INTRODUCTION

This article was made through a purpose of educational intent. The idea is to give one
(1) First World country and one (1) Third World country and provide the list of information
given by the instructor. The author chose Greece for its First World Country and Tanzania for
its Third World Country. All information was taken into the web with a trusted source and a
real-time data.
In this article we will see that the Greece’s characteristics was different from other
country with its old-age history and landmarks that was made a long time ago about 5 th-
century B.C., and how the world attract to its beautiful antiquity that provides a good tourism
to its economy. We will also see the unique cuisine of Tanzania with its delicious, mouth
watering dishes. Hope you enjoy reading this article about two different countries, and also,
may it help other student to conduct their research report in the near future.

About the Author

The Author was given an opportunity to identify two different world countries listed
on this research report. The idea is to gain knowledge upon gathering all information given
by the instructor and list it through this article. The author gathered the ideas and information
through web and conduct a deep research about this information if its trusted source.
All information listed in this article is not owned by the author but with its trusted
source from the web.

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 CHAPTER I
First World Country: GREECE

Greece is a country in southeastern Europe with thousands of islands throughout the

Aegean and Ionian seas. Influential in ancient times, it's often called the cradle of Western
civilization. Athens, its capital, retains landmarks including the 5 th-century B.C. Acropolis
citadel with the Parthenon temple. Greece is also known for its beaches, from the black sands
of Santorini to the party resorts of Mykonos.

Capital: Athens

I. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION:

Greece is bordered to the east by the Aegean Sea, to the south by the Mediterranean
Sea, and to the west by the Ionian Sea. Only to the north and northeast does it have land
borders (totaling some 735 miles [1,180 km]), with, from west to east, Albania, the Republic
of North Macedonia (see Researcher’s Note: Macedonia: the provenance of the name),
Bulgaria, and Turkey. The Greek landscape is conspicuous not only for its rugged beauty but
also for its complexity and variety. Three elements dominate: the sea, the mountains, and the
lowland. The Greek mainland is sharply indented; arms and inlets of the sea penetrate so
deeply that only a small, wedge-shaped portion of the interior is more than 50 miles (80 km)
from the coast. The rocky headlands and peninsulas extend outward to the sea where there are
many island arcs and archipelagoes. The southernmost part of mainland Greece, the
Pelopónnisos (ancient Greek: Peloponnese) peninsula, connects to the mainland only by the
narrow isthmus at the head of the Gulf of Korinthiakós (Corinth). Greece’s mountainous
terrain covers some four-fifths of the country, much of which is deeply dissected. A series of

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mainland mountain chains running northwest-southeast enclose narrow parallel valleys and
numerous small basins that once held lakes. With riverine plains and thin, discontinuous
strips of coastal plain, these interior valleys and basins constitute the lowland. Although it
accounts for only about one-fifth of the country’s land area, the lowland has played an
important role in the life of the country.
Three characteristics of geology and structure underlie these landscape elements.
First, northeastern Greece is occupied by a stable block of ancient (Hercynian) hard rock.
Second, younger and weaker rocks, the majority of which are of limestone origin, make up
western and southern Greece. These were heavily folded during the Alp-building phase of the
Paleogene and Neogene periods (about 66 to 2.6 million years ago), when Earth movements
thrust the softer sediments east-northeast against the unyielding Hercynian block and
produced a series of roughly parallel tectonic zones that gave rise to the mountain-and-valley
relief. Third, both the Hercynian block and the Hellenidic (Alpine) ranges were subsequently
raised and fractured by tectonic movements. These dislocations created the sunken basins of
the Ionian and Aegean seas as well as the jagged edges so typical of Greece’s landscape.
Earthquakes are frequent reminders that similar earth movements continue, particularly along
the major fault lines. One result of the region’s geologic instability is the widespread
presence of marble, which is limestone that has been altered by pressure and heat. Seismic
disturbances are sometimes associated with volcanic explosions, especially those involving
the island of Thíra (ancient Greek: Thera; also called Santoríni), which was virtually
destroyed by a major eruption in the 2nd millennium BCE. The vents of the Kaméni islands
in the sea-filled explosion crater of Thíra remain active. The island of Mílos (Melos), which
rises to 2,465 feet (751 metres) above sea level, is composed of young volcanic rocks.

II. POPULATION:
The total population in Greece was estimated at 10.7 million people in 2020,
according to the latest census figures and projections from Trading Economics.
source: EUROSTAT
This chart represents the population of Greece from 2010 to 2020.

The population of Greece represents 0.16 percent of the world´s total population
which arguably means that one person in every 617 people on the planet is a resident of
Greece.

