓﺲ ا ﺎس ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺒ‬‫ﻌ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َ ْ َ َ َُْ ْ َ َ ُ َ َ ْ ََ ْ َُ َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ََ‬ ‫ََْ َ‬
‫ﻮن‬ ‫ﺎل ﻳ ِﻔﺪون ِﺑ ِﻌﻴﺎ ِ ِﻬﻢ ﻓ‬ ‫ز ﺰم ِ زﻣ ِﻦ ا ﺎ ِﻫ ِﻠﻴ ِﺔ ﺣ أن ن أﻫﻞ اﻟ ِﻌﻴ ِ‬
‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﺎس ‪َ :‬و َ ﻧَ ْ‬ ‫ﻮﺣﺎ َ ُﻬ ْﻢ ‪َ ،‬وﻗَ ْﺪ ُﻛﻨﺎ َ ُﻌﺪ َﻫﺎ َﻋ ْﻮﻧًﺎ َ َ اﻟْﻌﻴَﺎل ‪،‬ﻗَ َﺎل اﻟْ َﻌﺒ ُ‬ ‫ﻮن َﺻﺒُ ً‬ ‫ََ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻴﻜ‬
‫ِ ِ‬
‫ُ َ ََ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬
‫ﺎﻋﺔ)‪. (١‬‬ ‫َز َﺰ ُم َﺴ ِ ا َﺎ ِﻫ ِﻠﻴ ِﺔ ﺷﺒ‬
‫ُ ََْ َ ََ‬ ‫َْ ْ َ‬ ‫َ َ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َو َﺣ ا ﻨ َﻮ ِري َﻋ ِﻦ ا ُ َﻤﻴْ ِﺪي ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ﻛﻨﺎ ِﻋﻨﺪ ُﺳﻔﻴَﺎن ﺑْ ِﻦ ﻴَ ﻨﺔ ﻓ َﺤﺪ ﻨﺎ‬
‫َ ََ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ ْ‬ ‫ََ َ ٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ ُ ْ‬
‫ﺎم َر ُﺟﻞ ِﻣ َﻦ ا َﻤﺠ ِﻠ ِﺲ ﻢ َ د ﻘﺎل ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺎء َز َﺰ َم ِ َﻤﺎ ِ َب ُ ‪ . ‬ﻘ‬ ‫ﻳﺚ ‪ :‬ﻣ‬ ‫ِ ِﺪ ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫ً َ َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ََْ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬ ‫ََْ‬ ‫َ َُ‬
‫ﻴﺤﺎ ؟ ﻗﺎل ‪َ :‬ﻌ ْﻢ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳَﺎ أﺑَﺎ ﻤ ٍﺪ ‪ ،‬أﻟ َﺲ ا َ ِﺪﻳﺚ ا ِ ي َﺣﺪﺛ ﻨﺎ ِ َﻣﺎ ِء َز َﺰ َم َﺻ ِﺤ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ًْ ْ َ ْ َ َ ََ َ َ َُ ُ‬ ‫ﻗَ َﺎل ا ﺮ ُﺟ ُﻞ ‪ :‬ﻓَﺈ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻳﺚ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﻚ ﺪﺛ ِ ِﺑ ِﻤﺎﺋ ِﺔ ﺣ ِﺪ ٍ‬ ‫ﺖ اﻵن د ﻮا ِﻣﻦ ز ﺰم‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ََ َ ْ ُ َُ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ َ َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ َُ ُ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ﺎر ِك َز َﺰ َم‬ ‫ﻳﺚ ‪ .‬ودﺧﻞ ا ﻦ ا ﻤﺒ‬ ‫ﻘﺎل ﺳﻔﻴﺎن ‪ :‬ا ﻌﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻘﻌﺪ ﻓﺤﺪﺛﻪ ِﺑ ِﻤﺎﺋ ِﺔ ﺣ ِﺪ ٍ‬
‫اﷲ‬ ‫ﻮل‬
‫َ َُ َ‬
