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W1 - Intro To Bioethics - MODULE
W1 - Intro To Bioethics - MODULE
W1 - Intro To Bioethics - MODULE
INTRODUCTION TO BIOETHICS
AN INTRODUCTION
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COURSECODE: NCM-6308/NCM-5308 BIOETHICS/PRELIMS
PRINCIPLES OF BIOETHICS:
Due to the need for standardization, Dan Harms from the then
United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare
published the Belmont Report which set out to lay guidelines for the
employment of human test subjects in experiments. Three
fundamental principles were recommended within such as:
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COURSECODE: NCM-6308/NCM-5308 BIOETHICS/PRELIMS
IMPORTANCE OF BIOETHICS:
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COURSECODE: NCM-6308/NCM-5308 BIOETHICS/PRELIMS
HISTORY OF BIOETHICS
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COURSECODE: NCM-6308/NCM-5308 BIOETHICS/PRELIMS
deal with moral dilemmas that are now subject to controversy and in
which ethical principles and priorities are under systematic scrutiny.
3) The rapid growth of the field of bioethics has been facilitated by
the openness to multidisciplinary work that characterizes many
scholars and academic institutions today, especially in matters
dealing with personal and social aspects of human behaviour.
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COURSECODE: NCM-6308/NCM-5308 BIOETHICS/PRELIMS
August 19, 1947: The Nuremberg trials of Nazi doctors who conducted heinous medical experiments
during World War II began.
April 25, 1953: Watson and Crick published a one-page paper about DNA.
December 3, 1967: The first heart transplant was done by Dr. Christiaan Barnard.
August 5, 1968: The definition of brain death was developed by an ad hoc committee at Harvard
Medical School.
July 26, 1972: Revelations appeared about the unethical Tuskegee syphilis research.
January 22, 1973: The landmark Roe v. Wade case was decided.
April 14, 1975: A comatose Karen Ann Quinlan was brought to Newton Memorial Hospital; she
became the basis of a landmark legal case about the removal of life support.
July 25, 1978: Baby Louise Brown was born. She was the first test-tube baby.
Spring 1982: Baby Doe became the basis of a landmark case that resulted in legal and ethical
directives about the treatment of impaired neonates.
December 1982: The first artificial heart was implanted into the body of Barney Clark, who lived 112
days after the implant.
April 11, 1983: Newsweek published a story that a mysterious disease called AIDS was at epidemic
levels.
Source: Jonsen, A. R. (2000). A short history of medical ethics. New York, NY: Oxford University
Press, pp. 99–114.
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COURSECODE: NCM-6308/NCM-5308 BIOETHICS/PRELIMS
• 2005: Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights (UNESCO; United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation)
• 2009: A new genome editing tool called CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short
Palindromic Repeats) invented in 2009, has made it easier than ever to edit DNA.
• 2015: Scientists successfully used somatic gene therapy when a one-year old in the United
Kingdom named Layla received a gene editing treatment to help her fight leukemia, a type of
cancer. These scientists did not use CRISPR to treat Layla, and instead used another genome
editing technology called TALENs (Transcription activator-like effector nuclease).
• 2018: the forensic use of Direct-To-Consumer (DTC) genealogy databases or simple called
biobanks to catch criminals. Interest in this topic burgeoned following the arrest of the Golden
State Killer in California in 2018.
1. Find a Recent Bioethics Case or News. Analyze the Case or News and
write a reflection paper of no more than 500 words.
REFERENCES:
1. John A. Bryant, Linda Baggott la Velle (2018), Introduction to
Bioethics John Wiley & Sons.
2. Christine Grady, “Cultivating Synergy in Nursing, Bioethics, and
Policy,” Nurses at the Table: Nursing, Ethics, and Health Policy,
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COURSECODE: NCM-6308/NCM-5308 BIOETHICS/PRELIMS
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