A Publication of the Law School Admission Council, The Producers of the LSAT®1 ole 1 SECTION I ‘Time—35 minutes, 23 Questions Directions: Each group of questions in this section is based on a set of conditions. In answering some of the questions, it may be useful to draw a rough diagram. Choose the response that most accurately and completely answers each question and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet. Questions 1-5 Eight files will be ordered from first to eighth. Each file falls into exactly one of three categories: red files (H, M, O), green files (P, V, X), or yellow files (T, Z). The files must be ordered according tothe following conditions: H must be placed into some position before O, but H ‘cannot immediately precede 0. X must be placed into some position before V. X and V must be separated by the same number of files as separate H and O. ‘Z must immediately precede M. ‘The first file cannot be ated file 1. Which one of the following is an acceptable ordering of the files from first to eighth? @ HX OVZMPT @® PMZHXOVT OPZMHOTXY © XZMVHTPO © ZMHPOXVT 2. The largest possible numberof files that can separate Z, from His (A) wo (8) three (Q four D) five © six 3. Hach of the three re files is immediately followed by a preen file, which one of the following must be a yellow file? (A) the first (B) the second (©) the third (©) the fourth (E) the fifth 4. The largest possible number of files that can separate X from Vis (A) three (8) four (©) five ©) sx (©) seven 5. If Z's placed in the fifth position, then which one of the following is a complete and accurate list of the positions, iny one of which could be H’s position? (A) first, third, fourth (B) first, second, third (C) second, third, fourth (D) second, third, fourth, sixth (E) third, fourth, sixth, seventh GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.1 Questions 6-11 Exactly three employees of Capital Enterprises—Maria, Suki, and Tate—attend a three-day conference together. Each day, there are exactly three sessions on the three topics ofthe cconference—one on hiring, one on investing, and one on regulations. The following rules govern the conference: Each conference participant attends exactly two sessions, which ate on different topics and on different days. Neither Maria nor Suki attends any session on investing. ‘Tate does not attend any session on the third day. ‘At most two Capital employees attend any given session together, (6. Whats the maximum numberof sessions attended by at least one Capital employee? (a) three B) four (©) five (D) six (©) seven 7. Which one ofthe following must be false? (A) Maria attends sessions only on the first two days. (B) Suki attends sessions only on the last two days, (©) Exactly two Capital employees attend a session together on the second day. (D) Exactly one session is attended by one or more Capital employees on the second day. (©) Exactly three sessions are attended by one or ‘more Capital employees on the third day. 8. If exactly two sessions om the third day are attended by ‘one or more Capital employees, then which one ofthe following must be true? (A) Exactly two sessions on the first day are attended by one or more Capital employees (B) Exactly two sessions on the second day are artended by one or more Capital employees. (©) Maria and Suki do not attend any session together, (D) Maria and Tate do not attend any session together. (E) Tate attends a session on investing. 10. iL 12. ] Each ofthe following is possible EXCEPT: (A) _ Every session attended by at least one Capital ‘employee is attended by exactly one Capital ‘employee. (B) Every session attended by at least one Capital ‘employee is attended by exactly two Capital employees. (©) _ Every session attended by Maria is also attended by Suki (D) Every session attended by Suki by Tate. (E) Every session attended by Tate is also attended by Maria, also attended [fall three sessions on the first day are attended by one ‘or more Capital employees, then which one of the following must be false? (A) Maria and Suki attend a session together on the third day. (B) Suki and Tate attend a session together on the second day. (© Maria attends a session on hiring on the second day. (D) Suki attends a session on regulations on the thd day. (E) Tate attends a session on investing on the frst day. If Maria and Tate ae the only Capital employees to attend a session on the first day, then each of the following could be true EXCEPT: (A) Maria and Suki attend exactly two sessions together. (B) Maria and Tate attend exactly two sessions together. (©) Suki and Tate attend exactly one session together (D) Maria attends a session on regulations on the second day. (E) Tate attends a session on hiring on the second day. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.1 AR Questions 1 Of the five Pohl children—Sara, Theo, Uma, Will, and Zoe— three are left-handed and two are right-handed, Each of the five children was born in a different one of seven calendar years, 1990 through 1996. The following conditions apply 14, No two left-handed children were bom in consecutive years. No two right-handed children were born in consecutive years. ‘Sara, who is left-handed, was born before Uma. Zoe was born before both Theo and Will. A left-handed child was born in 1991. ‘Uma, who is right-handed, was bor in 1993, Which one ofthe following could be an accurate ‘matching of each Pobl child withthe year in which that child was born’? (A) Sara: 1990; Zoe: 1992; Uma: 1993; Will: 1994; and Theo: 1995 (B) Sara: 1991; Uma: 1993; Theo: 1994; Zoe: 1995; and Will: 1996 (©) Zoe: 1990; Sara: 1991; Uma: 1992; Theo: 1994; and Will: 1995 (D) Zoe: 1990; Sara: 1991; Uma; 1993; Theo: 1994; and Will: 1995 (E) Zoe: 1990; Sara; 1991; Uma: 1993; Theo: 1994; and Will: 1996 1f Sara was bom before Zoe was born, then which one of the following statements CANNOT be true? (A) Willis tef-handed, (B) Zoeis left-handed, (©) Theo was bom after Will was bom. (D) Uma was born after Zoe was born. (E) No child was born in 1990. ‘Which one of the following must be false? (A) None of the children was born in 1990, nor was a child bor in 1992. (B) None of the children was bom in 1992, nor was a child bor in 1995, (©) None of the children was bor in 1994, nor was a \ child born in 