‫ﺳ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫َ َﻘ َﺎل ‪ :‬ا ﻠ ُﻬﻢ إن ا ْ َﻦ ا ْ ُﻤ َﺆﻣﻞ َﺣﺪﺛَ َ ْﻦ أَ ا ﺰ َ ْ َ ْﻦ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ٍِ‬ ‫ِ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ﺎء َز ْ َﺰ َم َﻤﺎ ُ َب ُ‪ ‬ا ﻠ ُﻬﻢ ﻓَﺈ أ ْ َ ُ ُﻪ ﻟ َﻌ َﻄﺶ ﻳَ ْﻮ اﻟﻘﻴَ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻗَ َﺎل ‪َ  :‬‬
‫ﺎﻣ ِﺔ )‪.(٢‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫مِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫َ َ ُ ََ َ َ ُْ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺎء َز ْ َﺰ َم َ َ ُ‬ ‫َو َﻣ ُ‬
‫ﺎس ر ِ اﷲ ﻌﺎ ﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻗﺎل ‪:‬‬ ‫ار ‪ ،‬ﻋ ِﻦ اﺑ ِﻦ ﺒ ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اب اﻷﺑ ْ َﺮ‬
‫َ ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ َْ َ ْ‬
‫ﺎر ؟‬ ‫َ‬
‫ار ‪ ِ ،‬ﻴﻞ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﺼ َ اﻷﺧﻴ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اب اﻷﺑﺮ ِ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﺎر وا ﻮا ِﻣﻦ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫َﺻﻠﻮا ِ ُ َﺼ اﻷﺧﻴ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ َ َ ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺖ ا ْﻤ َ‬ ‫ﻗَ َﺎل ‪َ ْ َ :‬‬
‫ﺎء َز َﺰ َم َوأ ِﺮ ْم ِﺑ ِﻪ ِﻣ ْﻦ‬ ‫ار ؟ ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ﻣ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫اب اﻷﺑْ َ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻴﻞ ‪َ :‬‬
‫و‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫اب‬
‫اب )‪. (٣‬‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ٍ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ ْ ُ ْ‬
‫َوﻗﺎل ا َﺎﻓِﻆ اﻟ ِﻌ َﺮا ِ ‪ِ :‬إن ِﺣﻜ َﻤﺔ ﻏ ْﺴ ِﻞ َﺻﺪ ِر ا ِ ‪ِ ‬ﺑ َﻤﺎ ِء َز َﺰ َم ِ َﻘ َﻮى‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ات َ‬ ‫ﻜﻮت ا ﺴ َﻤ َ‬ ‫ََ ُ َْ َ َ ُ‬
‫ﺎر ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ِﻣﻦ ﺧﻮاص‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫اﻷ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫رؤ ِﺔ ﻠ‬ ‫ِﺑ ِﻪ ‪‬‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫َﻣﺎ ِء َز ْ َﺰ َم ﻧ ُﻪ ُ َﻘﻮي اﻟ َﻘﻠ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺐ َو ُ ْﺴ ِ ُﻦ ا ﺮ ْوع )‪.(٤‬‬
‫)‪.(١‬ﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﳉﻤﻞ ‪ ، ٤٨٢ / ٢‬ﺬﻳﺐ اﻷﲰﺎء واﻟﻠﻐﺎت ‪. ١٣٩ / ٣‬‬
‫)‪.(٢‬ﻓﺘﺢ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﺮ ‪ ، ١٩٠ ، ١٨٩ / ٢‬وﺟﻮاﻫﺮ اﻹﻛﻠﻴﻞ ‪. ١٧٩ / ١‬‬
