Bari

Country Italy
Region  Apulia
Metropolitan city Bari (BA)

Government
 • Mayor Antonio Decaro (PD)

Area
[1]

 • Total 117 km2 (45 sq mi)

Elevation 5 m (16 ft)

Population
 (31 December 2015)[3]
 • Total 326,799
 • Density 2,800/km2 (7,200/sq mi)

Demonym(s) Barese

Time zone UTC+1 (CET)

 • Summer (DST) UTC+2 (CEST)

Postal code 70121-70132

Dialing code 080

ISTAT code 072006

Patron saint Saint Nicholas

Saint day 8 May

Website Official website

Bari (/ˈbɑːri/ BAR-ee, Italian: [ˈbaːri] ( listen); Barese: Bare [ˈbæːrə]; Latin: Barium; Ancient
Greek: Βάριον, romanized: Bárion) is the capital city of the Metropolitan City of Bari and of
the Apulia region, on the Adriatic Sea, in southern Italy. It is the second most important
economic centre of mainland Southern Italy after Naples (and the third after Palermo,
if Insular Italy is included), a port and university city, as well as the city of Saint Nicholas.
The city itself has a population of 320,257 inhabitants, over 116 square kilometres
(45 sq mi), while the urban area has 750,000 inhabitants. The metropolitan area has
1.3 million inhabitants.
Bari is made up of four different urban sections. To the north is the closely built old town
on the peninsula between two modern harbours, with the Basilica of Saint Nicholas,
the Cathedral of San Sabino (1035–1171) and the Hohenstaufen Castle built
for Frederick II, which is now also a major nightlife district. To the south is the Murat
quarter (erected by Joachim Murat), the modern heart of the city, which is laid out on a
 rectangular grid-plan with a promenade on the sea and the major shopping district
(the via Sparano and via Argiro).
Modern residential zones surrounding the centre of Bari were built during the 1960s and
1970s replacing the old suburbs that had developed along roads splaying outwards from
gates in the city walls. In addition, the outer suburbs developed rapidly during the 1990s.
The city has a redeveloped airport, Karol Wojtyła Airport, with connections to several
European cities.

