ENDAPAN MINERAL

dan
JENIS ENDAPAN MINERAL
Nurcahyo I. Basuki
Teknik Geologi ITB

Nov 2012

Part 1
ENDAPAN MINERAL

Nov 2012

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 OUTLINE
1. Pendahuluan
2. Definisi dari Beberapa Istilah
3. Konsep Endapan Mineral

WHY DO WE NEED TO FIND NEW ORE DEPOSITS?

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NUCLEAR ENERGY

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 WHY DO WE MINE?

Because people want, and sometimes

demand, the products made from
minerals, metals, and energy that comes
from the Earth.

When a person wants

something, rarely does he think
about the source of materials that
are necessary to make that product.

Everything you want or buy

that is tangible has to be made of
something, and that something is
materials from our natural
resources. Most of it is made
from minerals, metals and
petrochemicals.

Kegunaan
batuan

Estetika  Arsitektur

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 Industri: logam, bangunan, manufaktur

Energi

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Batu mulia, batu permata
 hobby dan perhiasan

WHY DO WE NEED TO FIND NEW ORE DEPOSITS?

Life Expectancies of Resource Base,

Selected Mineral Commodities

(Tilton, 2001)

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 DEFINISI
- Mineral
- Mineral logam (metalliferous minerals)
- Mineral non-logam
- Mineral bijih (ore minerals)
- Bijih (ore)
- Endapan bijih (ore deposits)
- Endapan mineral (mineral deposits)

Definisi Mineral
• Mineral – Senyawa anorganik terbentuk secara
alamiah, padat serta mempunyai komposisi kimia
dan struktur dalam tertentu. Contoh : kwarsa SiO2

• Mineraloid – Senyawa anorganik terbentuk secara

alamiah, padat serta mempunyai komposisi kimia
tetapi tidak mempunyai struktur dalam tertentu
atau amorf (obsidian, opal)

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 Definisi Mineral

Mineral:
• Natural
• Solid
• Inorganic
• Crystalline Structure
• Chemical Compound

The world contains > 3,800 kinds of minerals (Battey & Pring, 1997)
These can be grouped in four general classes.
1. Metallic minerals
Contain metal(s) in their compositions,
e.g.: copper, silver, mercury, iron, nickel, and cobalt, etc.
Including: precious metals (Au, Ag, Pt)
base metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Sn, Al)
iron and ferroalloy metals (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, W, V, Co)
2. Nonmetallic minerals
These are of great importance to certain industries such as ceramic
and chemical industries.
e.g.: sulfur, graphite (the “lead” in pencils), gypsum, halite (rock
salt), borax, talc, asbestos, and quartz
3. Radioactive minerals (fissionable minerals)
e.g.: U-bearing minerals (uraninite, coffinite, etc),
Th-bearing minerals (e.g. Thorianite – ThO2)
4. Rock-forming minerals
These are the building materials of the earth

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MINERAL BIJIH (ORE MINERALS)
• Mineral yang mempunyai unsur logam dan terikat secara
kimia dengan unsur-unsur lainnya.
• Dapat terdiri dari 1 logam (native metal) seperti Au dan Pt
atau kombinasi logam dengan unsur lainnya seperti S, As, O,
Si, dll. Untuk mendapatkan logamnya diperlukan proses
ekstraksi.
• Kebanyakan adalah merupakan metallic minerals. Beberapa
mineral bijih merupakan nonmetallic minerals seperti
malachite untuk Cu, bauxite untuk Al, dan cerrusite untuk Pb.

• 99,5% kerak bumi tersusun atas 13 unsur yaitu O, Si, Al, Fe,
Ca, Na, K, Mg, Ti, H, P, Mn an F.

• Hanya 0,5% unsur seperti Pt, Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, Sn, Ni, dll
yang penting secara ekonomi.

• Proses geologi sangat penting untuk memperbesar

konsentrasi unsur sehingga dapat disebut endapan mineral.

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 Mineral
Mineral bijih

Mineral industri

Akumulasi oleh
proses geologi

Akumulasi oleh
proses geologi

Endapan bijih
Endapan mineral
Endapan mineral

Mineral bijih (ore minerals)

Emas:
1. Native gold (Au; 100% metal) Au
2. Calaverite (AuTe 2; 39%)
3. Sylvanite ((Au,Ag)Te2; -)
Perak:
1. Native silver (Ag; 100%) Ag
2. Argentite (Ag2S; 87%)
3. Cerargyrite (AgCl; 75%)

Pt

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 Mineral bijih (ore minerals)
Tembaga:
• Native copper (Cu; 100%)
• Bornite (CuFeS4; 63%)
• Brochchantite (CuSO4 3Cu(OH)2; 62%)
• Chalcocite (CuS2; 80%)
Cu
• Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2; 34%)
• Covellite (CuS; 66%)
• Cuprite (Cu 2O; 89%)
• Enargite (3Cu2S.As2S5; 62%)
• Malachite (CuCO3 Cu(OH)2; 57%)
• Azurite (2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2; 55%)
• Chrysocolla (CuSiO3 .2H2O; 36%)

Mineral bijih (ore minerals)

Besi:
1. Magnetite (FeO.Fe2O3; 72% metal)
2. Hematite (Fe2O3; 70%)
3. “Limonite” (Fe2O3..H2O; 60%)
4. Siderite (Fe2CO3 ; 48%)

Timbal (Lead):
1. Galena (PbS; 86%)
2. Cerussite (PbCO3; 77%)
3. Anglesite (PbSO4 ; 68%)