1996, {D) One of the children was born in 1990, and another in 1993, (E) One of the children was born in 1993, and another in 1995, Is. 16, If Theo was bor after Will was bor, then how many sequential orderings ofthe children, from firstborn to lastbor, are possible? (A) one B) two (© three D) four ©) five 1995, then which one of the following statements must be true? (A) Theo was born in 1994, (B) Will was bon in 1994, (C) Will was bom in 1996, (D) Zoe was born in 1990. (E) Zoe was born in 1994, If Theo is right-handed, then each ofthe following statements must be false EXCEPT: (A) Theo was bor in 1996, (B) Will was boen in 1995, (©) Umawas bom exactly three years before Theo ‘was born, (D) Zoe was bom exactly one year before Theo was born, (&) Willi right-handed If Zoe was bom before Uma was bor, then w! the following statements must be false? (A) Nochild was born in 1992. (B) Nochild was born in 1995, (C) Theo is left-handed. (D) Zoeis left-handed, (©) Willis let-handed GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,1 Questions 19-23, Barbara is shopping ats pot store to select fish for her new aquarium from among the following species: J. K,L,M,N. (©, and P. For each of the seven epecies, the store hes several fish available, Barbara makes ner selection in a manner consistent with the following conditions: If she seleeis one or more K, then she does not select any If she selseis on@ or more M, then che does not Select any N, If she selects one or more M, then she selects at least ‘one 0. If she selocis one or mote N, then she selecis at leas one Hf she selects one or more ©, then she soles at least one P. I she Selects one or more P, then sie selects atleast one O. IF she selects any © at all, then she selects a least two. 19, Which one of the following could be a complete and sceurate list of the fish Barbara selects (or ber aquariom”) (A) three Jone K, two M (B) one J, one K,one M, three © (C) one J, one M, two , one” (D) one J) one Noone O, avo P (E) one M,oneS, wo O.oneP 20, If Barbara doce net select ony fish of species P, then it could be tue that she selects fish of sp (A) Land of species (B) Land of species M (C) Kani of species M (D) Kans of species N (E) Land of species 0 2 oe ] 1 Barbara selects fish of as many species as possible, then she cannot select any fish of which one of the following species? (a) Kk Bo M (DN a F Which one of the following statements must be false? (A) Barbara solecis exactly four fish, at least one oF which isa (B) Barbara selec which isan L: (C) Barbara scleeis exetly thie fish, ot least one of which isan M. (D) Barbara setecis exactly theoe fish, ot least one of which isan O. (E) Barbara sclevis exactly the Which isa P. exactly four fish, at least ons of sh, at Feast one of 1 Barbara selects at leest one fish for her aquarium, shen ‘hich one ofthe following lists the mininium and vaniinum possible qumbers, respectively of different species of fish that Barbara selects ay La os © 46 25 26 s T OP IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY, DO NOT WORK ON’ ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.SECTION II Time—35 minutes 24 Questions Directions gue blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet 1 A distinguished British judge, Justice Upton, said that ‘whether some administrative decision by a government Imiister is teasonable "isa question that judges, by their training and experience, should be well-equipped 10 answer, or else there would be something badly weeng with he legal system, and there is lite reason to suappose that there is." Which one of the Following most accurately expresses the conclusion of Justice Upion’s argoment? (A) There is nething muck wrong with the lepal (DB) Judges should be given a greater pant in adminisirative decision making, (C)tdges are qualifies to decide upon the reasonableness of a government minister's adminisirative decision, (D)__Ifsomething were badly wrong with the legal system, Judges would be il-equipped to termine whether a government minister's decisions are reasonable, (E) IF jadges are well-equipped to determine whether an administrative decision is reasonable, there is not anything badly wrong with the legal systema, Any course that teaches students how to write is one that will serye them well in later life, Therefore, since some Dhitosophy courses teach students how to write, any Studert, whatever his or het major, will be served well in latcr life by thing any philosophy course A flaw in the voning ofthe argument is thatthe (A) _ fails to specify adequately exactly how a course a teach students how to write (B) diaivs a weaker conclusion than is warranted by the srength of is premises (©) presumes, without providing justification, that What is tue of a whole must also be true of each fits constituent pacts (D) fails to consider the possibilty chacsome students in certain majors may be required 6 take a philesephy course (F) draws. conclusion about all cases of a certain hind on the basis of evidence that justifies sch a conclusion only about some cases oF that kind The questions in this seetion are based on the reasonioy ne of the choices could conceivably answer the q is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the gh gommionsense standards implausible, superfluous 1g contained in brief statements oF passages. For some uestion. However, you are to choose the best answers that uestion. You should not make assumptions that are by s, oF Incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the hest answer, Letter tothe editor: Allowing everyone to voice personal views caa have the effect of inhibiting some from voicing their concerns, Thus, allowing unrestricted free speech really inhibits free speeck, Which one of the following, iftrae, does most t justify the apparently contradictory conclusion above? (A) When free speech is unvestricied, many people Will be shocked by the power of the views of ‘others and thereby become airsid to voice their (B) When there is unrestricted free speech, there witl be 2 greater number of diverse views expressed, ‘but the views expressed will be potentially ‘oifensive to many people (C) Since unrestricted free speech can be offensive, five speech should be resiricted when the pain that it causes is great. (D) Claiming