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III. GREECE CULTURE:

Culture Name: Greek

Alternative Names: Hellenic, Romeic

Greece, the English name for the Hellenic Republic, derives from an ancient Latin
word for that area. "Hellenic" derives from the word ancient Greeks used to refer themselves,
while "Romeic" comes from the medieval or Byzantine Greek term. Although Romeic was
the most common self-designation early in the nineteenth century, it has declined in favor of
Hellenic since that time.
The words "Greek," "Hellenic," and "Romeic" refer not only to the country but also to
the majority ethnic group. Greek culture and identity reflect the shared history and common
expectations of all members of the nation-state, but they also reflect an ethnic history and
culture that predate the nation-state and extend to Greek people outside the country's borders.
Since 98 percent of the country's citizens are ethnically Greek, ethnic Greek culture has
become almost synonymous with that of the nation-state. However, recent migration patterns
may lead to a resurgence of other ethnic groups in the population.

Cultural milieu
The important sites of Greek antiquity that first attracted aristocratic and upper-class
Europeans to the Greek lands in the 18th century and which influenced architectural styles in
the West continue to attract tourists from throughout the world. Excavated sites such as the
supposed tomb of Philip II of Macedon at Verghina, the Pompeii-like remains at Akrotíri on
the island of Thíra, and the Minoan palace at Zákros on Crete are a few examples of a
remarkably rich heritage from antiquity that has still not been fully explored. Since the
beginning of the 20th century, awareness has grown of the architectural and artistic influence
of the Byzantine Empire on historic Greek churches, frescoes, mosaics, and icons.
Recognized too is not only a minor renaissance of Greek art and culture during the many
centuries under Venetian and western European rule (c. 1204–1669) but also the
contributions of Greeks to the greater Renaissance of Italy. The Renaissance in Greece—and
in Crete in particular—produced handsome buildings, frescoes, and icons as well as poetry
and drama; examples of these include the Venetian Loggia in Iráklion, the paintings of
Michael Damaskinos (Michail Damaskenos; flourished late 16th century), the romantic-epic
poem Erotocritos by Vitséntzos Kornáros, and the pageant-wagon drama Abraham and Isaac.
In addition, Greek scholars, translators, and printers of the period introduced the classics to
western Europe.

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 Less known to foreigners but highly valued by Greeks today is the culture that
emerged in the 19th century, both popular and high, as Greeks struggled to establish their
new nation-state and language. They took pride in their traditional lore and poems, especially
their “brigand songs,” which celebrated defiance of their oppressors, while such writers as
Yannis Psicháris, Andréas Ioannídis Kalvos, Dhionísios Solomós, and Alexandros
Papadiamándis helped to forge a new Greek identity—one that now took pride in prevailing
across centuries against foreign occupiers, in preserving the demotic language and popular
customs, and in reasserting Greece’s place in the history of Western civilization. Greeks
celebrate their winning of independence from the Ottoman Empire with a national holiday on
March 25.

Cultural Institutions
A myriad of venues in the capital supports this theatre life, which includes
productions of Western classics as well as traditional works of political satire. The numerous
arts festivals held at historical sites throughout Greece during the summer months feature
both native and international artists. Huge audiences are attracted to performances of ancient
Greek drama staged in the theatre of Epidaurus, which dates from the 4th century BCE and
whose acoustics are extraordinary; the 2nd-century-CE Roman theatre of Herodes Atticus, at
the foot of the Acropolis in Athens, also draws large crowds and is the location for concerts at
the annual Athens Festival. Live performances of orchestral music in Athens, limited in
comparison with those of other European capitals, were given a major boost with the opening
in 1991 of a new concert hall, the Megaro Mousikis (“Palace of Music”).

The country’s archaeological heritage and emphasis on the Classical past has given
the state’s Archaeological Service a particularly important role. Frequently working in
cooperation with various foreign archaeological institutes, the service is responsible for
excavating relics of the past and for running the country’s museums. Far and away, the most
visited of these is the National Archaeological Museum in Athens. In 2009 the new Acropolis
Museum was opened to the public, with a floor set aside for the long-sought return of the
Elgin Marbles from the British Museum. Access to public libraries is relatively limited, and
there is no adequate national library. Distinctive of Greek intellectual life are the numerous
societies devoted to the study of local and regional archaeology, history, and folklore,
reflecting the strong regional loyalties of many Greeks. The country’s most prestigious
learned society is the Academy of Athens.

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IV. CUISINE:
Greek cooking offers an incredibly rich and diverse array of foods and beverages that
are the culmination of literally thousands of years of living, cooking, and eating. While each
Greek meal is fresh and inviting, it is also a trip back through Greece's history.

