CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter discuss the theories that was used for the basis of the study. Moreover,

it also discuss the previous study regarding this linguistics field.

2.1 Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics is the field of study in linguistics which studies “the use of

language among groups of speakers” (Wardhaugh, 2015, p. 63). In addition, it is said

that sociolinguistics dive further to the relationship between language and societal norms

in order to have a better understanding of the structure and the function of languages in

communication. (Wardhaugh, 2006, p. 13).

2.2. Code-Switching

It is quite common for people that live in multilingual communities to have

switched from language to language. These switches are commonly referred to as

‘Code-switching’ by linguists. There are multiple definitions to describe code-switching.

Poplack (2001) said Code-switching is the mixing of two or more languages without the

change of the interlocutor in a single utterance. Furthermore, according to Wardhaugh

(2006, p.101) “Code-switching can occur in a conversation between speakers’ turns or

within a single speaker’s turn.” Wardhaugh also stated that code-switching occurs from

the choice between each individual or be used as their identity marker in multiple

language communities, for example, Singapore, in their daily lives.

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2.3. Types of Code-Switching.

There are 3 different categorizations of code-switching. Poplack (1980) identified

the three types based on the location of the switches in the utterances. These three types

are tag-switching, inter-sentential, and intra-sentential.

2.3.1 Tag-switching

Tag-switching occurs in form of interjection, exclamation, inserting a tag or short

phrase in another language that is different from the first language. There are common

English tags such as right, yeah, you know, I wish (Eldin, 2014). An Indonesian-English

example for these: “Well?” Dinda masih menunggu jawaban” (Yusuf, Y. Q., et al.,2018).

The “well” here indicates that one is still waiting for an answer or explanation

2.3.2 Inter-sentential Switch

Inter-sentential switches occurs between sentences. This switches occurs from

an entire clause of sentences, then the speaker switches to another language or more.

Eldin (2014) claims that the speaker have to be fluent in both languages in order for the

code-switch to work naturally. An Indonesian-English example for these: “Aduh, lapar

banget. I’m so hungry!”.

2.3.4 Intra-sentential Switch

Intra-sentential switches can be found within clause or sentences in the form of

phrase or single word. Intra-sentential switch would cause the utterances to be incorrect

if they switches were to be removed in a single utterances. An Indonesian-English

example for these: “Jangan lupa tomorrow itu ulang tahun gue.”.

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2.4. The Functions of Code-switching

There are many reasons why speakers would switch between languages

depending on the situation. There might be because of the force of habit that would make

them sub-consciously switches between languages. The study was done to be analyzed

based on the function of Malik’s (1994) and Appel and Muysken (2006)’s theories.

According to Appel and Muysken (2006), there are six main functions of code-

switching which are directive, phatic, metalinguistic, poetic, expressive, and referential.

1. Directive: This function include but could also exclude the hearer. Its main

function is to convey a message to a specific person.

2. Phatic: The function is used to emphasize the point of what the speaker is trying

to say.

3. Metalinguistic: The function of this switch is to report or comment about that

concerns another person.

4. Poetic: The function is used for amusement or humoring a language.

5. Expressive: The function is used by the speaker to express their feelings, identity,

or status.

6. Referential: The function is used to compensate for the lack of an equal

translation.

There are a few more functions Appel and Muysken (2006) had developed such as;

1. To talk about a particular topic

2. To quote somebody else

3. To make an interjection

4. To repeat in order to clarify

5. To express group identity

6. To show intention of clarifying speech content for interlocutor

7. To soften or strengthen a request of command

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 8. To meet a real lexical need or to compensate for the lack of an equal

translation

9. To exclude others when a comment is intended for an exclusive audience.

Malik (1994) claimed (as cited in Eldin, 2014) multilingual often code-switch when

they cannot find the appropriate vocabulary for the language in order to have a smooth

conversation. According to Malik (1994) the functions of Code-switch as such are;

1. Lack of facility

2. Lack of competence

3. Semantic significance

4. To address different audience

5. To show identity with a group

6. To amplify and emphasize a point

7. Mood of the speaker

8. Habitual expressions

9. Pragmatic reasons

10. To attract attention

2.5 Yuli Yulyana “Code Switching Analysis In Classroom Interactions In Husnul

Khotimah Islamic Senior” (2015)

The journal article titled “Code Switching Analysis In Classroom Interactions In

Husnul Khotimah Islamic Senior” was written by Yuli Yulyana from the Department of

English Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, the University of

Kuningan (PBI FKIP UNIKU). This article was published Association of Indonesian

Scholars of English Education AISEE (2015). This article discussed the types and

functions of code-switching in classroom domains and the response concerning the

interactions between students and teachers towards code-switching.

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 The article focused on identifying the types and functions of code-switching in

order to find out the teachers’ reason for using code-switching during classroom lessons.

The journal analyzed English teachers’ students’ utterances by using Poplack (1980)’s

and Gumperz (1982)’s theory. The method of the research is using descriptive qualitative

as the data is in the form of questionnaires, interviews, and written recording utterances.

From the data, it was found that intra-sentential switch is the most dominant type out of

the three types.

From the previous study, it can be concluded that the analysis is quite similar to

the analysis for the current study. The method of the research is similar comprehensible

and similar as it is using descriptive qualitative. There are some differences that are

shown from the previous study. The result of the previous study shows that intra-

sentential switching was the dominant type shown from the data. Whereas tag-switching

is the most dominant code-switching in the current study. Furthermore, the participants

for the study were the lecturers and students whilst the current study focused only on the

lecturer. In addition, the previous study focused more on the purpose of the percentage

of code-switching in classrooms situations.

Total Words: 1027

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References

Appel, R., & Muysken, P. (2006). Language Contact and Bilingualism. Amsterdam

University Press.

Eldin, A. A. T. S. (2014). Socio Linguistic Study of Code Switching of the Arabic

Language Speakers on Social Networking. International Journal of English

Linguistics, 4(6), 78–86. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v4n6p78

Malik, L. (1994). Socio-linguistics: A study of code-switching. Anmol Publications Pvt.

Ltd.

Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en espanol:

Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics, 18, 581-618.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling.1980.18.7-8.581

Poplack, S. (2001). Code-switching (linguistic). In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Baltes (Eds.),

International Encyclopedia of Social & Behavioral Sciences (pp. 2062–2065).

Elsevier.

Wardhaugh, R. (2006). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (fifth ed.). Blackwell Publishing.

Wardhaugh, R., & Fuller, J. M. (2014). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (7th ed.). Wiley

Blackwell.

Yulyana, Y. (2015). Code Switching Analysis in Classroom Interactions in Husnul

Khotimah Islamic Senior High School.English Review: Journal of English

Education, 1(1), 104-113

Yusuf, Y. Q., et al., (2018), Types of Indonesian-English code-switching employed in a

novel, Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2018.02.004

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RUBRIC: CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION