အာနာပါနကျင့်စဉ်မှဝိပဿနာသို့

tmemygeusifhpOfrS
0dyóemokdY
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
oAÁ'geH "r®'geH Zdemwd?
oAÁ&oH "r®&aom Zdemwd/
oAÁ&wð "r®&wd Zdemwd?
wPSu©a,m oAÁ'ku©H Zdemwd/
'getm;vkH;udk "r®'geu atmifEdkif\/

t&omtm;vkH;udk w&m;t&omu atmifEdkif\/
arGUavsmfzG,ftm;vkH;udk w&m;ü arGUavsmfjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
'ku©tm;vkH;udk wPSmukefjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
pd&H wd|wk o'är®m? "ar® a[mEÅ K o*g&0g/

bk&m;&Sif\ tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf
t"GefY&SnfpGm wnfygapownf;/
o'¨r®oHk;jzmü ½kdaoav;pm;jcif; &SdMuygapukefownf;/
orm"d H bdu©a0 bma0x?
orm[dawm bdu©a0 bdu©K ,xmblwH yZmemwd/
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY ...
orm"d H = orm"dukd/ bma0x = yGm;rsm;Muygukefavmh/
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY ...
orm[dawm = orm"d&Sdonfh yk*¾dKvfonf/
,xmblwH = razmufrjyef [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm/
yZmemwd = uGJuGJjym;jym;od\/
(oH?2?12/ oH?3?363/)
tmemygeusifhpOfrS 0dyóemokdY
taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
rmwdum
trSm u
awy&d0¥"r®a'oem 2
orm"dukd xlaxmifyg 9
tmemygeusifhpOftusOf; 10
yxrpsmeform"d 16
b0ifpdwfqdkwmbmvJ¿ 18
psmeft*Fgig;yg; 22
'kwd,psmeform"d 24
wwd,psmeform"d 25
pwkw¬psmeform"d 26
"mwfur®|mef;tusOf;enf; 27
jcHKikHí wpfukd,fvkH;ukdMunfhyg 29
tjzLjyif ESifh tMunfjyif 30
½kyfuvmyftrIefrsm; 31
Oyg'g½kyfrsm;ukd odrf;qnf;ykH 32
emrfw&m;rsm;ukd odrf;qnf;ykH 33
tZÑwå ESifh A[d'¨ 34
ork',ç 0,ç ork',0, 35
ememu©Pduur®owåd 41
taMumif;jycsuf 43
0,"r®mEkyóD 50
tEkyÜg'eda&m" 51
OyÜg'eda&m" - tEkyÜg'eda&m" 51
"r®|dwdÓPf 55
taMumif;w&m;rsm; 57
udavo0#f - ur®0#f - 0dygu0#f 59
opöma'oemawmfenf; 60
ul#m*g&okwåefw&m;awmf aumufEkwfcsuf 62
twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜefcE¨mawGudk odrf;qnf;jcif; 66
0dyóemykid ;f 69
w&m;a'oemawmfed*Hk; 71
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu©&mpOftñTef; 73
tmemygeusifhpOfrS 0dyóemokdY
] u
trSm
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmfonf ---
pdwf"mwfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;w&m;awmf[k acgif;pOfwyfum
1354-ckrS 1355-ckoYdk ul;ajymif;onfh twmul;onfh oBueF &f ufrsm;ukd
A[kdxm;í w&m; (8)n a[mcJh\/ rk'HkNrdKU rif;wef;&yfae a':jrpdef
rdom;pkwu Ydk xkwd &m;rsm;xJrS orxESi0hf yd óemusiphf Of tusO;f csKyu f dk
pmtkyfjzpfajrmufatmif aqmif&GufvkdMuojzifh ,if;w&m;rsm;xJrS
tmemygeusiphf OfEiS hf 0dyóemykid ;f tusO;f csKyu f dk pmtkyt f jzpf ½ku
d Ef ydS f
Ekdif&ef pDpOfay;vkduf&ayonf/ orx 0dyóemusifhpOfrsm;ukd us,f
us,fjyefYjyefY ravhvmEkdifolwkdYtwGuf tcsdeftenf;i,f twGif;ü
orx0dyóemusiphf OftaMumif;ukd tenf;i,f em;vnfoabmayguf
&eftwGuo f m &nf&,
G xf m;ojzifh þusr;f i,fü jynfph rkH I r&So
d nfuu dk m;
cGifhvTwfEkdifMuvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhygonf/ rlv a[mMum;xm;aom
w&m;awmfrsm;rS orxykid ;f -tmemygeusiphf Of tusO;f ESihf 0dyóemykid ;f
wdu Yk o
dk m tusO;f csKyí f xkwEf wI af zmfjyxm;ojzifh rl&if;a[mpOf tjynfh
tpHk r[kwfonfukdum; BudKwifí today;tyfygonf/
pdwf"mwf jzLpif oefY&Sif;a&;twGuf &nf&G,fí bk&m;&Sifonf
cE¨0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmfü *'´KvA'ökwåefrsm;ukd a[mMum;xm;awmfrl
cJh\/ xkdokwåefrsm;ukdyif rlwnfí zm;atmufawm& q&mawmfonf
pdwf"mwfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;w&m;awmfukd a[mMum;awmfrlcJh\/ xkd
okweå f rsm;wGif 0dyóemusiphf Ofyidk ;f 0,f awy&d0¥"r®a'oemenf;jzifh
cE¨mig;yg;½IuGufukd a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ xkd½IuGufukd ½Iwwfa&;
twGuf tmemygeusifhpOfjzifh orm"dukd xlaxmifum ½IyHkpepfrsm;ukd
tusOf;csKyfum a[mMum;wifjyxm;ygonf/ olawmfaumif;taygif;
wkdYonf usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEkdifMuygapaomf ---
pDpOfolrsm;
tmemygeusiphf OfrS 0dyóemokYd ] 1
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó
tcktcsdeftcg[m yef;csDum;wpfcsyfukd a&;qJGaewJh tcsdefjzpf

w,f/ uRr;f uRr;f usiu f sief YJ 'Dyef;csuD m;wpfcsyu f dk a&;qJEG idk cf rhJ ,fq&kd if
bmjzpfrvJ¿ tifrwef acsmarmvSyaewJh ½kyfykHoP²mefuav;awG
wpfcsdefrSm ay:vmr,f? ruRrf;rusifbJeJY yef;csDum;wpfcsyfukd oGm;NyD;
awmh rku d rf u
dk f uef;uef;eJY a&;qJrG cd rhJ ,fq&kd if tifrwef tusn;f wef
t½kyfqkd;wJh yef;csDum;wpfcsyf ay:vmvdrfhr,f/
odkYaomf ÓPfynmrsufpd r&SdwJh tEÄmv ykxkZef irkdufom;u
a&;qJGvkdufcJhvdkY&Sd&if uRrf;uRrf;usifusifESifhyJjzpfjzpfç ruRrf;rusifESifhyJ
jzpfjzpfç vdrv f rd rf mrmESiyhf jJ zpfjzpfç rku
d rf u dk u f ef;uef;ESiyhf jJ zpfjzpf ola&;
qJvG jYkd zpfay:vmrJh yef;csu D m;wpfcsyo f nf acsmarmvSywJh yef;csu D m;yJ
jzpfcsijf zpfygapç tusn;f wef t½kyq f ;dk wJh yef;csuD m;yJ jzpfcsijf zpfygap
oljzpfatmifvyk Ef idk w f hJ 'Dyef;csuD m;csyu f dk y&rw¬opöme,fbufu "mwf
cJGvkdufawmh bmawGom&SdovJ¿ ½kyfç a0'emç onmç ocFg&ç 0dnmPf
qkdwJh cE¨mig;yg;yJ? oljzpfatmifvkyfEkdifwJh pGrf;tm;onf b,fvkd
oabmom&Srd vJ¿ - cE¨mig;yg;yJ/ tJ'D cE¨mig;yg;udo k m olu jzpfatmif
vkyEf idk wf ,f? bmaMumifv h ¿J - 'Dyx k Zk efirdu k of m;&JU b0[m cE¨mig;yg;
qkdwJh csnfwkdifrSm wPSmwnf;[laom oHa,mZOfBudK;ESifh ckdifckdifcHcH
tcsnfaESmifcHae&wJh b0omjzpfw,f/ 'd|dqkdwJh awmufBuD;ukdvnf;
olY&JUvnfyif;rSm qJGxm;jyefao;w,f/ olY&JUb0[m cE¨mig;yg;qkdwJY
csnw f idk ef m;rSm w0JvnfvnfEiS hf igyJ-igY[myJ-ig\twåyq J Ndk y;D uyfuyf
ae&wJY b0om jzpfw,f/ 'gwGifvm;qkdawmh ruao;bl;/ ol[m
½kyfemrfawGukd y&rwfqdkufatmifvnf; xdk;xGif;rodao;zl;/ rodwJh
twGuf olUrSm y&rw¬ÓPfynmrsupf u d r&Sad vawmh olu jzpfatmif
vkyfEkdifvQif bmukdom jzpfatmifvkyfEkdifrvJ¿ cE¨mig;yg;ukdom olu
jzpfatmifvkyfEkdifr,f/ cE¨mig;yg;jzpfa&;twGufom olu uHawGukd
2 ] tmemygeusiphf OfrS 0dyóemokYd
xlaxmifEidk rf ,f/ tJ'cD E¨mig;yg;onf b,fvdk oabm&So d vJ¿ bk&m;&Sif

u 'Dtykid ;f usawmh 0dyóemykid ;f vSno hf mG ;Ny?D 'Dnvnf; 0dyóemykid ;f
ukdyJ twkdcsKyfNyD; ajymzkdY &nf&G,fxm; ygw,f/
²²²
awy&d0¥"r®a'oem
wH uð rnx bdu©a0? ½lyH edpHö 0g tedpöH 0gwd/ tedpöH baEÅ/ ,H
yemedpHö 'kuH© 0g wH okcH 0gwd/ 'kuH© baEÅ/ ,H yemedpHö 'kuH© 0dy&dPmr"r®?H
uv’H Ek wH orEkyódwHk ]]{wH rr? {aom[ro®?d {aom ar twåm}}wd/
aem a[wH baEÅ/ (oH-2-124/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom; &[ef;wkdY .../ wH = xkd igbk&m;ar;rnfh
ar;cGe;f uk/d wkarS = oifcspo
f m;wko
Yd nf oifcspo Yd nf/ uð rnx
f rD;wko
= tb,f o k d Y atmuf a rh rS w f x if ,l q Muuk e f o enf ; / ½l y H =
½kyfw&m;onf/ edpHö 0g = edpöavavm/ tedpHö 0g = tedpöavavm/
£wd = þokdY ar;awmfrlonf&Sdaomf/ baEÅ = t&Sifbk&m; .../
tedpHö = tedpöjzpf½kd; trSefygbk&m;/ £wd = þokdY a&Tem;awmfMum;
atmif avQmufxm;MuavukefNyD/
cspo
f m; &[ef;wkYd ...uRr;f usiw f hJ yef;csaD q;a&;orm;wpfO;D u
yJjzpfjzpf ruRrf;usif rvdr®mwJh yef;csDaq;a&;orm;wpfOD;uyJjzpfjzpf
a&;qJv G udk w
f hJ yef;csu
D m;csyu
f dk "mwfcMGJ unfv
h udk af wmh cE¨mig;yg;yJ? ½kyf
a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPfac:wJh cE¨mig;yg;yJ? tJ'D cE¨mig;yg;
om&SdwJhtwGuf oifcspfom;wkdYukd igbk&m; ar;cGef;wpfckar;r,f? tJ'D
½kywf &m;onf edpv ö m;ç tedpvö m;¿ 'Dvdk ar;awmfrv l u
dk w
f ,f/ tJ'v D dk
ar;awmh &[ef;awGu b,fvadk jzovJ¿ tedpyö gbk&m; - vkdY ajzw,f?
aemufwpfck ---
,H yemedpöH 'ku©H 0g wH okcH 0gwd/ 'ku©H baEÅ/
tJ'D tedpörSefaewJh 'D½kyfw&m;onf 'ku©vm; okcvm;vkdY 'Dvkd

ar;awmfrlvkdufw,f/ tJ'Dvkdar;awmh 'ku©ygvkdY ajzw,f/
,H yemedpöH 'ku©H 0dy&dPmr"r®H? uv’H Ek wH orEkyódwkH ]]{wH
rr? {aom[ro®d? {aom ar twåm}}wd/ aem a[wH baEÅ/
(oH-2-124/)
,H = tMuif½kyfw&m;onf/ tedpöH = tedpöw&m;omwnf;/
[bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ tedpöç jzpfNyD;ysufaevkdY ] 'ku©H = 'ku©w&m;omwnf;/
[bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJ n§Of;yef;ESdyfpuf
cHae&wJhtwGuf 'ku©yJ/]
,H = tMuif½kyfw&m;onf/ tedpöH = tedpöw&m;omwnf;/ 'ku©H
= 'ku©w&m;omwnf;/ 0dy&dPmr"r®H = azmufjyef ysufpD;wwfwJh
0dy&dPmr oabmw&m;omwnf;/
b,fvdk azmufjyefysupf ;D ovJ¿ jzpfNy;D wJah emuf rysub
f eJ YJ tckid f
trm tESpfom&tm;jzifh wnfEkdifwJhpGrf;tm; r&Sdbl;? XDumvuaeNyD;
ysufrnfh bifumvbufokdY tjrJwrf; ,kdifvJaewJhoabmuav;yJ/
'gukd 0dy&dPmr"r® azmufjyef ysupf ;D wwfwo hJ abmç Z&m-r&PwkjYd zifh
azmufjyefysufpD;w,fqkdNyD; bmomjyefxm;w,f/ 'gaMumifh ----
,H = tMuif½kyfw&m;onf/ tedpöH = tedpöw&m;omwnf;/ 'ku©H
= 'ku©w&m;omwnf;/ 0dy&dPmr"r®H = azmufjyef ysufpD;wwfwJh
0dy&dPmroabmw&m;omwnf;/ wH = xkdtedpö 'ku© 0dy&dPmr"r®
jzpfíaewJh ½kyfw&m;ukd/ {wH = þ½kyfw&m;onf/ rr = ig&JU
½kyfw&m;wnf;/ {aom = þ½kyfw&m;onf/ t[ro®d = igwnf;/
{aom = þ½kyfw&m;onf/ ar = ig\/ twåmwd = twåwnf;[lí/
orEkyódwkH = pJGvrf;xifjrif ½Iqifjcifjcif;iSm/ uv’H Ek = oifhwifh
avsmufywfygrnfavm¿
tJ'½D yk w
f &m;[m tedpv ö nf; rSew
f ,f? 'kuv © nf; rSew f ,f? azmuf
jyefysufpD;wwfwJh 0dy&dPmr"r®vnf; rSefaew,f? 'gaMumifh 'D½kyfw
&m;Bu;D ukd oifcspo f m;wkw
Yd pfawGç oifcspo f rD;wkwYd pfawG[m 'D½yk w f &m;
[m igh&JU½kyfw&m;yJç 'D½kyfw&m;[m igyJç 'D½kyfw&m;[m igh&JUtwåyJvkdY
'Dvkd pJGvrf;xifjrif ½IqifjcifzkdY oifhwifhygrvm;vkdY jrwfpGmbk&m;u
ar;w,f? tJ'DtcsdeftcgrSm &[ef;awmfrsm;uvnf; --- aem a[wH
baEÅ = roifhygbl; jrwfpGmbk&m; ...vkdY jyefavQmufxm;Muw,f?
a0'emç onmç ocFg&ç 0dnmPfw&m;awGuv dk nf; ykpH w
H yl J ar;ygw,f/
tedpöwpfausmhç 'ku©wpfausmhç tewåwpfausmh tar;tajz
jyKvkyfaewmyJ? ykHpHwlar;wJhtcgrSmvnf; &[ef;awGu ykHpHwlyJ jyefNyD;
awmh tajzay;Muawmh cE¨mig;yg;½IuGuf tar;tajz NyD;oGm;NyD/
'Dtar;tajzukd Munfhvkdufawmh &[ef;awGu - 'D½kyfç a0'emç
onmç ocFg&ç 0dnmPfac:wJh cE¨mig;yg;ukv d nf; odw,f? 'DcE¨mig;yg;
wkdY&JU tedpöoabmç 'ku©oabmç tewåoabmukdvnf; odw,fvkdY
'Dvkd t"dyÜg,fxGufvmw,f/ tJ'DtcgusawmhrS jrwfpGmbk&m;u aU&S
qufNy;D 0dyóem½I&rnfh vkyif ef;cGiu f dk ñTeMf um;awmfrw l ,f/ b,fvdk
ñTefMum;awmfrlovJ¿
wo®mwd[ bdu©a0 ,H udÍöd ½lyH twDwmem*wypöKyÜEéH tZÑwåH
0g A[d'¨g 0g MoVm&duH 0g okckrH 0g [DeH 0g yPDwH 0g ,H 'la&
oEÅdau 0g? oAÁH ½lyH ]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod®? e araom twåm}}wd
{0arwH ,xmblwH or®yÜnm, '|AÁH/
(oH-2-124/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom; &[ef;wkdY .../ wo®m = xkdYaMumifh/ £[ =
þomoemawmfjrwftwGif;ü/ wkarS = oifcspfom;wkdYonf oif
cspforD;wkdYonf/ twDwmem*wypöKyÜEéH = twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜef
jzpfaom/ ,H udÍöd ½lyH = tvkH;pkHaom ½kyfw&m;onfvnf;aumif;/
twdwf½kyfw&m;ç ypöKyÜef½kyfw&m;ç tem*wf½kyfw&m;ç tJ'D ½kyf

