A.

 Dietary Reference Intake (DRI), An umbrella term that includes a variety of levels of
recommendation vitamin and mineral intakes for the goal of optimal intake.

 Estimated Average Requirements (EAR), expected to satisfy the needs of 50% of the people in that
age group based on a review of the scientific literature.

 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient considered
sufficient by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine to meet the requirements of
97.5% of healthy individuals in each life-stage and sex group. The definition implies that the intake
level would cause a harmful nutrient deficiency in just 2.5%. It is calculated based on the EAR and is
usually approximately 20% higher than the EAR

 Adequate Intake (AI), where no RDA has been established, but the amount established is somewhat
less firmly believed to be adequate for everyone in the demographic group.

 Tolerable upper intake levels (UL), to caution against excessive intake of nutrients (like vitamin A)
that can be harmful in large amounts. This is the highest level of daily nutrient consumption that is
considered to be safe for, and cause no side effects in, 97.5% of healthy individuals in each life-stage
and sex group. The definition implies that the intake level would cause a harmful nutrient excess in
just 2.5%. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has also established ULs which do not always
agree with U.S. ULs. For example, zinc UL is 40 mg in U.S. and 25 mg in EFSA.

B.

Knowledge in Nutrition is essential in the nursing profession as this will equip us with the
information that we provide to our patients. As a nurse, we play a key role  in nutrition education because
nutrition is a part of patient outcomes. The healing of the body can take place only when the nutrients that
provide the building blocks for repair are present. Therefore, the said information at the top serves as our
basis on attaining a good nutrition and is necessary for us to fulfill our obligation as a nurse.
 Adult Regular Healthy Diet

A regular diet is one that gives your body the nutrients it needs to function correctly. In order to get the
proper nutrition from your diet, you should obtain the majority of your daily calories from:

 fresh fruits
 fresh vegetables
 whole grains
 legumes
 nuts
 lean proteins

Breakfast

Wholegrain toast with polyunsaturated margarine 2 slices toast 2 grain serves

2 teaspoon 10g unsaturated spread ( 1
margarine serve )

Baked beans ½ cup canned beans 1 vegetable serve

Tomato 1 medium tomato 1 vegetable serve

Glass of reduced milk 1 cup (250ml) 1 milk/yoghurt/cheese serve

Morning break

Apple 1 medium 1 fruit serve

Coffee with milk 200ml (small coffee) ¼ milk/yoghurt/cheese

serve

Lunch

Wholegrain sandwich with roast beef, reduced fat cheese and mixed 2 slices bread 2 grain serves
salad with polyunsaturated maragarine 65g roast beef 1 meat and/or alternatives
20g cheese serve
2 teaspoon ½ milk/yoghurt/cheese
margarine serve
1 cup mixed salad 10g unsaturated spread (1
vegetables serve)
1 vegetable serve

Afternoon break

Unsalted nuts 30g 1 meat and/or alternatives

serve

Coffee with milk 200ml (small coffee) ¼ milk/yoghurt/cheese

serve

Evening meal
Fish prepared with olive oil 100g cooked fillet of 1 meat and/or alternatives
Boiled rice fish serve
Potato 14g unsaturated oil 14g unsaturated oil (2
Carrots 1 cup boiled rice serves)
Broccoli ½ medium potato 2 grain serves
½ cup 1 vegetable serve
½ cup 1 vegetable serve
1 vegetable serve
Cholesterol and Sodium Restricted Diet

Sodium is a mineral found naturally in foods and also added to foods. Sodium plays an important role in
maintaining normal fluid balance in the body. A low-sodium diet is important to follow in order to
control your heart failure symptoms and prevent future heart problems.

 Limiting your sodium and fluid intake will help prevent and control the amount of fluid around
your heart, lungs, or in your legs.
 When you carry extra fluid, it makes your heart work harder and may increase your blood
pressure.

A low-sodium diet means more than eliminating the salt shaker from the table!

 One teaspoon of table salt = 2,300 mg of sodium

BREAKFAST
1 serving fruit 1/2 grapefruit   
1 serving cereal 1 cup Puffed rice cereal 1 cup enriched with
1 serving nonfat milk 1 cup Carnation Instant Nonfat Milk
1 serving fruit 1 small banana
1 serving salt-free bread 1 slice salt-free whole wheat toast
1 serving fat 1 tsp. unsalted margarine
1 serving sweets 1 tsp. jam
Beverage  coffee or tea
NOON MEAL
2 oz. cooked fresh meat 2 oz. unsalted roasted chicken
(light meat) 
2 servings salt-free bread 2 slices salt-free white bread and
1 serving fat 1 tsp. salt-free mayonnaise with
1 serving vegetable lettuce (3 small leaves)
1 serving fruit 1 box (1 1/2 oz.) raisins
1 serving fruit 1/2 medium apple 
1 serving nonfat milk 1/2 cup Carnation Instant Nonfat Milk
EVENING MEAL
1 serving vegetables 1 cup chopped fresh spinach
1 serving vegetables 1/2 medium tomato
2 servings fat 2 Tbsp. oil and vinegar dressing
1 serving salt-free bread 1 slice salt-free whole wheat bread
1 serving fat 1 tsp. unsalted margarine
1 serving wine 7 oz. wine
4 oz. cooked fresh meat 4 oz. broiled lean steak
1 serving vegetable 1 baked potato
2 servings fat 2 Tbsp. sour cream 
1 serving vegetable 6 asparagus spears
1 serving vegetable 1/2 cup cooked rhubarb with sugar
1 serving dessert 1/2 cup ice cream
Beverage  Coffee or Tea

