Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
MIMAROPA REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CALAPAN CITY

Supplementary Learning Materials (SLMs)

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS (STEM)

General Physics 1
First Semester, Quarter 2

MODULE 2
Content Standard:
The learner demonstrates understanding of:
 Periodic motion
 Simple harmonic motion: spring-mass system, simple pendulum
 Damped and driven oscillation
 Periodic motion experiment
 Mechanical waves

Performance Standard:
The learner should be able to:
 Solve multi-concept, rich context problems using concepts from gravity and oscillations

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

 For circular orbits, relate Kepler’s third law of planetary motion to Newton’s law of
gravitation and centripetal acceleration STEM_GP12G-IIc-22
 Relate the amplitude, frequency, angular frequency, period, displacement, velocity, and
acceleration of oscillating systems STEM_GP12PM-IIc-24
 Recognize the necessary conditions for an object to undergo simple harmonic motion
STEM_GP12PM-IIc-25
 Calculate the period and the frequency of spring mass, simple pendulum, and physical
pendulum STEM_GP12PM-IIc-27
 Differentiate underdamped, overdamped, and critically damped motion
STEM_GP12PM-IId-28
 Define mechanical wave, longitudinal wave, transverse wave, periodic wave, and sinusoidal
wave STEM_GP12PM-IId-31
 From a given sinusoidal wave function infer the (speed, wavelength, frequency, period,
direction, and wave number STEM_GP12PM-IId-32
 Apply the inverse-square relation between the intensity of waves and the distance from the
source STEM_GP12MWS-IIe34
 General Physics 1
LESSON 1
KEPLER’S LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION
Learning Targets
• relate Kepler’s Third Law of Planetary Motion to Newton’s Universal Law of
Gravitation and Centripetal acceleration
• solve problems applying Kepler’s Third Law of Planetary Motion to Newton’s Universal Law of
Gravitation and Centripetal acceleration
• develop patience in solving problems relating to Kepler’s Third Law of Planetary Motion to
Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation and Centripetal acceleration
Introduction
The name planet comes from a Greek word meaning
“wanderer,” and indeed the planets continuously change their
positions in the sky relative to the background of stars. One
of the great intellectual accomplishments of the 16th and 17th centuries
was the threefold realization that the earth is also a planet, that all
planets orbit the sun, and that the apparent motions of the planets as
seen from the earth can be used to precisely determine their orbits.

The first and second of these ideas were published by Nicolaus

Copernicus in Poland in 1543. The nature of planetary orbits was
deduced between 1601 and 1619 by the German astronomer and Image: Pinterest. Laws of Planetary Motion. Earth.com
mathematician Johannes Kepler. It was done using a voluminous set of
precise data on apparent planetary motions compiled by his mentor, Tycho Brahe- Danish astronomer.
Gear Up!
Physics Word Search
A. Directions: There are ten words found in the puzzle below that may appear straight across, backward
straight across, up and down, and diagonally. List down all those words.

L A C V B N O P Q R O S T U V W A
A H D F G V C N R S R D F G H K C
W X C V F R T Y G F B D R O K O C
O D F G R O V B N M I K L M N V E
F A E W C G R A V I T A T I O N L
H C E F G H I C J K L M N O E P E
A T Y T G F G J E K P H L W P O R
R R R O R U I O P M L A T I L O A
M O T I O N J K G N A O R Y U H T
O V L A T E P I R T N E C R W U I
N Y H E L O O W T K E F D S Q P O
I T Y L Y K L M N O T W P Q R S N
E R T K T U V W X Z A O P E A N C
S E P E R I O D Y E R T R G F J K
L Q G T L M N O P Q Y S G F J L M

B. Arrange the jumbled letters to form physics words below:

1. racleticeona
2. lapnetrya
3. ontimo
4. riataongvia
5. cofer
6. tricleanpet
7. birot
8. prodie
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 General Physics 1
ANALYZE AND EXPLORE

The following are the laws developed by Johannes

Kepler:

1. LAW OF ORBITS
The first law explains that all planets move in elliptical orbits with
the sun at one focus. It means that planets move around
the Sun in elliptical orbits (See figure at the right). An ellipse is a shape
that resembles a flattened circle. By How much the circle is flattened
is expressed by its eccentricity. The eccentricity is a number between
0 and 1. It is zero for a perfect circle.

The eccentricity of an ellipse measures how flattened a circle

is. For a perfect circle, a and b are the same such that the eccentricity
is zero. Earth’s orbit has an eccentricity of 0.0167, so it is almost a
perfect circle.

2. LAW OF AREAS
The second law describes a line that connects a planet to the sun and sweeps out equal areas in equal times. When a
planet is near the sun, it travels faster and sweeps through a longer path in a given time (See figure at the left). It follows from
Kepler’s second law that Earth moves the fastest when it is closest to the Sun. This happens in early January, when Earth is about
147 million km (91 million miles) from the Sun. When Earth is closest to the Sun, it travels with a speed of 30.3 kilometers (18.8
miles) per second.

3. LAW OF PERIODS
The third law is mathematically expressed as the square of the period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-
major axis of its orbit.

The knowledge of these laws,

especially the second law (the law
of areas), proved crucial to Sir
Isaac Newton in 1684–1685 when
he formulated his famous law of
gravitation between Earth and
the Moon and between the Sun
and the planets, postulated by
him to have validity for all objects
anywhere in the universe. Newton
showed that the motion of bodies
subject to central
gravitational force need not
always follow the elliptical orbits
specified by the first law of Kepler but can take paths defined by other, open conic curves; the motion can be in parabolic or
hyperbolic orbits, depending on the total energy of the body. Thus, an object of sufficient energy—e.g., a comet—can enter the
solar system and leave again without returning. From Kepler’s second law, it may be observed further that the angular momentum of
any planet about an axis through the Sun and perpendicular to the orbital plane is also unchanging.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

• The idea of gravity was introduced by Sir Isaac Newton in the late 1600’s.
• In 1687, Newton’s observation on Planetary Motion and empirical
measurements allowed him to establish the Law of Universal Gravitation.

