PHILSAGA HIGH SCHOOL FOUNDATION, INC.

Bayugan 3, Rosario, Agusan del Sur

SELF –
LEARNING
MATERIAL

Quarter II - Module 4

Name: ______________________________________ Score: _____________________

Grade Level & Section: ___________________ Date: ______________________
Teacher: EPIE S. MERCADER Contact #: 09386508510

General Instructions: You are expected to complete the activities of

this Self-Learning Material (SLM) within two (2) weeks. Please do
not leave out any activity incomplete. Should you need
clarifications, please feel free to contact your teacher using the
number above. Thank you and keep safe always!

I.
Self – Learning Material for Mathematics 8 Quarter 2 Week 1 – 2

I. Quarterly Goal: The learner is able to formulate and solve

accurately real-life problems involving linear inequalities in two
variables, systems of linear inequalities in two variables, and linear
functions.

II. Topic: Logic

III. Learning Competencies:

Competencies Code Institutional 21st Century

Core Values Skills
The learner
a. uses inductive or Critical
deductive reasoning M8GEIIh-1 Achievement Thinking and
in an argument; and Doing
b. writes a proof (both Critical
direct and indirect). M8GEIIi-j-1 Perseverance Thinking and
Doing

IV. Learning Activities

A. EXPLORE
Activity 1. Pre – Test
Direction. Identify the choice that best completes the statement or
answers the question. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. What are the missing numbers in this pattern; 2, 4, 8, 16, ___, ___,
___, 256…
a. 32, 64, 126 c. 128, 64, 32
b. 32, 64, 128 d. 126, 64, 32

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2. Identify three prime numbers that are less than 20.

a. 2, 11, 17, c. 2, 3, 6
b. 12, 17, 19 d. 17, 19, 21

3. Which number is NOT a multiple of 24.

a. 48 b. 94 c. 120 d. 144

4. Complete the pattern, 1, 4, ___, ___, 25…

a. 2, 3 b. 3, 4 c. 16, 20 d. 9, 16

5. It is a type of reasoning that starts with particular cases to

generalize.
a. Inductive Reasoning c. Inverse
c. Deductive Reasoning d. Contrapositive

6. Which number is NOT a multiple of 8.

a. 16 b. 24 c. 38 d. 32
7. Identify three prime numbers that are less than 20 but greater
than 10.
a. 2, 11, 17, c. 2, 3, 7
b. 13, 17, 19 d. 17, 19, 21

8. Complete the pattern, 3, 6, ___, ___, 15…

a. 9, 12 c. 11, 13
b. 9, 11 d. None of these

9. Which number is NOT a multiple of 7.

a. 21 b. 35 c. 28 d. 31

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10. It is a type of reasoning begins with a known fact to deduce

another fact.
a. Inductive Reasoning c. Inverse
c. Deductive Reasoning d. Contrapositive

B. FIRM UP

Lesson 1: Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

The method of starts with particular cases to generalize. This

generalization is derived from observing. The method of
begins with a known fact to deduce another fact. Rules of logic
are applied on this known fact to arrive at a certain
conclusion.

In some situations, simply observing limited cases can lead to a

false generalization. For instance, item number one on the above
example can lead to a conclusion that every Tuesday it is raining.
Though scientist established facts by observing particular cases they
do not immediately jumps into conclusion. They still confirm its
veracity by deductive reasoning.

Example 1. Show that the sum of two odd integers is even.

This problem requires deductive reasoning. One can start with
the fact that an odd number can be written in the form 2k + 1, for all
integer k.
(2k + 1) + (2k + 1) 4k +2(2k + 1) 2p, p=2k + 1.

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Since p is also an integer and 2 p is even, we have shown that

indeed the sum of two odd integers is even.

Example 2. Complete the sequence of numbers: 2, 5, 11, 23, 47, ___,

___, ____.
Unlike the first example, particular cases were given. Hence
this is a case of inductive reasoning. Notice that 5=2(2) + 1,
11=2(5) + 1, 23=2(22) + 1 and 47=2(23) + 1. So, we can conclude
that the general term a n for this sequence is a n=2 a(n — 1)+1. Thus, the
next three terms are 95, 191 and 383, in that order. But again, as
mentioned earlier, this should be verified via deductive reasoning.

Patterns of Deductive Reasoning

In order to arrive at a valid conclusion, we need to apply logic
appropriately in every step of our reasoning. Three commonly used
patterns of deductive reasoning will be discussed in the succeeding
paragraphs.

A. Law of Detachment (Modus Ponens)

If a conditional statement is true and is also true, then is true.

This law implies that if we know that the hypothesis of a

conditional statement is true then we can accept that the conclusion
is also true.

Example 3. The following illustrate how we can arrive at a

conclusion applying the law of detachment.
3.1. If you cheat, you are dishonest. Raul cheated. Therefore, Raul is
dishonest.
3.2. Ifn> 0, then an> bn for real numbers. Sincen> 0. Therefore, 3 n>2 n .