‫)‪.(٣‬ﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺠﲑﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﳋﻄﻴﺐ ‪. ٦٦ / ١‬‬
‫)‪.(٤‬ﺷﻔﺎء اﻟﻐﺮام ﺑﺄﺧﺒﺎر اﻟﺒﻠﺪ اﳊﺮام ‪. ٢٤٧ / ١‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٥٥‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬
‫َ َ َ َ َُ َ َ َ ُ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ ََ‬ ‫َ َ ُْ َ‬
‫ﺎري ْﻦ أ ِﺲ ﺑ ْ ِﻦ َﻣﺎ ِ ٍﻚ ‪ ‬ﻗﺎل ‪ :‬ن أﺑﻮ ذر ر ِ اﷲ ﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺨ‬
‫روى ا َ ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ ََ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َُ َ‬ ‫َ ُْ َُ ُ‬
‫اﷲ ‪ ‬ﻗﺎل ‪  :‬ﻓ ِﺮ َج َﺳﻘ ِ َوأﻧﺎ ﺑِ َﻤﻜﺔ ‪ َ ،‬ل ِﺟ ْ ِ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻨﻪ ﺪث أن رﺳﻮل ِ‬
‫ﺖ ِﻣ ْﻦ‬ ‫ﺻ ْﺪري ‪ُ ،‬ﻢ َﻏ َﺴﻠَ ُﻪ ﺑ َﻤﺎ ِء َز ْ َﺰ َم ‪ُ ،‬ﻢ َﺟ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻼم َ َﻔ َﺮ َج َ‬ ‫َﻋﻠَﻴْﻪ ا ﺴ ُ‬
‫ﺎء ﺑِﻄﺴ ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫َُ ُ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫ْ ًَ َ َ ً َ َْ َ َ‬‫َ‬ ‫َذ َﻫﺐ ُ ْﻤﺘَ‬
‫ﺻﺪ ِري ‪ ،‬ﻢ أ ْﻃﺒَﻘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻢ أﺧﺬ ِﻴَ ِﺪي‬ ‫ﺊ ِﺣﻜﻤﺔ و ِﻳﻤﺎﻧﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻓﺮ ﻬﺎ ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻠ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َ ِ َح ِ إِ ا ﺴ َﻤﺎ ِء ا ﻴَﺎ ‪. (١) ‬‬

‫ﺎب ‪،‬‬ ‫َو َﻫ َﺬا آﺧ ُﺮ َﻣﺎ ﺗَ َ َ َ ْ ُﻌ ُﻪ َ ْﻤﺪ اﷲ َو َﻋ ْﻮﻧﻪ َو ُﺣ ْﺴﻦ ﺗَ ْﻮ ﻴﻘﻪ َﻫ َﺬا اﻟْﻜﺘَ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِِ ِ‬ ‫ِِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻴﻊ اﻟﻄﻼب َو َﻣ ْﻦ َ َﻈ َﺮ ﻴﻪ ﻣ ْﻦ ا ْ ُﻤﺤﺒ َ‬ ‫ﻴﻢ أ ْن َ ﻨْ َﻔ َﻊ ﺑﻪ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫اﷲ اﻟ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََ ْ َُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِِ ِ‬ ‫ﻈ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫وأﺳﺄ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ ُ َ ََْ َ ْ ُ ْ ََ َ َ‬ ‫اﻷ ْﺻ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎب َوأن ﻤﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ِﺑﻌﻔ ِﻮهِ َو ﺪ ِﺧﻠﻨﺎ دار ا ﺴﻼمِ ِﺑ َﺮ ِﻣ ِﻪ َو ِﺣﻠ ِﻤ ِﻪ َوﺟﻮ ِدهِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫َو‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ َْ َ َ‬ ‫َوﻟُ ْ‬