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 General Physics 1
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
• First to explain that gravitational attraction
varied with separation, whileformulating his laws of
planetary motion.
• Kepler’s law describes the motion of the
planets and developed beforeNewton’s Law of
Universal Gravitation (1687)

Kepler’s Laws:
a. Law of Ellipses - explains that
planetsare orbiting the sun in a path
described as an ellipse.

b. The Law of Equal Areas - describes thespeed at which any

given planet will move while orbiting the sun.
c. The Law of Harmonies - compare the orbital period and
radius of orbit of a planet to those of other planets.
CIRCULAR MOTION
- any object that revolves about a single axis undergoes circular motion
- during circular motion, the centripetal force has a constant magnitude(mv2/r) and is
always directed toward the center of a circle.

• Tangential Speed (vt)

- is the speed of an object along an imaginary
line drawn tangent to the object’s path.
- depends on an object’s distance from the
center of the circular path.

• Centripetal Acceleration (ac)

- due to a change in direction.
- Is directed toward the center of the circle.

✓ If the centripetal force vanishes, the objectstops moving in a circular

path.

CIRCULAR MOTION
• During circular motion, the centripetal force has aconstant magnitude.
In symbol:
fcp = mv2 f = centripetal force
r m= mass of the object going in a circle

ac = v 2 v= objects velocity
r r = radius of circular curve
ac= centripetal acceleration
• LAW OF UNIVERSAL
GRAVITATION “Every particle
of matter in the universeattracts
every other particle with a force
that is directly proportional to the
product of the masses of the
particles
and inversely proportional to the
squareof the distance between
them.”

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 General Physics 1
• Gravitational Force
- Orbiting objects are in free fall
- Henry Cavendish, 1798, determined thevalue of G, G =
means gravitational constant 6.673 x 10-11 N.m2/kg2
and then he determined ME = mass of the earth.

weight = mass x gravitational field strengthbecause

weight depends on gravitational field strength,
weight changes with location:

1.
Sample Problems
1. Determine the gravitational force between a 60-kg and a 70-kg person who areboth standing 2.0 m apart.
Given: m1 = 60 kg m2 = 70 kg r = 2.0 m
Find: Fg
m1m2
Solution: 𝐹𝑔 = G
𝑑2

= (6.67 x 10-11 N.m2/kg2) (60-kg) (70-kg)

(2.0 m)2
= 28, 014 x 10-11 N.m2
4 m2
= 7003.5 x 10-11 N
Fg = 7.0035 x 10-8 N

2. A 900-kg car moving at 10 m/s takes a turn around a circle with a radius of 25.0
m. Determine the acceleration and the net force acting upon the car.

The solution of this problem begins with the identification of the known and
requested information.
Known Information: Requested Information:
m = 900 kg a=?
v = 10.0 m/s Fnet = ?
R = 25.0 m
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 General Physics 1
To determine the acceleration of the car, use the equation a = v2 / R. Thesolution is as
follows:
a = v2 / r
a = (10.0 m/s)2 / (25.0 m) a =
(100 m2/s2) / (25.0 m)a = 4 m/s2
To determine the net force acting upon the car, use the equation Fnet = m•a. The
solution is as follows.
Fnet = m • a
Fnet = (900 kg) • (4 m/s2)
Fnet = 3600 N 9

Assess and Reflect:

Think Critically
Directions. Solve the following in a clean sheet of paper. Show your solution and box your final answer.

1. Calculate the force of attraction between two bodies having 90 kg and 60 kg,respectively, with a distance
of 0.4 km apart.
2. The average orbital distance of Mars is 1.52 times the average orbital distance of the Earth. Knowing that
the Earth orbits the sun in approximately 365 days, use Kepler's law of harmonies to predict the time for
Mars to orbit the sun.
3. A 2 kg ball on a string is rotated about a circle of radius 10 m. The maximumtension allowed in the string
is 50 N. What is the maximum speed of the ball?

LESSON 2
PERIODIC MOTION

Learning Target
• relate the amplitude, frequency, angular frequency, period, displacement, velocity and acceleration of
oscillating system
Introduction
Many kinds of motion repeat themselves over and over – from the movement of the hands of a clock, the swinging
pendulum of a grandfather’s clock, a rocking chair, heartbeat, the sound vibrations produced by a clarinet or an organ
pipe, the back-and-forth motion of the pistons in a car engine, and even the movement of Earth around its axis and
about the sun. This kind of motion is called periodic motion or oscillations.
Gear Up!
Concepts in a Box
Directions:
1. Study the “Concepts in a Box” (Figure 3.1.1) for three minutes. There is no right or wrong answers for
now. Take note of your answers and validate basic concepts that you mentioned.
2. List down five concepts that caught your attention and explain why these concepts seem to be interesting.
Use a T-chart to organize your answer.

Concepts that caught my attention are… Reason why I found it interesting…

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 General Physics 1

Source: Baltazar and Tolentino. Exploring Life Through Science General

Physics 1.
Teachers Wraparound Edition. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2017

ANALYZE AND EXPLORE

Periodic motion is a motion of an object that continuously
repeats itself thus, the object returns to a given position after a
fixed time interval. With little thought, you can identify several types of periodic
motion in everyday life. A car returns to the driveway every afternoon. You go
back to the dining table every night to eat. A bumped chandelier swings back
and forth which then gradually returns to the same position at a regular rate.
The Earth, following its orbit revolves around the Sun and goes back to its
original position every year resulting in the variation of seasons. The Moon
moves around the Earth and back to its original position once a month
resulting in a full Moon. Figure 3.1.2 The Motion of the swing is an
Look at Figure 3.1.2 at the right. It shows the motion of the swing example of periodic motion.
which is an example of periodic motion. A body undergoing periodic Source: https://kastnerscienceamcms.weebly.com/

motion always has a stable equilibrium position. The equilibrium position (otherwise known as resting position), is the
position assumed by the body when it is not vibrating or moving. This equilibrium position is represented by the position
of the boy sitting on the swing at point B. When the boy is displaced from its equilibrium position (point B) to position
A, a restoring force (gravity) acts on it and pull it back toward position B.