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3.3. Lines intersect at one and only one point. Lines AB and CD
intersect. Therefore, they intersect at one and only one point.
A common mistake is when q is given to be true and then it is
concluded that p is also true. Remember that the truth table of the
converse is different from that of a conditional. Always bear in mind
also that truth of the conclusion does not assure the truth of the
hypothesis as shown by these examples.

3.4. Citrus fruits are good source of Vitamin C. Papaya is a good

source of Vitamin C. Papaya is a citrus fruit.
3.5. Vertical angles are equal. Angles A and B are equal. Therefore,
∠ A and ∠ Bare vertical angles.

Activity 1. Checkpoint! Two (2) points each.

Direction. Make a conclusion applying the law of detachment. Write
your answer in the space provided.

1. If you run, you’ll sweat. John ran 3 kilometers. Therefore,

____________________________________.

2. If you sleep late, you’ll wake up late. Sarah sleep late last night.
Therefore, ____________________________.

3. The sum of two odd numbers is even. 5 and 7 are odd numbers.
Therefore, ________________________________.

4. If it rain, the road will be slippery. It rained earlier. Therefore,

_______________________________.

5. If the water temperature reaches 100 ℃ , it will boil. The water in

the bottle has a temperature of 20 ℃ . Therefore,
______________________________.

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B. Law of Syllogism

Given two conditional statements and , then

Unlike the first law, this law requires two conditionals. This
law tells us that if both conditionals are true and the conclusion of
the first is the hypothesis of the second, then the hypothesis of the
first implying the conclusion of the second is also true.

Example 4. The following illustrate the law of syllogism.

4.1. If you do not review for the exam, you will fail. If you will fail,
you will repeat the course. Therefore, if you do not review for the
exam, you will repeat the course.

4.2. If K is greater than L, then L is greater than M. If L is greater than

M, then M is greater than N. Therefore, if K is greater than L, then M
is greater than N.

4.3. If 5 is subtracted from a number, then it is equal to half a second

number. If half of the second number is multiplied by 3, then it is
equal to 5 more than the first number. Therefore, if 5 is subtracted
from a number, then it is equal to one-third of the sum of that
number and five.

4.4. If a parallelogram has a right angle, then it is a rectangle. If it is a

rectangle, then its diagonals are equal. Therefore, if a parallelogram
has a right angle, then its diagonals are equal.

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4.5 If a triangle is isosceles, then at least two of its sides are equal. If
two sides of a triangle are equal, then the angles opposite these
sides are equal. Therefore, if a triangle is isosceles, then the angles
opposite the equal sides are equal.

Generally, in proving theorems, which we will discuss in the

succeeding section, we need to use more than two conditionals. The
law of syllogisms will still hold for such series of statements.

Activity 2. Checkpoint! Two (2) points each.

Direction. Make a conclusion applying the law of syllogism. Write
your answer in the space provided.

1. If the rain lasts an hour, the water will be full. If the water tank
will be full the water pressure will rise. Therefore, if it rains an hour
_________________________________________________________________.

2. If you will get a grade of less than 75 in any subject, you will fail
the subject. If you fail the subject you will retake the subject.
Therefore, if you have a grade of 72
____________________________________________________.

3. If it rains today, then I will wear my gloves. If I wear my gloves,

my fingers will get itchy. Therefore, if it rains today
____________________________________________________.

4. If it is weekdays, I have school. If I have school, I have my Math

class.
Therefore, if it is weekdays _____________________________________________.

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5. If a number ends in zero (0), then it is divisible by 10. If a number

is divisible by 10, then it is divisible by 5. Therefore, if a number is
ends in zero (0) ___________________________________________________.

C. Law of Indirect Reasoning (Modus Tollens)

If a conditional statement is true and is also true, then is true.

What this law implies is if we can show that the negation of the
conclusion is true, then the negation of the hypothesis, not the
hypothesis itself, is also true. As we've discussed, by negation we
mean to contradict a statement.

Example 5. The following examples illustrate the law of indirect

reasoning.
1. If today is Saturday, then I will date you. I did not date you.
Therefore, today is not Saturday.

2. If you lie, then you are reprimanded. You are not reprimanded.
Therefore, you did not lie.

3. If a number is perfect square, then it is composite. Twenty-three is

prime. Therefore, twenty-three is not a perfect square.

4. If a polygon is regular, then it is equilateral. ABCD is not

equilateral. Therefore, ABCD is equilateral.

5. If a quadrilateral is rhombus, then all its sides are equal. The sides
EFGH are not equal. Therefore, EFGH is a rhombus.

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The conclusions on the last two examples are invalid. The law
of indirect reasoning says that the negation of the hypothesis is
concluded not the hypothesis itself.

Activity 3. Checkpoint! Two (2) points each.

Direction. Make a conclusion applying the law of indirect reasoning.
Write your answer in the space provided.

1. If it is Monday, then I will wear my school uniform. I did not wear

my school uniform. Therefore, __________________________________________.

2. If I am hungry, I eat. I did not eat. Therefore,

________________________________________________.

3. If a number is perfect square, then it is composite. Seven is prime.

Therefore, _________________________________________.