‫ﺎب َوﻻ ُﻣ َﻌﺎ ﺒَ ٍﺔ َوﻻ ُﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸ ٍﺔ َوﻻ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻋ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺎب‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻻﺣ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻪ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻔ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻄ‬
‫ََ ْ َ َْ َ َ َ َ َ َْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََ ْ َْ َ َ ْ َ َْ َ َ َ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺂب ‪ ،‬وأن ﻌﻞ ﻣﻘﺮﻧﺎ ِﺑﺄ‬ ‫ﺎب وأن ِﺘﻢ ﺎ ِ ٍ و ﻌﻞ ﺎ ا ﻨﺔ دار ﻣ ٍ‬ ‫ِﻋﺘ ٍ‬
‫َ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ادات ُ ْﺮ َﻣﺔ ُ َﻤﺪ ‪َ ‬‬ ‫ََُ ََ َْ َ ُْ َ َ‬
‫ات َوأن ُﺸﻔ َﻊ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎد‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺎت و ﺒﻠﻐﻨﺎ أﻗ ا ﻤﺮ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫َ َ‬
‫ا رﺟ ِ‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫َ ُ ُْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ ُ ْ ْ َ َُْ َ‬
‫ِﻴﻨﺎ ﻧ ِﻴﻪ ا ُﻤﺼ َﻄ َو َ ﻧﺎ ِ ُز َﺮ ِة َﻣ ْﻦ ْﻢ َﻌﺎ ِ ﻠﻪ ِﺑ َﻤﺸﻘ ٍﺔ َوﻻ َﺟﻔﺎ آ ِﻣ َ ‪،‬‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َْ َْ ْ ُ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ََ ُ ُ ْ َ َُ َََ َ َ ْ َ‬
‫اب و ِ ِﻪ ا ﻤﺮ ِﺟﻊ وا ﻤﺂب ‪.‬‬ ‫واﷲ – ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ و ﻌﺎ ‪ -‬أﻋﻠﻢ ِﺑﺎ ﺼﻮ ِ‬
‫اغ ﻣ ْﻦ َ ْﺴﻮ ﺪ َﻫ َﺬا اﻟْﻜﺘﺎب ﺑ َﻌ ْﻮن اﷲ ا ْﻤﻠْﻚ ا ْ َﻮﻫﺎب آﺧﺮ َ َ‬ ‫ََ َ َْ َ ُ‬
‫ﺎر‬
‫َِ ِ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫و ن اﻟﻔﺮ‬
‫َ َ َ ََ َْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ََ‬ ‫ﻳَ ْﻮ ا ْ ُ ُﻤ َﻌﺔ اﻷو ﻣ ْﻦ َﺷ ْﻬﺮ َر ﻴْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫اﺣﺪ وﺛﻼ ِ وأر ِﻌ ِﻤﺎﺋ ٍﺔ وأﻟ ٍﻒ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫مِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ْ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻧﺐ َوا ﻘ ِﺼ ِ أ ِ ﻤﺪ أ َﺪ َر ِ ﺒْ ِﺪ‬
‫َُ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُْ ْ‬
‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻔ‬
‫َْ‬
‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫َ َ ﻳَ ِﺪ ا ْ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َﻔ َﺮ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫اﷲ ُ َو ِ َﻮا ِ َ ﻳ ِﻪ َوأﺣ َﺴ َﻦ إ ْ ِﻬ َﻤﺎ َو ِ ْ ِﻪ َو َ ﺸﺎ ِ ِ ِﻪ‬ ‫ا َﻤ ِﺠﻴْ ِﺪ اﻟﻘ ْﺮ ِﺳ ِ ا َﻤ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ُْ ْ َ َ ُْ ْ َ‬ ‫َ ُ َ َ ََ ْ َ َ َ‬
‫ﺎت آ ِﻣ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻴﻊ ا ﻤﺆ ِﻣ ِﻨ وا ﻤﺆ ِﻣﻨ ِ‬ ‫و ﺋِ ِﻪ وأﺻ ِﺪﻗﺎﺋِ ِﻪ و ِ ِ‬

‫)‪.(١‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ " :‬ﻓﺮج ﺳﻘﻔﻲ وأﻧﺎ ﲟﻜﺔ ‪ " . . .‬أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ) اﻟﻔﺘﺢ ‪ ٤٩٢ / ٣‬ـ ط اﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺔ ( ‪.‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺤﻼَ ِل َواﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮام‬ ‫ﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ اﻟ َ‬ ‫‪٥٦ ‬‬ ‫ﻓَـْﺘ َﺢ اﻟ َْﻌﻼﱠِم‬

‫اﻟﻔﻬﺮس‬

‫ﺎب ﻳﻔﺘﺮس‪٢٥ ...‬‬‫ﺲ ﻟَﻪُ ﻧَ ٌ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑِ ُﻊ ‪ُ :‬ﻛ ﱡﻞ َو ْﺣ ٍ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪٢...........................................‬‬

‫ﺶ ﻟَْﻴ َ‬ ‫ﱠﻮعُ ﱠ‬‫اﻟﻨـ ْ‬
‫ﱠﻮعُ اﻟ ﱠﺴﺎﺑِ ُﻊ ‪ُ :‬ﻛ ﱡﻞ ﻃَﺎﺋِ ٍﺮ ِذي َدٍم َﺳﺎﺋِ ٍﻞ ‪٢٩.........‬‬
‫اﻟﻨـ ْ‬
‫ْﺤﻼل‪٣.........................................‬‬ ‫اﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِﻣﻦ اﻟْﻤﺴﺎﺋِ ِﻞ اﻷ ِ ِ‬
‫ْﺨﻴْ ُﻞ ‪٣٠..........................‬‬ ‫ﱠﺎﻣ ُﻦ ‪ :‬اﻟ َ‬‫اﻟﻨـﱠﻮعُ اﻟﺜ ِ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ﻼل ‪٤.........‬‬ ‫ُﺻﻮﻟﻴﱠﺔ اﻟ ُْﻤﺘَـ َﻌﻠﱢ َﻘﺔ ﺑِﺎﻟ َ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ ََ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﺎر اﻷ َْﻫﻠِ ﱡﻲ ‪٣١.................‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﱠﻮعُ اﻟﺘﱠﺎﺳ ُﻊ ‪ :‬اﻟْﺤ َﻤ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻨـ ْ‬
‫ْﺤ َﺮ ُام‪٥.......‬‬
‫ﻼل َواﻟ َ‬‫ْﺤ ُ‬ ‫اﺟﺘَ َﻤ َﻊ اﻟ َ‬ ‫اﻟ َْﻤ ْﺴﺄَﻟَﺔُ اﻟﺜﱠﺎﻧﻴَﺔُ ‪ :‬إِذَا ْ‬
‫ْﺨ ْﻨ ِﺰ ُﻳﺮ ‪٣٢ ......................‬‬ ‫ﺎﺷﺮ ‪ :‬اﻟ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﱠﺤ ِﻠ ِ‬
‫ﻴﻞ َوأَﻧْـ َﻮاﻋُﻪُ ‪٧.........‬‬ ‫ﺎب اﻟﺘ ْ‬ ‫َﺳﺒَ ُ‬
‫ِ‬
‫اﻟ َْﻤ ْﺴﺄَﻟَﺔُ اﻟﺜﱠﺎﻟﺜَﺔُ ‪ :‬أ ْ‬
‫ﱠﻮعُ اﻟ َْﻌ ُ‬‫اﻟﻨـ ْ‬