A restoring force is the force which acts to restore or bring a body from its displacement back to its equilibrium
position. By the time the boy reaches position B, the body has gained kinetic energy, overshoots this position, moves,
and stops somewhere on the other side (Position C). Then the body is pulled back again towards its equilibrium and
continue swinging gradually until it stops and back to its original position. Vibrations about this equilibrium position result
only from the action of the restoring force.

In the absence of friction, the time to complete one oscillation remains constant and is called period (T). The
period of a body in periodic motion is the time required to make a complete to-and-fro motion. Its standard unit is
seconds. One complete to-and-fro motion is called a cycle. A cycle is one complete oscillation. Referring to Figure
3.1.2, the motion of the swing from position A to position C and back to position A is one cycle.

A concept closely related to period is the frequency of an event. Frequency (f) is the number of cycles or
oscillations per unit time. Its standard unit is hertz (Hz).

1 Hz = 1 cycle/ second or 1 Hz = 1/s = 1s-1.

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 General Physics 1
Frequency is the reciprocal of period.
1
𝑓= Equation 3.1.1
𝑇

Sometimes, angular frequency (ω) is used instead of frequency. Angular frequency is commonly express in
radians per second. The relationship between angular frequency and frequency is given by:
2𝜋
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 or 𝜔=
𝑇 Equation 3.1.2
In oscillation, if there is no damping or slowing down of the motion due to other non-
conservative forces, then the moving object or oscillator oscillates with equal displacement on either side of the
equilibrium position. The amplitude (A) of vibration is the maximum displacement of a body from its equilibrium position.
This is represented by the displacement from position B to position A or from position B to position C (See Figure 3.1.2).
The standard unit for amplitude and displacement is meter (m) but depends on the type of oscillation.

Looking back in the figure, the swing (oscillator) gains velocity (speeds up) as it moves from position A towards
position B (equilibrium position) or from position C towards position B because its acceleration is in the direction of its
velocity. Remember that velocity is the change in displacement per unite time while acceleration is the rate of change
in velocity. When the swing is at its highest displacement (position A and C in reference to position B), its velocity is
zero and when it is at its equilibrium position (position B), it has the maximum velocity but its acceleration is zero. It
overshoots the equilibrium position and starts slowing down. Why? Because the acceleration is now in opposite direction
of its velocity (from position B to position C or from position B to position A).

Assess and Reflect:

I. Directions: Complete the crossword puzzle below.

Down
1. It is the number of cycles per unit of time from its equilibrium position.
3. It refers to motion that is repeated at regular intervals of time.
4. It is a force that causes a body to accelerate towards the earth.
8. It is the energy possessed by a body in motion.

Across
2. It is a force that tends to restore a body or brings the system back to its original position.
5. It refers to the position assumed by the body when it is not vibrating
6. It refers to one complete to-and-from motion.
7. It is the maximum displacement of body from its equilibrium position.

3
1 8
2 4

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 General Physics 1
LESSON 3
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
Learning Targets
• recognize the necessary conditions for an object to undergo simple harmonic motion; and
• calculate the period and the frequency of spring mass, simple pendulum and physical pendulum
Introduction
In the previous lesson, you have learned that a body that undergoes periodic motion always has a stable equilibrium
position. When it is moved away from its equilibrium position to a certain position and is released, a force comes into
play to pull it back towards equilibrium. By the time it gets there, it picked up some kinetic energy, so it overshoots,
stopping somewhere on the other side, and is again pulled back towards equilibrium. For this lesson, you will recognize
the necessary conditions for a periodic motion to be classified as a simple harmonic motion.
Gear Up!
SHM ACTIVITY
Directions: Place a raisin or marshmallow at the end of a spaghetti
stick. Shake your hands back and forth to make the
pasta/raisin system oscillates as shown in Figure 3.2.1 at
the right.

Materials: Pasta and Raisins/Marshmallows

Spaghetti stick
Guide Questions:
A. Does the period depend on the mass of the system? Figure 3.2.1 Oscillating a system
B. Does the period depend on the length of the oscillating body?
Source: http://slideplayer.com/slide/15784587/

Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Do you think the motion of the system falls under simple harmonic motion? Why?
2. Are your answers in A and B classified as a mass-spring system or a pendulum? Prove your answer.
3. Do you think this system can be modeled as a pendulum or a spring? Why?

ANALYZE AND EXPLORE

A special case of periodic motion is simple harmonic motion (SHM). It is the simplest form of oscillatory
motion. SHM is a periodic motion where the restoring force is proportional to the displacement of the body
from its equilibrium position. The restoring force acts in a direction opposite to the displacement of the
system. In equation,
𝐹𝑠 = −𝑘𝑥
where, 𝐹𝑠 is the restoring force or spring force
x is the displacement from the equilibrium position
k is a proportionality constant
The negative sign simply means that the restoring force and displacement are oppositely directed. It is called a
restoring force because it is always directed toward the
equilibrium position and therefore opposite to the displacement of
the body from its equilibrium position.
A system that oscillates with SHM is called simple
harmonic oscillator. The simplest form of a simple harmonic
oscillator is a body of mass m oscillating at one end of an elastic
spring (also known as the mass-spring system). Consider a block
of mass m attached at the end of a spring (See Figure 3.2.2). As
shown in the figure, the block moves freely on a horizontal,
frictionless surface in different positions (a,b,and c).