that unrestricted free specch inhibits Free speech is like claiming that incressing someone's salary makes the person poorer. (8) Whea free speech is unresticted, people offended by the views of others are likely to voice their disagreement, leading toward a resolution of conflict GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGEMarie: I gave the cashier at my loest convenience store 2 10-dollar bill to pay for my purchase, and he tistakenly gave me change for a 20-dollar ill ‘kept the ext 10 dollars, Since {dd wor tick, threaten, of physically force the cashier imo giving ‘me the exira money. it was not morally wrong for me 1 keep i Julia: Nonsense. ff you mistakenly hand me your cost, thinking iis ray coat, dhen even though T did not get the coat by raeans of any deception, threats, or violence against you, Tam nek morally entities to keep it for myseit, Julia's response functions in waich one of the following: ways? (A) Iestronely questions the application of Marie's principle tothe case that Mare described, while accepting that principle (B) Toffees an auclitional reason to aecepe Marie's conchision, (©) Iechallenges Marie’s conctusion by claiming that the proper conclusion 10 draw in a relevanily similar situation would be the opposite of Marie's (D) ruses Marie's criterion as a means of solving a ‘oral problem Julia herself taees, (E) tr proposes a radically differen. principle by Which Marie's action might be judged, but reserves judgment as to whether Marie acted rightly, We are taught that pedestrians should eruss the street at a corner and that jaywalking. in the sense of eraesing other thar al 2 comer, is dangerous and illegal. [culo seers ‘nie that drivers anticipate people crossing ai comers ‘more than drivers anticipate people srossing elsewhere ‘Thus we tight infer that crossing ata corner is safer than jaywalking. Nevertheless, statistics show that mae pedesirians die crossing at corners than while jaywalking Which one of the following. if ue, most helps wo explain the statistical claim cited above’? (A) Far more pedestrians cross at comers than iaywalk, (B) Some people jay walk only when there is Hele trafic. (C) Drivers are often unfamiliar with the laws soncering jaywalking. (D)_ Traffic laws in mest locations state thatthe pedestrian aliays has the right of way, whether ‘oF not the pedestrian is crossing ata corner. (E) Good drivers anticipate jaywalkers as much a¢ they anticipate pedestrians crossing at corners, 6 Poor writers often eapress mundane ideas with elaborate syilas and esoteric vocabulary, Inattentive readers may. be impressed but may well misunderstand the writing, hile alert readers will easily see through the Pretentiousness. Thus, a good principle for writers is: Which one of the following completes the passage most logically? (A) the simpler the style, the better the writing (RB) inoitentive readers are not worth waiting for (©) only dhe most talented writers can successfully adopta complex style (D) writing style should not be more complex than the ideas expressed (B) ert readers are the only readers who are sensitive 19 writing siyle GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.Questions ‘The kind of thoughts that keep « person from falling asleep can arse in either half ofthe brain. Therefore, a person being prevented irom sleeping solely by such theughss would be abte to fall asleep by closing the eyes and counting sheep, because this activity fully occupies the left half ofthe brain with counting and the right half ofthe brain with imagining. sheep, therety exclading the sleep-preventing thoughts ‘According (o the hypothesis, fora person to use counting imaginary sheep as an effective method of inducing sleep, which one of che following must be trie? (A) The persom is able wo imagine a wide variety of things. (8) Theperson normally has a asleep. [C) Thoughts of sheep would act keep the person awake at that time, (D) Thovghts of sheep would induce sleep in the person whenever those thoughts arose, (E) Thoughts of sheep rarely, if ever, arse in the person's dreams, Teult time falling 8. Which one of the following mest closely parallels the reasoning in the argument above? (A) Siveeo isa poor insulator but brick and wood are ‘good insulators, oa person who wants to build ‘house in-an area with a cold climate should use brick or wood instead of stucco, (B) Catscan damage fummiture with either their claws or their tetb, so such damage can be prevented by providing cats with other abjects that they will claw and bite, such as toy mice. (C) ‘This map indicates wo roads of equal length each leading to Cenireville soa person who wants to {ake the shortest route t Centreville could choose either one (D) ‘These chemicals are harmless by’ themselves but explosive when mixed together, so in order to be ‘kept in the same laboratory without risk, they should be stored separately. (E) This island has two harbors but one of them is 100 shallow to permit large ships, so this ship will have to dock in the other harbor in order to unload is cargo, Questions 9-10 Claude: To introduce grester public accountability into French foreign-policy decisions, France should hold eerenda on major foreige-policy issues. Election results are too imprecise to count as a mandate since elections ate decided on multiple issues, Lormine: The genezal publi, unlike people in government, is unwilling or unabie to become informed about forcignspolicy issues. Therefore, the iniroduetion of such referenda would lead w foreign-policy disaster, 9. Which one ofthe following responses by Claude would, counter Lorraine's objection? tne, mos (A) The mechanizs of holding wreferendum would ‘ot, i the computerage, pose insuperable problems, (B) Some ofthe information cn whch foreign-policy decisions are hased comes from intelligence sources that must not be compromised by publicity (C) Foreign proponents and opponents of 2 particular policy would attemps to sway French public pinion before areferendum, (D) The general public has litle desire to become informed about foreign-policy issues precisely because it has litle oF n0 power to influence foreign-policy decisions (E) Foreign govesnmens friently co France would be Feluctani to share information with France if it might become public in a referendum debate 10. Whick one of the following, if sm. provides the most support for Lorraine's conclusion? (A) The public would become better informed about an issue in foreign policy if @ referendum were held oni (B) Nor every issue would be subject to referendum, ‘nly the major outines of palicy, (©) Decision by referendum would make the overall course of policy unpredictable, and counities friendly to France could not make reasonable tievisions based on a consistent French line, (D) Requizing a large minimam number of votes signatures on a petition for a referendum would ensure that many people would consider the issue and eat it as jmporant (E) Elections decided mainly on foreign-policy issues hhave perhaps constituted ratficstions by the public of past decisions, but certainly not judgmen's ahout furure issues posing new problems. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGEu A gift isnot generous uses i is intended (o benetit the 43, recipient and 1s worth more than whatis expected or eustomary inthe situation; «gift is selfish i is given ‘benefit the giver ors less valuable than is customary Which one ofthe following judgments most closely conforms tothe principle akave? (A) Charles, who hates opera, wit given two expensive tickets to the opera. He in turn gave them to his cousin, who loves opera. as a binthday gift. Charles's git was selfish hecinse he paid nothing for he tckes 4B) Emily gives her brother a year’s membership in a health club. She thinks that this will allow her brother co get the exercive he reeds. However, the gift is Selfish because Emily's brother is hurt and offended by it (C) Amanda gives euch oF her ellents an expensive boitle of wine every year. Antanda’s sits sre onerous, since they cause the cients to continue giving Amanda business (D) Olga gives her daughter a compu araduation gift. Since th children in Olge's family receive for graduation, itis not genesous (E) Michael gave his nephew $50 as a birthday git, more than te had ever given before. Michael's naphows, however, lost the money. Therefore, Michaels gift was no! generous because it did MW not benefit he recipient Politician: It is wiong for she goverment to restrict the liberry of indivaduals, except perhaps in those eases when fail 10 do s0 woald allow individuals to cause harm. Yet, 0 publish something ies liber, and t0 offend isnot to cause har, Which one of the fallowing can be properly inferred ‘rom the politician's statements? (A) Wasnot night forthe government to reste the publication of literature that is only offensive (B)teisnot wrong tor the government to restrict ‘individuals’ bberty when tailing t0.do so would allow individusis to cause harm (©) lis offensive for the goverament wo reste the liberty of irlividuals to publish, but it aot barmful (D) Tis not wrong for individuals to publish tierarure thats offensive, 4B) lis not right forthe government io restrict the publication of tterauue chat does not eause serious harm Jenkins; Reseagch on the properties of snow at the North Pale should be evnducted in Fanary and Februery. The weather is then cold cnough to ensure that the snow will not melt. Is important that research money not be wasted, if we wait until a later morah, we risk sending researchers when they will be unable to earry out research saaceesatlly Lurano: I isazree. The weather will lkely stl be \quite wold in Apel and May, and by going later, researchers sun les risk of suffering dangerous texpostie tthe eold The dialogue lends the must sipport to the elim that Jeokins and Lurano disagree on whether A) there isa possibility of snow melding at the North Pole during Apal and May 1B) irisimpossisle to investigate the properties of | sow ot the North Pole later than February fnding will be wasted if research on snow is carried out ar tho Noth Pole lter thems February 1D) the emperstaresat the Nonh Pole ia January and February are loser than axe the teeaperatures in Apeil andl May (£)_ reve Funding consiterasions outweigh the isk to revearchers posed Ey the temaperatares atthe North Pole in January and February environmental bill before the clue with voters, ie will bave mainly newite economic consequences if is Activist: Althouzh legislature is po passed, especialy when we try to fine new busiresses 16 our gountry, Great leavers have the courage 19 look beyond popularity to what is, sul poli’ lepishitors cxight to do the same by oven for this bil The wsiivists o biocatation is mont vulmenable to & SECTION Itt Time—35 minutes, 28 Questions ns: Each passage in this section is followed by a group of questions to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage, For some of the questions. more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the guesifon However, you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. and Dlacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet. P P ‘The contemporary Mexican artstle movement known as moralism, & movement of public art ‘het began with images pained on walls in an effet to represent Mexican national culture, is closely inked with a cenuralized subject to vast compositions with ‘mural dimensions, maralists learned to thitk big an! 1 respect the sweeping westure ofthe arm—the brush stroke requited to acbieve the desied hold effect of (5) Meoogicaly with ts man sponser, the rev Mesican imnal a Furkermove, Beaune ty wer paling fovernment lected in 1920 folowing the Menican inaras they hous tems ofa ceria het Revalton Ths goverment pomed smarts works were sinc te siewable roms many cultural progr, andthe yeurgrevoltionay sate life vantage pits, to have an equally seg éalled on aniss to daplny Mesio's shoes and ‘psc al pars, and 6 comin to he viewable as (40) possibilty. Butte here el foundation the pedple rowed ston in rt of them inoverent sas formulated by the ais themselves The major figures nthe mus owen, David Wich one of te fllowing most accurely expresses ‘Alla Sic, Diego River, and Jose Clemente the min pont ofthe passage roa all ised het werk ons commen penis: iS iad pln ane {i5).chocartooal etperastongeh ae er ear GaN Aa elo poll ga ip commented upon te historic period in which tas one mp : ereated Inthe proces they assed it heir work Si ee it teres re bomen fom the customs, mgt, geri and istry oF he Tod 2 ee