Fat and Cholesterol Restricted Diet

PURPOSE: The low fat/low cholesterol diets are designed to reduce serum lipids for the treatment and
prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD). It is believed, and recent studies support the idea, that
lowering the levels of cholesterol in the blood will prevent the formation of fatty plaques found in the
thickening of the artery walls, known as atherosclerosis.

DESCRIPTION: Foods high in total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol are controlled. Total cholesterol
intake is restricted. Limited amounts of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats are used as
replacements for saturated fats. Calories need to be adjusted to achieve or maintain desired body
weight. Lean meat, fish, skinless poultry, non- or lowfat dairy products are included. Fatty meat, organ
meats, egg yolks and cheese are limited. Foods high in complex carbohydrates and fiber such as fruits,
vegetables, whole grain products and legumes are emphasized.
Sodium Controlled Diet

PURPOSE: Sodium-controlled diets are used to reduce blood pressure in hypertension and to promote
the loss of excess fluids in edema due to cardiovascular or renal disease and in ascites due to hepatic
disease. Sodium-controlled diets may also enhance the action of some medications.

DESCRIPTION: 2.0-2.5 gram Sodium (86-109 mEq Na) This level of sodium is used for low salt, low
sodium, salt-free, and no salt diet prescriptions. Foods high in sodium content are omitted. One-fourth
teaspoon of salt per day is allowed in the preparation of food or may be used at the table. Since sodium
is widely distributed in foods, portions and number of servings are restricted according to the sodium
content.
Fiber Enhanced Diet

PURPOSE. This diet is designed to emphasize foods rich in dietary fiber as a part of preventive and/or
therapeutic nutrition. High-fiber diets may be used in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome,
uncomplicated diverticulosis, and constipation.

DESCRIPTION The high-fiber diet is based on the Food Guide Pyramid, with an emphasis on fiber-rich
foods such as fruits, legumes, vegetables, whole-grain breads, and high-fiber cereals. The Daily
Reference Value for fiber is 25 grams (based on 2000 calorie-per-day diet). The American Diabetes
Association has reported that up to 40 gm fiber daily, or 25 gm per 1000 Kcal, may be beneficial
(National Cancer Institute recommends 25-30 gm a day). A maximum of 50 grams of fiber per day is
suggested.

BREAKFAST

Fruit Juice: Prune Juice (1/2 cup) Cereal: All-Bran Cereal

(1/2 cup) Meat/Meat Substitute: Poached Egg
(1) Bread - Margarine Slice Whole Grain Toast & Margarine/Jam (1 tsp each)
Milk/Beverage: 1% Milk (1 cup) & Coffee or Tea

DINNER: NOON OR EVENING MEAL

Meat/Meat Substitute: Meat Loaf

(3 oz) Potato/Potato Substitute: Baked Potato
(1) Vegetable and/or Salad: Lima Beans (1/2 cup), Tossed Salad (1 cup)/Dressing (1 Tbsp)
Bread/Margarine: Slice Rye Bread & Margarine (1 tsp)
Dessert: Fig Cookies (4) Beverage: Coffee or Tea

SUPPER: EVENING OR NOON MEAL

Soup or Juice: Lentil Soup (1/2 cup)

Meat/Meat Substitute: Baked Chicken (3 oz)
Vegetable and/or Salad: Banana Squash (1/2 cup), Tossed Salad (1 cup)/Dressing (1 Tbsp)
Bread/Margarine: Slice Rye Bread w/Margarine (1 tsp)
Dessert: Baked Apple (1)
Milk/Beverage: 1% Milk (1 cup) & Coffee or Tea
Gluten Restricted Diet

PURPOSE: This diet is designed to eliminate the protein gluten found in wheat, rye, oats, barley,
buckwheat, bulgur, or their derivatives for those individuals with gluten-sensitive enteropathy or celiac
sprue and dermatitis herpetiformis.

DESCRIPTION: The basic food groups are used as the guide in meal planning. All protein sources are
acceptable except those containing gluten. Products made from the flours or starches of arrowroot,
corn, potato, rice and soybean replace products made from wheat, rye, oats and barley.
Lactose Controlled Diet

PURPOSE: This diet is designed to minimize gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances associated with ingestion
of the carbohydrate lactose, such as abdominal cramps, bloating, flatulence, increased GI motility and
diarrhea.