(a) Stretched spring. When the spring is stretched, the block is Figure 3.2.2 A block attached to a spring on a frictionless
displaced to the right of equilibrium (x > 0), and the force exerted surface
Source: http://slideplayer.com/slide/15784587/
by the spring acts to the left.
(b) When the block is at its equilibrium position (x = 0), the force exerted by the spring is zero.
(c) Compressed spring. When the spring is compressed, the block is displaced to the left of equilibrium (x < 0), the force
exerted by the spring acts to the right.
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 General Physics 1
Note that the amount of the spring is negligible to the amount of stretching or compressing force. An external
force can cause an object, like spring, to stretch or compress to a certain displacement x (figure 3.2.2). This force is
numerically equal to the restoring force but opposite in direction. Thus,
F = kx Equation 3.2
The proportionality constant (k) is called the force constant of the spring. It is the force needed to produce a unit
of elongation or compression of the spring and has the unit of newton (N).
The force constant k is the measure of the stiffness of the spring. A small value of k indicates that the spring can
be easily stretched or compressed. In other words, springs with lesser spring constants will have greater displacements
than those with larger spring constants for the same amount of force applied.
Sample Problems:
1. An oscillating body takes 0.8 seconds to complete four cycles. What is the (a)period, (b)frequency, and
(c)angular frequency of the body?
Solution:
a. We are asked to determine the time it takes for the oscillating body to complete one cycle.
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 0.8𝑠
𝑇= = = 0.2𝑠
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 4
b. Using Equation 3.1.1, substitute the value of T
1 1
𝑓= = = 5. 0𝑠 −1 or 5.0Hz
𝑇 0.2𝑠

c. ω = 2πf = 2 (3.14radians) (5. 0𝑠 −1 ) = 31.4 radians /s

2. A force of 3.0N elongates a spring by 6.0 cm. (a) What is the force constant of spring? (b) How much
force is needed to elongate spring an additional 6.0 cm?
Solution:
Using Equation 3.4 and substituting values,
𝐹 3.0𝑁 50𝑁
a. 𝑘 = = =
𝑥 0.06𝑚 𝑚
50𝑁
b. 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥 = ( ) (0.12𝑚) = 6.0𝑁
𝑚

Assess and Reflect:

Self-check Questions

1. What is the necessary condition for a periodic motion for it to be classified as a simple harmonic
motion?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. What is the physical meaning of the force constant of a spring?
_____________________________________________________________
3. When are maximum acceleration and maximum velocity achieved in a simple harmonic oscillator?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

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 General Physics 1
LESSON 4
PENDULUM
Learning Target
• calculate the period and frequency of spring mass, simple pendulum and physical pendulum

Introduction
In the previous lesson, you recognized the necessary conditions for a periodic
motion for it to be classified as a simple harmonic motion. Now, you are going to learn
the concept of simple pendulum and physical pendulum as well as on how to calculate
its period and the frequency.
A pendulum is any object which can swing freely from a pivot point under the influence of
gravity.
Source:
Pinterest.Exploratorium.edu

Gear Up!
Learn From Your Own Mistake
Directions: Before you proceed to the new topic in this module, give the meaning of the terms listed below
using your own words. Write your answers in the second column. In the third column, write the scientific
definition using this module. This activity will help you correct misconception among the terms.
Term My Own Definition Scientific Definition
Pendulum
Simple Pendulum
Physical Pendulum

ANALYZE AND EXPLORE

A simple pendulum is a mechanical system that exhibits periodic
motion. It consists of a particle-like bob of mass m suspended by
a light string of length L that is fixed at the upper end, as shown in Figure 3.3.1.

A simple pendulum has a small-diameter bob and a string that has a

very small mass but is strong enough not to stretch appreciably (See Figure
3.3.1). The linear displacement from equilibrium (s), is the length of the arc.
Also shown are the forces on the bob, which result in a net force of
−mgsinθ toward the equilibrium position—that is, a restoring force.

When ϴ is small, a simple pendulum oscillates in simple harmonic

motion about the equilibrium position. In this case, the angle theta is equal to Figure 3.3.1 A Simple Pendulum
Source:https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sun
zero (ϴ = 0). The restoring force is –mgsinϴ, the component of the y-osuniversityphysics/chapter/15-4-
gravitational force tangent to the arc. pendulums/

In a simple pendulum, the motion occurs in the vertical plane and it is driven by the gravitational force. If the
angle is smaller (less than about 10°), the motion is faster and very close to that of a simple harmonic oscillator
compared to that of a bigger angle.
The forces acting on the bob are the force T exerted by the string and the gravitational force mg. The tangential
component mg sin ϴ of the gravitational force always acts toward ϴ=0, opposite the displacement of the bob from the
lowest position. Therefore, the tangential component is a restoring force, and we can apply Newton’s second law for
motion in the tangential direction:
𝑑2𝑠
𝐹𝑡 = −𝑚𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳 = 𝑚
𝑑𝑡 2
where s is the bob’s position measured along the arc and the negative sign indicates that the tangential force acts
toward the equilibrium (vertical) position.

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 General Physics 1
𝐿
The period of the motion is 𝑇 = 2𝜋√ Equation 3.3
𝑔

In other words, the period and frequency of a simple pendulum depends only on the length of the string and the
acceleration due to gravity. The simple pendulum can be used as timekeeper because its period depends only on its
length and the local value of g. It is also a convenient device for making precise measurements of the free-fall
acceleration. Such measurements are important because variation in local values of g can provide information on the
location of oil and of other valuable underground resources.