ene geome ent Ary of (B) _ tsspired by pat development in Mexico a ey, Ree asic trends in modem an, muralist painters devised mati an innovative style of large-scale painting ts But wile any mualist works express populist or ee asite a ess Ae Ae Gh een (©) Thesplise feauresof mutism preset a Mexican mural peng to frmult, cil ' Consistent working ou ofthe inp otis xgvemment a. fis moe han merely heres the revolsionsyieeclegy (23). Ghanges in politcal and sil svarenese ht the 1; Ree ee amen pp Mexican Revolution represented caso rected important innovations in the art world. (n creating a ‘muralism ag a'icans of promoting nationalist wide panorama of Mexica’s history on the walle of ‘ideology, muralists such as Sigueitos, Rivera, and Orozco developed the movement in pull buiaings throughout the county. murs Be ue (30) often used a realist style, But awareness of these Senne are ee ra teeta: G ah . (E| Because of its large scale and stylistic innovations erabled ther toe Fer imexpescon than ‘were more traditional practitioners of this style. innovations, the type of sontemporary Mexican Moreover, whe hey shared a common interes in thi el lai poe eG Inuch wider and more complies view of rediscovering thei Mexican national deity. they Se pat mca (38). developed thc nn dni sl River or oom aaa giael ‘examples incorporated elements ftom pre-Columbian "iE movements could express. Sculptor ad he Halen Renaisance tesco int his suthor mosins Rivets ase siti, sural snd used a strange combination of mechanical Sone cae eect Eee et boilsoLeogie Cire 36-37 prima in odr prove a example of (40) Ororeo,on the eter hand showed a mete {ia expressionist approaeh, wth ease bsivork ard an pea emotional veatmnet of form Herledon& (8) siniaion of eomoxt of Mexican customs ad strong dagond liso give wsence of heighened myth movement and rama os work. Sgucts developed () _ moverent beyont single, centraized subjects (85) inascmevht similar diction as Ormace bat (©) experimenuton withexpresons chnqaes incerpomted aya corpeskions, a high degree () _distincive maner of ani exresion ot action and brant eae. (©) ndriying eesistnce to change Thistbliscexpermortation canbe sen as resulting from he demands of new ned. In (50). stetcing het concep fo smal one pacings GO GN TO THE NEXT PAGE, 3Which one of the following aspects of muratist painting «does the author appear to value most highly’? (A) _ its revolutionary ideology {B) ite use of brilliant color 1C) its tailoring of style to its medium ID) its use of elements from everyday life 1E) its expression of populist ideas sed on the pastage, with which one of the following statements about art would the muralists be most likely voagree? [A) Art should be evaluated on the basis of ts style ansd form rather than on its content (B) Government sponsorship is essential 10 the slourishiag of ar, (©) Realisn is unsuited 1o large-scale public art. (D) The we oF echniques borrowed frum other cultures can contribute to the rediscovery of e's national identity. (L) ‘Traditional ease! paimting is an eltist art form. Avconling to the passage; the Mexican government elected in 1920 took which one of the following approaches to art following the Mexican Revolution? (A) Trencouraged the adoption of moder innovations frum abroed. {B) —Wencouraged artists to pursue the realist tradition inar. (©) Tealled on artists t portray Mexico's heritage and future promise. (D) _Ie-developed the theoretical base of the muralist, movement, (F) favored artists who intreduced stylistic innovations over those who worked in the resist tradition, Which one of the following, if true, most supports the ‘author's claim about the relationship between muralism and the Mexican Revolution (lines 24-77)? (A) The major figures in muraism also crested {important works in that style that wore deliberately net political in content. (8) Not all muralist painters were familiar with the innovations being made a that time inthe art world (C) The changes taking place at that time mathe art world were revivals of earlier movements, (D) Officials in the Mexican government were not familiar withthe innovations being made at that time in che art word. (E) Only those muralist works that reflected nationalist sentiments were permitted to be viewed by the public, Which one ofthe following does the author explicitly sdenilfy a8 a characterisic of Mexican mural an? (A) Ths subject maner consisted primarily of current evens. [B) _Treould be viewed outdoors only. (©) Iused the same techniques as are used in easel painting (D) exhibited remarkable sylisic unitor (E) twas intended to be viewed from more than one angle ‘The primary purpose ofthe second paragraph is 10 (A) describe the unifying features of muralism {B) provide support for the argument that the muralist offen did aot suppor government (©) support the claim that muralists always used their work to comment on theit own historical period (D) _ithusteate how the muralists appropriated elements of Mexican tadition (E) argue that muralism cannot be understood by focusing solely oa its political dimension GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGEa Wo as) 20) es) oo 65) (40) 45) 0) (55) Fairy tales address themselves to twa communities, ‘cach with its owa interes and each in periodic conflict, ‘wath the other: parents and childzen, Nearly every study of fairy tales has taken the pesspective of the pan he meaning of the tales by using the reading strategies of an adit hent on identifying. universally valid tenets of moral inszuction for ehituren. For exomple, the plot of “Hansel and Gretel” is set in motion by hunt-hearied parents who abandon their children in the woods, but for psychologist Bruno Bettelicim the tale iy really about children who learn to ive up their unhealty depersleney on ther parents, According to Bewtelheim. this story—in which the children ultimately overpower @ witch who lias taken {hem prisoner forthe crime of attempting to eat the witeh’s gingetbread hosse—forces its young auctence torecognize the davjgers of unrestrained greed, As dependent children, Bestelheim arzues, Hansel and Gretel had been + husden wo their parents, but on their etuin home with the witch's jewels, ey heoome the family's suppor. Thus, says Beitelheim, does the story rain its young