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Mineral bijih (ore minerals)
Seng:
1. Sphalerite (ZnS; 67% metal)
2. Smithsonite (ZnCO3; 52%)
3. Hemimorphite (H2ZnSiO5.; 54%)
4. Zincite (ZnO ; 8o%)

Timah:
1. Cassiterite (SnO2; 78%)
2. Stannite (Cu2S.FeS.SnS2; 27%)

Mineral bijih (ore minerals)

Nikel:
1. Pentlandite ((Fe,Ni)S; 22% metal)
2. Garnierite (H2(Ni,Mg)SiO3.H2O.; -)
Krom:
1. Chromite (FeO.Cr2O3; 68%)
Alumunium
1. Bauxite (Al2O3.2H2O; 39%)

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Mineral bijih (ore minerals)
Mangan:
1. Pyrolusite (MnO2 ; 63% metal)
2. Psilomelane (Mn2O3.xH2O.; 45%)
3. Braunite (3Mn2O3.MnSiO3.; 69%)
4. Manganite (Mn2O3.H2O.; 62%)
Antimon:
1. Stibnite (Sb2S3; 71%)
Bismuth:
1. Bismuthinite (Bi2S3; 81%)

Mineral bijih (ore minerals)

Cobalt:
1. Smaltite (CoAs2 ; 63% metal)
2. Cobaltite (CoAsS.; 35%)

Air Raksa (Merkuri):

1. Cinnabar (HgS; 86%)

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Mineral bijih (ore minerals)
Molybdenum:
1. Molybdenite (MoS2; 60%)
2. Wulfenite (PbMoO4 ; 39%)
Tungsten:
1. Wolframite ((Fe,Mn)WO4 ; 76%)
2. Huebnerite (MnWO4 ; 76%)
3. Scheelite (CaWO4 ; 80%)

OUTLINE
1. Pendahuluan
2. Definisi dari Beberapa Istilah
3. Konsep Endapan Mineral

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 Konsep Endapan Mineral

Crustal Abundance vs Global Production

(Robb, 2005)

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 Concentration Factors for different elements

A “mineral occurrence” is a natural concentration of a

mineral (or minerals) that is considered valuable.

Mineral occurrence vs Mineral deposit

Mineral Deposit is natural concentration of one or more

mineral commodities ( give benefits to human and have
economic values) in sufficient size and grade that it might,
under the most favorable of circumstances, be considered
to have economic potential.

Mineral deposits are the products of various geological

processes that have operated in a wide range of geological
environments.

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 Mineral
Mineral bijih

Mineral industri

Akumulasi oleh
proses geologi

Akumulasi oleh
proses geologi

Endapan mineral Endapan mineral

An economic mineral deposit (for metals  ore deposit)

(i) a 3D rock mass at a specific location

(ii) which is geometrically and assay defined by
surface/drill/underground mapping and sampling
(iii) which contains a high enough natural concentration
(grade) or metals (or minerals) and total tonnage
(iv) which taking into account all relevant economic and
other factors, can be mined and processed , and the
product sold at a satisfactory return on capital
invested, either now or in the short term future.
(ETC Spooner, University of Toronto)

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GRASBERG

GRASBERG
Products
Copper and Gold

Production
610,800 tonnes copper
58,474,392 grams gold
174,458,971 grams silver

Financial year: 2006

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 Mineral Deposit Type is a collective term for
mineral deposits that
(a) share a set of geological characteristics and
(b) contain a particular mineral commodity or
combination of commodities

(a) and (b) together distinguish one deposit type

from another type of mineral deposit
(Eckstrand et al., 1995)

Hal-hal lain yang perlu diperhatikan

1. Kadar bijih: jumlah metal yang terkandung di
dalam batuan per unit satuan
2. Cut off grade: nilai ekonomis untuk diusahakan
3. Jumlah cadangan
4. Bentuk cadangan
5. By product
6. Letak geografis
7. Alternatif/jenis penambangan
8. Dampak lingkungan (fisik maupun sosial-budaya)

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 RESOURCE vs RESERVE

Resource:
A concentration of naturally occurring solid, liquid, or gaseous material in
or on the Earth’s crust in such form and amount that economic extraction
of a commodity from the concentration is currently or potentially feasible.
(USGS, 1980).

Note:
1. Mineral resource  applied to base and precious metals, diamond,
coal, and industrial minerals
2. The location, quantity, grade, geological characteristics and its
continuity is known based on specific geological evidence and
knowledge.

Resource:
A concentration or occurrence of diamonds, natural solid inorganic material,
or natural solid fossilized organic material including base and precious
metals, coal, and industrial minerals in or on the Earth’s crust in such form
and quantity and of such a grade or quality that it has reasonable prospects
for economic extraction. (CIM Definition Standard)

The location, quantity, grade, geological characteristics and continuity of a

Mineral Resource are known, estimated or interpreted from specific
geological evidence and knowledge.

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Reserve:
That part of the resource which could be economically extracted or
produced at the time of determination. (USGS, 1980).

Note:
1. Mineral reserve  applied to base and precious metals, diamond, coal,
and industrial minerals.
2. Demonstrated by at least a Preliminary Feasibility Study that must
include adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical,
economic and other relevant factors.

Reserve:
The economically mineable part of a Measured or Indicated Mineral
Resource, demonstrated by at least a Preliminary Feasibility Study.
(CIM Definition Standard)

This PFS must include adequate information on mining, processing,

metallurgical, economic and other relevant factors that demonstrate, at
the time of reporting, that economic extraction can be justified. A Mineral
Reserve includes diluting materials and allowances for losses that may
occur when the material is mined.

Potentially Mineable
mineable production
mineralization estimates

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