w&m;ukd b,favmufwv hJ ¿J ,H udÍdö ½lyH = tvk;H pkaH om ½kyw f &m;onf
vnf;aumif;? ½kyfuav;wpfvkH; [kwfovm;¿ r[kwfbl;? twdwf
½kyw
f &m; ESpqf ,f&h pS rf sK;d &Swd ,f? trsK;d tpm;u ESpq f ,f&h pS rf sK;d yJ - aemf?
wpfrsKd; wpfrsKd;rSm ta&twGufuawmh ra&rwGufEkdifatmif rsm;jym;
ygw,f? twdwf½kyf (28)rsKd; tukefvkH;ç tem*wf½kyf (28)rsKd;vnf;
tukefvkH;ç ypöKyÜef½kyf (28)rsKd;vnf; tukefvkH;yJ/ 'gaMumifh ----
twDwmem*wypöKyÜEéH = twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜefjzpfaom/ ,H
udÍöd ½lyH = tvkH;pkHaom ½kyfw&m;onfvnf;aumif;/ tZÑwåH 0g =
rdrd\ ukd,fwGif; tZÑwåoEÅmefürlvnf;jzpfaom/ A[d'¨g 0g = tjyif
ty A[d'ävmuürlvnf;jzpfaom/ ,H udÍöd ½lyH = tvkH;pkHaom ½kyf
w&m;onfvnf;aumif;/
tZÑw½å yk wf &m; (28)rsK;d ç A[d'½¨ yk w
f &m; (28)rsK;d ? 'gu a,mufsm;ç
rde;f r rcJb
G aJ jymwm? cJjG cm;Ny;D ajymr,fq&dk ifawmh tZÑwrå mS trsK;d orD;
rsm;twGuf (27)rsKd;ç trsKd;om;rsm;twGuf (27)rsKd;yJ? bm0½kyfu wpf
rsKd;pDyJ a,bk,stm;jzifh &SdMuw,f? A[d'¨rSmuawmh a,musfm; rdef;r
rcJGjcm;bJ omref aygif;pkjcHKikHajym&if bm0½kyfu ESpfrsKd;&SdEkdifwJhtwGuf
A[d'r¨ mS awmh ½kyf (28)rsK;d yJ? 'Dawmh tJ'D ½kyw
f &m;ukv
d nf; b,favmuf
vJ¿ ,H udÍdö ½lyH = tvk;H pkaH om ½kyw f &m;onfvnf;aumif;? ½kyt f m;vk;H
vkdY ajymw,f/
MoVm&duH 0g = ½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;onfrlvnf;jzpfaom/ okckrH 0g
= odrfarGUonfrlvnf;jzpfaom/ ,H udÍöd ½lyH = tvkH;pkHaom ½kyfw&m;
onfvnf;aumif;/
pu©Kyom' = rsufpdtMunfç aomwyom' = em;tMunfç Cme
yom' = ESmacgif;tMunfç Zd0Sgyom' = vQmtMunfç um,yom' =
ukd,ftMunf? tMunf½kyfu (5)ck?
½lyg½kH o'´g½kH *E¨m½kH &om½kH azm|AÁm½kH (azm|AÁm½kHuawmh yx0D

awaZm 0ga,m) - aygif;vkdufawmh tm½kH½kyf (7)ck?
tMunf½kyf (5)ckESifh tm½kH½kyf (7)ckudk aygif;vkduf&if ½kyf (12)rsKd;?
tJ'D (12)rsKd;aom ½kyfw&m;awGuawmh ½IaewJha,m*D&JU todÓPf
xJrSm xif&Sm;wJhtwGufaMumifh odvG,f jrifvG,fwJh ½kyfawG jzpfjcif;
aMumifh olwkdYukd MoVm&du½kyfvkdY ac:xm;ygw,f? tJ'D MoVm&du½kyfu
b,favmuf&SdovJ¿ (12)rsKd;/
okckrqkdwmu ½kyf (28)yg;rSm usefaewJh ½kyfawGukd okckr½kyfvkdY
ac:ygw,f? tJ'Dawmh MoVm&du½kyfyJjzpfjzpfç okckr½kyfyJjzpfjzpfç ½kyf
tukefvkH;ukd? ,H udÍöd ½lyH = tvkH;pkHaom ½kyfw&m;onfvnf;aumif;?
tukefvkH;ukd 'DrSm 0dyóem½IzkdY bk&m;&Sifu ñTefMum;aew,f/
[DeH 0g = ,kwfnHhonfrlvnf;jzpfaom/ yPDwH 0g = rGefjrwf
onfrlvnf;jzpfaom/ ,H udÍöd ½lyH = tvkH;pkHaom ½kyfw&m;onf
vnf;aumif;/
,kwn f whH hJ ½kyyf jJ zpfjzpfç rGejf rwfwhJ ½kyyf jJ zpfjzpf? tukov
dk &f UJ tusK;d
jzpfwJh ½kyfawGukdawmh ,kwfnHhw,fç ukokdvf&JU tusKd;w&m;jzpfwJh ½kyf
awGuadk wmh rGejf rwfw,f ponfjzifh 'Dvcdk yGJ gw,f/ 'Dt,kwt f jrwfu
awmh tqift h wef;ç bku H v
dk udk Nf y;D cJrG ,fq&dk ifawmh tyg,fom;owå0g
awG&JU ½kyfawGu ok*wdowå0gawG&JU ½kyfawGxuf ykdNyD;awmh tqifh
edrw
hf ,fç ,kwn f w hH ,f? ok*wdowå0gawGuadk wmh rGejf rwfw,f? ok*wd
owå0gawGrSmvnf; tqifhqifh cJGvkduf&ifawmh - wpfqifhESifh wpfqifh
,kwfwm jrwfwmawG jzpfoGm;ygw,f? 'Dawmh (31)bkHtwGif;&Sd ½kyf
tukefvkH;vkdY qkdvkdygw,f/
[DeH 0g = ,kwn f o hH nfrv l nf;jzpfaom/ yPDwH 0g = rGejf rwfonf
rlvnf;jzpfaom/ ,H udÍöd ½lyH = tvkH;pkHaom ½kyfw&m;onfvnf;
aumif;/ 'la& 0g = todÓPfESifha0;onfrlvnf;jzpfaom/ oEÅdau
0g = todÓPfEiS hf eD;onfrv
l nf;jzpfaom/ ,H udÍdö ½lyH = tvk;H pkaH om
½kyfw&m;onfvnf;aumif;/ tw¬d = &Sdacs\/
aygif;vkdufawmh b,fESpfrsKd;vJ¿ (11)rsKd;/
twdwf½kyfw&m;ç ypöKyÜef½kyfw&m;ç tem*wf½kyfw&m;ç tZÑwå½kyf
w&m;ç A[d'½¨ yk w
f &m;ç MoVm&duac:wJh ½ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;wJh ½kyw f &m;ç
okcrk ac:wJh odraf rGUEl;nHw
h ½hJ yk w
f &m;ç [Deac:wJh ,kwn f w
hH hJ ½kywf &m;ç
yPDwac:wJh rGejf rwfw½hJ yk wf &m;ç 'l&ac:wJh ½IaewJh a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vf
&JU todÓPfEiS hf a0;wJ½h yk w
f &m;ç okcrk ½kyaf wGy?J oEÅu
d ac:wJh ½IaewJh
a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU todÓPfESifh eD;uyfaewJh ½kyfw&m;ç ckeu
MoVm&duac:wJh ½ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;wJh ½kyw f &m;awGyJ - aygif;vku d af wmh
b,fESpfrsKd;vJ¿ (11)rsKd;? tJ'Dvkd (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh
wnfaewJh 'D½kyfw&m;awGukd bmvkyf&rvJ¿
oAÁH ½lyH = þtvkH;pkHaom ½kyfw&m;ukd/ {wH = þ (11)rsKd;aom
½kyfw&m;onf/ e rr = ig&JU ½kyfw&m; r[kwf/ {aom = þ (11)rsKd;
aom ½kyfw&m;onf/ e t[ro®d = igr[kwf/ {aom = þ (11)rsKd;
aom ½kyfw&m;onf/ e ar twåmwd = ig&JUtwår[kwf[lí/ {0H =
þokdYvQif/ {wH = þ (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh
f &m;uk/d ,xmblwH = razmufrjyef [kww
tvk;H pkaH om ½kyw f idk ;f rSepf mG /
or®yÜnm, = ½kyfwkH;½kyfcJ emrfwkH;emrfcJ NzdKcGJazmufxGif; 0dyóem
ÓPftvif;"mwfjzifh/ '|AÁH = ½IyGm;okH;oyftyfay\/
0dyóemÓPf&UJ t½Ict H m½kt
H jzpf jrwfpmG bk&m;u ½kyw f &m;awG
ukd pm&if;xkwfjyvkdufwm b,fESpfrsKd; &SdoGm;NyDvJ¿ (11)rsKd;? tJ'D (11)
f &m;awGudk - aewH rr = ig&JU½kyw
rsK;d aom ½kyw f &m; r[kwbf ;l ? aeaom
[ro®d = igr[kwfbl;? e araom twåm = ig&JUtwå r[kwfbl;vkdY
'Dvkd ½IygwJh/ [kd qaEém0g'okwåeft|uxmrsm;t&uawmh ]tedpö}vkdY
½Iygç ]'ku}© vk½Yd yI gç ]tewå}vk½Yd yI g qkw

d meJY twlwyl jJ zpfwt
hJ aMumif; zGihf
qkdxm;ygw,f/ (r-|-4-232/)
igh[m igh[mvkdY pJGaewmu wPSmpJG? 'ku©mEkyóemÓPfu
'DwPSmpJu G dk NzKd cEGJ idk w
f hJ pGr;f tm;&Sw
d ,f? ig igvkYd axmifvmT ;aewJt h pJu
G
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d ,f?
ig&JU twåyJvkdYpJGaewJh tpJGuawmh 'd|dpJG? tJ'D'd|dpJGukd tewåmEkyóem
ÓPfu NzdKcJGEkdifwJh pGrf;tm;&Sdw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'D (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;
t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh ½kyw f &m;awGudk tedpö 'ku© tewåvYdk vu©Pm
a&;oHk;wef wifNyD;awmh wGifwGifBuD; 0dyóem½IygvkdY 'Dvkd ñTefMum;
w,f/
tvm;wlyJ a0'emç onmç ocFg&ç 0dnmPfac:wJh usefemrfcE¨m
av;yg;rSmvnf; ykpH w H yl J ñTeMf um;xm;ygw,f? 'Dawmh 0dyóemÓPf&UJ
t½Ict H m½kjH zpfwhJ y&rw¬"mwfom;awGudk Munfv h udk af wmh twdwf cE¨m
ig;yg;ç ypöKyeÜ f cE¨mig;yg;ç tem*wf cE¨mig;yg;ç tZÑwå cE¨mig;yg;ç A[d'¨
cE¨mig;yg;ç MoVm&du cE¨mig;yg;ç okckr cE¨mig;yg;ç [De cE¨mig;yg;ç
yPDw cE¨mig;yg;ç 'l& cE¨mig;yg;ç oEÅu d cE¨mig;yg; - aygif;vku
d af wmh
(11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh cE¨mig;yg;ç Oyg'geu©E¨m
awGyJ/
tJ'D Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;awGukd tedpöç 'ku©ç tewå vu©Pma&;
ok;H wefwifNy;D awmh wGiw f iG Bf u;D 0dyóem½Iyg? tJ'v D dk 0dyóem½IEidk &f if
bmjzpfrvJ¿ 'Dv0dk yd óemÓPfawGu rdrw d &Ydk UJ pdw"f mwfudk jzLpifoefY
&Si;f oGm;atmif jyKjyifay;r,f/ pdw"f mwfawG npfErG ;f awmh owå0gawG
npfEGrf;&w,f? pdwf"mwfawG jzLpifoefY&Sif;cJh&if owå0gawG jzLpif
oef&Y iS ;f w,f/ bmjzpfvYdk npfErG ;f &ovJvaYdk r;awmh 'DcE¨mig;yg; ½kyw f &m;
emrfw&m;awGukd igyJç igh[myJç igh&JUtwåyJvkdY pJGvrf;xifjrif ½Iqifjcif
aewJhtwGuf owå0gawG&JU pdwf"mwfawGu npfEGrf;ae&w,f/
'Dawmh owå0gawGu 'Dae&mrSm 'DcE¨mig;yg; ½kyw f &m; emrfw&m;

awGukd igyJç igh[myJç igh&JUtwåyJvkdY pJGvrf;xifjrif ½IqifjcifrI r&SdbJ
tedpyö v
J çYdk 'kuy© v
J çYdk tewåyv
J Ydk wGiw
f iG Bf u;D 0dyóem½IEidk Mf ur,fq&dk if
awmh pdwf"mwfawG jzLpifoefY&Sif; roGm;Ekdifbl;vm;¿ oGm;Ekdifw,f/
'g pdwf"mwfjzLpifoefY&Sif;apwwfwJh enf;vrf;yJ/
tJ'Denf;vrf;ukd bk&m;&Sifu ñTefMum;awmh bk&m;&Sif&JUw&m;ukd
em,laeMuwJh &[ef;awmfawGuvnf; wpfenf;tm;jzifh y&dowf av;
yg;vk;H uvnf; oabmaygufMuw,f em;vnfMuw,f ½IwwfMuw,f?
'DaeY 'Dw&m;emy&dowfxrJ mS ½IwwfwyhJ *k Kd¾ vv
f nf; &Scd si&f rdS ,f? r½Iwwf
ao;wJhyk*¾dKvfawGvnf; &Sdcsif&SdMuvdrfhr,f? r½Iwwfao;wJh yk*¾dKvfawG
twGuf enf;enf;twkcd sKyNf y;D 'Dn 0dyóem½IypHk epfuav;ukd ajymMu
&atmif .../
orm"dukd xlaxmifyg
orm"ð bdu©a0 bma0x? orm[dawm bdu©a0 bdu©K ,xm-
blwH yZmemwd/ (oH-2-12/ oH-3-363/)
cE¨0*¾o, H w
k rf mS vnf; jrwfpmG bk&m; a[mxm;w,f? opöo, H w
k f
rSmvnf; a[mxm;ygw,f/ ckeu twdwfç tem*wfç ypöKyÜefç tZÑwåç
A[d'¨ ponfjzifh (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh 'D cE¨m
ig;yg; ½kyw
f &m; emrfw&m;awGudk [kww f idk ;f rSepf mG xGi;f azmufojd rifa&;
twGuf bmvkdtyfovJ¿ orm"dwpfckudk BudKwifxlaxmif&rSm jzpf
w,f/
r*¾i&f pS yf g;xJrmS bk&m;&Siuf or®morm"dqw dk hJ r*¾iw
f pfcu
k dk xnfh
a[mxm;awmfrlw,f/ 'Dvkd xnfha[mxm;wJhtwGufaMumifh 'DcE¨mig;
yg;ç ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awG&JU tedpöç 'ku©ç tewåtjcif;t&mawGukd
[kwfwkdif;rSefpGm oda&;twGuf orm"dwpfckukd BudKwifNyD; xlaxmifzkdY
rvkb d ;l vm;¿ vkt

d yfw,f? tJ'aD wmh orm"dxal xmifwt hJ ykid ;f u r*¾if
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h ykid ;f jzpfw,f?
0dok'¨d (7)yg;usifhpOft& pdwå0dok'¨dESifh jynfhpkHatmif BudK;pm;jcif;yJ jzpf
ygw,f/
tmemygeusifhpOftusOf;
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teuf BuKd uw f hJ ur®|mef;ESihf orm"dudk xlaxmifEidk yf gw,f/ 'Dnawmh
tmemygeukyd J twkcd sKyNf y;D orm"dxal xmifyaHk jymzkYd &nf&, G xf m;w,f?
'Dawmh bk&m;&Sifu 'Dtmemygeur®|mef;ukd ñTefMum;wJhtcsdeftcgrSm
eHygwfwpf 'DC - t&Sn?f eHygwfEpS f &ó - twk?d eHygwfo;Hk oAÁum,-
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ykid ;f ? 'Dawmh tJ'aD v;qifph vk;H rSm a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vu
f b,fvt dk m;xkwf
&rvJ¿
aom oawm0 tóowd oawm0 yóowd/ (r-1-70/)
owdjrJzkdY - t&SnfrSmvnf; owdjrJ&r,f? twkdrSmvnf; owdjrJ
&r,f? tptqkH; tukefvkH;rSmvnf; owdjrJae&r,f? Nidrf;atmifusifh
wJah e&mrSmvnf; owdjr&J r,fvYdk 'Dvq dk v
dk w
dk ,f? 'Dawmh t&Snrf mS vnf;
0ifouf xGuo f ufu ESprf sK;d ç twku
d sawmhvnf; 0ifouf xGuo f ufu
ESpfrsKd;ç tptqkH;tukefvkH; xifxif&Sm;&Sm; od&mrSmvnf; 0ifouf
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ouf ESpfrsKd;yJ? aygif;vkdufawmh b,fESpfrsKd;&SdoGm;ovJ¿ - &SpfrsKd;? 'gu
orxykdif;twGuf uGufNyD; ajymwmyg/
'Dawmh t&Snfç twkdç tptqkH; tukefvkH;ukd xifxif&Sm;&Sm;
odatmif yxravhusi&hf rSmjzpfawmh a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vu f tJ'D 0ifav
xGufavukd ½IyGm;okH;oyfwJhtydkif;rSm ----
]]zk|zka|mumao ye owð XaywGm bma0EÅaó0 bm0em

orÜZÆwd}} (0dok'¨d-1-271/)
vkdY 0dok'¨dr*ft|uxmu ñTefMum;xm;wJhtwkdif; ----
0ifwJhav xGufwJhav xdrIxif&Sm;wJh wpfae&muae apmifhNyD;
awmh pdwfukd xm;zkdY vkdtyfygw,f/ Munfh&rSmu bmudk Munfh&rSmvJ¿
0ifoufav xGufoufavukd Munfh&r,f/ xdwmudk Munfh&rSmvm;¿
0ifav xGufavukd Munfh&rSmvm;¿ 0ifav xGufavudk Munfh&r,f/
tJ'aD vonf txJ0ifawmh txJvnf; vku d rf Munhef ?YJ tjyif xGuf
awmh tjyifvnf; vkdufrMunhfeJY? xdwJhae&mu apmifhNyD; 'Davuav;
ukdMunhfyg? tJ'D avuav;rSm pdwfukdNidrfatmif uyfMunfh? uyfvkdYrS
r&bl;qkd&ifawmh t|uxmrsm;u a&wGufwJhenf;udk tokH;jyKzkdY ñTef
Mum;xm;ygw,f/ --
0ifav xGufav ESpfckaygif;ukd ]]wpf}}
0ifav xGufav ]]ESpf}}
0ifav xGufav ]]okH;}}
0ifav xGufav ]]av;]]
0ifav xGufav ]]ig;}}
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0ifav xGufav ]]ckepf}}
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f vkd ,lv&Ydk ygw,f/
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&Spt
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t&Snfqkdwmu touf½SL aES;wmç twkdqkdwmu touf½SL jrefwmukd
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tmemyge&JU pnf;urf;wpfckuawmh aU&S aemuf 0J ,m cE¨mudk,fukd
enf;enf;av;rS rvIyfatmif xdef;&r,fqkdwJhtcsufyJ? £&d,mykxf
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0ifoufav xGufoufavvkdY rSwfcsifvnf; rSwf&w,f? tJ'Dawmh 'D
avtm½kHay:rSm pdwfu uyfaezkdYvkdw,f? rrSwfbJ raewwfolukdom
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awmufavQmuf odaezkdY vkd&if;yJ/ tJ'Davuav;rSm awmufavQmuf
odaeawmh avuav;rSm bm0empdwu f Nird o
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tvif;a&mifawGukdawmh oGm;NyD;rMunfh&bl;/
tvif;a&mifEiS hf edrw d o
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wkdY&JU edrdwfray:rDrSm jzpfay:aewJh trSwfonmukd bm0emonmvkdY
ac:w,f/
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f kd y#doaE¨pw d çf aemufq;Hk
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'Db0ifudk t*FkwådK&fygVdawmfrSm (tH-1-9/) bk&m;&Sifu --

ybó&rd'H bdu©a0 pdwåH/ (tH-1-9/)
'Dvdk a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ t|uxmuvnf; --
pdwåEÅd b0*FpdwåH/ (tH-|-1-45/)
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vm&Sw d hJ pdwå (= pdw)f t& b0ifpw d u
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a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
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ta&mifawmh r&Sdygbl;/ (tH-|-1-45/)
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pGrf;tm; &Sdygw,f/ 'DpdwfaMumifhjzpfwJh pdwåZ½kyfuvmyfawGudk "mwfcGJ
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&Sw
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&Syd gw,f/ tvm;wlyJ b0ifpw d u