fisteners to become “mature children.” These are vo Ways OF interpreting a story: one sa “superficial” reading that focuses on the tale's manifest somtent, apd the other is a "deeper" reading that looks for latent meanings. Many adults who read fairy tales ae crawa to this second kine! of interpretation in order to avoid facing the unplewsont truis that can emerge Irom the tales wher adults—even parents—are portrayed 28 capable of acting out of selfish motives themselves. What makes fairy tales attractive 10 Betetticim und other psychologists is that they ean be used as scensrios that position the child as a inisbent provides & lores that run counter to ring are, toa large emient, suppressed by Bevtelheim er “rewritten” through reinterpretation, Onee we examine his interpretations closely, we see that his readings produce meanings that are very different froma those ‘consiructed by readers with different ealtural astumptions and expectations, sho, unlike Bettelheim, do not Find inflexible cenets oF moral instruction in the tales. | Bertelheim ineesprets all fairy tales is driven by children’s Jantasies of desire and revenge, and in doing s0 suppresses the trve nature of parental behavior ranging from abuse to indalgence, Fortunately. these sharacterizations of selfish children and innocent adsks have hea diserected to some extent by recent psyehounalytie literature. The need to deny adult evil has been a pervasive leature of our society, leading us {o positon children not only as the sole agents of evil but also asthe objects oF unending moral instruction, hence the idea that 3 Hterature targeted fer them rmust stand in the service of pragniatic instumenvality rather than foster am unproductive form of playlul pleasure, teansgresscr lise deserved Jesson for unruly children. such omhadoxies about child B > 9, Which one ofthe following most accurately states the n ‘main idea of the passage? (A) White originally writen for children, fry tales abo contain a deeper significance for aculs that psyshologisis such as Betelbeim have shown to be their true mesning. ‘The “superficial” reading of fairy tale, which deals only with the tale's concent is actually more enlightening for children than the “deeper” reading prefersed by psychologists such as Betetnein, Because the content of fairy tales has historically ‘un counter io prevailing omhoxonies about child-rearing. psychologists such as Beteetheien Sometimes reinterpret them to suit theit own pedagogical needs, ‘The pervasive need to deny adalt evil has led psychologists such as Betelheim io exroncously view fairytales solely 25 instruments of moral instruction for children “Although dismissed as unproductive by Psychologists such as Bettelheim, fairy tes ‘offer children imaginative experiences that help them grow into morally responsible adults, @) © «wy «) Based on the passage, which one ofthe follewing ccleineats of "Hansel and Gretel" would mos likely be de-emphasized in Bettlheim’s interpretation of the tale? (A) Hansel and Gretel are abandoned by their hard- hearted parents, (B) Hansel and Gretel ate imprisoned by the witch (C) Hansel and Gretel overpower the witch (D) Hansel and Gretel take the witch's jewels. (E) Hansel and Gretel bring the witch's jewels home lo their parents Which one of the following is the most accurate description of the author's attitude towatd Bettelheimn's view of fairy tales? (A) concern that the view will undermine the ability of fairy tales to provide moral instruction (8) seom toward the view's supposition thae moral tenets can be universally valid (©) disapproval of the view"s depiction of children as selfish and adults as innocent (M) anger toward the view"s claim that ehileren often improve asa result of deserved punishment disappointment with the view's emphasis on the manifest content of a ale GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.‘The author ofthe passage would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements? (A) Children who never attempt to look forthe deeper ‘meanings in ity tales will miss out on one of te principal pleasures of reading such tales. (B) eis better if chieren discover fury tales on their ‘own than Foran adult to suggest that they read ine tales (©) Achild who is unruly will behave better after reading a fairy tae ifthe tale is suggested to them by another child {D) Mos. childeen are to0 young to comprehend the deeper meanings contained in fairytales (E) Children should be allowed to enjoy literature ‘that has no instrucive purpose Which one of the following principles most likely underlies the author's characterization of literary imerpretotion? (A) Only these tained in tnerary imeerpretation ean detect the latent meanings in stories. (B) Daly adults sre psychologically mature enough to Tind the latent meznings in stories. (C) Only one of the various meanings readers may find in a story is tly correct (D) The meanings we see in stories are influenced by the assumptions and expectations we bring ro the soy {E) The latent meanings a story contains are deliberately placed there by the author. According to the author, recent psychoanalyt literature suggests that (A) the moral instruction children receive from fairy tales is detrimental to diet: emotional development (B)_feworaduks are guilty of improper child-rearing, than had once been thought ©) the need to deny adult evils a pervasive feature ‘of all moder societies 1) the plots ef many fairy cles are similar 10 children’s revenge fantasies [E) the idea that children are typically selfish and. adults mnocent is of questionable valigity 16. 