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Sesi 4
Sesi 4
PENPOS SEM 7
Position Determination in all conditions
The main objective of this subject area is that management level
officers retain the ability to use celestial and terrestrial based
techniques and to ensure that watchkeeping officers monitor the
position effectively at all times.
Celestial Navigation
The main objective of this subject area is that the trainee
shall retain the gain knowledge and ability in position
fixing by using all celestial bodies.
To compute the altitude of the celestial body, three
methods are available:
• the cosine formula and a pocket calculator
• the haversine formula
• pre-computed altitude and azimuth tables.
MC 7.01:
• The Marcq St. Hilaire method (also known as Intercept
method) for obtaining a position line is universal and can
be utilized for any celestial body in any direction, the body in
the meridian included.
• The Latitude by Meridian Altitude method should be
used when the body is on the observer's meridian after
applying the true zenith distance to the declination of the
celestial body in order to obtain the observer's latitude.
• The officers should also be able to obtain the corrections
from pole star tables in the nautical almanac and apply
them to the altitude of Polaris to find the latitude of the
observer.
• Finally the officers should be able to find the position of
the observer at the time of the final observation, given
two or more position lines with the courses and distances
run between the observations
• Fixing positions might be carried out as geometrical
problems, using simultaneous or staggered observations of
celestial bodies, preferably on an ocean plotting sheet which
can then be transferred on to the navigational chart or
on the navigation chart (if scale permits).
The Marcq St. Hilaire method
(also known as Intercept method)
for obtaining a position line is
universal and can be utilized for
any celestial body in any
direction, the body in the
meridian included.
ALUR PENYELESAIAN:
Sin Th = Sin(Lat).Sin(Dec) +
BS/Tn/Zn = Baringan sejati
Cos(Lat).Cos(Dec).Cos(LHA)
BOLA ANGKASA
KOORDINAT BINTANG
(DEKLINASI DAN SHA)
Local hour angle, Greenwich hour angle, and sidereal hour angle
are measured westward through 360°. Meridian angle is measured
eastward or westward through 180° and labeled E or W to indicate
the direction of measurement.
The horizon system of coordinates, showing measurement of
altitude, zenith distance, azimuth, and azimuth angle.
KEGIATAN /AKTIVITAS
TAHAPAN MENDAPATKAN FIX POSITION DARI OBSERVASI BINTANG
❑KHUSUS POSISI DARI HASIL PENGAMATAN BINTANG DIPERLUKAN PERENCANAAN BINTANG YANG
AKAN DIAMATI/DIUKUR TINGGINYA.
(PENGGUNAAN STARS FINDER, NAVIGATION TABLE, SOFTWARE DLL)
GP x
intercept DR
x DR
P = Ts - Th
Intercep (p) > 0 (+) searah azimuth
< 0 (-) berlawanan azimuth
INTERCEPT
R =90˚ - ALT
CIRCLE/LINE OF POSITION
LOP
Ho = Tinggi Sejati = Ts
Hc = Tinggi Hitung = Th
FIX POSITION
LOP 1
LOP 2
LOP 3
METODE DALAM PENENTUAN POSISI KAPAL DI LAUT
GMT/UT
Tan T = Sin (LHA) / [Cos(Lat).Tan(Dec) – BS/Tn/Zn
DR
Sin(Lat).Cos(LHA)]
Almanac
≥2 LOP FIX
LHA 0 =GHA 0 + Incr + Long Ts=Tu + Corr
LHA * = GHA A +Incr + Long + SHA *
Ts -Th
Intercept/p
Pn X
O
N S
CELESTIAL HORIZON
Na
RUMUS COSINUS (I.U. SEGI TIGA BOLA)
b
c
a C
Sin (t) = Sin (L) x Sin (d) + Cos (L) x Cos (d) x Cos (LHA)
Pn
Dari hasil di atas pada masa lalu,sebelum era kalkulator
maka untuk menyelesaikan perhitungan dibuat daftar yang kita kenal dengan daftar pelayaran oleh karenanya rumus di
atas disesuaikan agar dapat diselesaikan dengan logaritma. (Perkalian menjadi penjumlahan)
Sin t = Cos (L ± d) – Cos (L) Cos (d) Sinv P
Term I - Term II
PENYELESAIAN DENGAN DAFTAR PELAYARAN
SEBELUM KALKULATOR DIGUNAKAN SECARA UMUM OLEH MASYARKAT UMUM , UNTUK MEMUDAHKAN PENYELESAIAN
PERHITUNGAN UNTUK MENENTUKAN POSISI DIGUNAKAN DAFTAR PELAYARAN YANG FORMULANYA DARI SUMBER / TEORI
YANG SAMA;
SAAT INI PENGGUNAKAN KALKULATOR SUDAH SANGAT UMUM OLEH KARENANYA PENYELESAIAN PERHITUNGAN UNTUK
MENDAPATKAN POSISI KAPAL JUGA WAJAR MENGGUNAKAN KALKULATOR, KARENA LEBIH SIMPLE TANPA PERLU
INTERPOLASI, MEMUDAHKAN RECHECK PERHITUNGAN KARENA TIDAK MEMERLUKAN WAKTU YANG BANYAK, LEBIH TELITI,
LEBIH CEPAT DAN MUDAH.
PARALLACTIC TRIANGLE (NAVIGATION TRIANGLE)
T/Z
Observer
GP
T/Z = azimuth
GP = geographical position (proyeksi bumiawi)
TINGGI HITUNG DAN AZIMUTH
Dari segi tiga Navigasi di atas dan berdasarkan Rumus Cosinus pada Ilmu Ukur segi tiga bola, maka:
Cos a = Cos b x Cos c + Sin b x Sin c x Cos A
Cos (90-Alt) = Cos (90-Lat) x Cos (90- Dec) + Sin (90-Lat) x Sin (90-Dec) x Cos (LHA)
Sin Alt = Sin Lat x Sin Dec + Cos Lat x Cos Dec x Cos LHA
(Sin Th = Sin L x Sin d + Cos L x Cos d x Cos LHA)
Dari rumus di atas dengan menggunakan calculator didapatkan Th (Tinggi Hitung)
Dari segi tiga yang sama untuk mendapatkan Azimuth benda angkasa (Baringan Sejati Proyeksi Bumiawi benda
angkasa dari Posisi Pengamat/observer) dengan menggunakan;
# RUMUS COSINUS
Cos (90-Dec) = Cos (90-Lat) x Cos (90-Alt) + Sin (90-Lat) x Sin (90-Alt) x Cos Z(T)
Sin (Dec) = Sin (Lat) x Sin (Alt) + Cos (Lat) x Cos (Alt) x Cos Z(T)
Sin (Dec) - Sin (lat) x Sin (Alt) = Cos (Lat) x Cos (Alt) x Cos Z(T)
Sin (LHA)
Tan T =
{Cos (Lat) x Tan (Dec) – Sin (Lat) x Cos (LHA)}
Chronometer : . . . . . . . . . . .
Koreksi Chron : . . . . . . . . . . . . .
UT : . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( tanggal sesuai tanggal UT duga)
BDW = .........
Koreksi = ........
UT = ........
Incriment = .......
Tan T = ------------------------------------
DR +p
agt
DR
+p
-p