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f vmyfwikd ;f rSm yg0ifwhJ
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'D b0ifraemtMunf"mwfudk odrf;qnf;wJhtcgrSm cPcP
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y#dbm*edrw d tf m½krH mS wpfem&D odrYk [kwf ESpef m&Davmuf bm0empdwu
f
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ydkif;avmufom pkdufMunfhyg/
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d f
tm½kuH ykd J xyfNy;D ½Iyg? orm"dukd jyefvnfxal xmifyg/ tmemygey#dbm*
edrdwftm½kHrSm bm0empdwfu epfjrKyfoGm;NyD; tenf;qkH; (10)rdepf
(15)rdepfavmuf xyfNyD; epfjrKyfoGm;NyD;qdkygrS wpfzef jyefMunfhyg/
'Denf;twdkif; avhusifhygu MunfvifawmufyaewJh b0ifraem
tMunf"mwfudk ÓPfESifh awGUjrifEdkifygw,f/
tJ'v D kd b0ifraemtMunf"mwfukd odr;f qnf;Edik w f t hJ cg tmemyge
y#dbm*edrw d uf ykd J jyeftm½k, H ul m yxrpsmefukd xyfNy;D awmh 0ifpm;yg?
psmefrx S wJt h cg b0ifraemtMunf"mwfukd xyfNy;D odr;f qnf;Munfyh g/
'Dvo kd rd ;f qnf;vku d w f thJ cg b0ifraemtMunf"mwfqw kd hJ rSex f rJ mS rdrd
½IyGm;aewJh tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftm½kHudk a&S;½SLusa&mufaewm
xifaewmudk awGUNyq D v kd Qif psmeft*FgawGukd odr;f qnf;Ekid Nf yD jzpfygw,f/
psmeft*Fgig;yg;
0dwuf 0dpm& yDwd okc {u*¾wmqdkNyD; yxrpsmefrSm psmeft*Fg
ig;yg; &Sdygw,f/
0dwufqw dk mu MunfvifaewJh tmemygey#dbm*edrw d tf m½kaH y:
okdY pdwfukd a&S;½Iwifay;jcif;oabm?
0dpm& = tmemygey#dbm*edrw d tf m½ku
H dk xyfum xyfum ok;H oyf
qifjcifaejcif;oabm?
yDwd = tmemygey#dbm*edrdwf tm½kHukd ESpfoufaejcif;oabm?
okc = tmemygey#dbm*edrw d tf m½k\
H t&omukd csr;f csr;f omom
cHpm;aejcif;oabm?
{u*¾wm = tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftm½kHwpfckwnf;ay:okdY pdwf
usa&mufwnfNidrfaejcif;oabm ----
aygif;vkdufawmh --- oabmw&m; ig;ck? oabmw&m;ig;ckwkdY&JU

taygif;ukdawmh psmefvkdYac:w,f? 0dwufç 0dpm&ç yDwdç okcç {u*¾wm
wpfvkH;pD wpfvkH;pDukdawmh psmeft*FgvkdY ac:w,f/
vSnf;wpfck qkdMupkdY? 0if½kd;wkdY vSnf;bD;wkdY xrf;ykd;wkdY ponfjzifh
tm;vk;H aygif;pkxm;wJh taygif;tpkuadk wmh vSn;f vkaYd c:w,f? wpfcpk D
wpfckpDjzKwfxm;vkdufawmh 'gu 0if½kd;ç 'gu vSnf;bD;ç 'gu xrf;ykd;ç
ponfjzifh wpfckpD cJGjcm;NyD;awmh ac:&w,f? tJ'DykHpHtwkdif;yJ 'Dpsmef
t*Fgig;ckwkdY&JU taygif;ukd psmefvkdYac:w,f? ajrvQKd;rkd;ysHaewmukd psmef
vkdYac:wm r[kwfygbl;? tJ'Dpsmeft*Fgig;ckwkdY&JU taygif;tpkukd psmef
vkdYac:w,f? wpfckpD wpfckpDukdawmh psmeft*FgvkdY ac:ygw,f/
tJ'D psmeft*Fgig;yg;u bkef;BuD;ajymawmh rajymcsifygbl;? 'gayrJh
vnf; w&m;yJu G dk vma&mufremEkid v
f Udk wu,fvufawGUvnf; 'DXmerSm
vma&mufNyD; tm;rxkwfEkdifvkdY w&m;acGuav;ukdyJ emNyD; tm;xkwf&
rnfh ta0;u w&m;emwJhyk*¾dKvfawGtwGuf iJhn§mNyD;awmh enf;enf;
awmh ajym&rSmaygh/
psmeft*Fgig;yg;u qifjcifprSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vw f &Ydk UJ
ÓPfrmS wpfv;Hk pD ay:wwfygw,f? a,m*Du xyfum xyfum avhusihf
zefrsm;vmvk&Yd &dS if xyfum xyfum avhusi&hf ifawmh ÓPfxrJ mS NyKd iw f l
ay:ygw,f? tu,fí 'Dpsmeft*FgawGu ÓPfxJrSm rxifr&Sm; jzpf
aeao;&ifawmh rdrd½IjrJjzpfwJh tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftm½kHrSmyJ pdwf
ukd Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D awmh wnfaeatmif BuKd ;pm;&w,f? BuKd ;pm;vku d w f hJ
tcsed t f cgrSm Nird Nf yq
D rdk S wpfcgjyefMunfyh g/ psmef0ifpm;rItcsed f wpfem&D
ausmfrS avhusifhyg? tJ'Dvkd avhusihfzefrsm;vm&if 'Dpsmeft*FgawGukd
NydKifwl ay:wm awGUEkdifNyD? awGUvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu
'Dyxrpsmeform"dukd ckdifcHhatmif 0oDabmfig;wef Ekdifeif;atmif avh
usifh&ygw,f? psmeft*Fgukd tcsdefra&G; qifjcifvkdY&atmif avhusifh&
w,f? 'Dpsmefudk 0ifpm;csiw

f t
hJ csed t
f cgrSm tcsed rf a&G;0ifpm;vk&Yd atmif
avhusifh&w,f? xcsifwJhtcsdeftcgrSm tcsdefra&G; xvkdY&atmif avh
usi&hf w,f? wpfem&Dt"d|mef&if wpfem&D&atmifç wpfred pft"d|mef&if
wpfrdepf&atmif avhusifhxm;&w,f/
tJ'Dpsmeft*Fgudk qifjcifwJhtykdif;rSm raem'Gg&m0ZÆef;ESifh qifjcif
wJt
h ykid ;f ç aZmESihf qifjcifwt
hJ ydik ;f qkw
d m ESpu
f @&Sw
d ,f/ ESpu
f @&Sw d hJ
teufu raem'Gg&m0ZÆe;f ESihf qifjcifwmyJjzpfjzpfç aZmESihf qifjcifwmyJ
jzpfjzpf tm;vkH;twlwlyJ? tm0ZÆe0oDESifh ypöa0u©Pm0oDqkdNyD;awmh
'DvkdESpfck cJGxm;w,f? raem'Gg&m0ZÆef;pdwfESifh psmeft*Fgukd qifjcifwm
ukd tm0ZÆe0oD? ypöa0u©PmaZmpdwfESifh psmeft*Fgukd qifjcifwmukd
ypöa0u©Pm0oDvYdk 'DvEdk pS cf k cJjG cm;owfrw S x
f m;w,f/ aygif;vku
d af wmh
0oDabmfig;wefy?J tJ'0D oDabmfig;wef Ekid ef if;atmifawmh avhusiahf y;
&ygw,f/
'kwd,psmeform"d
avhusiv hf Ydk auseyfNyq D &dk ifawmh 'kw,
d psmefukd ul;Ekid wf ,f? yÍöu
enf;t& ÓPfEw YHk yhJ *k Kd¾ vrf sm;uawmh 0dwufEiS hf 0dpm& ESpcf u k dk wpfv;Hk pD
jzKwf&w,f? ÓPfxufwJhyk*¾dKvfrsm; jzpfcJh&ifawmh 0dwufESifh 0dpm&ukd
NydKifwljzKwfvkdY&w,f/ tJ'Dawmh b,fvkdjzKwfrvJar;awmh jzKwfykHenf;
pepfawmh &Syd gw,f? 'D0oDabmfig;wef Ekid ef if;atmif yxrpsmefudk avh
usifhNyD;wJh olawmfaumif;u 'Dyxrpsmefonf eD0&P&efolESifh eD;uyf
w,fvkdY yxr qifjcifyg/
eD0&P&efoq l wdk mu pdwu f av;u awmfawmfuav; tmemyge
y#dbm*edrdwfrSm NidrfoGm;rS 'D &m* a'go arm[pwJh eD0&P tnpf
taMu;awGu uGmusoGm;w,f? rNidrfcifrSm 'D &m* a'go arm[pwJh
eD0&PawGu wpfvSnfhpD 0if0ifNyD;awmh aESmihf,SufwwfwJhoabm
&Sdw,f? 'gaMumifh 'Dyxrpsmefonf eD0&P&efolESifhvnf; eD;w,f?

'kwd,psmefavmufvnf; rNidrfoufbl;? 0dwuf 0dpm&awGuvnf;
½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;wJh oabm&Sdw,f? 'gaMumifh usKd;ysufvG,fwJhoabm
&Sw
d ,f? usK;d ysuv
f ,
G wf t
hJ wGuf tm;enf;aom psmeft*Fgvnf;&Sw d ,f/
b,fvkd ½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;ovJvkdY ar;awmh rdrdwkdYu NidrfoufwJh
orm"dukd vkdcsifaewJh olawmfaumif;awG jzpfMuw,f? 'DvkdNidrfoufrI
orm"dukd tvkd&SdaewJh olawmfaumif;wpfOD;tzkdY? 'Dtm½kHay:ukd pdwf
uav;ukd wifwifay;ae&wmuku d yifyef;aew,f? 'Dtm½ku H dk xyfum
xyfum okH;oyfae&wmukdu yifyef;aew,f? 'gaMumifh tJ'D yifyef;rI
&Sad ewJt h wGuf pdw&f UJ Murf;wrf;aewJh trlt&mwpfrsK;d yJvYdk 'Dvo dk abm
aygufNyD;awmh 0dwufç 0dpm&ukd tvkdr&SdwJh pdwfxm;ESifh? rwif&bJESifh
Nird af e&if ykad umif;rSmyJ? rok;H oyf&bJEiS hf Nird af e&if ykad umif;rSmyJqw
dk hJ
'Dvpdk wd xf m;rsK;d ESihf tvGeMf unfvifawmufyaewJh 'Dtmemygey#dbm*
edrdwfukd pdwfuav;u pkdufNyD; uyfMunfhay;&w,f? ½Iae&w,f/
tJ'DtcsdeftcgrSm 0dwufç 0dpm& jyKwfoGm;vdrfhr,f? yDwdç okcç
{u*¾wmqkw d hJ psmeft*Fgok;H yg;&Sw
d hJ 'kw,
d psmefudk ul;oGm;vdrrhf ,f? tJ'D
'kwd,psmefukdvnf; 0oDabmfig;wef Ekdifeif;atmif avhusifh&w,f/
wwd,psmeform"d
'kwd,psmefukd 0oDabmfig;wef Ekdifeif;atmif avhusifhNyD;wJhtcg
wwd,psmefudk ul;csi, f if 'kw,d psmefudk 0ifpm;Ny;D aemuf 'kw,d psmefrS
xum 'Dvkd qifjcifyg/ ---
1/ 'D'kwd,psmeformywf[m 0dwufç 0dpm&qkdwJh eD;uyfwJh &efol
&Sdw,f/
2/ (yDwud dk jyeford ;f qnf;Ny;D qifjcifMunfyh g/) 'Dyw D [
d m pdwvf yI &f mS ;
rIukd trsm;qkH; jzpfapwwfwJhtwGuf ½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;&um;
usKd;ysufvG,fwJhoabm&Sdw,f/
3/ (okcESifh {u*¾wmukd odrf;qnf;NyD; jyefqifjcifMunfhyg/) 'Dokc
{u*¾wmqkdwJh psmeft*FgESpfyg;&SdwJh wwd,psmefu ydkNidrfouf
w,f/
tJ'v D dk qifjcifNy;D aemuf 'kw, d psmefudk tvkrd &Sw d phJ w
d x
f m; yDwu d dk
jzKwyf pfcsiw f phJ w
d x
f m; ykNd ird o
f ufwhJ wwd,psmefudk tvk&d w dS phJ w
d x
f m;
ESifh 'D tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftm½kHukdyJ pkduf½I&w,f/ ½IvkdufvkdY yDwd
jyKwo f mG ;cJ&h if okcç {u*¾wmqkw d hJ psmeft*FgESpyf g;&Sw
d hJ wwd,psmefukd
qkdufr,f? qkduf&if 0oDabmfig;wef Ekdifeif;atmif avhusifhyg/
pwkw¬psmeform"d
wwd,psmefudk 0oDabmfig;wef Ekid ef if;atmif avhusiNhf y;D wJt
h cg
pwkwp¬ smefudk ul;csi&f if wwd,psmefu0kd ifpm;Ny;D aemuf wwd,psmefrS
xum 'Dvkd qifjcifyg/ ---
1/ 'D wwd,psmeformywf[m yDwdqkdwJh eD;uyfwJh&efol&Sdw,f/
2/ (okcukd jyefodrf;qnf;NyD; qifjcifMunfhyg/ pdwfcsrf;om&if pdwf
xJrSm wodrfhodrfhESifh enf;enf;awmh vIyf&Sm;aewwfw,f/) -
'gaMumifh okc[m ½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;wJhoabm &Sdw,f? ½kefY&if;
Murf;wrf;wJhtwGuf ysufpD;vG,fwJhoabm &Sdw,f/
3/ Oayu©m {u*¾wmac:wJh psmeft*FgESpyf g;&Sw d hJ pwkwp¬ smefuawmh
ykdNyD; Nidrfoufw,f/
'DvkdqifjcifNyD;aemuf okcukd tvkdr&SdwJh (= wwd,psmefukd tvkd
r&Swd )hJ pdwEf iS hf ykNd y;D Nird of ufwhJ Oayu©m {u*¾wmqkw d hJ psmeft*FgESpyf g;
&Sw
d hJ pwkwp¬ smefuv dk cdk siw
f hJ pdwEf iS hf 'Dtmemygey#dbm*edrw d t
f m½kuH ydk J
xyfNyD; tm½kHjyK&w,f/
okcjyKwcf siw
f phJ w
d Ef iS hf 'Dtmemygey#dbm*edrw
d u
f ydk J xyfNy;D ½Iae
cJh&if okcjyKwfoGm;&if Oayu©mac:wJh tvGefNidrfoufaewJh a0'em
wpfrsKd; 0ifvmvdrfhr,f - Oayu©m {u*¾wmac:wJh psmeft*FgESpfrsKd;&Sd
wJh pwkw¬psmefukd qkdufr,f/
'Dpwkw¬psmefukd qkduf-rqkdufukd odEkdifwJh tifrwef xif&Sm;wJh
trSwt f om;uawmh toufr½S L jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f? touf½S L aeao;
&ifawmh pwkw¬psmefukd rqdkufao;bl;? toufvkH;vkH; r½S L awmhbl;
qkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh pwkw¬psmefukd qkdufoGm;NyD? tJ'D pwkw¬psmefukdvnf;
0oDabmfig;wef Ekdifeif;atmif avhusifhNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm xkda,m*D
olawmfaumif;u b,fur®|mef;ukd ul;csio f vJ¿ ur®|mef;av;q,fxJ
u ul;csifwJhur®|mef; ul;ç ul;vkdY&w,f/
"mwfur®|mef;tusOf;enf;
0dyóemoGm;csifw,f qkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh xkdyk*¾dKvfonf bmvkyf&
rvJ¿ ½kyu f r®|mef;uae pwifí ½kyef mrfwu Ydk dk odr;f qnf;wJph epfwpfcçk
emrfur®|mef;uae pwifí ½kyfemrfwkdYukd odrf;qnf;wJh pepfwpfck ---
ESpfck&SdwJhteufu BudKufwJhpepfjzifh ½kyfemrfukd odrf;qnf;Ekdifygw,f/
'Dawmh "mwfur®|mef;uae podrf;qnf;wJh pepfuav;ukd enf;enf;
twkdcsKyfajymr,f ---- w&m;xkdifwkdif; xkdifwkdif; tmemygepwkw¬psmef
orm"dukd xlaxmifyg/ vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifawG tm;aumif;vmwJh
tcg "mwfav;yg;ukd ½Iyg/
"mwf b,fESpfyg;&SdovJ¿ -- av;yg;? yx0D"mwfç tmayg"mwfç
awaZm"mwfç 0ga,m"mwf?
rmrI xif&Sm;wJh wpfae&mupNyD;awmh rmwJhoabmukd wpfukd,f
vkH;jrifatmif ½I&w,f?
Murf;rIxif&Sm;wJhwpfae&mupNyD;awmh Murf;wJhoabmukd wpf
ukd,fvkH;jrifatmif ½I&w,f?
av;rIxif&Sm;wJh wpfae&mupNyD;awmh av;wJhoabmukd wpf

