SUBJECT CODE : EC8551

Strictly as per Revised Syllabus of

Anna University
Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)
Semester - V (ECE)

Communication Networks

Vilas S. Bagad
M.E. (E&TC), Microwaves
M.M.S.(Information systems)
Faculty, Institute of Telecommunication Management
Ex-Faculty, Sinhgad College of Engineering,
Pune.

Iresh A. Dhotre
M.E. (Information Technology)
Ex-Faculty, Sinhgad College of Engineering,
Pune.

® ®
TECHNICAL
PUBLICATIONS
SINCE 1993 An Up-Thrust for Knowledge

(i)
Communication Networks
Subject Code : EC8551

Semester - V (Electronics & Communication Engineering)

First Edition : June 2019

Second Revised Edition : June 2020

ã Copyright with Authors

All publishing rights (printed and ebook version) reserved with Technical Publications. No part of this book
should be reproduced in any form, Electronic, Mechanical, Photocopy or any information storage and
retrieval system without prior permission in writing, from Technical Publications, Pune.

Published by :
® ®
Amit Residency, Office No.1, 412, Shaniwar Peth,
TECHNICAL Pune - 411030, M.S. INDIA, Ph.: +91-020-24495496/97
PUBLICATIONS
SINCE 1993 An Up-Thrust for Knowledge Email : sales@technicalpublications.org Website : www.technicalpublications.org

Printer :
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Tal. - Haveli, Dist. - Pune - 411041.

ISBN 978-93-332-0232-9

9 789333 202329 AU 17

9789333202329 [2] (ii)

 Protocol Protocol
1 2345 1 2345
Message

Medium of transmission

Sender Receiver
CPU
Monitor
Direction of data
 Data flow (t1)

Data flow (t2)

Work station - 1 Work station - 2

Data flow

Work station - 1 Work station - 2

 Dedicated link

Work station - 1 Work station - 2

Work station - 2

Common link

Server

Work station - 1 Work station - 3

Server Node Node

Bus

Node Node
 Node

Server Node

Switch

Node
 Server

Node Node

Node Node

Node
 Server

Server Node Node

Node Node

Bus

Node Node

Node Node

Node
 Hosts
LAN 3 Router
Subnet

LAN 1

LAN 2
LAN 4
Tinterface
 ISP

ISP
Regional Regional
ISP
ISP ISP
ISP

Router

National
ISP

Access point

Country 1

Country 2
National
ISP

Regional Regional
ISP ISP

ISP

ISP ISP
ISP
HOST A HOST B
Layer 5 protocol
Layer 5 Layer 5

Layer 4/5 interface

Layer 4 protocol
Layer 4 Layer 4

Layer 3/4 interface

Layer 3 protocol
Layer 3 Layer 3

Layer 2/3 interface

Layer 2 protocol
Layer 2 Layer 2

Layer 1/2 interface

Layer 1 protocol
Layer 1 Layer 1

Physical medium
Layer N + 1
IDU

ICI
PCI SDU

PDU ICI

Layer N
IDU

Layer N – 1

SDU

ICI

Etc.
 Transmitting Receiving
Header 1 Data Header 1 Data

Header 1 Data N + 1 Layer Header 1 Data

Header 2 Header 1 Data Header 2 Header 1 Data

Header 2 Header 1 Data N Layer Header 2 Header 1 Data

Header 3 Header 2 Header 1 Data Header 3 Header 2 Header 1 Data

Header 3 Header 2 Header 1 Data N – 1 Header 3 Header 2 Header 1 Data

Layer

Transmission medium
Connectionless Idle - No connection Connection-oriented Idle - No connection

Data transfer Connection established

Idle - No connection Data transfer

Connection release

Idle - No connection
 End host End host
Protocol
APDU 7 Application Application

Protocol
PPDU 6 Presentation Presentation
Protocol
SPDU 5 Session Session
Protocol
TPDU 4 Transport Transport

Packet 3 Network Network Network Network

Frame 2 Data link DLL DLL Data links

Bit 1 Physical Physical Physical Physical

Internal protocol
 From data link layer To data link layer

Node - 1 Node - 2

Physical
Physical Bit stream Bit stream Physical
layer medium layer
 From network layer To network layer

Frame Frame
Data link Header 2 Data Trailer Header 2 Data Trailer Data link
layer layer

To physical layer From physical layer

Node 1 Node 2

From transport layer To transport layer

Packet Packet
Header 3 Data Network Header 3 Data
layer

To data link layer From data link layer

Node-1 Node-2
 From application layer To application layer

Segments Segments

Header 4 Data H4 Data Network Header 4 Data Data

layer

To network layer From network layer

DLL DLL
Physical Physical
 From presentation layer To presentation layer

Data Data

Header 5 Synch Synch Header 5 Synch Synch

Session layer Session layer

To transport layer From transport layer

Network layer Network layer

DLL DLL

Physical layer Physical layer

 From application layer To application layer

Data L7 Data L7

Presentation
layer

Encoded, encrypted Decoded, decrypted

Header 6 and compressed data Header 6 and decompressed data

Data L6 Data L6

To session layer From session layer

Value

t
Time
t

Value

Time
t
 ( )
Digital Free
D/A A/D
converter space converter
source input
Analog
propagation Analog
radio radio Digital
output
Analog Analog

source input Physical facility destination

output

Digital
Digital Digital Digital
terminal terminal output
intput

Interface Interface

Analog A/D D/A Analog

converter converter
input output
2 ft
 x(t)
x(t)

T
Non-periodic signal

t
0
t
 Data from upper layer

Variable number of characters

Flag Header Trailer Flag

 Data from
Flag ESC
upper layer

Frame Flag Flag Flag

Header ESC ESC ESC Trailer
sent

Extra 2
bytes

Frame Flag Flag Flag

Header ESC ESC ESC Trailer
received

Unstuffed

Data to upper
Flag ESC
layer

Data 0 1 1 0 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0

After bit stuffing 0 1 1 0 - 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

Stuffed bits
 10 6

10 9
 7-bit data
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

Parity bit
 Encoder Decoder
User User
Data Data
Correct or discard

Code generator Code checker

Data and redundancy Received data

Sender side Physical medium Receiver side

 Addition

0 0 1 1
+ 0 + 1 + 0 + 1
__ __ __ __
0 1 1 0
Subtraction
0 0 1 1
– 0 – 1 – 0 – 1
__ __ __ __
0 0 1 0

K bits K bits K bits

(a) Datawords

n bits n bits n bits n bits

(b) Codewords
 User data Original data

Encoder Decoder
Dataword K bits Dataword K bits

Extract
Codeword Codeword
generator checker Discard
n bits
Codeword Codeword n bits

Sender Physical medium Receiver

User data Original data

Encoder Decoder
Dataword K bits Dataword K bits

Correct
Codeword Codeword
generator checker
n bits
Codeword Codeword n bits

Sender Receiver
Physical medium
 2H M H 1

m 1 m 2 m 3 m 4 m5 m 6 m7 m 8
2n

P1 P2 P 3 P4
m 1 m 2 m 3 m 4 m5 m 6 m7 m 8

P1 P2 m1 P3 m2 m3 m4 P4 m5 m6 m7 m8

b4 b 3 b2 b1
bi 0 Pi
bi 1
P1

P2

P3

P4
XN XN 1 ... X 2 X 1 X 0

X7 X4 X 3 X0 X0 1

Xn k n k

Xn k [G (X)]

Xn k [G (X)] C (X)
B x R x
Q x
G x G x

1 0 0 1 0 1 0 Quotient
1 1 0 0 1) 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Dividend
Divisor 1 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 Remainder

B(x) = 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 bit string B

–

R(x) = 1 0 1 0 bit string R

T(x) = 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 bit string T

b n –1 b n– 2 b n– 3

b n– 1 x n– 1 b n– 2 x n– 2 b n– 3 x n– 3 ... b 2 x2 b 1x b0

x 10 x7 x5 x3 x2 x1

x 10 x9 x7 x5 x4

6 3
x +x +x
4
x +x +1
3
)x 10 9
+x +
7
x
5
+x +x
4

10 9 6
x +x +x
7 6 5 4
x +x +x +x
7 6 3
x +x +x
5 4 3
x +x +x
5 4
x +x +x
3
+x +x
 Received codeword c(x) e(x)
g(x) g(x) g(x)

x8 x2 x 1

x10 x9 x5 x4 x2 1

x16 x12 x5 1

x32 x26 x23 x22 x16 x12

x11 x10 x8 x7 x5 x4 x2 x 1

g ( x) x4 x2 1
T(X)/G(X)

T (X)
(x 9 x8 x6 x4 x 2 1)
 G (X) x4 x2 1

G (X) x4 x2 1 4

T (X)

B (X) G (X) T (X) B (X)

T (X) G (X)
111 0 0 0111 0
1 01 01 11 01 01 01 01 0 0 0 0
11 01 0
1 01 01
011111
1 01 01
01 01 0 0
1 01 0 1
0 0 0 011 01 0
1 01 01
01111 0
1 01 01
01 011 0
1 01 01
0 0 011 0 Remainder
11 01 01 01 01 0 0 0 0
0 11 0
11 01 01 01 01 0 11 0 Codeword
 g ( x)

1 0 0 0 01
11 0 01 11 0 011 0 0 0 0
11 0 01
11 0 01
0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0
11 0 01
01 0 01 Remainder

11 01 0 011
1 0 01 11 0 01 0 010 0 0
11 0 0
1 0 01
1 011
1 0 01
1000
1 0 01
11 0 0
1 0 01
1 01 0
1 0 01
011 Remainder
Message transmit 11 0 01 0 01 0 0 0
0 11
11 0 01 0 01 0 11 Codeword
 Sender Receiver

Deliver
Network Get data
data

Data
link

Physical Send Receive

frame frame
Data frames

Event : Request from Event : Notification from

network layer physical layer
 Sender Receiver

A B

Request
Frame 1
Arrival
Request
Frame 2
Arrival
Request
Frame 3
Arrival

Time Time
 t out

Sender Receiver

Deliver
Network Get data data Network

Data Data
link link

Receive Send Receive Send

Physical Physical
frame frame frame frame
Data frame

ACK
frame
 Sender Receiver

A B

Request
Frame
Arrival
Arrival ACK

Request
Frame
Arrival
Arrival ACK

Time Time
 Frames already Window of frames that may
transmitted be transmitted

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Frame Last frame

sequence transmitted
number
Window shrinks as Window expands as
frames are sent acknowledgements are
received
 Window of frames that are
Frames already received accepted by receiver

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Last frame
acknowledged
Window shrinks as Window expands as
frames are received acknowledgements are
sent
 Sn Next frame Rn Next frame
to send to receive

0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
Sender Receiver
Data frame
Deliver
Network Get data data Network
seqNo ackNo
Data link Data link

Receive Send Receive Send

Physical Physical
frame frame frame frame
Data frames
 Sender Receiver

Frame 0

ACK 1

Frame 1

ACK 0

Time Time

Sender Receiver

Frame 0
ACK 1
Frame 1
Lost
frame Lost frame
Frame 1
Retransmitted ACK 0
frame

Time Time
 Sender Receiver

Frame 0
ACK 1
Frame 1
ACK 0
Lost ACK Lost ACK
Frame 1
Retransmitted ACK 0
frame

Time Time

Sender Receiver

Frame 0
ACK 1 Delayed ACK 1
Frame 0 Discared frame
Frame
1
ACK 0
Discard ACK
Frame 1
ACK 0

Time Time
 2k 1
23 1

Window

Before
sliding 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1

Window

After
sliding 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1
one frame

Window size = 7
 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

SF
SL
SL SF 1
7 0 1 8

S F , S, S L
 Sender Receiver

SF SL Frame 0
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
ACK 1 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
S
R
Frame 1
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
ACK 0 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
S
R
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
Frame 2 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
S
R

Time Time

Sender Receiver

0 1 2 3 0 1 2 Frame 2 lost
0 1 2 3 0 1 2
S R
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 Frame 3
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
S R
Frame 2 retransmitted Frame 3 will be discarded
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 since frame 2 is not recieved
S 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
2
ACK R
Frame 3 retransmitted
0 1 2 3 0 1 2
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
S
R

Time Time
 2k

RF RL

0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2

S, SF SL RF RL

Sender window Receiver window

Sender Receiver

0 1 2 3 0 1 2
Frame 0
S
0 1 2 3 0 1 2
ACK 0
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 Frame 1
S
ACK 1 0 1 2 3 0 1 2
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 Frame 2 lost
S
Frame 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 3
S NAK- 2 0 1 2 3 0 1
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 Frame 3
retransm
S itted
0 1 2 3 0 1 2

Time Time
2k
2k

2k
 1
1 2a
t prop
t frame

1000
10 6
1 1
1 2a 1 2 270

W
2a 1

W 7
2a 1 541

W
2a 1

W 127
2a 1 541
 W
2a 1

W W
2a 1 2a 1

1
4000

Frame size
Bit rate
1
(2a 1)

1 0.5 1 a 0. 5
t prop t frame t prop t frame t frame 2t prop
t frame bit_ duration
2t prop / bit_ duration 2 20 ms / 0.25 ms 160
Primary Secondary
station station
Commands

Responses
Primary
station
Commands

Responses Responses

Secondary Secondary
station station

Commands Responses Primary

Primary
+ +
Secondary Secondary
station Responses Commands station
Primary Secondary

Command

Response

Primary Secondary Secondary

Command

Response Response

Combined
Combined
Command/Response

Command/Response
 Flag Address Control User Flag
FCS
information

(a) I-frame

Flag Address Control FCS Flag

(b) S-frame

Flag Address Control Management FCS Flag

information

(c) U-frame

0 P/F

N(S) N(R)
1 0 P/F

Code N(R)
1 1 P/F

Code Code
2 108
 User-4

User-3
User-5

Shared
multiple access
medium

User-2

User-6

User-1
 Multidrop cable

Host Inbound line

computer
Outbound line

Station 1 Station 2 Station 3

Multiple Access Protocol

Random access Controlled access Channelization

protocol protocol protocol

ALOHA CSMA CSMA/CD CSMA/CA FDMA TDMA CDMA

Reservation Polling Token
passing
Node 1
hp

Frame 1.1 Frame 1.2

Time

Node 2
hp

Frame 2.1 Frame 2.2 Frame 2.3

Time

Node 3
hp

Frame 3.1 Frame 3.2

Time

Node 4
Frame 4.1 Frame 4.2
hp

Frame 4.3

Time

Collision Collision
duration duration
 Start

Initialise counter
(K = 0)

Wait for random time

Start frame TB = R × TP
sending

Select random
number in between
Wait time = 2 TP K
0 and 2 – 1

No

Ack No Check
K=K+1 K > Kmax
received

Yes Yes

Packet deliver Terminate

successful
 tp to
to to tp

Collides with Collides with

the start of the end of
packet A packet A

Packet B Packet C

tp tp

Packet A
Time
to to + tp to + 2tp to + 3tp

Start of End of
packet A packet B
transmission transmission

Vulnerable period
of pure ALOHA

(t o t p) (t o 2t p )
 G e –2 G

pk

Gk e G
pk
k!

G po

po

po e 2G

G e 2G

G 0.5

1
0.184
2e
 Transmission time

Successfully sent
packets
Station 1 t
Random retransmission delay

Station 2 t

Station 3 t

Station 4 t

Colliding packets Random retransmission delay

 po e G

G e G

G 1

1
0.368
e

Smax = 0.368 at G = 1.0

0.4
Slotted ALOHA
Throughput
S Pure ALOHA
0.2
Smax = 0.184 at G = 0.5

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Offered channel traffic (G)

 G e 2G

2 * 0.75
0.75 * e

e G

e G

G
e
G 2.3

G*e G 2.3 * e (2.3)

G 1

G 1
 A B C D
hp hp hp hp

B senses C senses
here here D senses
here
t1
Vulnerable time
=
Propagation time
Frame propagation

Time Time

Sense
Sense Sense and transmit
Wait Wait

Time
Busy

(a)

Wait
randomly

Check Busy
channel

Idle

(b)
 Sense
Station and transmit data Physical medium
Continuously sense

Time
Busy
(a)

Check
channel
condition Busy

Idle

Station can send data

(b)
 Station
does not allow transmission
Station Transmit
continuously sense
Time slot Time slot Time slot
1 2 3
Time
Busy
(a)

Check
channel
condition Busy
Idle
Idle
Check >p
Wait a Probability
channel
slot outcome?
condition
Busy <p
May collision occurred Station can send data
(b)

p
q 1 p
p q
 i) t0

A B C D

ii) t1

A B C D

iii) t2

A B C D

iv) t3

A B C D

v) t4

A B C D

vi) t5

A B C D

Transmission from A Jam signal

Transmission from C Garbled signal
 Start

Set back off

to zero

Persistence
strategy

Wait back off

Send the frame
time

Yes Send jam

Collision signal
No
Success Increment
back off

Back off No
limit
Yes
Abort
 Found Size:
idle binary exponential
Continuously sense
IFS

Busy Contention window Send frame Time-out Time

 Start

Set backoff
to zero

Persistence
strategy

Wait DIFS

Send RTS

Set a timer

Wait backoff
time No CTS received
before timeout?
Yes

Wait SIFS

Send the frame

Set a timer
No

Backoff Increment No ACK received

limit? backoff before timeout?
Yes Yes
Abort
Fig. 12 Success
Fig. 12

A B C D

Radio range
A B C D
 Destination Source Length
Preamble SFD Data and padding CRC
address address or type

7 bytes 1 byte 6 bytes 6 bytes 2 bytes 4 bytes

Physical layer
header

Minimum payload length : 46 bytes

Maximum payload length : 1500 bytes

Destination Source Length Data and padding CRC

address address PDU

6 bytes 6 bytes 2 bytes 4 bytes

Minimum frame length : 512 bits or 64 bytes
Maximum frame length : 12,144 bits or 1518 bytes
 Slot time
Propagation speed
2
A Packet starts at time 0 B

A Packet almost at B at T –  B

A B

Collision at time T

A B
Noise burst gets back
to A at 2T

936 10 3
 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
Binary 1
+V

Binary 0
–V
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0

23 1
i th 2e 1

P
P 2 /A
 1
1 2 B Le / cF

hp hp hp hp hp hp hp hp hp

(a) Without bridge

hp hp hp hp hp hp hp hp hp

(b) With bridge

 Domain

hp hp hp hp hp hp hp hp hp hp

(a) Without bridging

Domain Domain

hp hp hp hp hp

Domain Domain

hp hp
hp hp hp

Bridge

(b) With bridging

Switch

Domain
hp
Domain
hp

hp

hp

hp

Domain Domain
Domain
 Switch
Transmit Transmit
hp
hp

Receive Receive

Tr
it

an
sm

sm
R
an

ve

ec

it
Tr

ei

ei
ec

ve
R

hp
hp
 hp hp

(a) Point-to-point

Switch / Hub

hp hp hp hp

(b) Star
 Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps)

100BASE - X 100BASE - T4

100BASE - TX 100BASE - FX

hp hp
 Switch

hp hp hp hp

Switch Switch

hp hp hp hp hp hp
 AP AP

Laptop Laptop

PC
hp

PC
hp

Laptop

BSS BSS hp
PC

hp

ESS
hp

PC

PC
 Station Station Station
Station
hp hp hp hp

Station Station
hp hp hp hp

AP
Station Station Station Station
hp hp hp hp

(a) BSS without AP (b) BSS with AP

 Distribution
system

Server

hp

AP AP

hp hp

hp hp

hp

BSS BSS
 IEEE 802.11

(LLC sublayer)

Contention-free
service
Data Contention
link layer service
Point co-ordination function
(MAC sublayer)

Distribution co-ordination function

(MAC sublayer)

Physical 802.11 802.11 802.11 802.11a 802.11a 802.11g

layer FHSS DSSS Infrared DSSS OFDM DSSS
 Sender Receiver
hp hp hp hp

DIFS

Requ
es
send t to

SIFS

r to
Clea
send NAV
(No carrier
SIFS sensing)
Data Time

SIFS

ACK

Time Time
2 bytes 2 bytes 6 bytes 6 bytes 6 bytes 2 bytes 6 bytes 0 to 2312 bytes 4 bytes

FC D Address 1 Address 2 Address 3 SC Address 4 Frame body FCS

Frame control

Protocol To From More Pwr More

Type Subtype Retry WEP Rsvd
version DS DS flag mgt data

2 bits 2 bits 4 bits 1 bit 1 bit 1 bit 1 bit 1 bit 1 bit 1 bit 1 bit
Bytes 2 2 6 6 4

Frame
D Address 1 Address 2 FCS
control

(a) RTS
2 bytes 2 bytes 6 bytes 4 bytes
Frame
D Address 1 FCS
control

(b) CTS or ACK

BSS

hp hp

BSS-ID

B A
Addr Addr Addr Addr
1 2 3 4

B A
 Distribution system

AP

A r
Add
hp

AP
hp

ddr 4
B
d d r A 3
r A 2
Add
1

B A

BSS BSS

Distribution system

AP
AP
A
Add
r A B
hp
1 ddr hp

2 A ddr
3 Add
r
4

B A

BSS BSS

Wireless distribution system

AP2 AP2 AP1 B A

AP1
Addr Addr Addr Addr
hp
1 2 3 4 hp

B A

BSS BSS
 FHSS

Pseudo random
sequence

Frequency
synthesizer

Digital data Frequency shift

(2 Mbps) keying
2 level / 4 level Analog signal
(1 MHz)
Digital data (2 Mbps)

Barker sequence

BPSK / QPSK

Analog signal
(11 MHz)

Digital data
(2 Mbps)

Encoder
4 to 16

Modulator
PPM

Analog signal
(11 MHz)
 Master Slave - 1 Master Slave - 3

Slave Slave - 2
(a) Single-slave piconet (b) Multi-slave piconet

Master Master

Slave Slave Slave

Slave Slave
 Applications

Profiles

Control
Audio

a
t
a

L2CAP Layer

Baseband layer

Radio layer
 625 μs

366 μs

Hop Hop
Master
Time

Hop Hop
Slave
f0 f1 f2 f3 Time
Master Hop Hop
Time

Hop
Slave 1
Time

Slave 2
Hop
Time
f0 f1 f2 f3
 0 - 2744
Bits : 72 54

Access code Header Data

The 18-bit header is repeated

three times for a total of 54 bits.
Address Type F A S Checksum

3 4 1 1 1 8
 Higher layers and Higher layers and
applications applications

Data Data
Audio Control Audio Control
L2CAP L2CAP

Host controller interface

Link manager

Link manager

Link controller Link controller

Radio Radio
 A wants to send to B but B wants to send to C but
cannot hear that mistakenly thinks the
B is busy transmission will fall

Range of Range of
C’s radio A’s radio

A B C A B C

C is transmitting A is transmitting

(a) Hidden station problem (b) The exposed station problem

 Node (Router)

Application
Network Presentation
Data Link
Application Session
Physical
Presentation Network Transport
Network Data Link
Session Network
Data Link Physical
Transport Data Link
Physical
Network Physical
Data Link Network
Physical Data Link
Physical

Station (Host)
t0 t1

Network
 Messages Messages

Transport Segments Transport

layer layer

Network Network
service service

Network Network Network Network

layer layer layer layer

End Data link Data link Data link Data link End
system layer layer layer layer system
Physical Physical Physical Physical
layer layer layer layer
 Packet 1
Station 2
hp Packet 1 destination
hp

Packet 2
Station 1
source
Packet 2

Packet 2
 Station 2
Station 1
(Destination)
(Source) c ket
Pa
hp

hp
Input ports
Routing Switching
fabric Output
engine
ports
(Processor)

Scheduler

Input
Output
port
port

2 2
Switching office
Message 2 Store Message 2 Store Message 1
and and
forward forward

Message 2
1
ssage
Me

Message 1 Store Store Message 2

and and
forward forward
 Processing Call
delay request
Call Propagation Call
packet Call
request delay accept accept
signal signal packet

Pkt 1
Pkt 2 Pkt 1
Pkt 3 Pkt 2 Pkt 1
Pkt 3 Pkt 2
User data Pkt 3
Pkt 1
Pkt 2 Pkt 1
Pkt 3 Pkt 2 Pkt 1
Acknowledgement
Pkt 3 Pkt 2
Link Link Link Pkt 3
1 2 3 4
Nodes :
packet

1 2 3 4

Acknowledgement
signal 1 2 3 4
Class A Class B Class C
network network network

Leading bit
Leading bit is always Leading bit
is always 0 1&0 is always 1, 1, 0

Router
Router only has to
read the first bit to
know which of it's 3
Packet routes to forward it on.

From To
Class A 0.0.0.0 127.255.255.255
Netid Hostid Netid Hostid

Class B 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255

Netid Hostid Netid Hostid

Class C 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255

Netid Hostid Netid Hostid

Class D 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255

Group address Group address

Class E 240.0.0.0 255.255.255.255

Undefined Undefined
 0 1 2 3 8 16 24 31
0
Class A Net ID Host ID

1 0
Class B Net ID Host ID

1 1 0
Class C Net ID Host ID

1 1 1 0
Class D Multicast address

1 1 1 1
Class E Reserved for future use
 Application
SMTP FTP TFTP DNS BOOTP layer

Transport
SCTP TCP UDP layer

IGMP ICMP
Network
IPv4 layer
ARP RARP

Data link
layer
Underlying LAN OR
WAN technology
Physical
layer
 IP datagram

Header MTU Trailer

 LEN = 1500
OFFSET = 0
DF = 0, MF = 1

DATA
(1500 bytes)

LEN = 3499
OFFSET = 0 LEN = 1500
DF = 0, MF = 0 OFFSET = 1500
DF = 0, MF = 1
MTU = 1500

DATA DATA
(3500 bytes) (1500 bytes)

LEN = 499
OFFSET = 3000
DF = 0, MF = 0

DATA
(499 bytes)
 The Internet

128.10.2.1 All traffic to

H3 128.10.0.0

R Router

H1 128.10.1.1
Network 128.10.2.0

H4
H2 128.10.1.2
128.10.2.2

Network 128.10.1.0
1111 1111. 1111 1111 1111 1111. 0000 0000
Network address positions Subnet positions Host positions
2x

23

2y

25 2
2x 23

2y 2 25 2
 R1
R2
 LAN Packet
1 before
translation
2
10.0.0.1 198.60.42.12
3

4 ISP
Router Router
Leased line
5 NAT
box
6 PC

7 Server

Boundary of
company premises
2x
 1111 2

61 10 111101 2

Application layer

Transport layer

Internet layer

Host to network
 Application layer
Telnet FTP SMTP DNS

TCP UDP Transport layer

IP Internet layer

LAN X.25 Packet radio Host to network layer

 ICMP
message

IP IP
header data

Frame
Frame data Trailer
header
0 8 16 31

Type Code Checksum

Reset of the header

IP header and 64 bits of original datagram

 hp

10.1.1.1
3
R1 R2

172.16.1.100 E0 E0 172.16.1.200

1 2 4
hp

Host H 172.16.1.1/24
Default GW = 172.16.1.100
8 : Echo request
0 : Echo reply

Type : 8 or 0 Code : 0 Checksum

Identifier Sequence number

Optional data
Sent by the request message : Repeated by the reply message
13 : Request
14 : Reply

Type : 13 or 14 Code : 0 Checksum

Identifier Sequence number

Original timestamp

Receive timestamp

Transmit timestamp
17 : Request
18 : Reply

Type : 17 or 18 Code : 0 Checksum

Identifier Sequence number

Address mask
 Type : 9 Code : 0 Checksum

Number of Address entry

Lifetime
addresses size

Router address 1

Address preference 1

Router address 2

Address preference 2
 Mobile node
visiting foreign Mobile node
network at home

Internet
Foreign Home
network Foreign Home network
agent agent

Foreign
network Foreign
agent
 Home agent Foreign agent Mobile host
hp

Registration request
(relay) Registration request

Registration reply
Registration reply (relay)

Mobile Remote
host host
Home Home
Internet
agent agent
Mobile
host
PR SFD DA SA L DATA PAD FCS
 s

2 108m / s

s
2000 m
t3 t1 s
2 10 8 m / s
t3 10 s t 1 10 s
2000
t4 t2 10 s
2 10 8 m / s

t4 10 s+ t 2 13 s
0 8 16 31
Type Code Checksum

Data
A B C D
 r1 r2
r2 r1
r1 r2

B B

A
A E C
D E C
D
F J
G J
F I
I G
L H N
H N
K
K L

M O
M
O
(a) Subnet (b) Sink tree for router B
 Routing protocols

Interdomain Intradomain

Path vector Distance vector Link state

BGP RIP OSPF

 AS
AS

R1

R2

AS

AS R3

R4
 A B C D

F G
E H

I J K L

A
1
Routing table for A
B
B C D
1 1 2 3
C
1

D
 New estimated
delay from J
To A I H K Line

A 0 24 20 21 8 A

B 12 36 31 28 20 A

C 25 18 19 36 28 I

D 40 27 8 24 20 H

E 14 7 30 22 17 I

F 23 20 19 40 30 I

G 18 31 6 31 18 H

H 17 20 0 19 12 H

I 21 0 14 22 10 I

J 9 11 7 10 0 –

K 24 22 22 0 6 K

L 29 33 9 9 15 K

JA delay JI delay JH delay JK delay New routing

is 8 is 10 is 12 is 6 table for J

Vectors received from

J's four neighbors

A
1 B C D
3 2 3
B
B C D
1 3 4 3
C
1 B C D
5 4 5
D
 2 1
A B E

5 2 3

D C F
2 3
W X Y
A D B

C
 Command Version Reserved

Family All 0s

Network address
Repeated

All 0s

All 0s

Distance
 Com : 1 Version Reserved

Family All 0s

Network address

Repeated
All 0s

All 0s

All 0s

(a) Request for some

Com : 1 Version Reserved

Family

All 0s

All 0s

All 0s

All 0s

(b) Request for all

 Command Version Reserved

Family Route tag

Network address
Repeated

Subnet mask

Next-hop address

Distance
Command Version Reserved

FFFF Authentication type

Authentication data
16 bytes
 3
B C
2 5

A 3 H

1 2
D E
1

3
B C
2 5

A H

1 2
D E
1

(2,A)
B C
2

A H

1
D E
(1, A)

(2, A)
B C

A H

E
D (1, A)
 B (2,A) C (3,D)

A H

D (1,A) E (1,D)

B (2, A) C (3, D)

A H

D (1, A) E (1, D)

B C

A H (1, E)

D (1, A) E (1, D)
 B C

A H

D E

B C d(AC) = 4

3
A H

1
1
d(AD) = 1 E d(AE) = 2

d(AE) d(AC)
d(AE)

B C

A H

D E
 R 1 , R 2 and R7
R 3 , R6 , R8 R 3 , R 4 , R5 , R 6 , R 8
R4
 To another AS
N4 R2