Based from the equation, the period of a simple pendulum is governed by the following laws.
1. The period of simple pendulum is directly proportional to the square root of its length.
2. The period is inversely proportional to the square root of the acceleration due to gravity.
3. The period is not dependent on the mass of the bob.
4. The period is independent on the angular amplitude if the angular displacement is small, say less than or equal
to 100 .

Sample Problem
A simple pendulum of length 50.0 cm takes 5 s to make 10 complete back-and-forth motion. (a) Find its period.
(b) What will be the period if its length is increased to 200 cm?

Solution:
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 5𝑠
a. 𝑇 = = = 0.5𝑠
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 10

T1 √L1
b. Based on the laws governing the period of simple pendulum, = .
T2 √L2

c. Using this equation, substitute each value.

𝑇1 √𝐿1 0.5𝑠 √50.0𝑐𝑚
= = 𝑇2 = 1.0s
𝑇2 √𝐿2 𝑇2 √200𝑐𝑚

Physical Pendulum

Suppose you balance a wire coat hanger so

that the hook is supported by your extended index
finger. When you give the hanger a small angular
displacement (with your other hand) and then
release it, it oscillates. If the hanging object of a
system oscillates about a fixed axis that does not
pass through its center of mass and the object
cannot be approximated as a point mass, then, the
system is called a physical pendulum.

Consider a rigid object pivoted at a point O that has a distance d

Figure 3.3.2 A physical pendulum pivoted at O
from the center of mass (Figure 3.3.2). The gravitational force provides a
force about an axis through O, and the magnitude of the torque is mgd Source::https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-
sinϴ; where ϴ is the angle as shown in the figure. Using the rotational osuniversityphysics/chapter/15-4-pendulums/
form of Newton’s Second Law, ∑ 𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼, where I is the moment of inertia
about the axis through O, we obtain
𝑑2𝜃
−𝑚𝑔𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝐼
𝑑𝑡 2

The negative sign indicates that the torque about O tends to decrease the angle 𝜃.That is, the gravitational force
produces a restoring torque.

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 General Physics 1
𝐼
The period of the motion is 𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝑚𝑔𝐿 Equation 3.4

You can use this equation to measure the moment of inertia of a flat rigid object. If the location of the center of
mass—and hence the value of d—is known, the moment of inertia can be obtained by measuring the period. Finally,
note that Equation 3.4 reduces to the period of a simple pendulum (Equation 3.3) when 𝐼 = 𝑚𝑑 2 – that is, when all the
mass is concentrated at the center of it.

Sample Problem
A 1.5 kg uniform meter stick pivoted at one end oscillates as a physical pendulum with a period of 1.25 s. Find
its moment of inertia with respect to the pivot point.
Solution:
Manipulating equation 3.3 to solve for I and substitute each value,
𝑇 2𝑚𝑔𝐿 (1.252 )(1.5𝑘𝑔)(9.8𝑚/𝑠2)(0.5𝑚)
𝐼= = = 0.29𝑘𝑔. 𝑚2
4𝜋2 4(3.14)2

Assess and Reflect:

Self-check Questions

a. What are the things to be considered in describing the motion of a physical pendulum?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
b. What are the examples of a physical pendulum?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
c. What are the laws of a simple pendulum?
_____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

LESSON 5
MECHANICAL WAVES
Learning Targets
• define mechanical wave, longitudinal wave, transverse wave, periodic wave, and sinusoidal wave; and
• infer the speed, wavelength, frequency, period, direction, and wave number from a given sinusoidal wave
function
Introduction
You have learned that there are many kinds of motion that repeat
themselves over and over. You call this as periodic motion or oscillation. As Source:
you read through the concepts of Lesson 1, you realized that periodic motion Pinterest.Exploratorium.edu
is used to model a wide range of physical phenomena. It is also important
because it generates waves, which is the focus of this lesson. Some of the terms and
equations used in the lessons of this module are applied in this lesson as you study wave
motion especially mechanical waves.
Source: Mechanical wave-Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org

Gear Up!
Making Waves
Directions: Perform the Activity and answer the questions that follow. Use a separate sheet of paper for
your answer.
Learning Target: To generate and describe transverse and longitudinal waves
Materials: string or elastic band, coil or “slinky”
Procedure:
Activity 1: Tape one end of a string to a desk. Then pull the string so it is tight, but lays flat against the
desk. Then generate travelling transverse waves by wiggling the free end of the string up and down briskly.

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 General Physics 1
Activity 2: Consider a coil or spring that is lying on a tabletop. Jerk one end horizontally to and from to produce
longitudinal wave.
Questions:
1. A medium is a matter to which a wave travel. Now, what is the medium in:
a.) Activity 1? _____________________
b.) Activity 2? _____________________
2. Describe the motion of the medium and compare this with the movement of the travelling wave.

ANALYZE AND EXPLORE

In your lower grades, you came across with the term “waves”. Most likely, you are aware that the ripples
on a pond, sound, light, wiggles of the slinky, radio and television transmissions are all wave phenomena.

Wave is a periodic disturbance that travels through matter or space and transfers energy (not matter) from one
location to another. The repetitive motion (also called vibration), causes the formation of waves. Therefore, wave is also
considered as a simple harmonic motion.
Waves come in different types and forms such as mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves. In this
lesson, will focus on mechanical waves.

Mechanical waves
Mechanical waves are disturbances that transfer energy through a medium. It cannot be propagated through
a vacuum or an empty space. Medium is the matter through which the waves travel. It can be any state of matter (solid,
liquid or gas).
There are two main types of mechanical waves based on the direction of the displacement of the particles of the
medium through which the waves travel. These are longitudinal waves and transverse waves.

Transverse wave
If you wiggle the free end of the spring as shown in Figure 3.4.1, a
transverse wave is formed. The particles of the medium are displaced
perpendicular to the direction in which the wave travels. This means that the
medium’s particles oscillate up and down about its individual equilibrium
position at right angle to the direction of the wave motion. Examples: ripples
on the surface of the water, vibrations of a string guitar, and seismic S-waves.
Longitudinal wave
If you give the spring a back-and-forth motion, a longitudinal wave is formed. Fig.3.4.1 A Transverse Wave
See Figure 3.4.2 at the right. The particles of the medium are displaced parallel to Source: physicsclassroom.com
the direction in which the wave travels. This means that the medium’s
particles oscillate back and forth about its individual equilibrium position
along the same direction of wave propagation. Examples are sound
waves, seismic P-waves, and ultrasound waves.
Consider a spring in which its free end is given a repetitive
motion as shown in Figure 3.4.3. It can be noticed that a series of wave
pulses is produced. It can also be observed that each particle in the
spring experiences periodic motion as the wave travels through it. In
this case, the wave is said to be a periodic wave. Sinusoidal waves
are produced when a periodic wave is in simple harmonic motion. Fig.3.4.2 A Longitudinal Wave
Source: physicsclassroom.com
Look at the Figure 3.4.4. below. It shows the anatomy
of a periodic wave, particularly a sinusoidal wave. The
horizontal dashed line of the diagram represents the
equilibrium or rest position of the transverse wave. This is
the position that the transverse wave would assume if there
were no disturbance moving through it.
Fig. 3.4.3 A Periodic Wave
Source: pinterest.com

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 General Physics 1

Fig. 3.4.4

A Sinusoidal Wave

Crest: It is the highest point or the peak of a transverse wave.

Trough: It is the lowest point of a transverse wave.

Characteristics of a Periodic Wave

Amplitude(A): The maximum displacement of a particle on the medium from the equilibrium position.
Wavelength (𝝀): The distance between two successive crests or throughs.
Frequency (𝒇): The number of waves that pass a particular point for every one second.
Period (T): The time required for one complete wave to pass a particular point.

These characteristics of the wave can be determined using the sinusoidal wave function.

Wave Function for a Sinusoidal Wave

Recall that periodic waves that oscillate in simple harmonic motion generate sinusoidal waves. When
sinusoidal waves travel through a medium, every particle in the medium undergoes simple harmonic motion with the
same frequency and is displaced from its equilibrium as a function of both position (x) and time (t). This is expressed
in the general form of a sinusoidal wave function below.
𝒚(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒌𝒙 ± 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓) Equation 3.5
where:
𝒚 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎 𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 (Unit: m)
𝑨 = 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 (𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡: 𝑚)
𝒌 = 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 ( 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡: rad/m)
𝝎 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 (Unit: rad/s)
𝜙= phase constant

Consider a transverse harmonic wave

traveling in the positive x-direction as shown in
Figure 3.4.5 at the right. The displacement (y) of
a particle in the medium is given as a function of
x and t as shown in this equation:

Fig. 3.4.5 A Sinusoidal Wave

Travelling in the +x-direction

𝒚(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒌𝒙 + 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓) (sinusoidal wave moving in +x-direction) Equation 3.6

If the displacement (y) of the wave is zero at t=0 and x=0, then 𝜙 = 0. Equation 3.6 is reduced to:
𝒚(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒌𝒙 + 𝝎𝒕) (sinusoidal wave moving in +x-direction) Equation 3.7
When a transverse harmonic wave travels in the negative x-direction, the equation will become:
𝒚(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒌𝒙 − 𝝎𝒕) (sinusoidal wave moving in -x-direction) Equation 3.8

We can use these sinusoidal wave functions to determine the characteristics of the sinusoidal wave.

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 General Physics 1
Steps in Finding the Characteristics of a Sinusoidal Wave
1. To get the sinusoidal wave’s amplitude, wavelength, period, frequency, speed, direction and wave number,
write down the wave function in the form:

𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴 sin(𝑘𝑥 ± 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙).

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴 sin(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴 sin(𝑘𝑥 + 𝜔𝑡 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

2. The amplitude can be taken directly from the equation and is equal to 𝐴.
3. Derive the period of the wave from the angular frequency, thus, you will get,
2𝜋
𝑇=
𝜔
1
4. Use 𝑓 = 𝑇
to get the frequency of the wave.
2𝜋
5. The wave number can be found using the equation: 𝑘 = 𝜆
.
6. The wavelength can be derived from the wave number
2𝜋
𝜆=
𝑘
𝑤
7. The speed of the wave is: 𝑣 = 𝑘

Sample Problems:
1. A transverse wave on a string is described by the wave function:
𝒚(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟔. 𝟐𝟖 𝒎−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕𝒔−𝟏 𝒕)
Find the:
a) amplitude e) period
b) wave number f) speed of the wave
c) angular frequency g) direction of the wave
d) wavelength h) frequency of the wave

Solution: The wave function is in the form 𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑥 − 𝑤𝑡).Therefore,

a) Amplitude 𝐴 = 0.2 𝑚
b) The wave number can be read directly from the wave equation: 𝑘 = 6.28 rad/m
c) The angular frequency is: 𝜔 = 1.57𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
2𝜋 2𝜋
d) The wavelength can be found using the equation: 𝜆 = = 6.28𝑚−1 = 1.0 m
𝑘
2𝜋 2𝜋
e) To get the period: 𝑇 = = 1.57𝑠−1 = 4𝑠
𝜔
𝜔 1.57𝑠−1
f) Speed of the wave, 𝑣 = = 6.28𝑚−1 = 0.25 𝒎/𝒔
𝑘
g) The wave function is in the form 𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑥 − 𝑤𝑡).Therefore, the wave is moving in the
positive direction as denoted by the negative sign between 𝑘𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑡.
1 1
h) The frequency is 𝑓 = 𝑇 = 4𝑠 = 0.25 𝐻𝑧

2. A wave travelling along a string is denoted by:

𝒚(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟖𝟎. 𝟎 𝒎−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟑. 𝟎𝟎 𝒔−𝟏 𝒕).
Solve for:
a) Amplitude e) period
b) wave number f) speed
c) angular frequency g) direction of the wave
d) wavelength h) frequency

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 General Physics 1
Solution:
2𝜋 2𝜋
a) 𝐴 = 0.005 𝑚 e) 𝑇 = = 3.00 𝑠 −1 = 2.09 𝑠
𝜔
𝜔 3.00 𝑠−1
b) 𝑘 = 80.0 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚 f) 𝑣 = = 80.0 𝑚−1 = 0.0375 𝑚/𝑠
𝑘
c) 𝜔 = 3.00 rad/s g) + x- direction
2𝜋 2𝜋 1 1
d)𝜆 = = = 0.0785 𝑚 h) 𝑓 = = = 0.48 𝐻𝑧
𝑘 80.0𝑚−1 𝑇 2.09 𝑠

3. A sinusoidal wave travelling on a rope has a period of 0.025 s , speed of 30 m/s and an amplitude of
0.021525 m. At t=0, the element of the string has zero displacement and is moving in the +x-direction.
Calculate the following wave characteristics:
a. frequency, 𝑓
b. angular frequency,𝜔
c. wave number, 𝑘
d. wavelength,𝜆
e. Write the wave function

Solution
1 1
a) 𝑓 = 𝑇
= 0.025𝑠 = 40 𝐻𝑧
2𝜋
b) 𝜔 = = 251.2 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝑇
𝜔 251.2 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
c) 𝑘 = = = 8.37 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚
𝑣 30 𝑚/𝑠
2𝜋 2𝜋
d) 𝜆 = = 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 0.75 𝑚
𝑘 8.37
𝑚
e) 𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0.021525𝑚 sin (8.37 𝑚−1 𝑥 − 251.2 𝑠 −1 𝑡)

Summary
➢ Periodic motion is the motion of an object that regularly repeats. it means that the object returns to a
given position after a fixed time interval.
➢ Simple harmonic motion is a periodic, vibratory motion where the restoring force is proportional to but
opposite in direction to the displacement of the particle from its equilibrium position.
➢ Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a vibrating particle from its equilibrium position.
➢ Period is the time taken to complete one cycle of oscillation. Frequency is the number of cycles per
second. Its SI unit is hertz (Hz). Frequency is the reciprocal of period.
➢ A simple harmonic pendulum consists of a concentrated mass suspended by a light thread and is
attached to a fixed support, while a physical pendulum is one where the hanging object is a rigid body.
➢ A wave is a disturbance that travels from its source and carries energy.
➢ Mechanical wave needs a medium to propagate.
➢ A transverse wave is a wave in which the disturbance is perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
➢ A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the disturbance is parallel to the direction of propagation.
➢ A periodic wave consists of a series of pulses.
➢ The wave function’s general form is: 𝒚(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒌𝒙 ± 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓

Assess and Reflect:

Feel the Wave

Directions: Read each statement carefully and fill in the blanks with the correct answer. Choose your
answer from the word bank provided below. Each word can only be used once. Use a
separate sheet of paper for your answer.

1. A ______ is a vibration that moves through space.

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 General Physics 1
2. The source of a wave is a ___________ or _____________________.
3. The material through which a wave travel is called the _______________.
4. Waves carry _____ and can be described as a ___________ which travels uniformly from its source.
5. The amplitude of a wave is measured from its crest to its______.
6. Wave ______ = frequency x wavelength
7. A________wave requires a medium to propagate
8. In a longitudinal wave, the motion of the particle is________ the wave’s direction of propagation.
9. In a transverse wave, the motion of the particles is _____ the wave’s direction of propagation.
10. A sinusoidal wave is a periodic wave in ___________.

Word Bank
Simple harmonic motion wave parallel oscillation
energy Mechanical perpendicular speed
vibration medium Equilibrium position

REFERENCES:
Commission on Higher Education. (2016). K-12 Teacher’s Guide in General Physics 1. Philippines.

Banayado, J. R., & A., L. L. (2020). General Physics 1 - Grade 12. Alternative Delivery Mode. Cagayan De Oro. Department of
Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR).

Llausas, C. K. (2020). General Physics 1. Alternative Delivery Mode. Cagayan De Oro: Department of Education - Bureau of
Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR).

GENERAL PHYSICS 1
ASSESSMENT (Q2: MODULE 2)
Directions: Read and analyze the given assessment. Write your answer on a separate sheet
of long bond paper.

1. “All planets move in elliptical orbits where the sun s at one focus.” This statement refers to Kepler’s
__________ law of Planetary Motion.
A. First B. Second C. Third D. None
2. From Kepler’s Third Law, the period (P) squared divided by the cube of semi-major axis (d) is the same
for all planets and is expressed as P2 / d3 = k, where k is a constant. One can conclude that:
A. In the same amount of time, every planet orbits the sun.
B. At the same distance from the sun, every planet orbits the sun.
C. It takes more time to orbit the sun if the planets are farthest from the sun.
D. It takes less time to orbit the sun if the planets are farthest from the sun.
3. At which position is the speed of a particle executing SHM greatest?
A. at its extreme position
B. at its equilibrium position
C. at its maximum displacement
D. somewhere between amplitude and equilibrium position
4. At which position is the acceleration of a particle executing SHM equal to zero?
A. at its extreme position
B. at its equilibrium position
C. at its maximum displacement
D. somewhere between its amplitude and equilibrium position
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 General Physics 1
5. The total energy of a simple harmonic oscillator is equal to 1/2 kx^2. What does x represent?
A. any value
B. amplitude of the oscillator
C. equilibrium position of the oscillator
D. position between the maximum displacement and equilibrium position

6. Which type of harmonic motion refers to oscillatory motion with decreasing amplitude?
A. critically damped
B. over-damped
C. simple
D. under-damped
7. What does a wave carry with it as it travels through a medium?
A. energy B. matter C. water D. wind
8. In which type of waves are the particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of wave
propagation?
A. Longitudinal B. mechanical C. seismic D. transverse
9. Which of the following is an example of a longitudinal wave?
A. gamma ray B. sound wave C. water wave D. x-ray
10. What do you call the highest part of a wave?
A. amplitude B. crest C. trough D. wavelength
11. The following are characteristics of a wave EXCEPT ______.
A. Amplitude B. mass C. Period D. velocity
12. If a wave completes its one cycle in 0.25 seconds, what is its frequency?
A. 0.25 Hz B. 1.0 Hz C. 4.0 Hz D. 12 Hz
13. For a given frequency of a longitudinal wave, which characteristic is directly related to the energy of
the wave?
A. amplitude B. speed of wave C. period D. wavelength

14. Which diagram below does not represent a periodic wave?

15. The wavelength of a sinusoidal wave divided by the speed of propagation refers to what quantity?
A. angular frequency B. frequency C. period D. wave number

For Questions 16 to 18, refer to the wave function below.

(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟕 𝒎−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟓𝟎. 𝟑𝒔−𝟏 𝒕)

16. What is the amplitude of the wave?

a. 0.15 𝑚 b. 0.157 𝑚 c. 50.3 𝑚 d. 0.955 𝑚
17. What is the direction of the wave?
a. +x-direction b. –x-direction c. +y-direction d.-x-direction
18. What is the wave number of the wave?
𝑎. 0.15 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚 b. 0.157 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚 c. 50.3 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚 d. 0.955 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚

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 General Physics 1
PERFORMANCE TASK 2

Solving Word Problem.

Performance Standard:
The learner should be able to:
 Solve multi-concept, rich context problems using concepts from gravity and
oscillations

Directions. Solve the following problems in a separate sheet of paper. Show your illustrations
and complete solutions to the problems. You may design your answer using either multimedia,
video demonstration, model or a representation (poster making, infographic poster, etc.). Write
a brief and concise conclusion (not more than 5 sentences) about your output. Use long bond
paper for your outputs.

1. A travelling wave is represented by the function:

𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0.009 𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (1.2 𝑚−1 𝑥 − 5.0𝑠 −1 𝑡)
Find the following:
a) Amplitude b) wave number c. wavelength
d) angular frequency e) frequency f) wave speed

2. A travelling sinusoidal wave has this equation:

𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0.0450 𝑚 sin(25.12 𝑚−1 𝑥 − 37.68𝑠 −1 𝑡 − 0.523)
Find the following:
a) Amplitude b) wave number c) wavelength
d) angular frequency e) frequency f) phase angle

3. The transverse waves have the following characteristics:

𝑚
𝑣 = 8.00 , 𝐴 = 0.0700𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜆 = 0.320𝑚. The waves travel in the –x-direction, and at t=0 the
𝑠
x=0 end of the string has zero displacement and is moving in the +y- direction.
a) Calculate the frequency, period, number of waves, and angular frequency of the waves.
b) Write a wave function describing the wave.

4. Your cousin is playing with the clothesline. He unties one end, holds it tight, and wiggles the
end up and down in a sinusoidal way with 𝑓 = 2.00 𝐻𝑧 , 𝐴 = 0.075𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 12.0 𝑚/𝑠 at time
t=0, the end has zero displacement and is moving in the +y- direction. Assume that no wave
bounces back from the far end to muddle up the pattern.
a) Find the wave’s amplitude, angular frequency, period, wavelength, and the number of
waves.
b) Write its corresponding wave function.

5. A simple pendulum is found to vibrate 50 times within 200 s. When 1.5 m of its length is reduced
to a certain length, it vibrates 50 times in 175 s. Find the original length of the pendulum.

6. A hollow-sphere shaped Christmas ball is hung from the tree by a piece of thread attached to
the surface of the ball. The mass and radius of the ball are 0.105 kg and 0.12 m respectively.
What will be its period of oscillation when slightly displaced from its equilibrium position?
5
(Hint: I = 𝑚𝑟 2 )
3

7. It takes 365.25 days for the Earth to complete one revolution around the sun. Calculate
its (a) period, (b) frequency, and (c)angular frequency.

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 General Physics 1

8. A vertical spring has a force constant of 125N/m. By how much will the spring be
compressed if a mass of 0.525kg is placed on top of it?
9. After performing a strenuous exercise your heart rate is 145 beats per minute, what is the time
per beat in seconds?
10. Find the frequency of a tuning fork that takes 5×10-3 s to complete one oscillation.

ACTIVITY CONCLUSION:
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

RUBRIC for Solving Word Problem

Criteria/Description Points
Given is complete which means that it has variable/s and magnitude with units 3
Unknown/required variable/s is/are identified 1
Equation/s or derivation is correct 1
Correct substitution of values 2
Correct final answer 3
Total 10

RUBRIC FOR SCORING

1 = Weak 2 = Moderately Weak 3 = Average 4 = Moderately Strong 5 = Strong

SCORE
1. The content of the lesson is clearly explained and represented.
2. The output indicates an understanding of the lessons and shows scientific accuracy.
3. Organization of work is present. Overall, it is informative, cohesive and the output
shows originality of work.
4. The output is exceptionally attractive in terms of design and neatness. If there are
words present, the labels/words are properly written and correctly matched the
illustrations/pictures in the output.
4. The conclusion is brief and clearly explained the summary of the lesson.
TOTAL SCORE

Congratulations! You have completed this module.

THANK YOU! ☺

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