‫اﻟﻨـﱠﻮعُ اﻟ ِ‬ ‫ْﺤ َﺮ ِام ‪٧..................................‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ات ‪٣٢ .............‬‬
‫ْﺤ َﺸ َﺮ ُ‬
‫ي َﻋ َﺸ َﺮ ‪ :‬اﻟ َ‬
‫ْﺤﺎد َ‬
‫ْ َ‬ ‫ﻴﻞ اﻟ َ‬‫ﺗَ ْﺤﻠ ُ‬
‫اﻟْ َﺠ َﺮاد‪٣٣........................................‬‬ ‫اﻟْ َﺤ َﺮ ُام ‪٧.........................................‬‬
‫ْﺤﺮام ‪٩.............‬‬ ‫ات اﻟﻤﻨَ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻷَﻟْ َﻔﺎ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻀﱠﺐ ‪٣٤......................................‬‬ ‫ﺎﺳﺒَﺔ ﻟﻠَ ْﻔﻆ اﻟ َ‬
‫ظ َذ ُ ُ َ‬
‫ْﺤ ِ‬
‫ﱡود ‪٣٥ .....................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﺪ ُ‬ ‫ﻼل‪٩...................................‬‬ ‫ﺗَ ْﺤ ِﺮ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻢ اﻟ َ‬
‫ات ‪٣٦..............................‬‬ ‫ﺑ ِﻘﻴﱠﺔُ اﻟْﺤ َﺸﺮ ِ‬ ‫اﻷَﻃْﻌِ َﻤﺔُ ‪١١ .....................................‬‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻴﻢ اﻷَﻃْﻌِ َﻤﺔ‪١٢...............................‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺎل ‪٣٦.......‬‬ ‫ﱠﻮعُ اﻟﺜﱠﺎﻧِﻲ َﻋ َﺸ َﺮ ‪ :‬اﻟ ُْﻤﺘَـ َﻮﻟﱢ َﺪ ُ‬
‫ات ‪ :‬ا ْﻟﺒِﻐَ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻨـ ْ‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻘﺴ ُ‬
‫ﺼﺎ ِرِﻫ ْﻢ ‪٣٨......‬‬ ‫ان ﻟَﻢ ﻳـ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓْﻪُ اﻟْﻌﺮ ِ‬
‫ب ﻓﻲ أ َْﻣ َ‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺎب ُﻣ ْﺨﺘَﻠِ َﻔ ٍﺔ ‪١٣.................‬‬ ‫َﺳﺒَ ٍ‬ ‫َﻣﺎ ﻳَ ْﺤ ُﺮ ُم أَ ْﻛﻠُﻪُ ﻷ ْ‬
‫ََ ُ‬ ‫ُﻛ ﱡﻞ َﺣﻴَـ َﻮ ْ َ‬
‫ﺼ َﻞ ِﻣ ْﻨﻪُ ‪٣٩................‬‬ ‫َﺟ َﺰاء اﻟ ِ‬ ‫ﱠﺮ ُر اﻟﻼ ِﺣ ُﻖ ﺑِﺎﻟْﺒَ َﺪ ِن او اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‪١٣...‬‬ ‫ﺐ اﻷ ﱠَو ُل‪:‬اﻟﻀ َ‬ ‫اﻟ ﱠﺴﺒَ ُ‬
‫ْﺤﻴَـ َﻮان َوَﻣﺎ اﻧْـ َﻔ َ‬
‫أْ ُ َ‬
‫اب اﻷَ ْﻛ ِﻞ ‪٤٠...............................‬‬ ‫ﺎر أَ ِو اﻟﺘﱠ ْﺨ ِﺪ ُﻳﺮ ‪١٤...........‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺐ اﻟﺜﱠﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ا ِﻹ ْﺳ َﻜ ُ‬ ‫اﻟ ﱠﺴﺒَ ُ‬
‫آد ُ‬
‫َ‬
‫اب َﻣﺎ ﻗَـ ْﺒ َﻞ اﻷَ ْﻛ ِﻞ ‪٤٠. ......................‬‬
‫آد ُ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﺎﺳﺔُ ‪١٥ ....................‬‬ ‫ﱠﺠ َ‬ ‫ﺚ ‪ :‬اﻟﻨ َ‬ ‫ﺐ اﻟﺜﱠﺎﻟِ ُ‬ ‫اﻟ ﱠﺴﺒَ ُ‬
‫ﺎء اﻟﻄﱠ َﻌ ِﺎم َوﺑَـ ْﻌ َﺪﻩُ ‪٤٢ ..............‬‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘِ ْﻘ َﺬ ُار ‪١٥.....................‬‬ ‫ﺐ اﻟ ﱠﺮاﺑِ ُﻊ ‪ْ :‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﱠﺴﺒَ ُ‬
