SEISMIC ANALYSIS

3.1 INTRODUCTION:

Seismic analysis is a subset of structural analysis and is the calculation of the

response of a building structure to earthquakes. It is a part of the process of
structural design, earthquake engineering or structural assessment and retrofit in
regions where earthquakes are prevalent. A building has the potential to 'wave'
back and forth during an earthquake. This is called the 'fundamental mode', and is
the lowest frequency of building response. Most buildings, however, have higher
modes of response, which are uniquely activated during earthquakes. The earliest
provisions for seismic resistance were the requirement to design for an equivalent
lateral force which is proportional to the building weight (applied at each floor
level).

The selection of a suitable procedure to evaluate performance of structures under

seismic loads is one of the most sensitive issues that structural engineers face. This
would be especially important when dealing with irregular structures since the
wrong choice of a procedure would lead to results that are far from the correct
solution. One of the most common types of irregularities that found in most
buildings is the plan irregularities. The existence of an asymmetry in the plan is
usually leading to an increase in stresses of certain elements that consequently
results in a sudden destruction.

To evaluate the seismic behavior of complex tall asymmetric buildings with

significant higher mode effects, dynamic analysis methods generally provide more
realistic models of structural response and, thereby, provide more reliable
assessment of earthquake performance than other methods. Two methods of
seismic analysis are equivalent static and Response spectrum analysis. The main
different between static and response spectrum analysis are base on the lateral
force distribution over the height of the building.

3.2 DEGREES OF FREEDOM:

The number of degree of freedom is the number of coordinates necessary to
specify the position or geometry of mass point at any instant during its vibration.
Hence, almost infinite number of displaced coordinates are necessary to specify the
positions of the structure completely during the structural vibration Degree of
freedom are a set of independent displacements/rotations that completely
define the displaced position of the mass with respect to its initial position.

Depending on the independent coordinates required to describe the motion, the

vibratory system is divided into following categories:
 Single Degree Of Freedom System(SDOF)

 Multiple Degree Of Freedom System(MDOF)

 Continuous System

3.3 TYPES OF ANALYSIS

The different analysis procedures are:

1. Linear Static Analysis

2. Linear Dynamic Analysis
3. Nonlinear Static Analysis
4. Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis

3.3.1 LINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS:

It is known as Equivalent Static method. The equivalent static analysis

method is a simplified technique to substitute the effect of dynamic loading of an
expected earthquake by a static force distributed laterally on a structure for
design purposes. Based on instructions given in the code of practice, here the
design base shear is computed for the whole building. Base shear is then
distributed along the height of the building. The lateral forces at each floor levels
thus obtained are distributed to individual lateral load resisting elements.