DESCRIPTION: This diet is individualized to provide the appropriate amount of lactose that a lactose-
intolerant individual may tolerate. Milk and milk products are limited.
Clear Liquid Diet

Definition

A clear liquid diet consists of clear liquids — such as water, broth and plain gelatin — that are easily
digested and leave no undigested residue in your intestinal tract. Your doctor may prescribe a clear
liquid diet before certain medical procedures or if you have certain digestive problems. Because a clear
liquid diet can't provide you with adequate calories and nutrients, it shouldn't be continued for more
than a few days.

Clear liquids and foods may be colored so long as you are able to see through them. Foods can be
considered liquid if they are even partly liquid at room temperature. You can't eat solid food while on a
clear liquid diet.

Purpose

A clear liquid diet is often used before tests, procedures or surgeries that require no food in your
stomach or intestines, such as before colonoscopy. It may also be recommended as a short-term diet if
you have certain digestive problems, such as nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, or after certain types of
surgery.

Diet details

A clear liquid diet helps maintain adequate hydration, provides some important electrolytes, such as
sodium and potassium, and gives some energy at a time when a full diet isn't possible or recommended.

Breakfast

 1 glass pulp-free fruit juice

 1 bowl gelatin
 1 cup of coffee or tea, without dairy products
 Sugar or honey, if desired

Snack

 1 glass fruit juice (pulp-free)

 1 bowl gelatin

Lunch

 1 glass pulp-free fruit juice

 1 glass water
 1 cup broth
 1 bowl gelatin

Snack

 1 pulp-free ice pop

 1 cup coffee or tea, without dairy products, or a soft drink
 Sugar or honey if desired
Dinner

 1 cup pulp-free juice or water

 1 cup broth
 1 bowl gelatin
 1 cup coffee or tea, without dairy products
 Sugar or honey, if desired

Full Liquid Diet

   
A full liquid diet is made up only of fluids and foods that are normally liquid and foods that turn to liquid
when they are at room temperature, like ice cream. It also includes:

 Strained creamy soups

 Tea
 Juice
 Jell-O
 Milkshakes
 Pudding
 Popsicles

You can NOT eat solid foods when you are on a full liquid diet.

Why you may Need This Diet

You may need to be on a full liquid diet right before a medical test or procedure, or before certain kinds
of surgery. It is important to follow the diet exactly to avoid problems with your procedure or surgery or
your test results.
You also may need to be on a full liquid diet for a little while after you have had surgery on your stomach
or intestine. You may also need to be on this diet if you are having trouble swallowing or chewing.
Sometimes the full liquid diet is a step between a clear liquid diet back to your regular diet.
Soft Diet

A soft diet is made up of foods that are soft and easy to chew and swallow. These foods may be
chopped, ground, mashed, pureed, and moist. You may need to follow this diet if you have had certain
types of surgery, such as head, neck, or stomach surgery. You may also need to follow this diet if you
have problems with your teeth or mouth that make it hard for you to chew or swallow food. Your
dietitian will tell you how to follow this diet and what consistency of liquids you may have.

The soft diet serves as a transition from liquids to a regular diet for individuals who are recovering from
surgery or a long illness. It can help to ease difficulty in chewing and/or swallowing due to dental
problems or extreme weakness, and it is sometimes recommended to relieve mild intestinal or stomach
discomfort. The soft diet can be especially helpful to patients who are undergoing treatments like
chemotherapy, or radiation to the head, neck or abdominal areas, which may cause digestive problems
or make the mouth and throat very sore.

The soft diet limits or eliminates foods that are hard to chew and swallow, such as raw fruits and
vegetables, chewy breads, and tough meats. In some cases, high-fiber foods like whole-grain breads and
cereals and “gas-forming” vegetables like broccoli or cauliflower may be restricted to ease digestion.
Fried, greasy foods and highly-seasoned or spicy foods may also be limited for this reason.

Breakfast Lunch Dinner

orange juice – 1/2 cup spaghetti with marinara marinated chicken breast – 3
oatmeal – 1 cup sauce – 11/2 cups oz
whole wheat toast – 2 slices Italian bread – 2 slices grilled zucchini – 1/2 cup
margarine – 2 tsp margarine – 1 tsp pasta salad – 1/2 cup
sugar – 1 tsp applesauce – 1 cup whole wheat roll – 1
whole milk – 1 cup grape juice – 1/2 cup margarine – 1 tsp
banana – 1 med peach cobbler – 1/2 cup
whole milk – 1/2 cup
Modified Low Protein Diet

Protein is a nutrient needed by the body for normal growth, wound healing, and the ability to fight
infection. People with severe kidney or liver disease often must limit the amount of protein they eat
because their bodies cannot use the protein properly. Dangerous waste products can build up in the
blood from eating too much protein.