Ingredients
The names of foods, cooking methods, and basic ingredients have changed little over
time. Bread, olives (and olive oil), and wine constituted the triptych of the Greek diet for
many centuries, just as they do today.
Greece is a nation of small farmers who produce an incredible array of mainly
organically produced cheeses, oils, fruits, nuts, grains, legumes, and vegetables,
supplemented by an array of greens and herbs that grow in the wild. These are the foods that
form the base of the traditional Greek regimen, to which they add both variety and nutrition.
Greece's climate is perfect growing for olive and lemon trees, producing two of the most
important elements of Greek cooking. Spices, garlic and other herbs such as oregano, basil,
mint, and thyme are widely used, as are vegetables such as eggplant and zucchini, and
legumes of all types.
With 20 percent of Greece made up of islands - and no part of the Greek mainland
more than 90 miles from the sea - fish and seafood are a popular and common part of the
Greek diet. Lamb and goat (kid) are the traditional meats of holidays and festivals, and
poultry, beef, and pork are also in plentiful supply.
Vineyards cover much of Greece's hilly terrain and the country has become known for
its array of fine wines and spirits, most notably ouzo, an anise-flavored liqueur that is the
national spirit.

A History of Culinary Influences

While Greek cooking has influenced and been influenced by other cultures, as have
the cuisines of most countries, of all of those countries, Greece must be foremost in the ranks
of having a "fusion" cuisine which is easily traced back to 350 B.C.
 In 350 B.C., when Alexander the Great extended the Greek Empire's reach from
Europe to India, certain northern and eastern influences were absorbed into the Greek
cuisine.
 In 146 B.C., Greece fell to the Romans which resulted in a blending of a Roman
influence into Greek cooking.
 In 330 A.D., Emperor Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire to
Constantinople, founding the Byzantine Empire which, in turn, fell to the Turks in
1453 and remained part of the Ottoman Empire for nearly 400 years. During that time,
dishes had to be known by Turkish names, names that remain today for many Greek
classics.

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 With each successive invasion and settlement came culinary influences - from the
Romans, Venetians, Balkans, Turks, Slavs, and even the English - and many Greek foods
have names with origins in those cultures, most notably the Ottoman Empire.
Dishes with names like tzatziki (from the Turkish "cacik"), hummus (the Arabic word
for chickpea) and dolmades (from the Turkish "dolma"), that can be found in kitchens from
Armenia to Egypt, have also found a home in Greek cooking, and been adapted over
hundreds of years to local tastes and traditions just like makaronia me kima (which is Greek-
style meat sauces for pasta).
And during those times, the classic elements of Greek cuisine traveled across borders
as well, adopted and adapted in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and ... with Alexander
the Great, farther east.
Note about hummus: Hummus is a Middle Eastern dish with an association to Greek
food only because it appears on the menu in many Greek restaurants around the world...
brought there by restaurateurs catering to local tastes.

Fun Facts
The first cookbook was written by the Greek food gourmet, Archestratos, in 330 B.C.,
which suggests that cooking has always been of importance and significance in Greek
society.
Modern chefs owe the tradition of their tall, white chef's hat to the Greeks. In the middle
ages, monastic brothers who prepared food in the Greek Orthodox monasteries wore tall
white hats to distinguish them in their work from the regular monks, who wore large black
hats.
To a large degree, vegetarian cuisine can be traced to foods and recipes which
originated in Greece.
Many ingredients used in modern Greek cooking were unknown in the country until
the middle ages. These include the potato, tomato, spinach, bananas, and others which came
to Greece after the discovery of the Americas–their origin.
Greek food is simple and elegant, with flavors subtle to robust, textures smooth to
crunchy, fresh and timeless. Preparing and enjoying Greek food, anywhere in the world, is an
adventurous journey into the cradle of civilization and the land of the Gods of Olympus.
Discovering, tasting, experiencing Greek food: truly one of the joys we can all share.

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8
V. PEOPLE:
About 2,500 years ago, Greece was one of the most important places in the ancient
world. The Greeks were great thinkers, warriors, writers, actors, athletes, artists, architects
and politicians.
The Greeks called themselves Hellenes and their land was Hellas. The name ‘Greeks’
was given to the people of Greece later by the Romans. They lived in mainland Greece and
the Greek islands, but also in colonies scattered around the Mediterranean Sea. There were
Greeks in Italy, Sicily, Turkey, North Africa, and as far west as France.
They sailed the sea to trade and find new lands. The Greeks took their ideas with them
and they started a way of life that's similar to the one we have today.
People have been living in Greece for over 40,000 years. The earliest settlers mostly
lived a simple hunter-gatherer or farming lifestyle.
The Minoans were the first great Greek civilisation. They didn't live on mainland
Greece but on the nearby island of Crete, between 2200BC and 1450BC. They were known
as the Minoans after their legendary king, Minos.
After the Minoans came the Mycenaean civilisation, from mainland Greece. They
were fine builders and traders, but they were also great soldiers. They famously fought in the
battle of Troy. Homer, an important Greek writer, told stories of the Mycenaean

VI. ECONOMY:
Basic Economy.
Farming, herding, fishing, seafaring, commerce, and crafts were the historical
mainstays of the economy. Before the establishment of the modern state, most people were
poor, often landless peasants who worked on feudal-like estates controlled by Turkish
overlords and Orthodox monasteries. As the Ottoman Empire faced competition from the
economies of western Europe, some peasants began producing cash crops such as currants
and lumber for sale to England and France, shipbuilders carried produce from the Black Sea
to the Atlantic coast, and carpet makers and metal workers sold their wares throughout
Eastern and Central Europe.
After the revolution, the nation was deeply in debt to foreign creditors and lacked the
capital and infrastructure needed for economic development, nor could it compete with the
increasingly industrial economies of western Europe. Families produced most of their own
subsistence needs, from food to housing, while engaging in a variety of entrepreneurial
activities, producing everything from sponges and currants to tobacco and cotton. The
weakness of the economy and the unpredictability of foreign markets led to periods of
economic crisis that sparked large-scale emigration by the late nineteenth century.
In the twentieth century, industry was strengthened by the influx of urban refugees
after the Catastrophe of 1922 but remained a small sector of the economy. The growth
spurred by foreign aid in the 1950s and 1960s was followed by high inflation rates in the
1970s and 1980s. Governmental efforts at economic stabilization and payments from the
European Union brought inflation down to 4 percent by the late 1990s. Current economic

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efforts are focused on industrial development, effective taxation collection, downsizing of the
civil service, keeping inflation in check, and resolving the national debt and dependence on
European Union payments.

Land Tenure and Property. 

Through legislation that distributed large agricultural estates to peasant families, most
farmland came to be owned by the people who worked it by the early twentieth century.
Population growth and partible inheritance practices have produced small individual
holdings, often scattered in several plots at a distance from each other. Much grazing land is
publicly held, although herders pay fees and establish customary use rights over particular
sections.

Commercial Activities. 
Familial economic strategies were integrated into a market economy and subsistence
activities dwindled during the twentieth century. Handmade crafts are generally aimed at the
tourist trade, farming is oriented toward sale, and some basic foodstuffs are imported. Family
members engage in a variety of cash-producing activities, combining commercial farming
with wage labor in canneries, the renting of rooms to tourists with construction work, and
sailing in the merchant marine with driving a taxi. A high value is placed on economic
flexibility, being one's own boss, and family-run enterprises.
The most common commercial activities are in construction, tourism, transportation,
and small-scale shopkeeping. Major cash crops include tobacco, cotton, sugar beets, grains,
vegetables, fruits, olives, and grapes. Herders produce meat, milk products, wool, hides, and
dung for sale. Fishing contributes little to the GDP. Mining is focused on lignite, bauxite,
asbestos, and marble.

Major Industries. 
Industrial manufacturing contributed 18 percent to the GDP in the 1990s and
employed 19 percent of the labor force. The major products are textiles, clothing, shoes,
processed food and tobacco, beverages, chemicals, construction materials, transportation
equipment, and metals. Small enterprises dominate.

Trade. 
The international balance of trade has long been negative. The country exports
manufactured products (50 percent of exports), agricultural goods (30 percent), and fuels and
ores (8 percent), and imports manufactured products (40 percent of imports), food (14
percent), fuels and ores (25 percent), and equipment (21 percent). In the 1990s, trade
increasingly focused on European Union countries, with the major partners being Germany,
Italy, France, and Britain, followed by the United States.
The negative trade balance is offset by "invisible" sources of foreign currency such as
shipping, tourism, remittances from Greeks living abroad, and European Union payments for
infrastructure development, job training, and economic initiatives. The merchant fleet is the
largest in the world and tourism involves up to eleven million foreign visitors a year.

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Macro Perspective on Tourism and Hospitality
11
Division of Labor. 
The primary sector (farming, herding, and fishing) contributes over 8 percent to the
gross domestic product (GDP), the secondary (mining, manufacturing, energy, and
construction) sector contributes over 23 percent, and the tertiary sector (trade, finance,
transport, health, and education) contributes 68 percent. The primary sector employs 22
percent of workers, the secondary sector 28 percent, and the tertiary sector 50 percent.
Immigrants constitute 5 to 10 percent of the labor force.

