Fans, Compressors, and Turbines

EGR 4347
Analysis and Design of Propulsion systems
General Electric CF6-50
CFM-56
F100-PW-220 Turbofan Engine
F-404 vs. J79
GP 7200 – GE and P&W
For Airbus 380
Bird Strikes
Results
Results
Results
 Compressors
• AXIAL

• CENTRIFUGAL
Axial Compressor
Complex Flow in Compressors

General Electric
 http://www.pr.afrl.af.mil/divisions/prt/ihptet/brochure/FansCom.htm

JTAGG III Advanced Integrating Forward Sweep and

This 4-stage ATEGG Compressor Concept Centrifugal Splitter Technology are key features
Rig, the highest loaded compressor Impeller with independent JTDE Forward Swept Fan
to achieving high efficiency and high
ever built with acceptable stall margin inducer and exducer will Blisk will be the first large
pressure ratio. This stage will be
and efficiency characteristics, meets provide higher pressure ratio forward swept rotor to be tested
utilized as the JTAGG III low
the Phase I II stage loading goals. and efficiency. in a demonstrator engine.
pressure compressor.
The compression systems of tomorrow's aircraft gas turbine engines must have reduced weight,
provide higher performance, and be more robust in order to develop pressures of up to seventy
atmospheres to meet IHPTET Phase III goals. Significant progress has already been achieved
through the application of advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis tools,
innovative aerodynamic and mechanical design schemes, and high specific strength material
systems. Aerodynamic sweep and "splittered" rotor designs provide higher pressure ratios and
efficiencies with a significant improvement in stability margin. A Phase III two stage fan
combined with a four stage compressor will provide the same performance as the three stage fan
and ten stage compressor in the F100 engine, dramatically reducing the number of parts while
meeting Phase I II production and maintenance cost goals. Hollow f an blades and organic and
metal matrix composite rotating and static structures significantly reduce weight. The core
driven fan enables the variable cycle engine to operate as a turbofan or turbojet, vastly A Forged Orthorhombic
broadening operational capability. Rotor and stator airfoil designs, analyzed with advanced Transformed Super Alpha-2
unsteady aerodynamic analysis codes, reduce aeromechanical design iterations which reduce Billet will be bond ed to
design costs while increasing correctness. Numerous compression system designs have been Gamma TiAl to form a novel,
tested and analyzed at the Air Force Research Laboratory's Compressor Research Facility (CRF) dual alloy impeller.
and Compressor Aero Research Lab (CARL). http://www.pr.afrl.af.mil/divisions/prt/ihp
tet/brochure/Materials.htm
 TURBINES

• PURPOSE: Convert KE into shaft HP

• ENVIRONMENT:
– Favorable Pressure Gradient
• more turning, more work per stage relative to
compressor
– Temps exceed material limits; cooling req’d
– High stresses due to temp and rotation
– Fixed geometry
– 3/4 of energy available after combustor used
to drive compressor
 Parameters Affecting Turbine Blade
Design
Vibration Environment
Number of Blades
Tip Shroud

Airfoil Shape
Inlet Temperature

Trailing-Edge Thickness
Blade Cooling

Allowable Stress Levels (AN2)

Material (N = Speed, RPM)

Service Life Requirements

TURBINE ANALYSIS - Velocity
Triangles
 TURBINE COOLING

• WHY?
• TYPES OF DESIGNS
• EFFECTIVENESS
• THERMAL BARRIER COATING
 WHY?

• Combustor gas temps exceed metal melting

temps
• To increase thrust-to-weight, temps increase
faster than material capability
• High metal temps weaken blade/reduce life
• Cooling air can be distributed to reduce large
temperature gradients (reduces thermal fatigue)
- if not done properly, the reverse can happen
TURBINE COOLING
TURBINE COOLING
 http://www.pr.afrl.af.mil/divisions/prt/ihptet/brochure/Turbines.htm

Castcool® High and Low Pressure Improved Thermal Barrier

Turbine Blades for ATEGG and JTDE will
demonstrate capability at conditions more
than 100°F above the Phase II turbine
temperature objective.
Coatings which have reduced
conductivity and weight will
enable this turbine blade to
meet Phase II and III turbine
temperature goals.
High Work Turbine Design
demonstrates Phase II
performance and cooling
technology in rig and JTAGG I
engine testing using advanced
aerodynamics and cooling
schemes in diffusion bonded
airfoils.

Modern turbines must maintain a balance between high performance, affordability, and design robustness in order to maximize engine payoff.
Achieving production part cost, along with substantially improved life-cycle costs, requires development of significantly enhanced manufacturing
techniques; strong, low density, affordable materials; and the use of concurrent engineering practices from initial design concept to "fielding" of
the part. Development for component robustness and a need for long intervals between inspections and overhauls require parts with improved
fatigue behavior. High performance cooling technologies will maximize the effectiveness of reduced cooling flows while improving life through
the application of novel structural designs. Special emphasis is placed on enhanced analysis techniques, including 3-D time accurate
computational codes, to provide better understanding of the aerodynamic and heat transfer mechanisms occurring in extremely complex airfoils.
Using the Air Force Research Laboratory 's Turbine Research Facility (TRF), advanced, short duration test methods are being applied to validate
turbine aerodynamic and cooling designs. These test methods will be extended to measure turbine structural dynamics and high cycle fatigue
characteristics.