Contents

 1History
o 1.1Ancient
o 1.2Middle Ages
o 1.3Early modern period
o 1.4World War II
 1.4.1The 1943 chemical warfare disaster
 1.4.2Charles Henderson explosion
 2Geography
o 2.1Climate
o 2.2Quarters
o 2.3Architectural landmarks
 2.3.1Basilica of Saint Nicholas
 2.3.2Bari Cathedral
 2.3.3Petruzzelli Theatre
 2.3.4Swabian Castle
 2.3.5Pinacoteca Provinciale di Bari
 2.3.6The Russian Church
 2.3.7Barivecchia
o 2.4Demographics
o 2.5Migration
 3Culture
o 3.1Fiera del Levante
o 3.2Cuisine and gastronomy
o 3.3Language
o 3.4Notable people
o 3.5Sport
 4Economy and infrastructure
o 4.1Transport
 4.1.1Public transportation statistics
 5Twin towns — sister cities
 6In popular culture
 7Gallery
 8See also
 9References
 10Further reading
 11External links
History[edit]
See also: Timeline of Bari
Ancient[edit]
The city was probably founded by the Greeks. The city had strong Greek
influences[4] and once it passed under Roman rule in the 3rd century BC, it developed
strategic significance as the point of junction between the coast road and the Via
Traiana and as a port for eastward trade; a branch road to Tarentum led from Barium.
Its harbour, mentioned as early as 181 BC, was probably the principal one of the
districts in ancient times, as it is at present, and was the centre of a fishery.[5] The first
historical bishop of Bari was Gervasius who was noted at the Council of Sardica in 347.
The bishops were dependent on the Patriarch of Constantinople until the 10th century.
Middle Ages[edit]
After the devastations of the Gothic Wars, under Longobard rule a set of written
regulations was established, the Consuetudines Barenses, which influenced similar
written constitutions in other southern cities. Until the arrival of the Normans, Bari
continued to be governed by the Longobards and Byzantines, with only occasional
interruption.
Throughout this period, and indeed throughout the Middle Ages, Bari served as one of
the major slave depots of the Mediterranean, providing a central location for the trade
in Slavic slaves. The slaves were mostly captured by Venice from Dalmatia, the Holy
Roman Empire from what is now Prussia and Poland, and the Byzantines from
elsewhere in the Balkans, and were generally destined for other parts of the Byzantine
Empire and (most frequently) the Muslim states surrounding the Mediterranean:
the Abbasid Caliphate, the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba, the Emirate of Sicily, and
the Fatimid Caliphate (which relied on Slavs purchased at the Bari market for its legions
of Sakalaba Mamluks).[6]
For 20 years, Bari was the centre of the Emirate of Bari; the city was captured by its first
emirs Kalfun in 847, who had been part of the mercenary garrison installed there
by Radelchis I of Benevento.[7] The city was conquered and the emirate extinguished in
871 following five-year campaign by Emperor Louis II, assisted by a Byzantine fleet.
[8]
 Chris Wickham states Louis spent five years campaigning to reduce then occupy Bari,
"and then only to a Byzantine/Slav naval blockade"; "Louis took the credit" for the
success, adding "at least in Frankish eyes", then concludes by noting that by remaining
in southern Italy long after this success, he "achieved the near-impossible: an alliance
against him of the Beneventans, Salernitans, Neapolitans and Spoletans; later sources
include Sawadān as well."[7] In 885, Bari became the residence of the local
Byzantine catapan, or governor. The failed revolt (1009–1011) of the Lombard
nobles Melus of Bari and his brother-in-law Dattus, against the Byzantine governorate,
though it was firmly repressed at the Battle of Cannae (1018), offered
their Norman adventurer allies a first foothold in the region. In 1025, under
the Archbishop Byzantius, Bari became attached to the see of Rome and was granted
"provincial" status.
In 1071, Bari was captured by Robert Guiscard, following a three-year siege. Maio of
Bari (died 1160), a Lombard merchant's son, was the third of the great admirals of
Norman Sicily. The Basilica di San Nicola was founded in 1087 to receive the relics of
this saint, which were surreptitiously brought from Myra in Lycia, in Byzantine territory.
The saint began his development from Saint Nicholas of Myra into Saint Nicholas of Bari
and began to attract pilgrims, whose encouragement and care became central to
the economy of Bari. In 1095 Peter the Hermit preached the first crusade there.[5] In
October 1098, Urban II, who had consecrated the Basilica in 1089, convened
the Council of Bari, one of a series of synods convoked with the intention of reconciling
the Greeks and Latins on the question of the filioque clause in the Creed,
which Anselm ably defended, seated at the pope's side. The Greeks were not brought
over to the Latin way of thinking, and the Great Schism was inevitable.
A civil war broke out in Bari in 1117 with the murder of the archbishop, Riso. Control of
Bari was seized by Grimoald Alferanites, a native Lombard, and he was elected lord in
opposition to the Normans. By 1123, he had increased ties
with Byzantium and Venice and taken the title gratia Dei et beati Nikolai barensis
princeps. Grimoald increased the cult of St Nicholas in his city. He later did homage
to Roger II of Sicily, but rebelled and was defeated in 1132.
Bari was occupied by Manuel I Komnenos between 1155 and 1158. In 1246, Bari was
sacked and razed to the ground; Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Sicily,
repaired the fortress of Baris but it was subsequently destroyed several times. Bari
recovered each time.

Joachim Murat

Early modern period[edit]