4. If it rain, then the road is wet. The road is not wet. Therefore,
________________________________.

5. If your boyfriend loves you, then he will take you on a date. He

didn’t take you on a date. Therefore, ____________________________________.

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Writing Proofs
Steps in Proving
1. Understand
Before starting to prove you must have clear understanding of
what you are going to prove. It could help if you draw figures to
represent the given and label it accordingly.

2. Plan
As the popular adage says, "If you fail to plan, then you plan to
fail”. After understanding the problem, picture out in your mind how
you go about on your proof.

3. Execute
You already understood the problem, you have your plan in
mind, and you are now ready to execute your plan. Be sure that
every statement on your proof are logically sequence and clearly
stated.

4. Evaluate
Try to go over your proof to check any inconsistencies and
make corrections if necessary.

Direct Proof
This is a straightforward method of proof. In this method, the
proof is written in paragraph form to explain why a conjecture for a
given situation is true. This method is also known as paragraph form
or informal proof. To show how it is done, let us have the following
theorem.

If two adjacent angles form a straight angle pair, then they are
supplementary.

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Example 6. As outlined above, it helps if we draw figure showing the

relationships among the given information. Then we figure out a
plan.
Given: ∠AOB and ∠BOC form a straight angle
Prove: ∠AOB and ∠BOC are supplementary

Proof:
B

A
By addition postulate, ∠AOB
O + ∠BOC= ∠AOC. Since ∠AOB and
C
∠BOC form a straight angle, hence ∠AOC is a straight angle. This
implies that ∠AOC=∠ 180 °. By substitution, ∠AOB + ∠BOC = 180 °. By
definition of supplementary angles ∠AOB and ∠BOC are
supplementary.

Two angles supplementary to the same angle are equal.

The Two Column Proof

Most geometry books use this method of proof. Other authors
call this as the formal proof. It is done by writing derived statements
on the left and corresponding reasons on the right.

Two angles complementary to the same angle are equal.

Example 7.
Given: a and b, and b and c are complementary
Prove: a and c are equal
Proof:
b
a

c
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Statements Reasons
1. a and b are complementary 1. Given
2. b and c are complementary 2.Definition of Complementary
3. a+b = 90 ° , b+c=90 ° 3. Substitution
4. a+b = b+c 4. Subtraction
5. a = c

Indirect Proof
Unlike the other methods of proving, this method anchors on
the principle of Modus Tollens or the Law of Indirect Reasoning. In
proving using this method, the negation of the conclusion of the
statement to be proven is assumed true. Series of arguments are
shown so that it will lead to a contradiction of known facts or of the
hypothesis. Since there is a contradiction, this shows that the
assumption is false. Therefore, the original statement is true.

Example 8. Prove the illustration below by contradiction.

Given: Three lines are intersecting, r =s
Prove: a=b
s
Proof:
b
a
r

Suppose a≠b. Since the three lines intersect, r and a, and s and b are
vertical angles, by definition of vertical angles. Hence r=a and s=b,
by the vertical angle theorem. Adding s on both sides of r=a, we get
r + s = a + s. By substitution, r + b = a + s. Since a ≠ b, r ≠ s. This
contradicts the given. Therefore, a = b.

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C. DEEPEN
Activity 4. Checkpoint! One (1) point each.
Direction. Tell what method of reasoning was used in the following
situations. Write your answers in the space provided.

________________1. My favorite basketball team had won their last

seven games. They'll probably win their next game.
________________2. Kate attends the party if Faye does. Faye does not
attend the party. Kate does not attend the party.
________________3. No man has ever been pregnant. No man then will
ever get pregnant.
________________4. My grandmother is wearing red shirt. My mother is
wearing red shirt too. My aunt is also wearing red shirt. All women
in the family are wearing red shirt.
________________5. The area of a rectangle whose perimeter is 16 cm is
16 c m2 . Another rectangle whose perimeter is 18 cm is18 c m2. The area of
a rectangle is numerically equal to its perimeter.
________________6. I've never seen a cat that can swim like a dog. I bet
there aren't any.
________________7. Some grapes are purple. All grapes are fruit. Some
fruits are purple.
________________8. If a polygon is regular it is equilateral. Squares are
regular polygons. Squares are equilateral.
________________9. If x 2−2 x=3 , then x=3 or x=−1.
________________10. Congruent figures are similar. Triangle ABC and
DEF are congruent. Therefore, these triangles are similar triangles.

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D. TRANSFER

Activity 5. Show me your proof! Five (5) points each.

Direction A. Use indirect method of writing proof in this given. Write
your answer in the space provided.

1. Prove the Vertical Angle Theorem by contradiction.

r

Given:
Prove: a=c
a b s
Proof:
c

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Direction B. Use any method of writing proof in this given. Write

your answer in the space provided.

2. Prove that the bisectors of a linear pair are perpendicular.

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V. Comment/Suggestions (Optional)
Direction: Please let us know how we can better help you
facilitate learning. If you have feedback, suggestions, comment or
any concerns as regard to the completion of this learning material,
please feel free to write below. Thank you and stay safe!

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