VII. TOURISM:
Tourism in Greece has been a key element of the economic activity in the country,
and is one of the country's most important sectors. Greece has been a major tourist
destination and attraction in Europe since the 1970s for its rich culture and history, which is
reflected in large part by its 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe
and the world as well as for its long coastline, many islands, and beaches.
Greece attracted as many as 31.3 million visitors in 2019, up from 24 million in
2015, making Greece one of the most visited countries in Europe and the world, and
contributing to approximately 25% to the nation's Gross Domestic Product.
Greece is one of Europe's most popular LGBT tourist destinations. The religious
tourism and pilgrimages, the ecotourism, the conference tourism, and the medical tourism are
prominent, and initiatives are being made to promote the seasonal tourism as well. Some of
the country's major tourist destinations include the capital city Athens, the islands
of Santorini, Mykonos, Rhodes, Corfu and Crete, as well as the peninsula of Chalkidice.

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 CHAPTER II
Third World Country: TANZANIA

It is said that the mainland portion of what is now Tanzania was named by a British
civil servant in 1920, from the Swahili words tanga (sail) and nyika (bright arid plain). Thus
what was known formerly as German East Africa became Tanganyika Territory. In 1964,
Tanganyika was joined with Zanzibar, an offshore archipelago of islands, to form the present
United Republic of Tanzania. Because of a unique combination of historic and cultural
factors, Tanzanians share strong feelings of national pride and cohesion. This sense of
nationalism has served to keep the country at peace for over two decades, while most of its
neighbors have been involved intermittently in catastrophically destructive civil and cross-
border wars. Tanzanians have been able to resolve most internal problems without resorting
to violence because of a shared language, the lack of political or economic dominance by any
ethnic group, and the strong leadership provided by Julius Nyerere (1922–1999), the first
president of Tanzania. At the same time, however, repressive, corrupting influences
emanating from the colonial, socialist, and capitalist eras have fostered among many
Tanzanians an attitude of dependency and fatalistic resignation that helps keep the country
one of the poorest in the world.

Capital: Dodoma

I. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION:
Covering approximately 365,000 square miles (945,000 square kilometers)—an area
about one and one-half times the size of Texas, Tanzania lies on the east coast of Africa, just
south of the equator. It shares borders with Kenya, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, and the Indian Ocean. Tanzania
also shares three great lakes—Victoria, Tanganyika, and Malawi—with its neighbors. The

13
country is comprised of a wide variety of agro-ecological zones: low-lying coastal plains, a
dry highland plateau, northern savannas, and cool, well-watered regions in the northwest and
south. The 120 ethnic groups that inhabit Tanzania have adapted to a wide range of
geophysical and climatic conditions. The specific habits, customs, and life-views of each
group have been influenced by tribal traditions and alliances, European invasions, population
movements over the centuries, and introduced and endemic diseases. In the late 1990s, the
central political administration was moved from Dar es Salaam on the Indian Ocean coast to
the more centrally located city of Dodoma, which lies in the middle of the central plateau.
Because of Dodoma's dry climate, relative lack of economic development, and small size,
however, the port of Dar es Salaam remains the urban center of national importance.

II. POPULATION:

The current population in Tanzania is approximately 30 million, comprised of

indigenous peoples and Pakistani, Indian, Arab, and European subpopulations. There are
heavy population concentrations in the urban centers (including Dar es Salaam, Mwanza,
Tabora, and Mbeya), in the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro, and along the coast of Lake
Malawi.
source: National Bureau of Statistics

This chart represents the population of Tanzania from 2010 to 2020.

The population of Tanzania represents 0.67 percent of the world´s total population
which arguably means that one person in every 151 people on the planet is a resident of
Tanzania.

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Macro Perspective on Tourism and Hospitality
III. CULTURE:
Culture Name: Tanzanian

Cultural milieu
Olduvai Gorge, in the Great Rift Valley, is the site of the discovery of some of the
earliest known remains of human ancestry, dating back 1.75 million years. The ancient in-
migration of Cushitic, Nilotic, and Bantu peoples, displacing the native San-type population,
resulted in a complex agglomeration of communities practicing complementary forms of
pastoral and agricultural livelihoods. Portuguese, Arab, Indian, German, and British traders
and colonists later added to the mosaic. Today Tanzania’s multiethnic and multiracial
population practices a variety of traditions and customs that form a rich cultural heritage.