Isabella d’Aragona, princess of Naples and widow of the Duke Gian Galeazzo
Sforza of Milan, enlarged the castle, which she made her residence, 1499–1524. After
the death of Queen Bona Sforza, of Poland, Bari came to be included in the Kingdom of
Naples and its history contracted to a local one, as malaria became endemic in the
region. Bari was awakened from its provincial somnolence by Napoleon's brother-in-
law Joachim Murat. As Napoleonic King of Naples, Murat ordered the building in 1808 of
a new section of the city, laid out on a rationalist grid plan, which bears his name today
as the Murattiano. Under this stimulus, Bari developed into the most important port city
of the region. The legacy of Mussolini can be seen in the imposing architecture along
the seafront.
World War II[edit]
On 11 September 1943, in connection with the Armistice of Cassibile, Bari was taken
without resistance by the British 1st Airborne Division, then during October and
November 1943, New Zealand troops from the 2nd New Zealand Division assembled in
Bari.
The Balkan Air Force supporting the Yugoslav partisans was based at Bari.
The 1943 chemical warfare disaster [edit]
Further information: Air raid on Bari
Through a tragic coincidence intended by neither of the opposing sides in World War II,
Bari gained the unwelcome distinction of being the only European city in the course of
that war to experience effects like those of chemical warfare.
On the night of 2 December 1943, 105 German Junkers Ju 88 bombers attacked the
port of Bari, which was a key supply centre for Allied forces fighting their way up
the Italian Peninsula. Over 20 Allied ships were sunk in the overcrowded harbour,
including the U.S. Liberty ship John Harvey, which was carrying mustard gas; mustard
gas was also reported to have been stacked on the quayside awaiting transport (the
chemical agent was intended for retaliation if German forces had initiated chemical
warfare). The presence of the gas was highly classified and the U.S. had not informed
the British military authorities in the city of its existence. This increased the number of
fatalities, since British physicians—who had no idea that they were dealing with the
effects of mustard gas—prescribed treatment proper for those suffering from exposure
and immersion, which proved fatal in many cases. Because rescuers were unaware they
were dealing with gas casualties, many additional casualties were caused among the
rescuers, through contact with the contaminated skin and clothing of those more directly
exposed to the gas.
Following the attack, the harbor was closed for operations for three weeks and it did not
return to full capacity until February 1944.
A member of U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower's medical staff, Stewart F. Alexander,
was dispatched to Bari following the raid. Alexander had trained at the
Army's Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland,[9][citation needed] and was familiar with some of the effects
of mustard gas. Although he was not informed of the cargo carried by the John Harvey,
and most victims suffered atypical symptoms caused by exposure to mustard diluted in
water and oil (as opposed to airborne), Alexander rapidly concluded that mustard gas
was present. Although he could not get any acknowledgement of this from the chain of
command, Alexander convinced medical staffs to treat patients for mustard exposure
and saved many lives as a result. He also preserved many tissue samples from
autopsied victims at Bari. After World War II, these samples would result in the
development of an early form of chemotherapy based on mustard, Mustine.[10]
On the orders of Allied leaders Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and
Eisenhower, records were destroyed and the whole affair was kept secret for many
years after the war. The U.S. records of the attack were declassified in 1959, but the
episode remained obscure until 1967, when writer Glenn B. Infield exposed the story in
his book Disaster at Bari.[10] Additionally, there is considerable dispute as to the exact
number of fatalities. In one account: "[S]ixty-nine deaths were attributed in whole or in
part to the mustard gas, most of them American merchant seamen".[11] Others put the
count as high as "more than one thousand Allied servicemen and more than one
thousand Italian civilians".[12]
Part of the confusion and controversy derives from the fact that the German attack,
which became nicknamed "The Little Pearl Harbor" after the Japanese air attack on
the American naval base in Hawaii, was highly destructive in itself, apart from the effects
of the gas. Attribution of the causes of death to the gas, as distinct from the direct effects
of the German attack, has proved far from easy.
The affair is the subject of two books: Disaster at Bari, by Glenn B. Infield,
and Nightmare in Bari: The World War II Liberty Ship Poison Gas Disaster and Coverup,
by Gerald Reminick.
In 1988 through the efforts of Nick T. Spark, U.S. Senators Dennis DeConcini and Bill
Bradley, Dr. Stewart Alexander received recognition from the Surgeon General of the
United States Army for his actions during the Bari disaster.[13]
Charles Henderson explosion[edit]
The port of Bari was again struck by disaster on 9 April 1945 when the Liberty
ship Charles Henderson exploded in the harbour while offloading 2000 tons of aerial
bombs (half of that amount had been offloaded when the explosion occurred). Three
hundred and sixty people were killed and 1730 were wounded. The harbour was again
rendered nonoperational, this time for a month.

Architectural landmarks

 Teatro Margherita.
 Teatro Piccinni.
 Orto Botanico dell'Università di Bari, a botanical garden.
 Santa Chiara, once church of the Teutonic Knights (as Santa maria degli Alemanni) and now
houses a museum. It was restored in 1539.
 The Acquedotto Pugliese
 The medieval church of San Marco dei Veneziani, with a rose window in the façade.
 Conservatory of Bari
 San Giorgio degli Armeni.
 Santa Teresa dei Maschi, the main Baroque church in the city (1690–1696).
 Pane e Pomodoro Beach is the main beach within reach of the city. Its reputation has for
several years suffered from the apparent presence of asbestos from nearby industrial plants.
 Bari features two sea harbours: the Old Port and the New Port, constructed in 1850.
Basilica of Saint Nicholas
The Basilica di San Nicola (Saint Nicholas) was founded in 1087 to receive the relics of this saint,
which were brought from Myra in Lycia, and now lie beneath the altar in the crypt, where are buried
the Topins, which are a legacy of old thieves converted to good faith. The church is one of the four
Palatine churches of Apulia (the others being the cathedrals of Acquaviva delle Fonti and Altamura,
and the church of Monte Sant'Angelo sul Gargano).[5]
Bari Cathedral[edit]
Bari Cathedral, dedicated to Saint Sabinus of Canosa (San Sabino), was begun in Byzantine style in
1034, but was destroyed in the sack of the city of 1156. A new building was thus built between 1170
and 1178, partially inspired by that of San Nicola. Of the original edifice, only traces of the pavement
are today visible in the transept.
An example of Apulian Romanesque architecture, the church has a simple Romanesque façade with
three portals; in the upper part is a rose window decorated with monstruous and fantasy figures. The
interior has a nave and two aisles, divided by sixteen columns with arcades. The crypt houses the
relics of Saint Sabinus and the icon of the Madonna Odigitria.
The interior and the façade were redecorated in Baroque style during the 18th century, but these
additions were removed in a 1950s restoration.
Petruzzelli Theatre[edit]
The Petruzzelli Theatre, founded in 1903, hosted different forms of live entertainment, or nineteenth
century “Politeama”. The theatre was all but destroyed in a fire on October 27, 1991. It was reopened
in October 2009, after 18 years.
Swabian Castle[edit]
See also: Castello Svevo

The Norman-Hohenstaufen Castle, widely known as the Castello Svevo (Swabian Castle), was built
by Roger II of Sicily around 1131. Destroyed in 1156, it was rebuilt by Frederick II of Hohenstaufen.
The castle now serves as a gallery for a variety of temporary exhibitions in the city.
Pinacoteca Provinciale di Bari[edit]
The Pinacoteca Provinciale di Bari (Provincial Picture Gallery of Bari) is the most important art gallery
in Apulia. It was first established in 1928 and contains many paintings from the 15th century up to the
days of contemporary art.
The Russian Church[edit]
The Russian Church of Saint Nicholas, in the Carrassi district of Bari, was built in the early 20th
century to welcome Russian pilgrims who came to the city to visit the church of Saint Nicholas in the
old city where the relics of the saint remain.
The city council and Italian national government were recently involved in a trade-off with the Putin
government in Moscow, exchanging the piece of land on which the church stands, for, albeit
indirectly, a military barracks near Bari's central railway station.
Barivecchia[edit]
Barivecchia, or Old Bari, is a sprawl of streets and passageways making up the section of the city to
the north of the modern Murat area. Barivecchia was until fairly recently considered a no-go area by
many of Bari's residents due to the high levels of petty crime. A large-scale redevelopment plan
began with a new sewerage system, followed by the development of the two main squares, Piazza
Mercantile and Piazza Ferrarese.

Demographics[edit]
As of 2015, there were 326,344 people residing in Bari (about 1.6 million live in the greater Bari
area), located in the province of Bari, Puglia, of whom 47.9% were male and 52.1% were female.
  As of 2007, minors (children ages 18 and younger) totaled 17.90 percent of the population
[18]

compared to pensioners who number 19.08 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06
percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of Bari residents is 42 compared
to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Bari grew by
2.69 percent, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56 percent.[19] The current birth rate of Bari is 8.67
births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.[citation needed]
As of 2015, 3.8% of the population was foreign residents

Migration[edit]
According to an urban migration study in Bari, return migration gain to urban areas is higher than
migration loss from urban areas. People migrating from urban destinations tend to migrate to
different places in comparison to people migrating from rural areas. These findings are based on the
background and behavior of a sample of 211 return migrants to Bari, Italy. Bari is a port city, making
it historically important because of its strong trade links with Greece, North Africa, and the eastern
Mediterranean. Bari's economic structure is based on industry, commerce, services, and
administration. Around two-thirds of the city's employment is in the tertiary sector with its port,
commerce, and administrative functions. The highest percentage of Bari's working population is
employed in services, with 45.6%. From 1958 to 1982, around 20% of migrants left Bari for other
Italian communes, while around 17% or migrants came to Bari from other Italian communes. Under
2% of migrants left Bari to go abroad and came to the city from abroad.[21]

Culture[edit]
Fiera del Levante[edit]
The Fiera del Levante, held in September in the Fiera site on the west side of Bari city center,
focuses on agriculture and industry, There is also a "Fair of Nations" which displays handcrafted and
locally produced goods from all over the world.