N3 R3
R6 N6 R7 N8

N2 R1 R4 R5
N7

N1
R8 Area
193.0.0.0 Area
Area 193.0.0.1
193.0.0.2
N5

Area
193.0.0.3

0 8 16 31

Version Type Packet length

Router ID

Area ID

Checksum Authentication type

Authentication

Authentication

Data
 AS2

iBGP
R2 R3

AS3 eBGP eBGP

R4 R1 AS1

AS4 eBGP

R5 iBGP R6
0 8 16 24 31

Marker

Length Type
Octets Octets

Marker Marker
16 16

2 Length 2 Length
1 Type 1 Type

(a) Keepalive 1 Error code

1 Error subcode

Variable Data

(b) Notification
Octets
Octets

16 Marker
16 Marker

2 Length
2 Length
1 Type
1 Type
1 Version Unfeasible
2 routes length
2 My AS
Withdrawn
2 Hold time Variable routes

4 BGP identifier Total path

2 attribute length
Optional
1 parameter Variable Path attributes
length
Network layer
Optional Variable
Variable reachability
parameter
information

(c) Open (d) Update

 Region 1 Region 2

1B 2A 2B

1A 1C
2C 2D

4C 5C

5B 5D

3A 3B 4A 4B 5A 5E

Region 3 Region 4 Region 5

S1
hp

S1 D1
S1 D1

D1
hp

S1 D1 S1 D1 S1 D1
hp

S1 G1 S1 G1 S1 G1 S1 G1 hp

S1 G1

S1 G1

S1 G1
S1 G1 S1 G1 S1 G1 hp

hp
S1 G1
S1 G1 S1 G1

hp
 Active branch

Prune message

Pruned branch

Group member

R R Router

R R R

R R
 R1 is the parent of Net 1 and Net 2
R2 is the parent of Net 3

R1
R2

Net 1 Net 2 Net 3

 RP

Join

R1 R2 R3

R6 R8 R5
 40 bytes Upto 65535 bytes

Base Payload
header

Extension
Data packet from
headers
upper layer
(optional)
4 bits 4 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

VER PRI Flow label

Payload length Next header Hop limit

Source address

Destination address

Next header Header length

Next header Header length

Next header Header length

 Application and
Transport layer

IPv4 IPv6

Underlying
LAN or WAN
technology

To IPv4 To IPv6
system system

IPv4 header
IPv6 header
IPv6 Host Payload IPv6 Host
hp hp

IPv4 Region
IPv6 Host IPv6 header IPv4 Host
hp hp

Payload

IPv6 Region

Header translation
 C
10
4
A 1
3 B
2 2
E D
1 st
Process Process
Process to process delivery

hp hp

ntrenet

Router Router Router

Node to node Node to node Node to Node to

delivery node node
Host to host delivery
 System 1 System 2

Application layer Interface Application layer

Services provided to
transport layer

Transport Transport
TPDU
entity entity

Transport layer Services provided from Transport layer

network layer

Interface
Network layer Network layer
 Frame payload

Packet payload

Frame Packet TPDU TPDU payload

header header header
 Connection request Connect primitive
IDLE executed
TPDU received

Passive Active
establishment establishment
pending pending

Connection primitive Connection accepted

executed Established
TPDU received

Passive Disconnection request Active

disconnect disconnect
pending TPDU received pending

Disconnect primitive Disconnection request

executed IDLE
TPDU received
 Router
Communication
channel

(a) Data link layer environment

Router Subnet / Internet

hp hp

Host

Server Server
computer computer

(b) Transport layer environment

 Active open Passive open
Closed
send SYN

SYN sent Close Close Listen

Receive SYN Receive SYN

ESTAB Send SYN
Receive FIN

Close
FIN wait
wait

Receive FIN Close

Closed
Send FIN
Time Host A Host B
Send SYN seq=x In the network

Receive SYN

Send SYN seq=y, ACK x+1

Receive SYN + ACK

Send ACK y+1

Receive ACK

Host A Host B
SYN (SEQ=x)

SYN (SEQ=y)

SYN (SEQ=y, ACK=x+1)

SYN (SEQ=x, ACK=y+1)

Time Host A Host B
Send FIN seq=x In the network

Receive FIN

Send ACK x+1

Receive ACK

Send FIN seq=y, ACK x+1

Receive FIN + ACK

Send ACK y+1

Receive ACK
 Host A Host B
Send DR + DR
start timer
Send DR + start timer
DR

Release
connection

Send ACK ACK

Release connection

Host A Host B
Send DR + DR
start timer
Send DR + start timer
DR

Release
connection

Send ACK ACK

Lost Time out
(Release connection)
 Host A Host B

Send DR + DR
start timer

DR Send DR + start timer

(Time out)
Send DR + Lost
start timer DR
Send DR + start timer
DR
Release
connection
Send ACK ACK
Release connection

Host A Host B
Send DR +
start timer DR
Send DR + start timer

(Time out) Lost

Send DR +
start timer Lost

(N time outs) (Time out)

Release connection Release connection
 4 Transport
address

Layer
To router

4 Network
address
3

Layer
To router
 IP datagram
UDP datagram

IP UDP
UDP data
header header

20 bytes 8 bytes

Source port number Destination port

16-bit number (16-bit)
8 Bytes
UDP length UDP checksum
16-bit 16-bit

 Data (optional) 
0 31
 CLIENT SERVER

Server
Client Stub Server
stub

Lower Lower
layer layer
Multimedia application
User
space
RTP

Socket interface

UDP

IP
OS
Kernel
Ethernet
 Ethernet payload

IP payload
UDP payload
Ethernet IP UDP RTP
Header RTP payload
Header Header header

32-bits
0 31
Payload
(2-bits) P X CC M Sequence number
type
version (1-bit) (1-bit) (4-bits) (1-bit) (16-bits)
(7-bits)

Time stamp (32-bits)

Synchronization source identifier

(32-bits)

 

Contributing source identifier

Application layer Specific
Process
addresses

Transport layer TCP, UDP, SCTP Port

address

Network layer IP, ARP Logical

address

Data link layer

Physical Physical
Physical layer network address
 Destination address does
not match, data packets are dropped.
Sender
27 36 45 18

Data Trailer Data

18 27 Data 18 27 Data

Destination
address Source
address
 IP datagram

IP TCP
TCP data
header header

20 bytes 20 bytes
TCP segment
 Source port number Destination port
(16 bits) number (16 bits)