A number of unique features located throughout the country have been recognized as
UNESCO World Heritage sites for their cultural and natural value; among these are the rock-
painting sites at Kondoa, the ruins of the ancient ports of Kilwa Kisiwani and Songo Mnara,
and Stone Town in Zanzibar.

Daily life and social customs

The role of kin is central to Tanzanian social and recreational life. Visiting kin on
joyous and sorrowful family occasions is given high priority despite the inconvenience
caused by a relatively undeveloped transport system. Educated members of the extended
family are frequently held responsible for the education and welfare of younger siblings.

IV. CUISINE:

Food throughout much of East Africa is similar, but if a dish contains coconut or
bananas you can be sure it is of Tanzanian origin. Ugali, a type of cornmeal porridge is the
major staple. The Ugali is used as a “spoon” to scoop up other components of the meal. Food
is consumed using the right hand, and hands are washed before and after the meal. Your meal
is taken seated upon a mat, so loose, comfortable clothing would be appropriate.
Tanzania sits at the crossroads of the spice trade routes from India. You may have
heard of the Spice Islands, well that would be the island of Zanzibar and other smaller islands
just off the coast of Tanzania. In particular, the islands produce cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon,
and black pepper. Pilau masala is a unique spice blend that combines the above-mentioned
spices, and is used in many rice and stew recipes, giving Tanzanian dishes a distinctive
flavor.
Dessert is always a fresh fruit of the region, and honey and coconut are often
consumed with fruit, especially with pineapple or mango.

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Macro Perspective on Tourism and Hospitality
 The outdoor market of Dar Es Salaam is quite the experience. Vendors crouch beside
their stands selling all manner of fruits and vegetables, chickens, live pigeons, fish, and
spices. You will also find many mysterious potions for sale, ranging from those that claim to
be a cure for snake bite to those that get rid of an unwanted lover. OR, if the opposite effect is
intended, you can buy brightly colored powders which you would sprinkle on your lover’s
Ugali in order to make them more amorous!
The people of Tanzania are friendly and hospitable, and a guest is shown great honor.
It’s hard to leave Dar, and when the time comes you say regretfully, “Kwa heri ya kuonana.”
(Farewell, ’til we meet again.)

Dining Etiquette:
Tanzanians greatly value and respect the person who cooks the food. One rule to keep
in mind is to not smell your food. Smelling food indicates that the food is bad and so is the
cook. In general, smelling anything implies that it is rotten or smells unpleasant. When
offered food or drink in someone’s home, don’t refuse. This is considered rude. Take a small
portion of it even if you are not hungry.
Ugali, a type of thick cornmeal porridge is the major staple at meals. Tanzanians
typically do not use eating utensils. Instead, the ugali is used as a “spoon” to scoop up other
components of the meal. Food is always consumed using the right hand, and hands are
washed before and after the meal. Do not put your left hand on bowls. When one communal
bowl is present, eat from the part of the bowl/plate in front of you.
Meals are taken seated upon a mat or a low stool; so loose, comfortable clothing
would be appropriate.

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Macro Perspective on Tourism and Hospitality
V. PEOPLE:

Tanzania mainland
Ethnic groups
According to most reputable surveys, Tanzania’s population includes more than 120
different indigenous African peoples, most of whom are today clustered into larger
groupings. Because of the effects of rural-to-urban migration, modernization, and
politicization, some of the smallest ethnic groups are gradually disappearing.

As early as 5000 BCE, San-type hunting bands inhabited the country.

The Sandawe hunters of northern mainland Tanzania are thought to be their descendants. By
1000 BCE, agriculture and pastoral practices were being introduced through the migration
of Cushitic people from Ethiopia. The Iraqw, the Mbugu, the Gorowa, and the Burungi have
Cushitic origins. About 500 CE, iron-using Bantu agriculturalists arriving from the west and
south started displacing or absorbing the San hunters and gatherers; at roughly the same time,
Nilotic pastoralists entered the area from the southern Sudan.

Today the majority of Tanzanians are of Bantu descent; the Sukuma—who live in the

north of the country, south of Lake Victoria—constitute the largest group. Other Bantu
peoples include the Nyamwezi, concentrated in the west-central region; the Hehe and
the Haya, located in the country’s southern highlands and its northwest corner, respectively;
the Chaga of the Kilimanjaro region, who inhabit the mountain’s southern slopes; and
the Makonde, who reside in the Mtwara and Ruvuma regions of the southeast. Nilotic peoples
—represented by the Maasai, the Arusha, the Samburu, and the Baraguyu—live in the north-
central area of mainland Tanzania. The Zaramo, a highly diluted and urbanized
group, constitute another ethnic group of considerable size and influence. The majority of the
Zaramo live in the environs of Dar es Salaam and the adjacent coastline. The Zanaki—the
ethnic group smallest in number—dwell near Musoma in the Lake Victoria region. Julius
Nyerere, the country’s founding father and first president (1962–85), came from this group.