Cuisine and gastronomy[edit]

A dish of orecchiette.

Bari's cuisine is based on three typical agricultural products found within the surrounding region of
Apulia, namely wheat, olive oil and wine. The local cuisine is also enriched by the wide variety of fruit
and vegetables produced locally. Local flour is used in homemade bread and pasta production
including, most notably, the famous orecchiette ear-shaped
pasta, recchietelle or strascinate, chiancarelle (orecchiette of different sizes) and cavatelli.
Homemade dough is also used for baked calzoni stuffed with onions, anchovies, capers, olives etc.;
fried panzerotti with mozzarella or/and ricotta forte, focaccia alla barese with tomatoes, olives and
oregano, little savoury taralli, friselle and sgagliozze, fried slices of polenta, all make up the Bari
culinary repertoire.
Vegetable minestrone, chick peas, broad beans, chicory, celery and fennel are also often served as
first courses or side dishes.
Meat dishes and the local Barese ragù often include lamb and pork.
Pasta al forno, a baked pasta dish, is very popular in Bari and was historically a Sunday dish, or a
dish used at the start of Lent when all the rich ingredients such as eggs and pork had to be used for
religious reasons. The recipe commonly consists of penne or similar tubular pasta shapes, a tomato
sauce, small beef and pork meatballs and halved hard-boiled eggs. The pasta is then topped
with mozzarella or similar cheese and then baked in the oven to make the dish have its trademark
crispy texture.
Another popular pasta dish is the spaghetti all'assassina. It is a slightly crunchy spaghetti dish,
cooked in an iron pan with garlic, olive oil, chili pepper, tomato sauce and tomato broth.[22]
Fresh fish and seafood are often eaten raw. Octopus, sea urchins and mussels feature heavily.
Perhaps Bari's most famous dish is the oven-baked patate, riso e cozze (potatoes with rice and
mussels).
Bari and the whole Apulian region have a range of wines, including Primitivo, Castel del Monte,
and Muscat, notably Moscato di Trani.

Language[edit]
Main article: Bari dialect

The dialect of Bari belongs to the upper-southern Italo-Romance family, and currently coexists with
Italian; generally these are used in different contexts.

Economy and infrastructure

Transport
Bari has its own airport, Bari Karol Wojtyła Airport, which is located 8 km (5.0 mi) northwest of the
centre of Bari. It is connected to the centre by train services from Bari Aeroporto railway station.
Bari Central Station lies on the Adriatic railway and has connection to cities such
as Rome, Milan, Bologna, Turin and Venice. Another mainline is connection southwards by the Bari-
Taranto railway. Regional services also operate to Foggia, Barletta, Brindisi, Lecce, Taranto and
other towns and villages in the Apulia region.
Bari has an old fishery port (Porto Vecchio) and a so-called new port in the north, as well as some
marinas. The Port of Bari is an important cargo transport hub to S.E.Europe. Various passenger
transport lines include some seasonal ferry lines to Albania, Montenegro or Dubrovnik. Bari-
Igoumenitsa is a popular ferry line to Greece, some cruise ships anchor in Bari too.
Public transportation statistics[edit]
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Bari, for example to and
from work, on a weekday is 57 minutes. 11% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every
day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 18 minutes,
while 40% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people
usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 4.2 km (2.6 mi), while 2% travel for over 12 km
(7.5 mi) in a single direction.[23]
In popular culture[edit]
The Guido Guerrieri novels by Gianrico Carofiglio are set in Bari, where Guerrieri is a criminal lawyer,
and include many descriptions of the town.
Bari is one of the primary settings of the detective novel The Black Mountain by Rex Stout. It is the
characters' point of embarkation to Communist Yugoslavia.
In the 1995 film The Bridges of Madison County, Italian housewife Francesca Johnson (Meryl
Streep), is mentioned as being from Bari and growing up in Naples.
The 2020 Edoardo Ponti film La vita davanti a sé, starring Sophia Loren, is set in Bari.