32 bit sequence number

20 Bytes
32 bit Acknowledgment number

Header Reserved U A P R S F Window size

length R C S S Y I (16 bits)
(6 bits)
(4 bits) G K H T N N

TCP checksum Urgent pointer

(16 bits) (16 bits)

 Options (optional) 
 Data (optional) 
Bits 0 31

2 32 1
 Host 1 Host 2 Host 1 Host 2

SYN (SEQ SYN (SE

Q = x)
= x)
y)
S EQ =
SYN (

)
+ 1) x+1
Time

, ACK
=x CK =
EQ = y = y, A
SYN (S (SEQ
SYN
SY
N(
SE
Q=
x, A
CK
=y
+1
(SEQ = x )
+ 1, ACK =
y + 1)

(a) TCP connection establishment in the normal case (b) Call collision
 Client Server
hp hp

Segment 1 : FIN
Seq = 20 ack = –

Segment 2 : ACK
Seq = 50 ack = 21

Segment : FIN
Seq = 51 ack = 21

Segment : ACK
Seq = 21 ack = 52

Time Time
 CONNECT/SYN
CLOSED
Start
state
CLOSE/–
LISTEN/– CLOSE/–

SYN/SYN + ACK LISTEN

State
SEN
RST D

SYN SYN
RCVD SENT
SYN/SYN + ACK (Simultaneous open)

AC
K
(Data transfer )
Connection
ESTABLISHED
state SYN + ACK/ACK
CLOSE/FIN (Step 3 of the three-way handshake)

CLOSE/FIN FIN/ACK
(Active close) (Passive close)

FIN/ACK
FIN CLOSING CLOSE
WAIT 1 state WAIT

ACK/– ACK/– Finish

FIN+ACK/ACK
FIN TIMED LAST
WAIT 2 WAIT ACK
FIN/ACK

(Timeout/) /–
K
AC
CLOSED
state

(Go back to start)

 Receiver
Sender Receiver buffer
0 8K
Request
4K SE Empty
for 4K Q=0
write
4K

= 2048
20 48 WIN
ACK =
Request
for 4K 4K S
EQ =
write 2 048
Buffer full
Sender
is
IN = 0
blocked 4096 W
ACK =

2048 Reads 4K
96 WIN =
ACK = 40
4K
Send
upto 4K 2K S
EQ =
4 096
2K 4K
 Receiver's buffer is full

Application reads 1 byte

Free Room for one more byte

Header Window update segment sent

Header 1 byte New byte arrives

Receiver's buffer is full

R R (1 )M

R
E rr M A
A g E rr
D h (| E rr | D)
A 4D

E rr
 44 u ts
Timeo
40
36
32
Congestion window

28 Threshold

24 hold
Thres
20
16

12
08
04

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Transmission number
 Window

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

(a)

Sent and
ACKed
Not yet sent
Window

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

(b)
Window

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

(c)
1 st
2 nd
3 rd

4 th
5 th
5 th
6 th
7 th

8 th
9 th
10 th

2 32 packets 320 bits per packet 10 12

1.4 10 12 bits
1.4 10 3 seconds
1 10 9 bits per second
 Sender Receiver
Original tr
ansmissio
n
Retr
ansm
issio
n
Sample RTT

ACK

Sender Receiver
Original tr
ansmissio
n

ACK
Sample RTT Retr
ansm
issio
n
f

r
u
B
Destination

Source
Destination

Source
Slow start Congestion
avoidance

No congestion Mild congestion

Severe congestion
Network
throughput
(Packets Controlled traffic
delivered) (Ideal case)

Uncontrolled
traffic

Offered load
(Packets sent)
Random early detection
Filling direction

Output queue

Maximum threshold

Minimum threshold
 Unregulated
packet flow

Leaky
bucket
(Host computer)

Regulated flow

Output to Network
(Fixed rate)
 Arrival of a packet
at time ta

X' = X – (ta– LCT)

Y
X' < 0 ?

N
X' = 0

Nonconforming
X'> L?
packet

X = X' + I
LCT = ta
Conforming packet

X = Value of leaky bucket counter

X' = Auxiliary value
LCT = Last conformance time

T
 T

Token Bucket holds

bucket token periodically

Regulated flow

Output to network
(Fixed rate)

C
M

C
M
C
S
M
 8
S
6 1
S
S
 Data flow

Sender

Router

Bandwidth Bandwidth
reservation reservation

Router Router

Host Host Host Host

E F
A B C D

Receivers
Packets Packet
arriving Classifier Marker
forward

Packet flow

Source Destination
Source Destination

Feedback information
 B C

A D

E F

B C

A D
oke
Ch

E F

B C

A D

Choke

E F

B C

A D
C
ho
ke

E F
 B C

A D

Reduced
flow
E F

B C

A D

Flow is still
maximum
E F

B C

A D

Flow is
reduced
E F

B C

A D

Heavy
flow
E F
 B C

A D

ke
ho
C
E F

B C

A D

Choke
Reduced
E F flow

B C

C
A ho D
ke

E F
 B C

A D

E F
Land research Ram
Application
Ram
hp

Transport
Network
Logical connection

R1 R2

R3 R4

R5

R6 R7
WAN switch
Sham
Point to point WAN
Sham Application
LAN switch
hp

Transport
Router
Network

Scientific book
 Host or Host or
server server

Controlled Controlled
by application Process Process by application
developer developer
Socket Socket

Controlled TCP with TCP with Controlled

by operating buffers, buffers, by operating
system variables Internet variables system
 Application program

Read Write Read Write Read Write

hp

Keyboard Monitor File Socket

(source) (sink) (Sink and source) (Sink and source)

Client Server
process process
Application Application
layer Request Response Response Request layer

Socket Socket

Logical connection
 32 bits 16 bits

IP address Port number

Socket address
Client Site A Site B
hp

I II III
1 Request 1

Response 1 2 I: Original document

II: Image
3 Request 2 III: Reference file

Response 2 4

5 Request 3
Response 3
 Bold tag End bold

<B> This is the text to be boldfaced. <!B>

B this is This is the

the text to Browser text to be
boldfaced B boldfaced
 Request UR
L+
Ver
Header b
Body
Client
Server
ode
us c
Stat essage
m
Response and body
Header
Body

Request line

Header
information

Blank line

Optional
body part

GET / home.html HTTP / 1.1

HTTP URL HTTP version

request type

Space
 Method ://Host:Port/Path

http : // www.technicalpublication.org / home.html

Protocol Subdomain Domain name

File path
Top level
domain
 Status line

Headers
information

A blank line

Body
(optional)