ukd,fvkH;jrifatmif ½I&w,f/
atmifjrifrI&cJh&ifawmh aysmhrIxif&Sm;wJh wpfae&maygh? atmuf
twGif;EIwfcrf;om;uav;udk vQmESifh xdxm;Munfhyg/ aysmhaewmudk
awGUEdkifygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk aysmhrIxif&Sm;wJh wpfae&mupNyD; aysmhwJh
oabmç acsmrI xif&Sm;wJh wpfae&mupNyD; acsmwJhoabmç ayghrI
xif&Sm;wJh wpfae&mupNyD; ayghwJhoabm tJ'Doabmw&m;awGukd
wpfukd,fvkH; jrifatmif ½I&w,f? rmç Murf;ç av;ç aysmhç acsmç aygh -
'g yx0D"mwf oabmw&m; ajcmufckyJ/ (tbd-1-170/ tbd-|-1-368/)
atmifjrifrI &NyDqkd&ifawmh enf;enf;ausmfvkduf? ylrIxif&Sm;wJh
wpfae&mupNyD; ylwJhoabmç at;rIxif&Sm;wJhwpfae&mupNyD; at;
wJhoabmukd wpfukd,fvkH;jrifatmif ½Iyg? awaZm"mwfyJ/
atmifjrifrI&&if 0ga,m"mwful;vkduf? axmufuefrI xif&Sm;wJh
wpfae&muaeNyD; axmufuefwJhoabmukd wpfukd,fvkH; jrifatmif½I?
wGef;uefrIxif&Sm;wJh wpfae&muaeNyD; wGef;uefwJhoabmukd wpf
ukd,fvkH;jrifatmif ½I&w,f/
axmufw,fqkdwmuawmh cE¨mtdrfukd Nidrfatmif xdef;xm;wJh
oabmuav;yJ? tdrfwpftdrfNydKawmhr,fqkd&if usm;ac:wJh wkwfwpf
acsmif;ESifh uefxm;ovkd axmufxm;wJhoabmuav;yJ/
wGef;uefrIqkdwmu ckeu 0ifav xGufavxJrSmvnf; &Sdygw,f?
acgif;tv,favmufrSm pdwfuav; pkdufxm;yg? oGm;uav;ukd enf;
enf;zdxm;? touf½S L Munfyh g/ wGe;f rItm;awG xif&mS ;aewm awGU&yg
w,f/
tJ'D wGef;uefrIç axmufuefrIoabmu 0ga,m"mwf - aygif;
vkdufawmh "mwfoabm q,fck?
yx0D"mwfoabmw&m;u ajcmufrsK;d ? awaZm"mwfoabmw&m;

u ylrIç at;rI ESpfrsKd;? 0ga,m"mwfoabmw&m;u axmufrIç wGef;rI
ESpfrsKd; aygif;vkdufawmh q,frsKd;? tJ'D q,frsKd;ukd xyfum xyfum
½I&if zJGUpnf;wJhoabmw&m; ay:vmr,f? oGm;t&if;wkdY vQmt&if;wkdY
vQmzsm;wkYd tJ'v D dk ,kpd ;D rIxif&mS ;wJh wpfae&mupNy;D ,kpd ;D wJo
h abmukd
wpfu, dk v
f ;Hk tom;Mum; t½k;d Mum; ta&Mum; taMumMum; pdu k Mf unf/h
wpfu, dk v
f ;Hk jrifatmif Munfv h u dk w
f t
hJ cg ,kpd ;D zGUJ pnf;wJo
h abm
xif&Sm;NyDqkd&if 'D,kdpD; zJGUpnf;oabmu tmayg"mwf - aygif;vkduf
awmh "mwfb,fESpfyg; jzpfoGm;NyDvJ¿ av;yg;/
tJ'D "mwfav;yg;ukd ½IwwfNyq D &dk ifawmh bk&m;a[ma'oemawmf
twkdif; tpOftwkdif; jyef½I&w,f? yx0D"mwf tmayg"mwf awaZm
"mwf 0ga,m"mwfqkdwJh a'oempOftwkdif; rmç Murf;ç av;ç aysmhç
acsmç ayghç ,kdpD;ç zJGUpnf;ç ylç at;ç axmufç wGef; tJ'Doabmw&m;
q,fhESpfckukd ajcqkH;acgif;qkH; oGufatmif½Iyg/
jcHKikHí wpfukd,fvkH;ukdMunfhyg
oGufNyDqkd&if jcHKMunfhyg/ rdrdxkdifaewmukd tay:u pD;MunfhwJh
ykHpHjzifh wpfukd,fvkH;ukd ikHMunfh&w,f/
tJ'Dvkd ikHMunfhvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm "mwfawGu NydKifwlvkdvkd
ay:aeNyDqkd&ifawmh rmç Murf;ç av;ç aysmhç acsmç ayghudk MunfhNyD;awmh
yx0D"mwf? ,kdpD;ç zJGUpnf;ukd MunfhNyD;awmh tmayg"mwf? ylç at;ukd
MunfhNyD;awmh awaZm"mwf? axmufç wGef;udk MunfhNyD;awmh 0ga,m
"mwf - tJ'Dvkd av;csuf½Iyg/
"mwfav;yg;tm½küH pdwu f dk Nird af tmifxed ;f yg? orm"dudk xlaxmif
yg/ yx0D"mwfç tmayg"mwfç awaZm"mwfç 0ga,m"mwf tJ'Dvkd xyf
umxyfum ½Ivu dk Nf yq
D &dk if bmjzpfvmrvJ¿ wjznf;jznf; pdwu f "mwf
av;yg;tm½kHü Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD;wnfaevdrfhrnf/ bmaMumifhvJ¿ [kd

bufu tmemygejzifh rdrdu pwkw¬psmefqkdufatmif orm"dxlaxmif
NyD;rS "mwfBuD;av;yg;udk tm½kHjyKí orm"dukd qufvufxlaxmifvdkYyJ
jzpfw,f/
xkdifwkdif; xkdifwkdif;awmh orm"d xlaxmif&ygw,f? tmemyge
y#dbm*edrw d u f dk tm½k, H Nl y;D awmh pwkwp¬ smeform"dqu dk af tmif orm"d
xlaxmifNyD;rS 'D"mwfav;yg;ukd ½IvmwJhtwGuf [kdbufu orm"du
aus;Zl;jyKay;vku d af wmh 'DbufrmS "mwfav;yg;ay:rSm pdwu f Nird 0f yfrI
vG,fvG,fuav;eJY &vmw,f? "mwfav;yg;tm½kHü pdwfu Nidrf0yfpGm
uyfNy;D wnfvmNyq D v
dk &Ydk &dS if xkad ,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vu
f bmvky&f rvJ¿ "mwfav;
yg; tm½kHrSm Nidrfoxuf Nidrfatmif uyfNyD;awmh ½I&w,f/
tjzLjyif ESifh tMunfjyif

½IvkdY NidrfNyDqkd&ifawmh yx0D"mwfrSm rmwJhoabm? tmayg"mwf
rSm ,kdpD;wJhoabm? awaZm"mwfrSm ylwJhoabm? 0ga,m"mwfrSm
axmufwJhoabm tJ'Dav;ckukd OD;pm;ay;½Ivkduf? ½IvkdY NidrfvmNyDqkdvkdY
&Sd&if bmjzpfvmwwfovJ¿ - tjzL pay:wwfygw,f? bmjzpfvkdY 'D
tjzLu ay:ae&ovJqw dk muawmh a&cJw;Hk wpfw;Hk Munfah ygh? trSwf
wrJh jAKef;ueJ cyfvSrf;vSrf;u Munfhvkduf&ifawmh jzLaew,fvkdY xif
&w,f? aoaocsmcsm tem;uyfMunfv h udk af wmh Munfaeygw,f/ tJ'D
awmh tMunf"mwfukd rawGUcifuav;rSm tjzLjyifukd pawGUjcif; jzpf
w,f/
tJ't D jzLrSmvnf; wnf&adS ewJh "mwfav;yg;ukd jrifatmif qufNy;D
pku
d ½f &I ygw,f/ pku d ½f v
I u
dk v f &Ykd &dS if a&cJw;Hk rSew
f ;kH zefw;Hk vkd MunfaewJh
tMunf"mwfukd awGUwwfygw,f? bmtMunfvJvkdYar;awmh ----
ckeuajymcJw h hJ ½kyaf vmurSm bk&m;&Siu f tMunf"mwf b,fEpS rf sK;d

a[mcJhovJ¿ ig;rsKd;? rsufpdtMunfç em;tMunfç ESmacgif;tMunfç
vQmtMunfç uk, d tf MunfqNdk y;D tMunf½yk f b,fEpS rf sK;d a[mxm;ovJ¿
ig;rsKd;/
tJ'D ukd,ftMunfqkdwmu wpfukd,fvkH; ae&mtESHUtjym;rSm &Sd
w,f? r&Sw d ahJ e&m r&Sb d ;l ? wpfu,
dk v
f ;Hk tESUH tjym;&Sad wmh 'DtMunf½yk u f dk
uvmyftrIeu f av;awGukd rawGUcif jyifvu dk f twk;H vku
d f tcJvu
dk Bf u;D
oGm;awGUjcif; jzpfygw,f? tJ'D tMunfjyif tMunfwkH;rSmvnf;
wnf&SdaewJh "mwfav;yg;ukd jrifatmif qufpkduf½I&w,f/
pu©m'dyÍö0d"H ½lyg'DeH *[Pypö,bma0e tm'gowvH 0d,
0dyÜoEéwåm yom'½lyH/ (0dok'¨d-2-81/)
pu©KpwJh ig;rsKd;aom ½kyfawG[m ½lyg½HkpwJh tm½kH ig;rsKd;udk tm½kH
,lzdkY&m pu©K0dnmPfpwJh qdkif&m 0dnmPf ig;rsKd;wkdY&JU rSD&m edó,
taMumif;w&m;tjzpfjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;aeNy;D aMu;rkH (= rSe)f tjyifuo hJ Ykd
MunfvifaewJh twGufaMumifh yom'½kyf rnfygw,fvdkY 0dok'¨dr*¾
t|uxmu zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/ --
½kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;
"mwfBuD;av;yg;udk pkduf½IvkdufNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh yg&rDawG &ifh
anmif;wJh olawmfaumif; jzpfcJh&ifawmh 'D½kyfuvmyftrIefuav;
awGukd vG,fvG,fuav;eJY awG&wwfygw,f? tMunfwkH;BuD;u NydKuJG
oGm;wwfygw,f/ vG,fvG,fuav;eJY 'D tMunfjyifBuD;u uJGxGuf
roGm;bl;qkd&ifawmh 'DtMunfjyifrSm tmumo"mwf &Sdaeav&JUvkdY
tm½kH,lNyD;awmh 'Dvif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tm; tultnDESifh tmumo
"mwfudk pkduf½Ivkduf&if trIefuav;awGukd pawGUwwfygw,f/
r[m&m[kavm0g'okwåef (r-2-86/) .. pwJh xdkxdkokwåefwdkYrSm

]]tmumo"mwfukd ½I&ef}} bk&m;&Sifu ñTefMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
vu©Pm[m&aewådenf;t& a[mMum;oGm;awmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/
tmumo"mwfudk OD;wnfí Oyg'g½kyaf wGukd ½IymG ;odr;f qnf;&ef bk&m;
&Sifu ñTefMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfaMumif;udk t|uxmu (r-|-3-97/)
&Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/
'DtrIefuav;awGukd ½kyfuvmyfawGvkdY ac:w,f? ½kyfuvmyf
qkdwm y&rw¬opöme,frSm ½kyfwkdY&JU tao;qkH; tzJGUtpnf;uav;yJ/
tJ'DtrIefuav;awGukd pawGUNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&ifvnf; wpfrIef wpfrIefrSm
wnf&SdwJh yx0Dç tmaygç awaZmç 0ga,mqkdwJh "mwfav;yg;ukd
jrifatmif ppkduf½I&w,f/
tJ'D"mwfav;yg;ukd jrifatmif pkduf½IvkdYr&bl;? trIefuav;awG
u ay:wm aysmufwm odyNf y;D jrefaeNyq D v dk &Ydk &dS if xkyd *k Kd¾ v[f m bmvky&f
ovJ¿ wpfukd,fvkH; ½Iaeustwkdif; jcHKNyD;awmh ]rm}wmukd pkduf½Ivkduf?
trIefuav;wpfckrSm ]rm}wmukd pkduf½Ivkduf? aysmufoGm;&if aemuf
wpfrIef ajymif;pkdufNyD;½I? aysmufoGm; aemufwpfrIef ajymif;pkdufNyD;½I?
tJ'v D dk xyfum xyfum ½Ivu dk v
f Ydk ½Ivudk w f hJ trIew f idk ;f rSm rmwJo h abm
ukd oabmayguf&if rmwm Murf;wm ESpfckaygh? ESpfck oabmayguf&if
ok;H ck ponfjzifh wjznf;jznf; ajymif;pku d ½f &I ygw,f? pku d ½f v I udk v
f Ykd 'DtrIef
wkdif;rSm "mwfav;yg;ukd jrifNyDqkdvdkY&Sd&if bmjzpfrvJ¿
Oyg'g½kyfrsm;ukd odrf;qnf;ykH
£ar pwåma&m r[mblaw y&d*¾PSEÅó Oyg'g½lyH ygu#H
a[mwd/ (tbd-|-2-241/)
[kd .. oar®m[0daem'eDt|uxmBuD;u zGifhxm;w,f? 'D½kyfu
vmyfwidk ;f ½kyu
f vmyfwidk ;f ç trIew
f idk ;f trIew
f idk ;f rSm "mwfBu;D av;yg;ukd
jrifatmif pkduf½IEkdif&if <uif;usefaewJh Oyg'g½kyfawG xif&Sm;vmNyD?

tJ'v D dk <uif;useaf ewJh Oyg'g½kyaf wGudk odr;f qnf;yku
H awmh q&morm;
ESifhom pepfwus csOf;uyfavhvmayawmh/
tJ'Dawmh Oyg'g½kyfu (24)rsKd;&Sdygw,f? ½kyfwkdYrnfonf uvmyf
ac:wJh trIeu
f av;awGtaeeJjY zpfawmh trIew f idk ;f trIew
f idk ;f rSm "mwf
av;yg;ukd OD;aqmifNyD;awmh tqif;ç teHYç t&omç MoZm tp&SdwJh
Oyg'g½kyfawGukd qufvufNyD; odrf;qnf;&w,f/ tJ'D ½kyfw&m;awGukd
odrf;qnf;wJhvkyfief; atmifjrifNyD qkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh emrfw&m;awGukd
qufvufNyD; odrf;qnf;Ekdifygw,f/
emrfw&m;rsm;ukd odrf;qnf;ykH
tJ'Demrfw&m;awGukd odrf;qnf;wJhtykdif;rSm zóupNyD; odrf;
qnf;wJhenf;ç a0'emupNyD; odrf;qnf;wJhenf;ç todpdwf 0dnmPfu
pNy;D odr;f qnf;wJeh nf;qkNd y;D awmh ½k;d ½k;d ok'0¨ yd óem,meduyk*Kd¾ vaf wG
twGuf ñTefMum;xm;wm&Sdw,f? 'gayrJh orx,meduyk*¾dKvf jzpfcJh
&ifvnf; umrm0p&emrfw&m;awGudk odr;f qnf;wJah e&mrSm 'Dpepfo;Hk ck
twkdif;yJ odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/
orx,meduyk*Kd¾ vu f awmh psmefemrfw&m;uae podr;f qnf;vkd
&if odrf;qnf;vkdY&w,f/ psmefemrfw&m;awGudk odrf;qnf;wJhtykdif;rSm
ckeu 0dwufç 0dpm&ç yDwdç okcç {u*¾wm ac:wJh psmeft*FgawGukd
rdrud orxykid ;f rSmuwnf;u ½IwwfcNhJ y;D jzpfwt hJ wGuf emrfur®|mef;
ykdif; ul;NyDqkdvkdY&Sd&ifvnf; tJ'Dpsmeft*FgawGuae pNyD;awmh psmef
emrfw&m;awGudk odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/
odrf;qnf;wJhtcgrSm ckvkd tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfukd tm½kH,lNyD;
jzpfay:aewJh yxrpsmefemrfw&m;qkd&if (34)vkH;txd &Sdygw,f/ tJ'D
emrfw&m;awGukdvnf; pepfwus q&morm;ESifh csOf;uyfavhvm&yg

w,f? odr;f qnf;&ygw,f/ 'Gg& (6)yg;vk;H rSm jzpfay:aeMuwJh emrfw&m;
tm;vkH;udk odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/
tJ'D½kyfawG emrfawGukd odrf;qnf;NyD;wJh tcsdeftcg ½kyfw&m;
emrfw&m;qkdNyD; ½kyf-emrf cJG&w,f? ½kyfemrfukd yl;wJGodrf;qnf;&w,f/
½lyg½lyy&d*¾[vkyfief;&yfjzpfw,f/ emrfESifh ½kyfukd ykdif;jcm;,lwJh emr-
½lyy&dapä'ÓPfyJ/ wpfcg 'D½kyfemrfuvJG&if a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*¾dKvf
owå0g vl ewf jA[®m -- r&Sdbl;? toufaumif vdyfjymaumif
0dnmPfaumif twåaumif r&Sdbl;? ½kyfw&m;tpktykH emrfw&m;tpk
tykHyJ &Sdw,fqkdwmukd ÓPfESifh jrifatmif MunfhNyD; ]]yk*¾dKvf owå0g
ZD0 twå r&Sd? ½kyfemrfrQom &Sdw,f}}qkdNyD; ½kyfemrfukd ykdif;jcm;rSwfom;
&ygw,f? emr½ly00w¬mevkyfief;vkdY ac:qkdw,f/
tJ'Dvkd tZÑwårSm ½kyfodrf;qnf;jcif;ç emrfodrf;qnf;jcif;ç ½kyfemrf
odr;f qnf;jcif;ç ½kyef mrfyikd ;f jcm;rSwof m;jcif;qkw d hJ 'Dvyk if ef;&yfav;ckudk
jyKvkyfNyD;wJhtcsdeftcgusawmh xkda,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu A[d'ükd ajymif;NyD;
awmh tvm;wlyJ ½kyo f rd ;f qnf;jcif;ç emrford ;f qnf;jcif;ç ½kyef mrf odr;f
qnf;jcif;ç ½kyef mrfyikd ;f jcm;rSwo f m;jcif;qkw d hJ 'Dvyk if ef;cGiaf v;ckudk wpf
qifwh ufNy;D jyKvyk &f ygw,f/ tJ'v D yk if ef;cGiu
f dk bk&m;&Siu f 'Dtmemyge
yAÁtykdif;rSm b,fvkda[mawmfrlovJ¿
tZÑwå ESifh A[d'¨

