• It is important to know the different individuals whose ideas have shaken and contested the

dominant theories and ideas during this period-the truths of their time
• Scientists are driven by their curiosity, critical thinking, and creativity to explore the physical
and natural world.
• Their love for science is driven by their deep passion to know and to discover
• Scientists are not driven by clamor for honor and publicity
• They are ordinary people doing extraordinary things
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
• One of the Renaissance men, in the field of science
• His ideas were an example of thought experiment
• He had been appointed as a canon at Frombork Cathedral in Poland
• Despite his duty, he had plenty of time to sustain his interest in
Astronomy
• Copernicus was strongly influenced by the book entitled Epitome
published in 1946 by a German author, Johannes Mueller
• The book contains Muller’s observation of the heavens and some
commentary on earlier works especially that of Ptolemy
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
• Copernicus’s idea and model of the universe was essentially complete in 1510
• He circulated a summary of his ideas to his few close friends in a manuscript called
Commentariolous (Little Commentary)
• There was no proof that Copernicus was concerned about the risk of persecution by the Church
if he published
• The publication of his book De revolutionibus coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly
Spheres) in 1543 is often cited as the start of the scientific revolution.
 NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
• In his book , he wanted a model of the universe in which everything moved around a single center
at unvarying rates
• He placed the Sun to be the centerpiece of the universe. The earth and all the planets are
surrounding or orbiting the Sun each year.
• The Moon, however, can be seen orbiting the Earth
• His model of the Earth orbiting around the Sun positioned the planets into a logical sequence
• In his book , Copernicus outlined two kinds of
planetary motion:
1. the orbits of Venus and Mercury lay
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
inside the orbit of the Earth, thus, closer
to the sun;
2. the orbits of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn
lay outside the Earth’s orbit, thus, farther
from Sun
• From his model, he would work on the length of
time it will take for each planet to orbit once
around the Sun
• The result would form a sequence from
• Mercury with shortest year
• through Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn
with the longest year
 NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
• He placed the planets in order of increasing distance from the Sun
• One of the great problems in the Copernicus model, however, was the position of the stars
• The star cannot be placed in a fixed position like crystals in a distance sphere
• Copernicus is also a courageous man. Although the Copernican model makes sense now, during
those times, it was judged to be heretic and therefore it was an unacceptable idea to be taught to
Catholics
• The Catholic Church banned the Copernican model and was ignored by Rome for the rest of the 16th
century
CHARLES DARWIN
• Famous for his theory of evolution.
• He changed our concept of the world’s creation
and its evolution
• He came from a line of intellectually gifted and
wealthy family
• His life started to change when one of his
professors recommended him to join a five-year
voyage on the Islands of Galapagos
CHARLES DARWIN
• Published his book The Origin of Species in 1589
• presented evidence on how
species evolved over time and
presented traits and adaptation
that differentiate species
• considered to be one of the most
important works in scientific
literature

• He collected many significant materials in order to

present his theory with overwhelming evidence
CHARLES DARWIN
• Darwin’s observational skills as a scientist were extraordinary that
moved beyond the realms of plants and animals into the realms of
humans
• His book The Descent of Man was so impressive yet very
controversial
• He introduced the idea of all organic life, including human beings,
under the realm of evolutionary thinking
• Darwin;s theory of evolution scientifically questioned dominant
views of a religious or biblical design h places human beings in
privileged position of having been created by God
CHARLES DARWIN

•More than his great works, what made Darwin

truly remarkable?
CHARLES DARWIN
•More than his great works, what made Darwin truly
remarkable?
•It is his courage to challenge religious and unscientific
ideas that deemed to be prominent during those days
•Evidence based science
 SIGMUND FREUD
• Freud contributed a significant work in the
scientific world through his development of an
observational method that gathers reliable
data to study human’s inner life. this method is
known as psychoanalysis
• for Freud, this method of psychoanalysis is a
scientific way to study not just human mind but
also neurotic illness.
SIGMUND FREUD
• his method has been proven effective in understanding some neurological conditions that were
not understood by medicine during his time.
• his method focuses on human sexuality and the evil nature of man. this posed immense
challenges to scholars and ordinary citizens of his time. his idea also led to some academic
controversy, but it is no doubt that his method had great impact on the scientific way of
understanding human nature.
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REFERENCE:
Alata, E. et.al. (2018). Science, Technology, and Society