Image: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.

17
Macro Perspective on Tourism and Hospitality
 There are also Asian and European minorities. During the colonial period, Asian
immigration was encouraged, and Asians dominated the up-country produce trade. Coming
mostly from Gujarat in India, they form several groups: the Ismāʿīlīs, the Bohras, the Sikhs,
the Punjabis, and the Goans. Since independence, however, the Asian population has steadily
declined because of emigration. The European population, never large
because Tanganyika was not a settler colony, was made up primarily of English, German, and
Greek communities. In the post-independence period, a proliferation of different European,
North American, and Japanese expatriates connected with foreign-aid projects made
Tanzania their temporary residence.

Unlike many African countries, Tanzania does not have one single politically or
culturally dominant ethnic group, although those groups that were subject to Christian
missionary influence and Western education during the colonial period (notably the Chaga
and the Haya) are better represented in the government administration and cash economy.

VI. ECONOMY:

Basic Economy. 
Agriculture provides the mainstay of the Tanzanian economy, still employing close to
four-fifths of the economically active population. Farmers grow food for subsistence and for
sale. Minerals, precious metals, fish, timber, and meat are also important products.

Land Tenure and Property. 

Although Tanzania is one of the least densely populated countries in eastern Africa,
control and access to productive lands has become an increasingly contentious issue.
Following independence, national laws were enacted to provide the state with ownership of
all lands, granting citizens use rights only through short- and long-term leases. At the local
level, however, different sets of traditional tribal laws pertain. Since the demise of socialism
and the penetration of the market economy, customary or tribal claims to land have clashed
with the national laws. Throughout Tanzanian history, few customary laws have permitted
women, who perform the bulk of agricultural labor in the country, to own land. While
national laws have been modified to enable women to buy or inherit property, these changes
challenge—and are often overruled at the local level—by customary laws. Many analysts
believe that enhanced access to and control of land by women would result in significant
increases in agricultural production.

Commercial Activities. 
Agricultural and manufactured products are sold both retail and wholesale. The
informal economy in Tanzania is significant, petty hawkers making up the bulk of traders.
Second hand clothing, household goods, cloth, and foodstuffs dominate the informal trade.
Forced licensing and taxation of small-scale business people has caused some friction
between the government and citizens, leading on multiple occasions to demonstrations and
local resistance.

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Major Industries. 
Most of the industrial production is geared toward local commodities. Important
industries include food processing and the manufacture of textiles, alcoholic beverages, and
cigarettes. Other industrial activities include oil refining, and the manufacture of cement,
gunnysacks, fertilizer, paper, glass, ceramics, and agricultural implements. Because of the
relatively unspoiled game parks and only rare incidents of insecurity, tourism is a growing
industry.

Trade. 
The most important commodities include cotton, fish and shrimp, coffee, cashew nuts,
cloves (grown mainly on the offshore islands), tea, beans, precious stones, timber, sisal,
sugar, pyrethrum, coconuts, and peanuts. Textiles, clothing, shoes, batteries, paper, and
cement are examples of products commonly sold to neighboring countries. Throughout most
of the country, however, production and marketing are severely constrained by very poor
infrastructure, from roads and railroads to communication and power networks. During the
socialist period, many products of inferior quality—from hardware to bicycles—were
imported from China and other socialist countries. Today, a much wider variety of higher
quality items from many countries around the world are available in shops and markets,
although their high prices often prohibit all but the wealthy from purchasing them.

Division of Labor. 
Customary divisions of labor generally relegate the heaviest physical labors (for
example, clearing of fields, cutting trees) to men and lighter tasks to women. Similarly, few
women work with machines and other highly valued productive assets. Children as young as
three or four learn to help their parents with household and field chores, although girls often
shoulder a much greater work burden than boys, a pattern that often repeats itself as children
grow into adulthood.
Professional positions are usually occupied by individuals who have had post
secondary school education. Successful business people may or may not have formal
education, but often have relatives, friends, or patrons who helped finance the establishment
of their business.

VII. TOURISM:

Tanzania a unique tourist destination in the world, endowed with a vast and
spectacular range of tourist attractions. It is a land of many wonders hubbing an un-paralleled
diversity of fauna and flora. Kilimanjaro, the highest permanently snow-capped free standing
mountain in Africa, the exotic Islands of Zanzibar, the finest game sanctuaries of Serengeti,
Tarangire, Lake Manyara, Ngorongoro Crater, Ruaha, Selous and the Marine Park of Mafia
Island are only a few of the living examples. The scenery, topography, rich culture and very
friendly people provide for excellent cultural tourism, beach holidays, honeymooning, game
hunting, historical and archaeological ventures – and certainly the best wildlife photographic
safaris in the world. Tanzania has 15 national parks, 29 game reserves, 40 controlled
conservation areas and marine parks that are located throughout the country.

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 Tourism in Tanzania also provides excellent investment opportunities in hotel
management and construction, lodges and restaurants, infrastructure ventures, aviation
projects, training institutions, tour operations, travel agencies and marketing firms.

Some Tourist Attractions

Kilimanjaro:

As the highest mountain in Africa and the

highest free standing mountain in the world,
Kilimanjaro has proved to be a magnet to
climbers, naturalists, travellers and explorers
over the centuries. Only three degrees from the
equator, the mountain has been known in African legends from ancient times. The local
Chagga people believed it to be the dwelling of an angry god who punished anyone who
dared to climb it. They called the two peaks, kipoo and Kimawenzi which are now known as
Kibo and Mawenzi.

Ngorongoro Crater: 

As the largest unbroken caldera in the

world, it has been described as one of the
greatest natural wonders of the world. Eight
million years ago, the Ngorongoro Crater was an
active volcano but its cone collapsed, forming
the crater that is 2001ft (610 meters) deep,
12.4miles (20 km) in diameter, and covers an area of 120 Sq. miles (311 sq. km). The crater
accounts for just a tenth of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area.
The crater is home to many species of wild game and birds. With the exception of
impala and topi (due to fierce competition with the wildebeest) and the giraffe (because there
is not much to eat at tree level), almost every species of African plains mammal lives in the
crater, including the endangered black rhino, and the densest population of predators in
Africa. A strange thing is that the crater elephants are mainly bulls. The birdlife, which
includes the flamingo, is mainly seasonal, and is also affected by the ratio of soda to fresh
water in Lake Magadi on the crater floor.

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Macro Perspective on Tourism and Hospitality
Serengeti National Park: 

Covering an area of 5700 sq miles

(14,763 sq km), equal in size to Northern Ireland,
the world famous Serengeti National Park is
Tanzania’s oldest park, and one of the world’s
last great wildlife refuges. It is contiguous with
the much smaller Masai Mara Game Reservein
Kenya and stretches as far as Lake Victoria to the
West. Its name comes from the Maasai word Siringet, meaning ‘endless plains’.
The park’s vegetation ranges from the short and long grass plains in the south, to the
acacia savannah in the centre and wooded grasslands concentrated around the tributaries of
the Grumenti and the Mara rivers in the park. The western corridor is a region of wooded
highland and extensive plains reaching the edge of Lake Victoria. In the early morning and
evening light, the Serengeti landscape is stunningly beautiful.
The Serengeti ecosystem supports the greatest remaining concentration of plains game
in Africa, including more than three million large mammals. It is the sanctuary of an
estimated four million different animals and birds. The animals roam the park freely and in
the spectacular migrations, huge herds of wild animals move to other areas of the park in
search of greener grazing grounds (requiring over 4,000 tons of grass each day) and water.
The annual migration into Kenya (in a continuous search of water and pasture) of more than
1.5 million wildebeest and hundreds of thousands of zebra and gazelle is triggered by the
rains and usually starts in May, at the end of the wet season. Called the Great Migration, this
constitutes the most breathtaking event in the animal kingdom ever known to humans. As the
dry season intensifies, the herds drift out towards the west, one group to the north (to Lake
Victoria, where there is permanent water), the other northeast heading for the permanent
waters of the northern rivers and the Mara. The immigration instinct is so strong that animals
die in the rivers as they dive from the banks into the raging waters to be dispatched by
crocodiles. The survivors concentrate in Kenya’s Maasai Mara National Reserve until the
grazing there is exhausted, when they turn south along the eastern and final stage of the
migration route.

CITATIONS:
https://tradingeconomics.com/greece/population
https://www.britannica.com/place/Greece#ref26440
https://www.everyculture.com/Ge-It/Greece.html
https://www.thespruceeats.com/greek-food-history-1705413
https://tradingeconomics.com/tanzania/population
https://www.everyculture.com/Sa-Th/Tanzania.html#ixzz755NEd9hL
https://tanzaniaembassy-us.org/?page_id=106

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Macro Perspective on Tourism and Hospitality