£wd tZÑwåH 0g uma, um,mEkyóD 0d[&wd? A[d'¨g 0g
uma, um,mEkyóD 0d[&wd? tZÑwåA[d'¨g 0g uma, um,m-
EkyóD 0d[&wd/ (r-1-71/)
'Dvdk a[mxm;w,f? tZÑwrå mS vnf; ½lyum,ç emrum, (y#do-H
181/) wpfenf;tm;jzifh - tómo-yómoum,ç ½lyum,ç emr

um,qkdwJh ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awGukd (r[m#D-1-320/) odrf;qnf;zkdY?
A[d'¨rSm vnf; ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awGukd odrf;qnf;zkdY bk&m;&Sifu
ñTeMf um;xm;awmfrw l ,f/ tJ'D ½kyef mrfawGudk tZÑwå A[d'¨ ESpXf merSm
wjznf;jznf; csJUxGifNyD; (31)bkHukefatmif odrf;qnf;wwfNyDqdk&if xkd
a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu aU&Swpfqifh wufNyD; bmvkyf&rvJ¿
ork',ç 0,ç ork',0,

ork',"r®mEkyóD 0g um,o® ð 0d[&wd? 0,"r®mEkyóD 0g
um,o® ð 0d[&wd? ork',0,"r®mEkyóD 0g um,o®ð 0d[&wd/
(r-1-71/)
um,o
um,o®® ð = um,ü/ 0g? ½lyum, emrum,ü (y#doH-181) /
wpfenf; - um,o
um,o®® ð = tómo-yómoum,ç u&Zum, (= ½ly
um,)ç emrum,ü (r[m#D-1-320) / ork',"r®mEkyóD 0g =
dS nfjzpfírlvnf;/ 0d[&wd
ork',"r®ukd tzefzef txyfxyf ½Iavh&o
= aeav\/
um,o
um,o®® ð = um,ü/ 0g? ½lyum, emrum,ü (y#doH-181) /
wpfenf; - um,o
um,)ç emrum,ü (r[m#D-1-320) / 0,"r®mEkyóD 0g = 0,"r®udk
tzefzef txyfxyf ½Iavh&Sdonfjzpfírlvnf;/ 0d[&wd = aeav\/
um,o
um,o®® ð = um,ü/ 0g/ ½lyum,ç emrum,ü (y#doH-181) /
wpfenf; - um,o
um,)ç emrum,ü (r[m#D-1-320) / ork',0,"r®mEkyóD 0g =
ork',"r®ESifh 0,"r®udk tzefzef txyfxyf ½Iavh&Sdonfjzpfí
rlvnf;/ 0d[&wd = aeav\/
'Dae&mrSm ork',"r®EiS hf 0,"r®ukd t|uxmrsm;u y#dorÇ'd gr*¾

ygVdawmfBuD;udk &nfñTef;um 'Dvdk zGifhqkdxm;Muw,f/ --
ork',"r®mEkyóD 0g 0gwdtm'Dok ye ]]t0dZÆmork',m ½ly-
ork'a,mwd}}tm'dem ea,e yÍö[muma&[d ½lyu©Eó ¨ ork'a,m
p 0a,m p eD[&dwaAÁm/ wO§d oE¨m, £" ]]ork',"r®mEkyóD
0g}}wdtm'd 0kwåH/ ('D-|-2-358/ r-|-1-357/)
'Dt|uxmrsm;u y#dorÇd'gr*¾ygVdawmf pmrsufESm (53)rSm vm
&Sw
d hJ O',AÁ,ÓPf tus,½f yI mG ;enf;rsm;udk &nfñeT ;f um zGiq
hf akd wmf
rlMujcif; jzpfMuw,f/
'Dtykdif;udk 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmu (0dok'¨d-2-267/) --
1/ ypö,awm O',AÁ,
2/ cPawm O',AÁ, --
qkdNyD; ESpfrsKd; zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/ ykdrdkNyD;awmh oabmaygufatmif
y#dorÇ'd gr*¾ygVdawmfrmS vm&Sw d hJ ½lyu©Em¨ ü O',ESihf 0,½IyHk ygVdawmfukd
ykHpHxkwfum em,lMunfhMu&atmif .../
½lyu©E¨ó O',H yóaEÅm uwrmed yÍö vu©Pmed yówd¿
1/ t0dZÆmork',m ½lyork'a,mwd ypö,ork',a|e ½lyu©E¨ó
O',H yówd/
2/ wPSmork',m ½lyork'a,mwd ypö,ork',a|e ½lyu©E¨ó
O',H yówd/
3/ ur®ork',m ½lyork'a,mwd ypö,ork',a|e ½lyu©E¨ó
O',H yówd/
4/ tm[m&ork',m ½lyork'a,mwd ypö,ork',a|e ½lyu©Eó ¨
O',H yówd/
5/ edAÁwådvu©PH yóaEÅmyd ½lyu©E¨ó O',H yówd/
½lyu©E¨ó O',H yóaEÅm £rmed yÍö vu©Pmed yówd/
(y#doH-53/)
'DygVdawmf&JU qdkvkd&if;udk ajymMu&atmif .../
½lyu©E¨m&JU jzpfjcif; (= O',) udk ½IwJhol[m tb,fig;yg;aom
vu©PmwdkYudk ½IjrifovJ¿
1/ t0dZÆmjzpfjcif;aMumifh ½kyfjzpf\/
2/ wPSmjzpfjcif;aMumifh ½kyfjzpf\/
3/ uHjzpfjcif;aMumifh ½kyfjzpf\/
4/ tm[m&jzpfjcif;aMumifh ½kyfjzpf\/
'Dvdk taMumif;w&m;wkdY&JU xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;qdkwJh teufoabm
aMumifh tusK;d ½kyw
f &m;&JU jzpfyu
Hk kd ½Iw,f/ 'Dv½dk u
I u
G u
f akd wmh ypö,awm
O','óe (= taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh tjzpfudk ½Ijcif;)vdkY 0dok'¨dr*¾
t|uxmu zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/ (0dok'¨d-2-267/)
'DavmufwGif ruao;bl; --
5/ 'D½yk w
f &m;&JU jzpfjcif; edAw
Á v
då u©Pmudv k nf; jrifatmif ½I&r,fvYkd
ñTeMf um;awmfrjl yefw,f/ 'D½yk w f &m;&JU jzpfjcif; edAw
Á v
då u©Pmudk
½IIjcif;udkawmh cPawm O','óe (= cPtm;jzifh tjzpfudk
½Ijcif;)vdkY 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmu zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/ (0dok'¨d-2-267/)
a0'emu©E¨mpwJh emrfcE¨mav;yg;udkvnf; ykHpHwl a[mMum;xm;
awmfrlygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm t0dZÆmESifh wPSmudk ,lvdkufvQif ,if;t0dZÆm wPSm

wdkYESifh udavo0#fcsif; wlnDaewJh Oyg'gefudkvnf; xnfhoGif; ,l&yg
w,f/ wpfzef uHudk ,lvkdufvQif ,if;uHESifh ur®0#fcsif; wlnDaewJh
ocFg&udkvnf; xnfhoGif;,l&ygw,f/ aygif;vkdufawmh t0dZÆm wPSm
Oyg'gef ocFg& uHqdkwJh taMumif;w&m;ig;ck jzpfygw,f/
wpfzef tm[m&jzpfjcif;aMumifh ½kyjf zpfyu
Hk kd ½I&ef ñTeMf um;xm;awmf
rljyefw,f/ y0wåyd pö,ac:wJh ypöKyeÜ t
f aMumif;w&m;awGxrJ mS tm[m&
qdkwJh taMumif;w&m;u tvGeftm;aumif;wJhtwGuf tm[m&udk
a&G;xkwfum a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/ (r[m#D-2-421/)
tm[m&ud, k Nl y;D a[mawmfrv
l u
kd v
f Qif y0wåt
d aMumif; (= ypöKyeÜ f
taMumif;) csif; wlnDaewJh pdwfqdkwJh taMumif;w&m;ç OwkqdkwJh
taMumif;w&m;awGudkvnf; xnfhoGif;,loifhaMumif;udk #Dumq&m
awmfrsm;u zGifhqdkxm;awmfrlMuygw,f/ (r[m#D-2-421/)
'gaMumifh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu --
1/ pdwfjzpfjcif;aMumifh pdwåZ½kyfjzpfykH
2/ Owkjzpfjcif;aMumifh OwkZ½kyfjzpfykH
3/ tm[m&jzpfjcif;aMumifh tm[m&Z½kyfjzpfykH --
awGudkvnf; qufvuf½I&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm t0dZÆm
wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwdkY&JUtaMumif;ukd enf;enf;awmh xyfajym
csiaf o;w,f/ a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vwf &Ykd UJ vuf&cdS E¨mig;yg;udk jzpfapwJh taMumif;
&if;jzpfwhJ t0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHawG[m b,fwek ;f u jzpfcw hJ hJ
w&m;awGvv J aYkd wmh ar;p&m&Sw d ,f/ y#dorÇ'd gr*¾ygVdawmfBu;D uawmh
'Dvdk a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ --
1/ yk&drur®b0o®ð arma[m t0dZÆm?
2/ tm,l[em ocFg&m?
3/ eduEÅd wPSm?
4/ Oy*reH Oyg'geH?
5/ apwem ba0gwd
£ar yÍö "r®m yk&drur®b0o® ð £" y#doE¨d,m ypö,m/
(y#doH-50/)
ww¬ yk&drur®b0o®dEÅd yk&dar ur®ba0? twDwZmwd,H ur®-
ba0 ud&d,rmaewd taw¬m/ (0dok'¨d-2-214/)
'DygVdawmfESifh t|uxmtzGifhwdkY&JU qdkvdk&if;oabmudk ajymMu
&atmif .../
a&S;twdwfb00,f .. ur®b0 trnf&wJh ,ckb0 vlYjynf
vlUavmuodkY a&mufaMumif;jzpfwJh uHudk jyKpkysKd;axmifchJpOfu --
1/ opömav;yg; trSewf &m;udk rodbçJ a,mufsm; rde;f r yk*Kd¾ vf owå0g
ponfjzifh todrSm;rIoabmu t0dZÆm?
2/ xdkxdka,mufsm;b0 odkYr[kwf rdef;rb0odkY a&mufaMumif;jzpfwJh
uHudk jyKpkysKd;axmifjcif;oabmu ocFg&?
3/ xdkxdka,mufsm;b0 odkYr[kwf rdef;rb0udk wG,fwmwyfrufjcif;
oabmu wPSm?
4/ xdkxdka,mufsm;b0 odkYr[kwf rdef;rb0odkY pdwfuyfa&mufpGJae
jcif;oabmu Oyg'gef?
5/ ocFg&udk jyKpkysKd;axmifpOfu jzpfcJhaom xdkxdk ukodkvfapwem
odrYk [kwf tukov kd af pwemu ur®b0? wpfenf; - xdx k akd pwem
OD;aqmifaewJh ocFg&w&m;pkw&Ykd UJ xdx
k b
kd 0udk jzpfapEdik wf hJ pGr;f tif
ur®owådu ur®b0 (= uH) jzpfMuw,f/
'DtaMumif;w&m;ig;yg;wdkY[m vuf&SdypöKyÜefb0 y#doaE¨cE¨m

ig;yg;wdkY&JU taMumif;w&m;rsm; jzpfMuw,f/ (y#doH-50/)
'Dae&mrSm ocFg&ESifh ur®b0 (= uH)wkdY&JUtxl;udk t|uxmBuD;
rsm;u 'geukov kd w
f pfcu
k kd ykpH x
H m;Ny;D awmh t"dygÜ ,f zGiq
hf x
kd m;Muw,f/
b,fvdkvJ¿ --
'geuHwpfckudk jyKpkysKd;axmifawmhr,f qdkMupdkY? 'gejyKawmhr,f
qdkwJh pdwfudk jzpfay:apNyD;aemuf wu,fvSLawmhr,fvdkY pdwfudk qkH;
jzwfcsufcsNyD;aemuf wpfvywfvkH;aomfvnf;aumif; wpfESpfywfvkH;
aomfvnf;aumif; 'ge&JU taqmuftODjzpfwhJ vSLzG,0f w¬Ktpkpk ponf
wdu
Yk kd pDpOfaewJh tvSL&Si&f UJ oEÅmefrmS jzpfay:aeMuwJh rvSLrD a&S;tzdüYk
jzpfay:aeMuwJh ykAÁapwem (= yk&drapwem)awGudkawmh ocFg&vdkY
ac:qdkw,f/ tvSLcHyk*¾dKvfwdkY&JU vuf0,f vSLzG,f0w¬Kudk wnfapwJh
ay;vSLaeqJ ukodkvfapwemawGudkawmh ur®b0vdkY ac:qdkw,f/
aemufwpfenf; zGifhqdkxm;wmuawmh rvSLrDç vSLqJç vSLNyD;
umvwdrYk mS ukov kd af Zm0Dxd pdwt
f pOfawG tBurd af ygif;rsm;pGm jzpfay:
oGm;Muygw,f/ tJ'aD Zm0Dxad ygif;rsm;pGmxJrmS aZm0Dxd wpfcw k pfcrk mS
aZm (7)Burd pf D a,bk,stm;jzifh apmMuygw,f/ txl;ojzifh b0wpfck
udk jzpfapEkdifwJh pGrf;tm;&SdwJh raem'Gg&du aZm0DxdpdwftpOfawGudk
&nfñeT ;f xm;ygw,f/ tJ'aD Zm (7)wefwt Ykd euf a&S;aZm (6)wefwrYkd mS
&SdwJh apwemu uHudk jyKpkysKd;axmifaMumif;jzpfwJh ocFg& jzpfw,f/
owåraZmapwemuawmh ur®b0 (= uH) jzpfygw,f/
wpfenf;ajym&vQifawmh uHudk jyKpkysKd;axmifpOftcgrSm txl;
ojzifh 'gewpfckudk 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omESifh uH-uH&JUtusKd;udk wwfod
em;vnfaewJh ur®óuwm or®m'd|dÓPf jy"mef;NyD; jyKpkysKd;axmif
cJhwJhtcgrSm xkdxkdaZmpdwåu©Pwdkif;rSm ,SOfzuf pdwfapwodufawG
(34)vkH;cefY ,SOfwJGNyD; jzpfMuygw,f/ zó a0'empwJh tnormef;

apwoduf (13)vkH;? o'¨g owdpwJh aombPom"m&P apwoduf
(19)vkH;? yndaÈ´ apwoduf (1)vkH;? todpdwf (1)vkH; - aygif; (34)
vkH;wdkY jzpfMuygw,f/
tJ'w
D &m;pkawGxu
J apwemu ur®b0ç xdak pwemESihf ,SOzf uf
pdwf-apwoduf (33)vkH;wdkYu ocFg& jzpfMuygw,f/
'D&Sif;vif;csufuawmh oar®m[0daem'eDt|uxm pmrsufESm
(182-183)ç 0do'k rd¨ *¾t|uxm 'kw, d wGJ pmrsuEf mS (214-215) wdüYk
vm&SdwJh &Sif;vif;csuf jzpfygw,f/ odkYaomf y|mef;a'oemawmf ur®-
ypönf;ykdif;rSmawmh twdwfb0wpfckcku jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh odkYr[kwf
ypöKyÜefrSm jyKpkysKd;axmifvdkufwJh odkYr[kwf tem*wfrSm jyKpkysKd;axmif
vwåHUjzpfwJh xdkxdk ukodkvfpdwfapwoduf tukodkvfpdwfapwoduf
w&m;awGu ocFg&jzpfw,f/ xdkocFg&w&m;awG csKyfysufoGm;wJhtcg
xdxk bkd 0udk jzpfapEdik w
f hJ pGr;f tifur®owåu
d kd ½kyef mrftpOfrmS jrK§ yEf NHS y;D rS
csKyfysufoGm;Muw,f? tJ'DpGrf;tif ur®owådudkawmh uHvdkY ac:qkdyg
w,f/
'Dae&mrSm ajymvd&k if;uawmh vuf&bdS 0 y#doaE¨cE¨mig;yg; tp
&SdwJh 0dygu0#f ½kyfemrfawGudk jzpfay:apwwfwJh pGrf;tif&SdwJh t0dZÆm
wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHqdkwJh taMumif;w&m;awG[m twdwfb0
wpfckcku jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh w&m;awGom jzpfMuw,fqdkwJh tcsuf
ygyJ/
ememu©Pduur®owåd
'Dtcsufudk cdkifvkHatmif y|mef;a'oemawmfrSm vm&SdwJh ur®-
ypön;f taMumif;udk enf;enf;xyfajymr,f/ txl;ojzifh ememu©Pud
ur®ypönf;taMumif;w&m;taMumif;udk xyfajymOD;r,f .../

ur®ypöa,mwd ukovmukovH ur®H 0dygumeH cE¨meH u#wåm
p ½lygeH ur®ypöa,e ypöa,m/ (y|me-1-7/)
ur®ypönf;taMumif;w&m;qdkwmu ukokdvfuH tukokdvfuH[m
tusK;d 0dygufemrfcE¨mwdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;ç u#wåm½kyf (= ur®Z½ky)f wdu
Yk kd
vnf;aumif; ur®ypö,owåjd zifh jzpfay:vmatmif aus;Zl;jyKay;w,f/
b,fvkd ur®ypö,owåu d aus;Zl;jyKay;ovJ¿ t|uxmu 'Dvkd zGiq hf kd
xm;w,f/
ur®ypöa,emwd taeumerÜd uyÜaum#DeH rw¬au twåaem
zvH OyÜga'wHk oraw¬e ememu©Pduur®ypöa,emwd taw¬m/
ukovmukovO§d ur®H twåaem y0wådu©aP zvH e a'wd/ ,'d
'a',s? ,H rEkaóm a'0avmuly*H ukovur®H ua&mwd? wóm-
Ekbma0e wo® ða,0 caP a'a0g ba0,s/ ,o® ð ye caP wH
uwH? wawm tno®ð caP t0dZrÆ merÜd au0vH u#wåma,0 'da|0
"ar® OyyaZÆ 0g tya& 0g y&d,ma, t0aooypö,orma,ma*
owd zvH OyÜga'wd ed½k'¨gyd yk&drodyÜg'dud&d,m 0d, umvEÅa&
ypädrodyÜg'dud&d,m,/ wo®m ememu©Pduur®ypöa,mwd 0kpöwd/
(tbd-|-3-374/)
'Dt|uxmtzGifh&JU qdkvkd&if;udk ajymMu&atmif .../
'Dae&mrSm qdkvdkwJh ur®ypönf; taMumif;w&m;qdkwmuawmh
twdwfb0xdkxdku jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh uHw&m;udk qdkvdkygw,f/
'DuH[m vGefcJhwJh twdwfb0u jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh uHvnf; jzpf
Edik w
f ,f? urÇmaygif;rsm;pGmu jyKpyk sK;d axmifcw
hJ hJ xlaxmifcw
hJ u
hJ v
H nf;
jzpfEdkifw,f? urÇmaygif;uka#txufu jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJhuHvnf;
jzpfEdkifw,f/ tJ'DuHrSm rdrd&JUtusKd;udk jzpfapEdkifwJh pGrf;tifur®owåd

