CE-457

Hydraulics Engineering
Lec #1:
Introduction to Hydraulics

Engr. Muhammad Usman

Department of Civil Engineering
 Course Outline
◼ Introduction of Hydraulic Engineering
◼ Steady Flow in Open Channels
 Specific Energy and Critical Depth.
 Flow over Humps and Constrictions.
 Surface Profiles and Back Water Curves
in channels of uniform sections.
 Hydraulic Jump and its practical
applications.
 Critical Depth Meters, Broad Crested
Weirs and Venturi Flume.
 Surges in Open Channels.
◼ Unsteady Flow.
 Unsteady flow through Pipelines.
 Discharge through orifices and over weirs
under varying heads
 Water Hammer.
 Instantaneous and Slow Closure of
Valves.
◼ Introduction to Computational Hydraulics
 Introduction to Numerical Models.
 Introduction to HEC-RAS
◼ Dams
 Types of Storage Dams.
 Forces on Dams.
 Design of Gravity Dams.
◼ Reservoir Engineering.
 Regulation of Storage Reservoirs.
◼ Hydro Power Engineering
 Selection of Hydropower Sites.
 Components and Layout of Waterpower
Scheme.
◼ Hydraulic Similitude
 Similitude in Hydraulic Model Testing.
 Similitude Requirements: Geometric,
Kinematics and Dynamic Similarities.
 Various Dimensionless Numbers and
their Significance.
 Physical Models, Techniques and
Analysis.
◼ Sediment Transport in Open Channels
 Properties of Individual Particles.
 Fall Velocity, Movement of Bed and
Suspended Load.
 Collection and Analysis of Field Data
 Methods for Estimation of Transport
Capacity of Channels
Books
◼ Fluid Mechanics with Engineering applications
By: Roberts L. Daugherty, Joseph B. Franzini, E. John Finnemore
◼ Open Channel Flow
By: Ven Te Chow
◼ Hydraulic Structures
By P. Novak, AIB Moffat, C. Nalluri, and R. Narayanan
◼ Reference Books:
Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow, An Introduction
By Hubert Chanson
Evaluation Methodology
◼ Theory:
 Mid Semester Exam: (Close Book), Weightage: 25 %
 Quizzes, Weightage: 10 %
 Assignments, Weightage: 10 %
 Complex Engineering Problem, Weightage: 05%
 End Semester Exam: (Close Book), Weightage: 50 %
Hydraulics Engineering
The term „hydraulics‟ is related to the application of the Fluid
Mechanics principles to water engineering structures, civil and
environmental engineering facilities, especially hydraulic structures
(e.g. canal, river, dam, reservoir and water treatment plant) [1].

◼ Definition
 Branch of Civil Engineering concerned with the flow and
conveyance of the fluid, especially water. [Wikipedia]

Highly related to design of bridges, dams, canals, levees, water

supply system, sanitation, irrigation system

◼ Difference between Hydraulics and Hydrology

[1.] The Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow: An Introduction, Second Edition,

by Hubert Chanson. 2004. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
Hydraulics & Civil Engineers
◼ Storage and Diversion Structures & Their Components
 Spillways, Tunnels, Hydropower, Navigational locks, Fish Ladder
◼ Conveyance Structures
 Canals, Pipes, Aqueducts, Flumes, Outlets, Head regulators, Cross
Regulators
◼ Mechanized Transfer
 Pumps, Tubewells
◼ Hydropower
 Water Wheels and Turbines
◼ Drainage
 Ditches and Drains, Open Drains, Tubewells, Tile Drains
◼ Sediment Erosion, Transport, and Deposition
◼ Flood Control Structures
◼ Drinking Water Supply
◼ Water Treatment
Hydraulics Engineering
Lec #1 : Specific Energy and Critical Depth
 Steady Flow in Open Channels
◼ Specific Energy and Critical Depth

◼ Surface Profiles and Backwater Curves in

Channels of Uniform sections

◼ Hydraulics jump and its practical applications.

◼ Flow over Humps and through Constrictions

◼ Broad Crested Weirs and Venturi Flumes

Basic Definitions
 Head
◼ Energy per unit weight
Specific Energy and Critical
 Energy Line
◼Line Depth
joining the total head at different positions.
 Hydraulics Grade Line
◼ Line joining the pressure head at different
positions.
Specific Energy and Critical
Basic
DepthDefinitions
◼ Open Channel Flow
V12 EL
2g
HGL V22
2g
y1 Water Level
y2
Z1 So

Z2
Datum

V 21 V 22
Z 1 + y1 + = Z 2 + y2 + + hl
2g 2g
 Specific Energy and Critical
Basic
DepthDefinitions
◼ Slopes in Open Channel Flow

V12 EL
2g S
V22
HGL
y1 Sw 2g
Water
y2 Level

Z1 So
ΔL Z2
Datum

For Uniform Flow Δx

y1=y2 and V12/2g=V 22/2g
Hence the line indicating the bed of the channel, water surface profile and
energy line are parallel to each other.
For θ being very small (say less than 5 degree) i.e Δx=ΔL
So=Sw=S
Basic Definitions
◼ Slopes in Open Channel Flow
V12 EL
2g S
Specific
HGL Energy
V and Critical 2
2