Header name : Header value

Space
 Server
Client
hp

Initiate
TCP connection

RTT

Request
file

RTT Time to
transmit file

Entire file
received
 User
interface

Control
Control Control connection process
process

Data transfer TCP/IP Data transfer

process process

Data connection
Client
FTP FTP
client server
hp
TCP control connection port 21 hp

TCP data connection port 20

 Root

Inverse Generic domain Country domain

domain

Root level

com edu gov int mil net org

stes

sinhgad

stes. sinhgad. edu

 Root level

ae fr in zw

Root level

arpa

in-
addr

132

35

50

120
 Root

com edu gov int mil org ae us

Generic domains Country domains

 Root

com Domain name = com

Label book Domain name = book.com

vtu

Root server
hp

hp hp hp

Arpa server edu server Com server

hp hp hp hp hp hp

Stes.edu vtu.edu vtubooks.com abc.com Preeti.com

Root

edu Zone

Stes

Domain

Zone and
domain
 edu

2 3
5 4

it.edu Stes.edu

1
6

hp

Client
 edu

3 4
it.edu

2
hp Stes.edu

6
Client
 Header Header
information information

 Question   Question part


part  
Answer part
 Authoritative part

 Additional information 
part

(a) Query (b) Response

Bits 0 1516 31

Identification Flags

Number of question Numbers of answers 12 bytes

Number of authority Number of additional

records
 Questions

 Answers

 Authority

 Additional information

 QR Opcode AA TC RD RA Zero r code

Bit 1 4 1 1 1 1 3 4
 cs.yale.edu Yale cs name server

4 5

yale.edu Yale name server

3 6

edu-server.net Edu name server

2 7

cs.vu.nl VU cs name server

1 8

flits.cs.vu.nl Originator
User agent Mail server

SMTP Mail server

SMTP

User agent

SMTP User agent

Mail server

User agent User agent

User send mail Outgoing Client
TCP connection
mail spool (background
area transfer) for outgoing mail

User
interface

Mailboxes Server
for TCP connection
(to accept
User reads mail incoming mail) for outgoing mail
mail
 1
User 2 Mail 4 Mail 6 User
agent server server agent Bob
3 5

Alice

Commands
MTA MTA
client Responses server
User User

Non-ASCII Non-ASCII
code code

MIME MIME

7-bit 7-bit
ASCII ASCII
7 bit ASCII
SMTP SMTP
User computer Mail server
POP3 POP3
client server

Login name
Ok
Password
Password verified. Ok
List of emails
Email numbers with sizes
Download 1
New email 





Download N
New email
Status line HTTP / 1.1 300 ok
Date : Wed , 8 Oct 2014 13:00:13 GMT
General headers
Connection : close
Server : Apache / 1.3.27
Accept-range : bytes
Entity headers Content-type : text / html
Content-length : 200
Last-modified : 2 Oct 2014 13:00:13 GMT
Blank line
<html>
<head>
Message body <title> Welcome to the India <title>
<head>
<body>
 No connection
se
lea
re
TCP connection
ec

Pre-authentication
ur

establish
so
Re

Not Authentication
Authenticated
authenticated Successful

ox n
lb
tio
ai
lec

M ox
ils

lb
ut

se

ai
n fa

d
go

M clo se
t lo
tio

Selected
ien
tica

Cl
hen

nt
t
ie
ou
Aut

Cl
log

Logout

Both side close connection

 Confidentiality

Secure
Integrity
Availability
 Opponent Read content of
message from sender
to receiver

nternet

Sender Receiver

hp

Opponent Observe pattern of

messages from sender
to receiver
hp hp

nternet

Sender
Receiver
 hp

Opponent Message from opponent

that appears to be from sender
hp hp

nternet

Sender Receiver

hp

Capture message from

Opponent sender to receiver, later
replay message to receiver
hp hp

nternet

Sender Receiver
 hp

Opponent modifies
Opponent message from sender
to receiver
hp hp

nternet

Sender Receiver

hp

Disrupts service
provided by server
hp hp

nternet
Source Server
system
hp

Target
system

Legitimate connection attempt

TCP SYN packet

TCP SYN ACK packet

TCP ACK packet

Syn flood DOS attack

TCP SYN packet

TCP SYN ACK packet

The final TCP ACK packet is never sent

 Secret key
shared by
sender and recipients

Plaintext Encryption Decryption Plaintext

input algorithm algorithm output
 ^
X
Cryptanalyst ^
K

Message X Encryption Y Decryption X

algorithm algorithm Destination
source

K
Secure channel

Key
source
 Suresh Tomy

Alice

Alice Alice
public private
key key

Transmitted
ciphertext

Plaintext Encryption Decryption Plaintext

input algorithm algorithm output
 Bob

Bob's
Bob's public
private key key

Transmitted
ciphertext

Plaintext Encryption Decryption Plaintext

input algorithm algorithm output
 <
X
Cryptanalyst

<
KRb

Message X Y X
Encrypt Decrypt Destination
source

KVb KRb
Source side X1 Destination side Y1
Key-pair
source

X (X 1 , X 2 , Xm )
KU b
KR b
Y1
KU b X1
Y1 , Y2 , Y 3 .... Yn
E KU b (X)

D KR b (Y)
KU b
KR b
 (PU b )
PR b
(PU b )
p q

Me 27
Cd 128 343
 hp hp

To Internet

hp hp hp

Firewall

Corporate network
 Packet
filtering
Internet router Private
network

Protected zone
 Application level gateway
hp hp

TELNET
Outside Inside
connection FTP connection
SMTP
Outside host Inside host
HTTP
 P Application gateway P
hp
packet packet hp

HTTP
SMTP
FTP
TELNET

Inside host Outside host

Internet

Outer Inner
firewall firewall
hp

DMZ
Untrusted Trusted
semi-trusted
zone zone
zone
hp

Firewall Firewall
hp

hp

hp

VPN
Tunnel
hp

hp

Network - 1 Network - 2
 Bastion
host
hp hp

nternet

Packet
filtering
router hp hp

Private
Information network
server hosts

Bastion
host
hp hp

nternet

Packet
filtering
router hp hp

Private
Information network
server hosts
 Bastion
host
hp

Private
nternet
network
Outside nside
router router

Information
server

Modem
Semester - V (ECE) - Regulation 2017