qdw
k m&Sw d ,f/ uHukd jyKpyk sK;d axmifpOftcsed u
f mvESihf uH&UJ tusK;d 0dyguf
wdkY jzpfay:vmwJh tcsdefumv[m rwl xl;jcm;um uJGjym;aeMuw,f/
'Dvdk taMumif;uHESifh tusKd;0dygufw&m;wdkY&JU rwl xl;jcm; uJGjym;wJh
umv&Sw d hJ taMumif;w&m;udk ememu©Pu d ur®ypön;f taMumif;w&m;
vdkY ac:qdkygw,f/
taMumif;jycsuf
ukokdvfuH tukokdvfuHqkdwm rdrd&JU Oyg'f-XD-biftm;jzifh jzpf
ay:aeqJcPrSm tusKd;0dygufudk jzpfapEdkifwJh pGrf;tm; r&Sdao;ygbl;/
ukokdvfuH tukokdvfuH[m rdrd&JU jzpfqJcPrSmyJ tu,fí tusKd;
ay;r,fqkdvQif - vlom;wpfOD;[m ewfjynfokdY a&mufaMumif;jzpfwJh
ukov dk u
f wH pfcu k dk jyKpyk sK;d axmifr,fqv
dk Qif - 'Du&H UJ tmEkabmfaMumifh
'DuHukd jyKpkysKd;axmifaeqJcPrSmyJ ewfom;jzpfav&mw,f? okdYaomf
jzpfaumjzpfovm;¿ rjzpfygbl;/
wu,fwrf;ajymMupdkYqdkvQif - uHwpfckukd jyKpkysKd;axmifw,f
qdMk upd?Yk tJ'u
D u
H dk jyKpyk sK;d axmifqcJ PrS tjcm;wpfyg;aom cPrSmom
'DuHu Oyg'f-XD-biftm;jzifh xif&Sm; r&Sdaomfvnf; oufouf uHukd
jyKpkysKd;axmifNyD;wJhtwGufaMumifh ...
1/ tJ'DuHu 'd|"r®a0'eD,uH jzpfr,fqdkvQif rsufarSmufb0rSm
tusKd;ay;r,f/
2/ tJ'u D uH OyyZÆa0'eD,uH jzpfr,fqv
kd Qif vmrnft h em*wfb0
(= 'kwd,b0)rSm tusKd;ay;r,f/
3/ tJ'uD uH ty&my&d,a0'eD,uH jzpfr,fqv kd Qif wwd,tem*wf
b0u pNyD; tqufquf a&mufxkdufaom tem*wfb0rSm
tusKd;ay;r,f/
'DvdktusKd;ay;wJhtcgrSmvnf; ukokdvfuH jzpfr,fqdkvQif --
1/ *wdorÜwdå = vljY ynf ewfjynfpwJh aumif;aom*wdEiS hf jynfph jHk cif;
2/ Oy"dorÜwåd = Oy"d½kyftqif;ESifh jynfhpkHjcif;
3/ umvorÜwdå = olawmfojl rwfç rif;aumif;rif;jrwfwYkd ay:xGe;f &m
tcsdefumvaumif;ESifh jynfhpkHjcif;
4/ ya,m*orÜwdå = r*¾i&f pS yf g;usiphf Ofw&m;pwJh ukov
kd w
f &m;awGukd
tm;xkwfjcif;ya,m*ESifh jynfhpkHjcif; --
qdkwJh 'DorÜwådpuf av;yg;wdkYudk trSD&wJhtcgrSm 'DukokdvfuHu
tusKd;ay;wwfygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ tukokdvfuH jzpfr,fqdkvQif --
1/ *wd0dywåd = tyg,fav;bkHpwJh raumif;wJh*wdESifh jynfhpkHjcif;
2/ Oy"d0yd wåd = Oy"d½yk t
f qif;ESihf rjynfph jHk cif; t*Fgajcvuf csKUd wJjh cif;
3/ umv0dywåd = olawmfoljrwf rif;aumif;rif;jrwfwdkY ay:xGef;&m
tcg r[kwfjcif;
4/ ya,m*0dywåd = r*¾if&Spfyg;uJhodkYaom txufwef;uswJh ukodkvf
w&m;awGudk rjznfhusifhbJ rolawmfw&m; 'kp½kdufw&m;awGudk
vufoGufoGufESifh usL;vGefaejcif; --
qdkwJh 'D0dywådpuf av;yg;wdkYudk taxmuftyhH &wJhtcgrSm 'D
tukokdvfuHu tusKd;0dygufudk jzpfapygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm taMumif;uHEiS hf tusK;d 0dygufw[
Ydk m rwl xl;jcm; uGjJ ym;
wJh tcsdefumvcP &Sdaeygw,f/ Oyrm vufrItwwfynmwpfckudk
oif,lw,fqdkMupdkY? a&S;a&S;oif,lxm;wJh twwfoif,lrI[m aemuf
aemuftwwfoif,lrItm; tajccHtaMumif;taxmuftyHhtjzpf
aus;Zl;jyK&mrSm umvcsif; rwlbJ umvwpfyg;odkY a&mufrS aus;Zl;jyK
w,f/ enf;enf;&Si;f atmifawmh xyfajymOD;r,f? uGejf yLwmvdk twwf
ynmwpfckudk oif,lw,fqdkvQif - &ufaygif;rsm;pGm vaygif;rsm;pGm
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm avhusifhr,fqdkvQif - wpfpxuf wpfp wpfaeYxuf
wpfaeY ydyk Nkd y;D awmh uRr;f usiv
f mw,f? a&S;a&S;oif,rl u
I aemufaemuf
oif,lrIudk tqifhjrifhatmif uRrf;usifatmif aus;Zl;jyKay;aew,f/
'DykHpHtwdkif;yJ uHqdkwJh apwem[mvnf; uHudk jyKpkysKd;axmif&m
cPrSm tusK;d w&m;udk jzpfay:vmatmif aus;Zl;rjyKbJ aemufaemuf
aom cPodkY a&mufygrSomvQif wpfenf;ajym&vQifawmh &ifhusuf
vmygrSomvQif tusK;d w&m;udk jzpfay:vmatmif aus;Zl;jyKay;ygw,f/
'gaMumifh 'DuHudk 'Dapwemudk ememu©Pdu - tusKd;jzpfay:vm&m
cPrS rwluGJjym;wJh cPjzpfwJh apwemvdkY ac:qdk&w,f/
'Dawmh tusK;d w&m;jzpfay:vmwJt h csed t
f cgrSm 'Duo k v
kd af pwem
uH odkYr[kwf tukodkvfapwemuH[m Oyg'f-XD-biftm;jzifhawmh
xif&Sm;r&Sdawmhbl;/ Oyg'f-XD-biftm;jzifh xif&Sm;r&SdayrJhvdkY tusKd;udk
jzpfapEdkifwJh pGrf;tifur®owåduawmh uHudk jyKpkysKd;axmifvdkufwJh
½kyef mrfoEÅmeftpOfrmS ude;f 0yfvsuyf J &Syd gw,f/ tJ'pD rG ;f tifur®owåd
udkyJ uHvdkY ac:qdkygw,f/
ocFg& uHwv Ykd ykd J t0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gefwu
Ykd v
kd nf; ykpH w
H yl J oabm
aygufyg/ tusKd;w&m;awG jzpfay:vmwJhtcsdefrSm 'Dt0dZÆm wPSm
Oyg'gefawG[mvnf; Oyg'f-XD-biftm;jzifhawmh r&SdMuawmhygbl;/
odaYk omf 'DocFg& uHawGu tusK;d ay;Edik af tmif ocFg& uHawGukd tm;ay;
axmufyHhEdkifwJh pGrf;tifowåduawmh wnf&Sdaeygw,f/
aygif;vkdufvQifawmh taMumif;w&m;ydkif;rSm t0dZÆmç wPSmç
Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uHqdkNyD; taMumif;w&m;ig;ck jzpfygw,f/ twdwf

taMumif;w&m; ypöKyeÜ tf aMumif;w&m; tem*wftaMumif;w&m;awG
udk ykHpHwl oabmaygufyg/
'Dt0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gefawG[mvnf; emrfy&rwfw&m;wdkY&JU "r®
wmtwdkif; tkyfpktvdkufom jzpfMuygw,f? aomreóa0'emESifh
,SOw
f jGJ zpfwhJ aomreóo[*kwf 'd|*d worÜ,w k pf w
d f jzpfr,fqv
kd Qif
zó a0'empwJh tnormef;apwoduf (13)vk;H ESihf arm[ t[d&u d
taemwåyÜ O'¨pö avmb 'd|dqdkwJh tukodkvfapwoduf (6)vkH;? tod
pdwf (1)vkH;? aygif; tvkH; (20)tkyfpktaeESifh jzpfMuygw,f/
tJ'Demrfw&m;tvkH; (20)xJrSm --
1/ a0'emu a0'emu©E¨m
2/ onmu onmu©E¨m
3/ usefapwoduf (17)vkH;u ocFg&u©E¨m
4/ todpdwfu 0dnmPu©E¨m --
aygif;vdkufawmh emrfcE¨mav;yg; jzpfygw,f/
'DemrfcE¨mav;yg;uvnf; twdwfrSmjzpfcJhwJh qdkif&m [',0w¬K
½kyfudk rSDwG,fNyD;awmh jzpfcJh&wJhtwGuf ESvkH;tdrftwGif;rSm wnf&SdwJh
[',0w¬KESifhwuGaom [','ouuvmyfpwJh ½kyfw&m;pkawGu
½lyu©E¨m jzpfMuygw,f/
tm;vk;H aygif;vdu
k af wmh cE¨mig;yg; jzpfygw,f/ tvm;wlyJ ocFg&-
uHawGuvnf; txufuajymcJhovdk emrfw&m; (34)vkH; jzpfcJhr,f
qdkvQif ,if;emrfw&m;pkawGxJu --
1/ a0'emu a0'emu©E¨m
2/ onmu onmu©E¨m
3/ usefapwoduf (31)vkH;u ocFg&u©E¨m

4/ todpdwfu 0dnmPu©E¨m --
jzpfMuygw,f/
'Demrfw&m;awG[mvnf; twdwfu qdkif&m[',0w¬K½kyfudk
rSDwG,fNyD;awmhrS jzpfcJh&wJhtwGuf [',0w¬KESifhwuGaom rSD&m½kyf
awGu ½lyu©E¨m jzpfMuygw,f/ tm;vkH;aygif;vdkufawmh cE¨mig;yg;yJ
jzpfMuygw,f/
ckajymcJw
h hJ t0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'geftyk pf Ek iS hf rS&D m0w¬K½yk q
f w
kd hJ cE¨m
ig;yg;ç ocFg& uHtkyfpkESifh rSD&m0w¬K½kyfqdkwJh cE¨mig;yg; - 'DcE¨mig;yg;
awG[m twdwfb0cE¨mig;yg;awGxJrSm tusKH;0ifaewJh twdwfcE¨m
ig;yg;wdkY&JU tpdwftykdif; wpfpdwfwpfa'o jzpfwJh cE¨mig;yg;wkdYom
jzpfMuygw,f/
'gaMumifh 'D*'´KvA'ökwåefrSm bk&m;&Sifu --
,H udÍöd ½lyH twDwmem*wypöKyÜEéH ...
ponfjzifh twdwf tem*wf ypöKyeÜ cf E¨mig;yg;wdu Yk kd 0dyóem½I&ef
ñTefMum;awmfrlwJhtydkif;rSm a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu ckajymcJhwJh udavo0#f
ur®0#fwEYkd iS hf qufE,
G af ewJh cE¨mig;yg;wdu
Yk ykd g xnfo
h iG ;f um 0dyóem
½IoGm;&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'Dudavo0#f ur®0#fcE¨mawG[m ypöKyÜef
0dygu0#fcE¨mwdkY&JU taMumif;w&m;awG taMumif;cE¨mawG jzpfMu
ygw,f/
ckypöKyÜefb0rSm a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu bk&m;½kyfyGm;awmfwpfql&JU a&SU
arSmufrSm yef; qDrD;awGudk vSL'gef;NyD;awmh aemiftem*wfumvrSm
"r®uxduewfom;jzpf&ef qkwmif;yefxGmw,f qdkMuygpdkY/
"r®uxduewfom;vdYk todrmS ;rI t0dZmÆ ç "r®uxduewfom;b0
udk wG,wf mwyfrufrI wPSmç "r®uxduewfom;b0udk pdwu f yfpv

GJ rf;
rI Oyg'gefqw
kd hJ udavo0#fcE¨mawGEiS hf yef; qDr;D vSL'gef; ylaZmfjcif;qdwk hJ
ocFg& uHtyk pf k ur®0#fcE¨mawG jzpfomG ;Muw,f/ 'Duad vo0#f ur®0#f
cE¨mawG[m xkda,m*Dyk*¾dKvf&JU vuf&Sd ypöKyÜefcE¨mawGxJrSm tusKH;
0ifaewJh aemiftem*wf 0dygu0#fcE¨mawG &&Sad &;twGuf jyKpyk sK;d axmif
aewJh cE¨mawGjzpfMuovdçk ypöKyeÜ cf E¨mwd&Yk UJ tpdwt
f ykid ;f taMumif;cE¨m
awGom jzpfMuovdk twdwfb0u jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh udavo0#f
ur®0#fcE¨mawGudkvnf; oabmaygufzkdY vdkygw,f/
qdkvdkwmuawmh twdwfcE¨mawGudk 0dyóem ½IwJhtydkif;rSm
twdwu f jzpfcw
hJ hJ 0dygu0#fcE¨mawGEiS w
hf uG ,ckajymaewJh 'Dtwdwu
f
jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh udavo0#f ur®0#fcE¨mawGudkyg xnfhoGif;NyD;awmh
0dyóem ½I&r,fqdkwJh tcsufudk qdkvdk&if; jzpfygw,f/
twDaw a[wa0g yÍö? £'ged zvyÍöuH/
£'ged a[wa0g yÍö? tm,wð zvyÍöuH/
(tbd-|-2-182/ 0dok'¨d-2-214/)
qdw k hJ t|uxmBu;D rsm;&JU y#dorÇ'd gr*¾ygVdawmf pwJh ygVdawmfBu;D
rsm;ESit
hf nD ñTeMf um;xm;awmfrw l t
hJ wdik ;f a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vu
f 'D ork',-
"r®mEkyóDydkif;rSm --
1/ t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uHqdkwJh twdwftaMumif;w&m;
ig;yg; ork',opömw&m;aMumifh ypöKyÜefwGif 0dnmPf emrf½kyf
oVm,we zó a0'emqdkwJh tusKd;cE¨mig;yg; 'ku©opömw&m;
awG xif&Sm;jzpfykHudkvnf;aumif;ç
2/ ypöKyÜef,ckvuf&Sdb0wGif jyKpkysKd;axmifvdkufwJh t0dZÆm wPSm
Oyg'gef ocFg& uH qdkwJh ypöKyÜeftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg; ork',
opömw&m;aMumifh 0dnmPf emrf½kyf oVm,we zó a0'em
qdw
k hJ tem*wfcE¨mig;yg; tusK;d 'kuo
© pömw&m;awG xif&mS ;jzpfyHk
udkvnf;aumif;ç
3/ tusKd;cE¨mwdkY&JU jzpfrI O',udkvnf;aumif;ç wpfenf;ajym&vQif
taMumif;cE¨m tusKd;cE¨mwdkY&JU jzpfrI O',udkvnf;aumif;
jrifatmif ½I&rSm jzpfygw,f/
oyÜpö,emr½ly0aoe wdvu©PH tma&maywGm 0dyóem-
y#dyg#d,m ]]tedpöH 'ku©H tewåm}}wd or®oaEÅm 0dp&wd/ (r-|-1-281/)
'Dt|uxmBuD;rsm;&JU ñTefMum;csuftwdkif; taMumif;w&m;ESifh
wuGaom ½kyef mrfcE¨mawGukd vu©Pma&;ok;H wefoYkd wifum 0dyóem
½IyGm;okH;oyf&rSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh 'Dork',"r®mEkyóDykdif;rSm bk&m;&Sifu --
1/ taMumif;w&m;awGudk odrf;qnf;wwfwJh ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfç
2/ taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuGaom ½kyfemrfcE¨mawGudk vu©Pma&;
okH;wefwifum ½IyGm;okH;oyfwwfwJh or®oeÓPfç
3/ (u) taMumif;w&m;awG xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;cE¨mawG
xif&Sm;jzpfykHç taMumif;cE¨mawG csKyfNidrf;jcif;aMumifh tusKd;
cE¨mawG csKyfNidrf;ykHqkdwJh ypö,awm O',AÁ,'óeÓPfç
( c ) taMumif;w&m;ESiw hf uGaom ½kyef mrfcE¨mwk&Yd UJ ç wpfenf;ajym
&vQifawmh taMumif;cE¨m tusKd;cE¨mwdkY&JU cPrpJ woJoJ
jzpfrI ysufrIudk ½IjrifwwfwJh cPawm O',AÁ,'óeÓPf
'D0dyóemÓPfokH;rsKd;udk pkaygif;NyD;awmh a[mMum;xm;awmfrl
w,fvdkY rSwfyg/
0,"r®mEkyóD
ork',"r®mEkyóDyikd ;f udk 'DavmufEiS hf &yfNy;D awmh 0,"r®mEkyóD
ydkif;udk qufajymMu&atmif ../
y#dorÇd'gr*¾ygVdawmfBuD;u b,fvdk ñTefMum;xm;awmfrlovJ¿
emMunfhMu&atmif .../
0,H yóaEÅm uwrmed yÍö vu©Pmed yówd¿
1/ t0dZmÆ eda&m"m ½lyeda&ma"mwd ypö,eda&m"a|e ½lyu©Eó¨ 0,H
yówd/
2/ wPSmeda&m"m ½lyeda&ma"mwd ypö,eda&m"a|e ½lyu©Eó ¨ 0,H
yówd/
3/ ur®eda&m"m ½lyeda&ma"mwd ypö,eda&m"a|e ½lyu©E¨ó 0,H
yówd/
4/ tm[m&eda&m"m ½lyeda&ma"mwd ypö,eda&m"a|e ½lyu©E¨ó
0,H yówd/
5/ 0dy&dPmrvu©PH yóaEÅmyd ½lyu©E¨ó 0,H yówd/
½lyu©E¨ó 0,H yóaEÅm £rmed yÍö vu©Pmed yówd/
O',AÁ,H yóaEÅm £rmed 'o vu©Pmed yówd/ (y#doH-53/)
'DygVdawmfBuD;&JU qkdvdk&if;tcsufudk ajymqdkMu&atmif .../
t0dZmÆ ç wPSmç Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uHqw kd hJ taMumif; ork',opöm
w&m;awG&UJ aemifwpfzef rjzpfaomcsKyjf cif;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f jcif;vdYk ac:qdk
tyfwJh tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;jcif;aMumifh tusKd;cE¨m
ig;yg; 'kuo© pömw&m;wd&Yk UJ aemifwpfzefrjzpfaom csKyjf cif;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f
jcif;vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh tEkyÜg'eda&m" oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;ykHudk
vnf;aumif;ç
pdwfcsKyfjcif;aMumifh pdwåZ½kyf csKyfNidrf;ykHudkvnf;aumif;ç