26 3 {ean be inferred from the passage that Bettelneim believes that children are (A) uhinerested in inflexible tenets of moral instrustion (B) unfairly subjected to the moral beliefs oftheir pares (©) often aware of inappropriate parental behavior (D) capable of shedding undesirable personal qualities (©) basicaly playful and carefree ‘Which one ofthe following statements is least compatibie with Beelheim's views, 98 those views ne escribed in the passage? (A) The imaginations of ehildsen do not dnaw clear distinctions between inanimate objects and living things. (8) Children must learn that tneir own needs and feelings are ta be valued, even when these differ from those oftheir parents. (©) Astheir minds mature, chiléren tend t0 ‘experience the world in terms ofthe dynamics of the family into whieis they were hor. (D) The more secure that children feel within the ‘world, the fess they need to hold orto infantile (E) Children's ability to distinguish between stories ‘and reality is net flly developed until puberty GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.3) 0) as) (25) 30) @9) 4s) 0 65) (60) With the approsch ofthe ewenteth century, the classical wave theory of radition—a widely aceepted theory in physies—began to encounter obsiales, Tals ‘theory held that all electromagnetic radkation—the entire specirum from gamma end X rays to radio feequencies, including heat and ignt—enss inthe fom of waves, One fundamental assurapion of wave theory was that as the length of a vave of rakation shorter its energy inreases smoothly ike a volume ial on radio that adjusts smoothly o any seting — and that eny conceivable energy vslue culls osc innawee ‘The major chllenge to wave theory was the bebavior of themmal radiation, she radiation emitted by an object due to the object's temperature, commonly called “blackbody” radiation because espeniments simed at mewuring it require cbjets, such as black velvet or sont, with litle ono reflective expat. Physicists can monitor the rdistion coming fiom a buackbouy object and he conten that they ae Observing is thermal raciation and net simply reflected radiation that has originated elsewhere. Employing the Drcipkes of wave theory, physicists orginally Dredicted that blackbody objects radisted much more ot shor wavelengths, such as ultaviole, thin at long wavelengins. However, physicists using advanced experimental webriques near the turn ofthe century «64 not tnd the predicted amount of radiation at short wavelenuths—in fit they found almost none, a result that heeame known among wave theorists asthe “ulteaviolt catastrophe ‘Max Plaack, classical physicist who had made important contibutions to wave theory, developed & hypothesis about aiomie processes taking place In 1 biackbody object that hecke with wave theory and acounted for he cbserved patteras of blackoealy radiation, Planck discarded the assumption of rations smoeah energy continuum and took the thon bizare position hat these atomic processes could only involve discrete energies that jump between certain units oF value—ike 2 vote dal that like" between incremental settings —and he tere ot sumer thal perfectly fit the earlier experniertal result, This directly opposed wave theory's peture of atomic processes, and the physics commucity was at first quite eieal of Planck's hypothesis in part ‘ese he presente it without phy sil explanation, Soon thereafier. however, Alber Lirstin and other physicists provided theoretical jasification for Planck's hypothesis, They Found that upon being hit wih parof the ration spectrum, metal surfaces give off energy at values that ae discontinuous, Further, they noted dneshold along the spectrum beyond ‘which ne energy is enuited by the metal. Einstein theorized, and latcr found evidence to confirm, that sadiation is composed of panicles, now called photons which can be emitted ory in discrete units and at certain wavelengths, in aeorde with Planck's speculations, Soin ust a few yeas, what was considered a eatastophe generated anew vision in physica tha edo theories sin place coy ned 19. ‘Which one of the following most accurately states che sain point of the passage? (A) classical wave theorists had never focused on blackbody radiation, Planck's insights would not have developed and the stage would not have Deon set for Einstein, (B) Classical wave theory, an ineorveet formulation of the natuce of radiation, was correcieé ty Planck and other physicists after Planck performed experiments that demonstrated that radiation Exists as particle, (©) Planck's new model af radiation, though umerially consistent with observed dat, was slow to win the support of the seentifie community. which Was eritical of his ideas, (Dy Prompted by now experimental findings, Planck, uiscarded an assumption of classical wave theory and proposed a picture of radiation that matched experimental resuls and was ferer silpported by theoretical justification, (E)Aithe turn of the century, Planel and Einstein Fevolutionized studies in radiation by moditying Classical wave theory in response to experimental results that suggested the energy of ‘radiation is less at shor wavelengths than at lon Which one of the following does the author use to ilustiate the difference herween continuous energies and cisorete energies? (A) ridio waves {) _DIack velvet of scot (Ch micrascopic particles (D) metal surfaces (} radio volume dials Whielr one ofthe following can mostelearly be inferred trom the deseription of bkickbedy objects in the second paragraph? (A) Radiation reflected by and radiation emitted by an object ae dfficule to distinguish from one another, (8) Any object ima dark room isa meaty ideal blackbody abject (©) All blackbody objects of comparable sive give off radiation at appreximutely the same wavelengths Fegardless of the objects’ temperatures, (D) Any blackhody pbjest whese tempersture is iffieult to manipulace would be of lite use in amexperinicat, (E) Thermal mdiation cannes o blackbody objet inate from a GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,‘The author's aitinade toward Planck's development of a ‘new hypothesis about stomic processes can most aotly bbe doseribed as (A) sirong admiration for the intuitive leap that fed to ‘a resteced coatlidence in wave theory’s picture of atomic processes (D) nik surprise atthe bizarre position Planck took regarding atomic processes (C) reasoned skepticism of Planck's lack of sciemtific justification for his hypothesis (D) legitimate concern thatthe hypothesis would have bbeen abandoned without the further studies of Einstein and others () scholar interest ma step that ted to a more accurate picture of atomic processes ‘The passage provides information that answers each of the following questions EXCEPT: (A) What did Planck's hypothesis about atomic processes try to account for? (B) What led to the scientific community's acceptance of Planck's ideas? (©) Roughly when did he blackoedy radiation ‘experiments take