‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬:

[BIOTECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BIOLOGY

* ‫اﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء اﻟﻔﺮﻴوﺳﺎت ﻣﻦ‬LAB-2] 2019-2020
‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬.‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ أﺻﻐﺮ وﺣﺪة يف اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ واﺣﺪة أو ﻋﺪة ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬.
Cells (Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes) * ‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﳼ إﻣﺎ ﻋﲆ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﺪاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻮاة أو ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻮاة‬.
* ‫ﻤﻳﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﻮﺣﺪة وﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎة‬.
Introduction:

* The smallest unit of life is called a cell. All living beings except the viruses are composed
of one or many cells.
* The cellular organisms fundamentally may have either prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic
cells.
* The cell can be defined as a basic functional unit of life.
Prokaryotes cell: ‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺪاﺋﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻮى‬:

* Prokaryotes are organisms without a cell nucleus, or any other membrane bound
organelles. Most prokaryotes are unicellular, but some prokaryotes are multicellular.
Examples: Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), bacteria, archaea etc

Bacteria, (cyanobacteria), Achaea

* ‫ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻯ ﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ال ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ‬

‫ أﺧﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬، (‫ )اﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻴﻳﺎ اﻟﺰرﻗﺎء‬، ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻴﻳﺎ‬ .‫ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺸﺎء‬، ‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ‬، ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻯ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ‬:‫ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬.‫ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻯ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬
، )‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺭﻗﺔ (ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻗﺎء‬
‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺎﺋﻖ ﺇﻟﺦ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬

Eukaryotes cell

* Eukaryotes can be defined as the group of organisms that have a membrane bound
nucleus along with the membrane bound organelles.

‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻮى‬ 1

* ‫ﻤﻳﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻮى ﻋﲆ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻮاة ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺟﻨ ًﺒﺎ إﱃ ﺟﻨﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻀﻴﺎت اﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺸﺎء‬.
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* ‫ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ وﺣﻴﺪة‬ ً ‫ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻮى‬
* Eukaryote includes both unicellular and multicellular ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ وﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت واﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺎت ﺑﻦﻴ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﺪاﺋﻴﺔ‬
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell differences and similarities
‫اﻟﻨﻮاة وﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻮاة‬

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 [BIOTECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BIOLOGY LAB-2] 2019-2020

Cell membrane

 Outer membrane of cell that controls

movement in and out of the cell
 Double layer

‫ﻏﺸﺎء اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫يف اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ داﺧﻞ وﺧﺎرج اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
•‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﺰدوﺟﺔ‬

Cell wall

 Most commonly found in plant cell

and bacteria
 Supports and protects plant cell

‫ﺟﺪار اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
•‫اﻷﻛﺮﺜ ﺷﻴﻮ ًﻋﺎ يف اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ واﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻴﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺪﻋﻢ وﻳﺤﻤﻲ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬
Cytoplasm

 Gel-like mixture surrounded by cell

membrane
 Contain materials for cell
metabolism

‫اﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼزم‬
•‫ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻼم ﻣﺤﺎط ﺑﻐﺸﺎء اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
•‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ ﻣﻮاد ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻐﺬاﻲﺋ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ 3
 [BIOTECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BIOLOGY LAB-2] 2019-2020

Nucleus

 To control cell activities

 Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane
 Contains genetic materials-DNA.

‫ﻧﻮاة‬
•‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ يف أﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﻟﻨﻮوي ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼزم‬
•‫ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ ﻣﻮاد وراﺛﻴﺔ‬- DNA.

Nucleolus

 Inside nucleus
 Contain RNA to build protein

‫اﻟﻨﻮﻳﺔ‬
•‫داﺧﻞ اﻟﻨﻮاة‬
•‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوي‬
‫اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﱪوﺗﻦﻴ‬

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

 Moves materials around in cell

 Smooth ER- lacks ribosomes=> the place of fat synthesis
 Rough ER: ribosomes embedded in surface=> to transport protein package to other
organelles
‫( اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻹﻧﺪوﺑﻼزﻣﻴﺔ‬ER)
•‫ﻳﺤﺮك اﳌﻮاد يف اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ 4
•‫ ﺳﻠﺲ‬ER- ‫ﻳﻔﺘﻘﺮ إﱃ اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت =< ﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻖ اﻟﺪﻫﻮن‬
•Rough ER: ‫اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت اﳌﻀﻤﻨﺔ يف اﻟﺴﻄﺢ =< ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ اﻟﱪوﺗﻦﻴ إﱃ اﻟﻌﻀﻴﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى‬
 [BIOTECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BIOLOGY LAB-2] 2019-2020

‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻓﻮزي‬

Ribosomes

 Each cell contains thousands

 The place of protein synthesis
 Found on ER and floating throughout
of the cell ‫اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ آﻻف‬
•‫ﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻖ اﻟﱪوﺗﻦﻴ‬
‫ وﺟﺪت يف‬ER ‫وﺗﻄﻔﻮ يف ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
Mitochondrion

 Produce energy through chemical

reactions- breaking down of fats and
carbohydrates
 Control level of water and other
materials in the cell

‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮﻛﻮﻧﺪرﻳﺎ‬
‫ ﺗﻜﺴﺮﻴ اﻟﺪﻫﻮن‬- ‫إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪرات‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ يف ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﳌﺎء واﳌﻮاد اﻷﺧﺮى يف اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬

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 [BIOTECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BIOLOGY LAB-2] 2019-2020

Golgi apparatus

 Protein packaging
 Move materials within and
out of the cell

‫ﺟﻬﺎز ﺟﻮﻟﺠﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺒﻮات اﻟﱪوﺗﻦﻴ‬
•‫اﻧﻘﻞ اﳌﻮاد داﺧﻞ وﺧﺎرج اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬

Lysosome

 Digestive organelles for

proteins, fats and
carbohydrates
 Transport undigested materials
‫اﻻﻳﺴﻮﺳﻮم‬
to cell membrane for removal
‫ﻋﻀﻴﺎت ﻫﻀﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﱪوﺗﻴﻨﺎت واﻟﺪﻫﻮن‬
 Cell breakdown if lysosome ‫واﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪرات‬
explodes •‫ﻧﻘﻞ اﳌﻮاد ﻏﺮﻴ اﳌﻬﻀﻮﻣﺔ إﱃ ﻏﺸﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻹزاﻟﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻧﻬﻴﺎر اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ يف ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻠﻴﺰوزوم‬
Centrosomes\ Centrioles

 Plays a role in cell reproduction

‫ﺟﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﺮﻛﺰي \ ﻣﺮﻳﻜﺰ‬

•‫ﻳﻠﻌﺐ دو ًرا يف ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬
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‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻓﻮزي‬

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Chloroplast ‫ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﺪات اﻟﺨﴬاء‬

•‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺎدة يف اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬
 Usually found in plant cells •‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ اﻟﻜﻠﻮروﻓﻴﻞ اﻷﺧﴬ‬
 Contains green chlorophyll ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻀﻮﻲﺋ‬

 Where photosynthesis takes place

Vacuoles

 Membrane-bound sacs for

storage, digestion and waste
removal
 Contains water solution
 Help plant maintain shape
 A place to store food reserves

‫ﻓﺠﻮات‬
‫اﻷﻛﻴﺎس اﳌﺮﺑﻮﻃﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ واﻟﻬﻀﻢ واﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻀﻼت‬
•‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺎﻲﺋ‬
•‫ﺳﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت يف اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎن ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻴﺎت اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ‬