OwkcsKyfjcif;aMumifh OwkZ½kyf csKyfNidrf;ykHudkvnf;aumif;ç
tm[m&csKyjf cif;aMumifh tm[m&Z½kyf csKyNf ird ;f yku
H v
kd nf;aumif;ç
ur®Z½kyçf pdwZå ½kyçf OwkZ½kyçf tm[m&Z½kyw
f &Ykd UJ ysurf I (= bif)udk
vnf;aumif; --
0dyóemÓPfjzifh jrifatmif ½IygvdkY qdkvdkygw,f/ emrfcE¨m
av;yg;udkvnf; ykHpHwlyJ qufvuf a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
tEkyÜg'eda&m"
b,ftcsed tf cgrSm t0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHpwJh taMumif;
w&m;awG[m aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;jcif;vkdY
ac:qdt k yfwhJ tEkygÜ 'eda&m" oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f ygovJvYkd ar;p&m
&Sdygw,f/ 'Dtydkif;udk y&rw¬rÍÆLom trnf&SdwJh 0dok'¨dr*¾r[m#Dum
q&mawmfu 'Dvdk zGifhqdkxm;awmfrlygw,f/
t0dZÆmeda&m"m ½lyeda&ma"mwd t*¾r*¾ÓaPe t0dZÆm,
tEkyÜg'eda&m"awm tem*wó ½lyó tEkyÜg'eda&ma"m a[mwd
ypö,mbma0 tbm0awm/ (r[m#D-2-421/)
qkdvkd&if;udk ajymMu&atmif .../
t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gefawG[m b,ftcsdeftcgrSm csKyfrvJ¿
t&[wår*f qdu k w f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm csKyrf ,f/ b,fvkd csKyrf vJ¿ tEkygÜ '-
eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfr,f/
OyÜg'eda&m" - tEkyÜg'eda&m"
'Dae&mrSm OyÜg'eda&m"ESihf tEkygÜ 'eda&m"taMumif;udk enf;enf;
xyfajymr,f/ 'ku©opömtrnf&wJh Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;ç ork',opöm

trnf&wJh taMumif;w&m;awGudk ocFg&w&m;awGvdkY ac:ygw,f/
'DocFg&w&m;awG[m ocFg&w&m; (= ocFww&m;)wd&Yk UJ "r®wmtwdik ;f
jzpfNyD;wmESifh ysufoGm;Muw,f/ odkYaomf 'DocFg&w&m;awGudk jzpfay:
vmatmif aus;Zl;jyKay;aewJh taMumif;w&m;awGu rcsKyfNidrf;Mu
ao;bl; qufvufNyD;awmh aus;Zl;jyKay;aeao;w,fqkdvQif tusKd;
ocFg&w&m;awG[m xyfjzpfMurSm jzpfw,f/ xyfjzpfvQiv f nf; xyfNy;D
awmh ysuo f mG ;Mujyefw,f/ Oyg'f-XD-bifqw kd hJ oufwrf;umvaphvQif
csKyyf suo
f mG ;Mu&wm "r®wmyJ/ 'Dvkd Oyg'f-XD-bifqw kd hJ oufwrf;aphvYdk
csKyfysufoGm;aomfvnf; taMumif;w&m;awGu aus;Zl;jyKaeao;vdkY
aemifwpfzef xyfjzpfcGifh&Sdaeao;wJh csKyfysufykHudkawmh OyÜg'eda&m" =
aemifwpfzef jzpfcGifh&Sdaom csKyfNidrf;rIvdkY ac:qdkw,f/
ck'aD e&mrSm csKyNf ird ;f rIuawmh 'DOyÜg'eda&m"rsK;d r[kww
f t
hJ wGuf
tEkyÜg'eda&m"vdkY zGifhqdkxm;w,f/
tEkyÜg'eda&m"qdkwmu aemifwpfzef jzpfcGifhr&Sdaom csKyfjcif;udk
qdvk ykd gw,f/ t0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gef qdw k hJ udavomawG[m t&[wå
r*faMumifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;wJhtcg aemufxyfwpfzef b,fawmhrS jzpfcGifh
r&SdwJh csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;Muw,f/ t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpif
atmif csKyNf ird ;f oGm;wJth wGuf t<uif;rJch sKyNf ird ;f jcif; (= taoo0d&m*
eda&m")vdkYvnf; ac:qdkw,f/ t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gefawG t<uif;rJh
csKyNf ird ;f oGm;wJt
h wGuf aemufxyfb,fawmhrS jyefrjzpfaom csKyjf cif;jzifh
csKyNf ird ;f oGm;wJth wGuf t0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gef qdw k hJ udavomtaygif;
tazmfukd &&Srd S tusK;d ay;Ekid w f hJ pGr;f tm;&Sw
d hJ ocFg& uHawGvnf; tusK;d
ay;EdkifwJh pGrf;tifawG ukefcef;oGm;Muw,f? aemufxyf y#doaE¨cE¨m
ig;yg; pwJh tem*wftusK;d w&m;awGudk jzpfapEdik w f hJ pGr;f tifawG vk;H 0
ukefcef;oGm;Muw,f/ 'gaMumifh ocFg& uHawGvnf; aemifwpfzef
jzpfcGifhr&Sdaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;w,fvdkYyJ ajym&w,f/

'Dvkd taMumif;w&m;awGu aemufxyfwpfzefrjzpfaom csKyjf cif;
jzifh csKyNf ird ;f jcif;vdYk ac:qdt
k yfwhJ tEkygÜ 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f
oGm;wJhtwGuf tusKd;cE¨mig;yg;wdkYvnf; y&dedAÁmepkwdudk aemufqkH;
xm;NyD;awmh aemifwpfzefjzpfcGifhr&Sdaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;Mu
w,f? tEkyÜg'eda&m"yJ jzpfygw,f/
'Dvkd taMumif; tusK;d ESp&f yfv;Hk wk&Yd UJ tEkygÜ 'eda&m"oabmtm;
jzifh csKyfNidrf;ykHukd jrifatmif½I&ef bk&m;&Sifu 'D0,"r®mEkyóDykdif;rSm
ñTefMum;aeawmfrlygw,f/
'Dtydik ;f ukd y#dorÇ'd gr*¾ygVdawmfBu;D O',AÁ,ÓPeda'óydik ;f rSm
xnfhoGif;NyD;awmh a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ (y#doH-53/)
O',AÁ,ÓPfudk tm;opfaeqJjzpfwJh ykxkZeftqifhwGifom
&Sad o;wJh a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vw
f pfO;D udk tpxm;um O',AÁ,ÓPfukd tm;opf
aewJh ykxkZefyJjzpfjzpf t&d,myJjzpfjzpf b,fyk*¾dKvfrqdk 0dyóem½I&ef
ñTefMum;aewJh ñTefMum;vTm jzpfygw,f/
tu,fí O',AÁ,ÓPfukd tm;opfqjJ zpfaewJh a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vu f
ykxkZeftqifhwGifom &Sdaeao;w,fqdkvQif t&[wår*fudk &&Sdrnfh
tcsdefonf ypöKyÜefvdkYawmh rajymEdkifawmhbl;? tem*wfvdkYom ajym&
awmhr,f/ 'gaMumifh #Dumq&mawmfu - tem*wó ½lyó
tEkygÜ 'eda&ma"m ponfjzifh zGiq hf o
dk mG ;ygw,f/ y#dorÇ'd gr*¾t|uxm
BuD;uvnf; ykHpHwl t"dyÜg,fwl zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/ (y#doH-|-1-236/)
tJ'Dtem*wf[mvnf; 'DrsufarSmufb0rSmyJ t&[wåzdkvfqdkufrnfh
a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vt
f wGuaf wmh 'Db0tem*wfyJ jzpfygw,f/ okaYd omf aemif
tem*wfb0wpfckckusrS t&[wåzdkvfqdkufa&mufrnfh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvf
twGuu f awmh xdqk u kd af &mufrnft h em*wfb0 tem*wfcE¨mawGom
jzpfMuygw,f/
'Dawmh t&[wår*f qdkufa&mufrnfhb0rSm t&[wår*faMumifh
t0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHawG&UJ tEkygÜ 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh
csKyfNidrf;oGm;wJhtcg y&dedAÁmepkwdudk aemufqkH;xm;NyD;awmh tusKd;
Oyg'geu©E¨mwdkY&JU aemifwpfzefrjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;jcif;vdkY
ac:qdktyfwJh tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;ykHudk 0dyóem
ÓPfjzifh jrifatmif ½I&ef bk&m;&Sifu ñTefMum;aeawmfrlygw,fvdkY
rSwfyg/
'gwGifruao;bl;? tusKd;cE¨mwdkY&JU cPrpJ woJoJ csKyfysufrI
udkvnf; jrifatmif ½I&ef ñTefMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f? cPawm
0,'óeÓPf jzpfygw,f/
taMumif;w&m;awG&JU tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;
oGm;wJt h wGuf tusK;d cE¨mwd&Yk UJ tEkygÜ 'eda&m" oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f
ykHudk jrifatmif½IwJh ÓPfudkawmh ypö,awm 0,'óeÓPfvdkY
0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmu (0dok'¨d-2-267/) zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/
'Dtydik ;f uawmh tem*wfcE¨mawGEiS hf qufpyfaew,fvYkd oabm
aygufyg/
taMumif;cE¨mawG&UJ tEkygÜ 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f jcif;
aMumifh tusKd;cE¨mwdkY&JU tEkyÜg'eda&m" oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;ykHudk
0dyóemÓPfjzifh jrifatmif ½I&rnfhtydkif; jzpfygw,f? tem*wfcE¨m
ydkif;rSm tusKH;0ifaeygw,f? tem*wfcE¨mig;yg;½IuGufrSm tusKH;0if
aeygw,f/
t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHawG[m ypöKyÜefb0wGif jyKpk
ysK;d axmifvukd w
f hJ cE¨mawG jzpfEikd pf &m&Sad omfvnf; ,if;wdcYk sKyNf ird ;f rnfh
tcsdefuawmh tem*wfcE¨mydkif;ESifh qdkifaeygw,f? t&[wår*fqdkuf
a&mufcgeD; tcsdeftxd jzpfcGifh&SdEdkifwJh cE¨mawG jzpfMuygw,f/
"r®|dwdÓPf
y#dorÇ'd gr*¾ygVdawmf pmrsuEf mS (48) ponfww Ykd iG f ]]ypö,y&d*a¾ [
ynm "r®|w d Ó d PH = taMumif;w&m;wdu Yk kd odr;f qnf;jcif;ü ynmonf
"r®|w d Ó
d Pfrnf\}}ponfjzifh taMumif;w&m;wdu Yk kd ÓPfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;
,lwwf odrf;qnf;wwfaomÓPfudk "r®|dwdÓPf[k a[mMum;xm;
awmfrlygw,f/ emr½ly00w¬meÓPf = emrf½kyfwdkY&JU taMumif;w&m;
tusKd;w&m;wdkYudk ykdif;jcm;rSwfom;wwfaom ÓPf[k rac:a0: rokH;
pGJbJ tb,faMumifh "r®|dwdÓPfvkdY ac:a0:okH;pJGxm;&ygovJvdkY ar;
p&m&Sdw,f/ y#dorÇd'gr*¾t|uxmu 'Dvdk ajzqdkxm;ygw,f/ --
]]emr½ly00w¬mae ÓP}}EÅd t0wGm {0 uo®m ]]"r®|dwdÓP}}EÅd
0kwåEÅd ap¿ ypö,y&d*¾a[ae0 ypö,orkyÜEéy&d*¾[ó od'¨wåm/
ypö,orkyÜaEé [d ty&d*¾[daw ypö,y&d*¾a[m e ouúm a[mwd
umwk/H wo®m "r®|wd Ó
d P*[aPae0 wó a[wkbw l H ykaAÁ od'H¨
emr½ly00w¬meÓPH 0kwåar0 a[mwDwd a0'dwAÁH/ (y#doH-|-1-18/)
emr½ly00w¬meÓPfvYkd a[mMum;awmfrrlbJ bmaMumifh "r®|wd d
ÓPfvdkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrl&ygovJ¿ 'guawmh ar;cGef;yJ/ 'Dar;
cGe;f udk t|uxmq&mawmfu 'Dvdk tajzay;xm;ygw,f? qdvk &kd if;udk
oabmaygufatmif ajymr,f .../
taMumif;w&m;awGudk odrf;qnf;jcif;jzifh tusKd;w&m;udk odrf;
qnf;jcif; vkyif ef;udp&ö yfvnf; Ny;D pD;oGm;wJt
h wGuaf Mumifh "r®|w
d Ó
d Pf
vdkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/ rSefygw,f - tusKd;½kyfemrf
awGudk rodrf;qnf;EdkifvQif taMumif;½kyfemrfudk odrf;qnf;zdkY&ef
b,fvdkrS rjzpfEdkifbl;/
taMumif;w&m;qdkwmu tusKd;w&m;udk jzpfapEdkifwJh pGrf;tif

owåd&SdwJhw&m;udk qkdvdkw,f/ xdkpGrf;tifowådaMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh
tusKd;w&m;udk jrifygrS 'DpGrf;tifowåd&SdwJhw&m;[m taMumif;w&m;
yJvYkd a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vu
f or®m'd|Ó
d Pfjzifh ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf
odjrifEdkifrSm jzpfw,f/
tusKd;ypö,kyÜefw&m;awG[m taMumif;w&m;tay:ü wnfae
Muygw,f/ wnfaew,fqdkwmuawmh 'Dvdkyg -- taMumif;w&m;awG
xif&Sm;&SdMuygrS taMumif;w&m;awGu jzpfay:vmatmif aus;Zl;jyK
ay;MuygrS tusKd;ypö,kyÜefw&m;awG[m jzpfay:vmEdkifcGifh &SdMuw,f/
taMumif;w&m;awGu aus;Zl;jyKray;vQif jzpfay:vmEdik w f phJ rG ;f tifawG
r&SdMubl;/ tJ'Dvdk tusKd;ypö,kyÜefw&m;wdkY&JU wnfaeaMumif; jzpfay:
vmaMumif;jzpfwJh taMumif;w&m;pkawGudk "r®|dwdvdkY ac:qkd ygw,f/
tJ't D usK;d ypö,yk eÜ w
f &m;pkw&Ykd UJ wnf&m jzpfay:vm&m taMumif;w&m;
pkukd xd;k xGi;f odwwfwhJ ÓPfuv kd nf; "r®|w
d Ó
d PfvyYdk J ac:qdyk gw,f/
wpfzef taMumif;w&m;wdkYqdkwmvnf; txufu tBudrfBudrf
&Si;f jycJw
h t
hJ wdik ;f yJ udavo0#ftrnf&wJh cE¨mig;yg; (= ½kyef mrfw&m;)ç
ur®0#ftrnf&wJh cE¨mig;yg; (= ½kyef mrfw&m;)om jzpfMuw,f/ ½kyef mrf
rS tvGwfjzpfwJh taMumif;w&m;qdkwm r&Sdpaumif;bl;/ 'gaMumifh
taMumif;½kyfemrfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;wwfwJh ydkif;jcm;,lwwfwJh ÓPf
udkvnf; emr½ly00w¬meÓPfvdkY ac:qdkoifhw,f/ 'Dvdk ac:qdkoifh
ygvsuf rac:qkdbJ "r®|dwdÓPfqdkwJh pum;vkH;udk ,lum a[mMum;
xm;awmfrw l t
hJ wGuaf Mumifyh if xd"k r®|w
d t
d rnf&wJh taMumif;w&m;
pk&JU taMumif;&if;jzpfwJh a&S;u NyD;pD;NyD;jzpfwJh emr½ly00w¬meÓPf
(= emrf½kyfudk ykdif;jcm;rSwfom;wwfwJhÓPf) udk a[mawmfrlNyD;om
jzpfw,fvdkY odyg/ (y#doH-|-1-18/)
enf;enf;awmh xyfNy;D &Si;f jyzdYk vdOk ;D r,fxifw,f/ t0dZmÆ ç wPSmç