place? (D) What contibutions did Planck make to elassical wave theory? (&) What ype ofexperiment led Einstein to formulate a theory regarding the composition of radiation? “3 “The primary funetion ofthe first wo paragraphs ofthe passage is to (A) Gescribe the process by which ome sheory’s assumption was dismantled by a competing theory (B) introduce central assumption of a seientific theory and the experimental evidence that led to the overthrowing of thet theory (©) explaintwo competing theories that are based cn. the same experimental evidence (D) describe he process of etesiing s theory in ight ‘of ambiguous experimental results (B) provide the bass for an argument intended to ‘dismiss a new theory “The passage is primarily concemed with (A) discussing the value of speculation ino scientific discipline (B) summarizing the reasons for the rejection of an established theory by the scientific community (C) describing the role that experimental research plays in a scientific discipfine (D) — cxatining a critical stage inthe evolution of theories concerning the nature of a physical phenomenon (©) comparing the various assumptions that ie at the foundation ofa scientific discipline GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE6) 19) as es) G0) @3) (40) (as) (50) 65) (60) The following passage was writen in the mil-19906 Users of the nternet—the worldwide network of interconnected computer systems—envision ita» Way for people to have Free access to information via their personal computers, Most Intemet communication Consists oF sending electronic mail or exchanging ideas fn electronic bulletin boards: however, a growing ‘umber of transmissions are of copyrighted works— books. photographs, videos and films, and sowie revordings. In Canada, as elsewhere, the goals of Internet users have begun to conflict with reality as ‘copyright holders look fer ways to protect their ‘material from unauthorized and uncompensated distribution, Copyright experts say thar Canadian copyright lav, Which was revised in 1987 to cover works such a choreagraphy anil photography. has not kept pace with technology specifically wih digitization, the conversion of data into a series of digits that are transmitted 96 electronic signals over compuier networks. Digitalization makes it possible to create an Lnlimited number of copies of a hook, recording, or movie and distribute them to millions of people around the world, Current lav prohibuts unauthorized parties from reproducing a work or any substantial past of it in any material Form (e.g, phoiacopics of hawks or Pirated audiovapes), but because digitalization merely translorms the work into eectronie signals ina computer's memory, its not clear whither ‘igitatization constitutes a material reprosiuction—and so uravthorized digitalizaion isnot yee teehrically a ‘Some expen propose simply adding tmnauthorized igitalivation tothe list of activities proserited under current Jaw, o make fs clear that copyight holders ovn electronic reprodvetion rights just 3s they own rights to ‘ther types of reproduction, But eriminaliz sSgitaizaiion raises. a host of questions. For example, _aiven that chgtalization allows the maltiple recipients ‘of a transmission to re-create copies of a work, Would only the wet of dightaliztion itselr be eniminal, or should each copy made from the trinsmiscion be Considered a separate instance of piracy—even though those who mae the copies never had access tothe original? In addition, laws agains: digitalization might be virally unenforceable given ihat an estimated 20 million people around the world have access 0 the Trternet. and that copying and distributing matevial is a ‘relatively simple provess. Furthermore, even an ‘expanded law might not cover the majority of transmissions, given the vast numbers of usees Who are ‘acadeanics and the fact that current copyright law allows generous exemptions for those engaged in private study cr research. Bateven ifthe law is revised tocontain a more sophisticated treatment of igitalization, most expests think t will be hard to ‘resolve the clash between the Laernet commarity Which is necusiomed to treating infermation as raw ‘material available for everyone to use, and the poblishing community, which is accustomed to treating asa commadity owned by is ereatoy, Which one ofthe following most accurately expresses the main poiet of the passage? (Al Despite the widely recogrized need to revise Canadian copyright law to protect works from ‘unauthorized reproduction and distribution over the Imernet. users of the Internet have mounted ‘many legal challenges tothe erininalizing af digitization, (B) Although the necessity of revising Canadian ‘copysight law to prvieet works from ‘unauthorized reproduction and distribution over the Intemet is widely recognized, effective ‘timinalizing of digialization is likely (9 prove huzhty complicated (©) While the unauthorized reproduction and distibution of copyrighted works over the Inter is not yet a crime, legal experts believe itis only amaner of time before Canadian copyright law is amenced to prohibit lurauthorized digitalization (D)_—_Despite the fact that curzee1 Canadian copyright law does not cover digitalization the unauthorized reproduction snd distribution of copyrighted works over the Internat clearly bought to be considered a crime (F) Although legal experts in Cana disagree about the most effective way 1o punish the annuthorized reproduction and ¢strinution of copyrighted works over the Interne, ey nonetheless agree tha such digitalization should clearly be punishable crime. Given the author's argument, which one ofthe following Auditions to current Canadian copyright law would most tikely be an agreeable compromise to both the Intemet community and the publishing community? 1A) _Digitalization of copyrighted works is permitted to Inlemet users who pay ¢ small fe to copyright holders, (B) Digitalization of copyrighted works is prohibited 1 Internet users who are not academies (C)_Digitalization of copyrighted works is permitted to all Intemet users withou restrition. (D) Digitalization of copyrighted works is protibited to all Imemet users without exception. (E) __Digtalization of copyrighted works is permitted te Interne! users engaged in rescarch, GOON TO THE NEXT PAGE.