S 2g
y1 Depth
w
Water
y Level
2

Z1 So
ΔL Z2 Datum
Δx
◼ So= Slope of Channel Bed = (Z1-Z2)/(Δx)= -ΔZ/Δx
◼ Sw= Slope of Water Surface= [(Z1+y1)-(Z2+y2)]/Δx
◼ S= Slope of Energy Line= [(Z1+y1+V12/2g)-(Z2+y2+V22/2g)]/Δx
= hl/ΔL
Velocity Variation
variation in Open Channels
E-y Diagram
Specific Energy and Critical
Depth
E~y
◼ Diagram or E-Diagram
As it is clear from E~y diagram
◼
drawn for constant discharge
for any given value of E, there
Static Head would be two possible depths,
Line say y1 and y2. These two
depths are called Alternate
depths.
◼ However for point C
corresponding to minimum
specific energy Emin, there
would be only one possible
depth yc. The depth yc is know
as critical depth.
◼ The critical Depth may be
defined as depth
corresponding to minimum
specific energy discharge
remaining Constant.
Specific Energy and Critical
Depth
◼ For y>y , V<V
c Deep Channel
c
 Sub-Critical Flow, Tranquil Flow, Slow Flow.
◼ For y<yc , V>Vc Shallow Channel
 Super-Critical Flow, Shooting Flow, Rapid Flow and
Fast Flow.
Specific Energy and Critical
Basic Definitions
Depth
◼ Froude’s Number (FN)
 It is the ratio of inertial forces
to gravitational forces.
 For a rectangular channel it
may be written as
FN = V
gy
 FN= 1 Critical Flow
> 1 Super-Critical Flow
< 1 Sub-Critical Flow
William Froude (1810-79)
Born in England and engaged
in shipbuilding. In his sixties
started the study of ship
resistance, building a boat
testing pool (approximately
75 m long) near his home.
After his death, this study
was continued by his son,
Robert Edmund Froude
(1846-1924). For similarity
under conditions of inertial
and gravitational forces, the
non-dimensional number
used carries his name.
 Procedure
▪ Find the alternate
depths by using hit &
trial method and
Specific energy
equation.
▪ Find the alternate
depths by using
Froude’s No.
A sluice gate is provided, in the path of a river or a stream, to regulate the
flow of water. For doing so, the sluice gate is made to move up and down
with the help of rollers fixed to the vertical plates (called skin plates) which
travel on vertical rails called guides.

(a) Sluice gate Front view

Sluice gate Cross-section
 Specific Energy and Critical Depth
◼ Since the equation (1) ◼ Discharge~Depth Diagram
can be written as

q = y 2g(E − y) y
Sub-critical flow

y2

yc
◼ Therefore, Critical Depth
may also be defined as y1
the depth corresponding Super-critical flow
to maximum discharge
specific energy remaining
constant. q1 qmax
Specific
Specific Energy
Energy andandCritical
Critical Depth
Depth
◼ Relationship Between Critical Depth and Specific Energy

dq
dy

= 2g −y + (E − y)
2 (E− y)

dq
= 0 for qmax
dy
−y
2 (E− y)
+ (E − y) = 0
3 2
E= yc or yc = E
2 3
Problem # 11.43 or 10.29
11.43
 Specific Energy and Critical Depth
(Non Rectangular Channels).43
◼ Hydraulic Depth
T
T

dy
dy
A y
A yh

◼ The hydraulic depth, yh for non rectangular channel is the depth of a

rectangular channel having flow area and base width the same as
the flow area and top width respectively as for non rectangular
channel.
 Specific Energy and Critical Depth
Relationship between Critical Depth and Specific Energy3
◼ Froude’s number may be
numerically calculate as
V
FN = Since dA =Tdy
gyh
dE Q2
Q 2
A = 1− 3 T
FN =
2
yh = dy gA
A2 g TA T
dE
for Critical flow =0
Q2T dy
FN =
gA3 Therefore
Q 2
 A3 Q 2 
Eq.(1)  E=y+  = 
2gA2 T g  y= yc
dE Q 2 dA
= 1−
dy gA3 dy
Problem # 10.30 11.43
 Other way
Problem of Solution (Tentative)
11.45
◼ Solution 11.43
▪ Q2/g = A3/T
Q2/g y A T A3/T
40.775 1 5 7 17.85
2 14 11 249.45
1.2 6.48 7.8 34.88
1.25 6.883 8.004 40.74
1.2512 6.885 8.0048 40.77
 Assignment # 01
Assignment
11.43
◼ Problems: 10.9.1, 10.9.3, 10.25, 10.26,
10.27, 10.29
◼ Problems: 10.11.1, 10.11.4, 10.31

◼ Submission Date: 04/11/2020 (Thursday)