Oyg'gefwdkY OD;aqmifjy"mef;wJh udavo0#ftrnf&wJh cE¨mig;yg; (=
½kyef mrfw&m;)ç ukov kd of cFg&apwem OD;aqmifjy"mef;wJh ur®0#f trnf
&wJh cE¨mig;yg; (= ½kyef mrfw&m;)qdw k hJ udavo0#f ur®0#f trnf&wJh
emrf½yk wf &m;awG[mvnf; ,if;emrf½yk w f u Ykd kd jzpfay:apwwfwhJ qdik &f m
taMumif;w&m;awG xif&Sm;&SdMuwJh w&m;rsKd;awGom jzpfMuw,f/
taMumif;uif;NyD;awmh taMumif;r&SdbJ tvdktavsmuf jzpfay:vm
MuwJh w&m;rsK;d awGawmh r[kwMf ubl;/ ocFwy&rwfe,frmS taMumif;
r&SdbJ tvdktavsmuf jzpfay:vmwJh w&m;qdkwm r&Sdpaumif;wJh
twGufaMumifh jzpfw,f/
'DvdkqdkvQif udavo0#f ur®0#ftrnf&wJh 'Demrf½kyfw&m;pkwdkY
[mvnf; qdkif&mqdkif&m taMumif;w&m;pkwdkYudk pJGrSDíom jzpfay:vm
Mu&wJh obm0"r® ocFw y&rwfw&m;rsm;om jzpfMuwJhtwGuf
'Duad vo0#f ur®0#f emrf½yk w
f &m;pkw[
Ykd mvnf; taMumif;w&m;rsm;
aMumifh jzpfay:vmMu&wJhç taMumif;w&m;rsm;bufu MunfhvQif
tusKd;ypö,kyÜEé"r® trnf&Muonfom jzpfygw,f/
taMumif;w&m;rsm;
'DvdkqdkvQif 'Dt0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uHwdkY&JU taMumif;
w&m;awGu bmawGv¿J 'Dvakd wmh ar;p&m&Sw d ,f? tajzudk em;axmif
Munfhyg .../
1/ tmo0ork',m t0dZÆmork'a,m (r-1-67/) = tmoa0gw&m;
wdkYudk taMumif;cHí t0dZÆmonf xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm\ - vdkY 'Dvdk
bk&m;&Siuf a[mMum;xm;awmfrw l t
hJ wGuf umrmo0 b0go0
'd|mo0 t0dZmÆ o0qdw k hJ tmoa0gw&m;awGu taMumif;ypön;f
w&m;ç t0dZÆmu tusKd;ypö,kyÜefw&m; jzpfw,f/
2/ a0'emypö,m wPSm = a0'emudk taMumif;cHNyD;awmh wPSm

jzpfay:vmw,fvdkY y#dypöorkyÜg'fa'oemawmfrSm bk&m;&Sif
a[mMum;xm;awmfrw l t
hJ wGuf a0'emu taMumif;ypön;f w&m;ç
wPSmu tusKd;ypö,kyÜefw&m; jzpfw,f/
3/ wPSmypö,m Oyg'geH = wPSmudk taMumif;cHum Oyg'gef[m
jzpfay:vmw,fvdkY y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemawmfrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;
a[mMum;xm;awmfrw l t
hJ wGuf wPSmu taMumif;ypön;f w&m;ç
Oyg'gefu tusKd;ypö,kyÜefw&m; jzpfw,f/
4/ t0dZÆmypö,m ocFg&m = opömav;yg; trSefw&m;udk rodrI
a,mufsm; rdef;rponfjzifh todrSm;rI t0dZÆmudk taMumif;cHum
ukodkvfocFg& tukodkvfocFg&w&m;awG xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmMu
w,fvdkY y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemawmfrSm bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;
awmfrlwJhtwGuf t0dZÆmu taMumif;ypönf;w&m;ç ocFg&u
tusKd;ypö,kyÜefw&m; jzpfw,f/
5/ Oyg'geypö,m ba0g = Oyg'gefudk taMumif;cHum ur®b0 = uH
ESifh (Oywådb0)wdkY jzpfay:vmMuw,fvdkY y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oem
awmfrSmyJ bk&m;&Sifa[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJhtwGuf Oyg'gefu
taMumif;ypönf;w&m;ç ur®b0 = uHu tusKd;ypö,kyÜefw&m;
jzpfw,f/
'gaMumifh twdwftaMumif;w&m;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;wJh
t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uHwdkY[mvnf; wpfenf;ajym&vQif
awmh -- t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwdkY OD;aqmifjy"mef;aewJh
emrf½yk w
f &m;pkwrYkd mS vnf; rdrw
d &Ykd UJ pGrJ &DS m twdwb
f 0u jzpfcw
hJ hJ qdik &f m
qdkif&m twdwftaMumif;w&m;awG xif&Sm;&SdMuonfom jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh 'Dtwdwf t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwdkYudk jzpfay:
apwwfwJh qdkif&m qdkif&m taMumif;w&m;rsm;bufu MunfhcJhr,f

qdkvQif 'Dt0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwdkY OD;aqmifjy"mef;aewJh
emrf½yk t
f pktyHwk [Ykd mvnf; ypö,yk EÜ "é r® (= ypö,orkyEÜ "é r® = taMumif;
w&m;wdkYudk pGJrSDum jzpfay:vmMuwJh tusKd;w&m;) qkdwJh trnfudk
&Muonfom jzpfygw,f/
tu,fí a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu ypö,orkyÜEé trnf&wJh qdkif&m
taMumif;w&m;wdu Yk kd pGrJ u
DS m jzpfay:vmMuwJh udavo0#f ur®0#fqNkd y;D
emrnfwyfxm;wJh 'Dt0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwYkd OD;aqmifaewJh
emrf½kyfw&m;pkwdkYukd a&S;OD;pGm rodrf;qnf;Edkifao;bl;qdkvQif tJ'D
emrf½kyfw&m;pkjzpfwJh t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwdkYaMumifh
'DypöKyeÜ b
f 0rSm y#doaE¨0yd guf0n d mPfpwJh 0dygufemrf½yk af wG xifxif
&Sm;&Sm; jzpfyGm;ay:aygufvmwmukd b,fvkdrS od&SdEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;/
taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m;wkdY&JU aMumif;-usKd;qufEG,frIoabm
w&m;udk b,fvdkrS od&SdEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;/ taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;
w&m;wdkYudk aMumif;-usKd;pyfum - þum; taMumif;w&m;ç þum;
tusKd;w&m; ponfjzifh b,fvdkrS odrf;qnf;EdkifrSmvnf; r[kwfbl;/
taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m;wdkYudk rodrf;qnf;Edkifyguvnf;
ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfudkvnf; b,fvdkrS &&SdEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;/
udavo0#f - ur®0#f - 0dygu0#f

aemufwpfenf;ajymOD;r,f? twdwfu t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gefwdkY
OD;aqmifjy"mef;aewJh udavo0#f emrf½yk w
f &m;pkwu Ykd dk rodr;f qnf;Edik f
ao;ygu tJ'u D ad vo0#faMumifh tJ't
D wdwrf mS ocFg& uHqw kd hJ ur®0#f
emrf½kyfw&m;pkwdkY jzpfay:vm&wmudk b,fvdkrS od&SdEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;/
NyD;awmhvnf; 'DocFg& uHqdkwJh ur®0#femrf½kyfw&m;pkawGudk rodrf;
qnf;Edkifao;bl;qkdvQif ,if;ur®0#faMumifh 'DypöKyÜefb0rSm y#doaE¨
0dnmPfqwkd hJ 0dygu0#f jzpfay:vmwmudk b,fvrdk S od&EdS idk rf mS r[kwf

bl;/ tvm;wlyJ 0dnmPfaMumifh emrf½yk jf zpfypHk wJh aMumif;usK;d qufE,
G rf I
oabmw&m;awGudkvnf; od&SdEdkifrSm r[kwfawmhbl;/
qdkif&mtwdwftaMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh qkdif&m twdwftusKd;
w&m;awG jzpfykHç ypöKyÜeftaMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh tem*wftusKd;
w&m;awG jzpfykHç tem*wf oHo&mc&D; rqHk;ao;olwdkYtwGuf qdkif&m
tem*wf taMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh qkid &f m tem*wftusK;d w&m;awG
jzpfykHwdkYudkvnf; enf;wl oabmaygufyg/
'gaMumifh emr½ly00w¬meÓPfvdkY rokH;pGJvdkufbJ "r®|dwdÓPfvdkY
ok;H pGv
J u
dk jf cif;jzifh 'D"r®|w
d Ó
d Pf jzpfay:vm&jcif;&JU taMumif;&if;jzpfwhJ
"r®|dwdÓPf rjzpfrD "r®|dwdÓPfudk &atmiftm;rxkwfrD a&S;tzdkYrSm
BudKwifNyD;pD;xm;NyD;jzpf&rnfh twdwfemrf½kyf ypöKyÜefemrf½kyf ESpfrsKd;vkH;
udk ykdif;jcm;rSwfom;jcif;ç ypöKyÜefemrf½kyf tem*wfemrf½kyf ESpfrsKd;vkH;udk
ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;jcif;pwJh emr½ly00w¬meÓPfudk a[mNyD;omjzpfw,f
vdkY od&Sdyg/ (y#doH-|-1-18/)
'D&Sif;vif;csufawGuawmh txufu wifjycJhwJh y#dorÇd'gr*¾
t|uxm&JU qdkvdk&if;oabmw&m;awG jzpfMuygw,f/
opöma'oemawmfenf;
t*FkwådK&fygVdawmf yxrwGJ wduedygwf wdw¬m,weokwåefrSm -
t0dZmÆ aMumifh ocFg&jzpfyçHk ocFg&aMumifh 0dnmPfjzpfyHk pwJh tEkavmr
y#dpöorkyÜg'foabmw&m; (= taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m;wdkY&JU
aMumif;usKd;qufEG,fum txyfxyfjzpfrIoabmw&m;) udk ork',
opömqdkwJh trnfESifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ (tH-1-178/) -
owdy|mefa'oemawmfrmS vm&Sw d hJ ork',"r®mEkyóDyidk ;f jzpfygw,f?
oHo&m&JU jzpfpOf jzpfygw,f/
aemufwpfck - t0dZÆm&JU aemifwpfzefrjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh

csKyNf ird ;f jcif;vdYk ac:qdt
k yfwhJ tEkygÜ 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f rI
aMumifh ocFg&&JU tEkygÜ 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f ykpH wJh oHo&m
puf&[wf&UJ csKyNf ird ;f ykt H pOfukd azmfjywJh y#davmry#dpo
ö rkygÜ 'foabm
w&m;udkvnf; eda&m"opömtrnfESifh jrwfpGmbk&m;u a[mMum;xm;
awmfrlygw,f/ (tH-1-178/)
'Dead &m"opömuawmh O',AÁ,0dyóemÓPfxrJ mS tusK;H 0ifwhJ
ypö,awm 0,'óeÓPf (= taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;rIudk
½IjrifwwfwhJ 0dyóemÓPf) ESihf xd;k xGi;f odwhJ eda&m"opöm jzpfygw,f/
(0dok'¨d-2-267/)
tJ'eD ad &m"opömudk odwhJ 0dyóemÓPfEiS w
hf uGaom r*¾iw
f &m;
udk,fawGuawmh avmuDr*¾opömw&m;awG jzpfMuygw,f/ 0dyóem
ÓPfudk wpfzefjyefNyD;awmh 0dyóem½IEdkifwJhtcg a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu
'DavmuDr*¾opömudkvnf; xkd;xGif;odEdkifygw,f/ owdy|mefa'oem
awmfenf;t& 0,"r®mEkyóDykdif; jzpfygw,f/
0dyóemÓPfwdkY&JU tqkH;rSm jzpfay:vmwJh t&d,r*fÓPf
(zdv
k Ó
f Pf) wdjYk zifh xk;d xGi;f odwhJ tocFw"mwf tNird ;f "mwfeAd mÁ efw&m;
awmfjrwfBuD;uawmh avmukwå&m eda&m"opömw&m; jzpfygw,f/
tJ'D avmukw&å m eda&m"opömudk xd;k xGi;f odwhJ t&d,r*fÓPfEiS hf
,SOfwGJaewJh r*¾ifw&m;ukd,fawGuawmh avmukwå&m r*¾opömw&m;
awG jzpfMuygw,f/
oHcdawåe yÍöKyg'geu©E¨m 'ku©m qdkwJhtwdkif; twdwf tem*wf
ypöKyÜefpwJh (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh Oyg'geu©E¨m
ig;yg;wdkYuawmh 'ku©opömw&m;pkawG jzpfMuygw,f/
aygif;vdkufawmh avmuD0dyóemÓPfESifh xdk;xGif;odtyfwJh
opömw&m;awGu 'kuo © pöm ork',opöm eda&m"opöm r*¾opömqdw

k hJ
opömav;yg; jzpfMuw,f/
avmukwå&mjzpfwJh t&d,r*fÓPfjzifh xdk;xGif;odtyfwJh opöm
uvnf; av;yg;yJ jzpfMuygw,f/ odkYaomf avmukwå&m t&d,r*f
ÓPfu tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwfedAÁmefqkdwJh avmukwå&m eda&m"
opömw&m;awmfjrwfudkom tm&r®Py#da0" (= tm½kHrsufarSmuf
wdu
k ½f u
dk jf yKum xd;k xGi;f odjcif;)jzifh xd;k xGi;f Ny;D odw,f? 'ku-© ork',-
r*¾qdkwJh usefopömokH;yg;udkawmh rodatmif zkH;vTrf;xm;wJh arm[udk
y,fowfaomtm;jzifh xd;k xGi;f odjcif;qdw k hJ toar®m[y#da0"oabm
tm;jzifh xdk;xGif;odw,f/
'Dvdk avmuD0dyóemÓPf avmukwå&mr*fÓPfwkdYjzifh opöm
av;yg;udk xdk;xGif;rodygu r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPf edAÁmefudk rsufarSmuf
jyKEdkifygovm;vdkY ar;p&m&Sdw,f/ opöoH,kwfrSmvm&SdwJh ul#m*g&
okweå f aumufEw k cf suu
f av;udk emMum;Munfyh g/ jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sio
f nf
b,fvdk a[mMum;xm;awmfrlovJ¿ --
ul#m*g&okwåefw&m;awmf aumufEkwfcsuf
a,m p acg bdu©a0 {0H 0a',s - ]]t[H 'ku©H t&d,opöH
,xmblwH tebdoarpö? 'ku©ork',H t&d,opöH ,xmblwH
tebdoarpö? 'ku©eda&m"H t&d,opöH ,xmblwH tebdoarpö?
'ku©eda&m"*grdeð y#dy'H t&d,opöH ,xmblwH tebdoarpö? or®m
'ku©óEÅH u&dómrD}}wd aewH XmeH 0dZÆwd/ (oH-3-394/ oH-3-383/)
tebdoarpömwd ÓaPe tebdorm*EÉm/ tyÜ#d0dZÑdwGmwd
taw¬m/ (oH-|-3-330/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY .../ a,m p acg = tMuif
trSwfrxm; wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom yk*¾dKvf owå0gonfum;/ {0
{0H =
þodkY/ 0a',s = ajymqdkvmjim;tHh/ uð 0a',s = todkY ajymqdk

av&moenf;/
t[H = igonf/ 'ku©H t&d,opöH = 'ku©t&d,opömw&m;udk/ y
]]t[H
/ 'ku©ork',H t&d,opöH = 'ku©jzpfaMumif; 'ku©ork',t&d,
opömw&m;udk/ y / 'ku©eda&m"H t&d,opöH = 'ku©csKyfaMumif; 'ku©
csKyf&m 'ku©eda&m"t&d,opömw&m;udk/ y / 'ku©eda&m"*grdeð y#dy'H
t&d,opöH = 'ku©csKyf&m eda&m"odkY a&mufaMumif; usifhpOfjzpfonfh
r*¾t&d,opömw&m;ud/k ,xmblwH = razmufrjyef [kww f ikd ;f rSepf mG /
tebdoarpö = or®m'd|dÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;
azmuf rodrjrifrlí/ or®m = aumif;rGefrSefuefpGm/ 'ku©óEÅH =
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©\ tqHk;tydkif;tjcm;udk/ u&dómrd = jyKvkyf
aytHh/}} {0H = þodkY/ 0a',s = ajymqdkvmjim;tHh/ {wH XmeH =
þajymqdo k nfth wdik ;f jzpfEikd &f maom taMumif;t&mrsK;d onf/ e 0dZw Æ d
= r&Sdonfomwnf;/
&[ef;wdkY...yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufu ajymvmNyDqdkMupdkY? b,fvdk
ajymovJ¿ ]]ig[m 'ku©t&d,opömç 'ku©ork',opömç 'ku©eda&m"
t&d,opömç 'kuc© sKy&f medAmÁ ef (= 'kue© ad &m")odYk a&mufaMumif; usiphf Of
jzpfwhJ r*¾t&d,opömw&m;udk razmufrjyef [kww f ikd ;f rSepf mG or®m'd|d
ÓPfynmjzifh ukd,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufum rodbJ rjrifbJ
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'uk u © ek af tmifç oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u k u © ek &f m edAmÁ efoYkd
qdkufa&mufatmif jyKvkyfr,f - vdkY 'Dvdk vmajymr,f qdkMupkdY/
tJ'Dyk*¾dKvf&JU ajymqkdcsuf[m ajymqdkwJhtwdkif; jzpfEdkif&maom
taMumif;t&m[m b,fvdkrS r&SdEkdifbl;/ (oH-3-394/ oH-3-383/)
'Dvakd [mMum;xm;awmfrw l hJ opöma'oemawmfrsm;ESit
hf nD t&d,
opömav;yg;wdkUudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm or®m'd|dÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkif
rsufarSmuf xGif;azmufum rodygu rjrifygu oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©

ukeq f ;Hk &m edAmÁ efoYdk ra&mufEidk w
f t
hJ wGuf oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u k u
© ek &f m
edAÁmefudk rsufarSmufjyKvkdwJh &vdkwJh a&mufvdkwJh yk*¾dKvf rSefcJhvQifawmh
t&d,opömav;yg;wdkYudk or®m'd|dÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf
xGif;azmufodjrifatmif BudK;yrf;&awmhrSm jzpfygw,f/
'Dopömav;yg;xJrSm 'Dae&mrSm txl;ajymvdkwmuawmh avmuD
0dyóemÓPfjzifh xdk;xGif;od&rnfh --
1/ ork',opömaMumifh 'ku©opömjzpfykHtykdif;
2/ ork',opöm csKyfNidrf;jcif;aMumifh 'ku©opöm csKyfNidrf;ykHtydkif; --
'Dtydik ;f ESpyf ikd ;f jzpfygw,f/ ork',opömaMumifh 'kuo © pöm jzpfyu
Hk kd
0dyóemÓPfjzifh jrifatmif ½Iwt hJ ydik ;f udfk owdy|mefa'oemawmfrmS
bk&m;&Sifu ork',"r®mEkyóDydkif;wGif xnfhoGif;um a[mMum;xm;
awmf rlygw,f/
ork',opöm&JU tEkygÜ 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f jcif;aMumifh
'kuo
© pömw&m;pkw&Ykd UJ tEkygÜ 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f ykt
H ydik ;f udk
awmh owdy|mefa'oemawmfrSm bk&m;&Sifu 0,"r®mEkyóDydkif;wGif
xnfhoGif;um a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
aemufwpfckuawmh ... oyÜpö,emr½ly0aoe wdvu©PH
tma&maywGm (r-|-1-281/) pwJh t|uxmBuD;rsm;&JU ñTefMum;csuf
twdik ;f 'D'u
k o
© pöm ork',opömw&m;wd&Yk UJ Oyg'ftm;jzifh biftm;jzifh
wpfenf; - cPtm;jzifh jzpfrIysufrIudk 0dyóemÓPfjzifh jrifatmif
MunfhNyD; vu©Pma&;okH;wefodkY wifum qufvufNyD;awmh 0dyóem
½I&rSm jzpfygw,f/
txufu ud;k um;wifjyxm;cJw h hJ y#dorÇ'd gr*¾ygVdawmfBu;D twdik ;f
jzpfrIudk ½Ijcif;u edAÁwådvu©Pmudk ½Ijcif;jzpfw,f? ysufrIudk ½Ijcif;u
awmh 0dy&dPmrvu©Pm (= cE¨mwd&Yk UJ azmufjyefysupf ;D wJh vu©Pm)udk

½Ijcif;jzpfw,f/ edAÁwådvu©Pmudk ork',"r®ç 0dy&dPmrvu©Pmudk
0,"r®qdkwJh trnfESifh owdy|mefa'oemawmfrSm bk&m;&Sifu a[m
Mum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
ckajymcJhwmawGudk wpfenf;xyfNyD;awmh ajymOD;r,f .../
twdwcf E¨mig;yg;xJrmS qdik &f mtwdwt
f aMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh
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