‫اب اﻷَ ْﻛ ِﻞ أَﺛْـﻨَ َ‬‫آد ُ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﻼل‪٤٦.....................‬‬ ‫ْﺤ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺗَ َﺤ ﱢﺮي اﻷَ ْﻛ ِﻞ ﻣ َﻦ اﻟ َ‬ ‫ﺲ‪َ :‬ﻋ َﺪ ُم ا ِﻹ ْذ ِن َﺷ ْﺮ ًﻋﺎ ﻟِ َﺤ ﱢﻖ اﻟْﻐَ ْﻴﺮ‪١٦ ..‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﱠﺴﺒﺐ اﻟ َ ِ‬
‫ْﺨﺎﻣ ُ‬ ‫َُ‬
‫س َوﻏَْﻴ ِﺮِﻩ ‪٤٧..............‬‬ ‫ْﻢ أَ ْﺧ ِﺬ اﻟﻨﱢﺜَﺎ ِر ﻓِﻲ اﻟْﻌُ ْﺮ ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬
‫ﺎب ُﻣ ْﺨﺘَﻠ َﻔﺔ‪١٦ .................‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َﺳَﺒ ٍ‬
‫ُﺣﻜ ُ‬ ‫َﻣﺎ ﻳُﻜ َْﺮﻩُ أَ ْﻛﻠُﻪُ ﻷ ْ‬
‫اب اﻟ ﱡﺸ ْﺮ ِ‬
‫ب ‪٤٨...............................‬‬ ‫آد ُ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْﺤﻴَـ َﻮا ُن اﻟ َْﻤﺎﺋِ ﱡﻲ ‪َ :‬ﺣﻼﻟُﻪُ َو َﺣ َﺮ ُاﻣﻪُ ‪١٧ .............‬‬
‫اﻟ َ‬
‫َﺧﺎﺗِ َﻤﺔٌ ‪َ :‬ﻣﺎءُ َزْﻣ َﺰَم ‪٥١..........................‬‬ ‫ي ‪َ :‬ﺣﻼﻟُﻪُ َو َﺣ َﺮ ُاﻣﻪُ ‪٢٣ ..............‬‬
‫ْﺤﻴَـ َﻮا ُن اﻟْﺒَـ ﱢﺮ ﱡ‬
‫اﻟ َ‬
‫ب ِﻣ ْﻦ َﻣ ِﺎء َزْﻣ َﺰم‪٥٢....................‬‬
‫اب اﻟ ﱡﺸ ْﺮ ِ‬
‫آد ُ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﺎم ‪٢٣ ......................‬‬ ‫ﱠﻮعُ اﻷ ﱠَو ُل ‪ :‬اﻷَﻧْـ َﻌ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻨـ ْ‬
‫ﻧَـ ْﻘ ُﻞ َﻣ ِﺎء َزْﻣ َﺰَم ‪٥٣..............................‬‬ ‫ﺐ ‪٢٣ .......................‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﱠﻮعُ اﻟﺜﱠﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬اﻷ َْرﻧَ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻨـ ْ‬
‫ﻀ ُﻞ َﻣ ِﺎء َزْﻣ َﺰَم ‪٥٣.............................‬‬ ‫ﻓَ ْ‬ ‫ﺎت اﻟ ُْﻤ ْﻔﺘَ ِﺮ َﺳﺔُ ‪٢٤..........‬‬
‫ْﺤﻴَـ َﻮاﻧَ ُ‬
‫ﺚ ‪ :‬اﻟ َ‬ ‫ﱠﻮعُ اﻟﺜﱠﺎﻟِ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻨـ ْ‬
‫ﺻﺎﺋِ ٌﺪ ‪٢٦ ....‬‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻨـﱠﻮعُ اﻟ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻬﺮس‪٥٦......................................،‬‬ ‫ﺲ ‪ُ :‬ﻛ ﱡﻞ ﻃَﺎﺋ ٍﺮ ﻟَﻪُ ﻣ ْﺨﻠَ ٌ‬
‫ﺐ َ‬ ‫ْﺨﺎﻣ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﻒ‪٢٦..‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨـﱠﻮعُ اﻟ ﱠﺴ ِﺎدس‪:‬اﻟﻄﱠﺎﺋِﺮ اﻟﱠ ِﺬي ﻻ ﻳﺄْ ُﻛﻞ إِﻻ اﻟ ِ‬
‫ْﺠﻴَ َ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