Phase change heat transfer

Lecture 01

Ho Seon Ahn, Department of Mechanical Engineering, INU

Phase change heat transfer, Lecture Note No. 01 1

FLOODING

Phase change heat transfer, Lecture Note No. 01 2

Flooding - Background
 Counter current flow limitation (CCFL) or flooding

 Studied since 1930’s by chemical engineers

 Lots of previous works by mechanical and chemical

engineers

 Theoretical approach by G.B. Wallis, Richter, G.F. Hewitt

 Experimental data by Bankoff, Celata, ……

 It is of importance in HVAC&R engineers due to oil return

criteria

Phase change heat transfer, Lecture Note No. 01 3

Flooding - Phenomenology

 Let’s consider a counter current flow, where liquid phase flow downward and
gas phase flow upward.
 Increased gas velocity retards downward liquid flow and some roll waves may be developed
on the liquid film.
 If gas phase velocity reach a certain critical value the counter current flow regime does not
persist and it may change into a chaotic flow pattern.
 Under this situation, the downward liquid flow drastically reduces and the supplied liquid
starts to flow upward with the gas.
 This critical gas velocity is called flooding gas velocity or CCFL velocity.
Flooding
jl*
jg

jg ↑
0  1

jl
Flow reversal Wallis Diagram

Phase change heat transfer, Lecture Note No. 01 4

Flooding
 Applications : steam generator,
particulate scrubber, chemical
process plant, NPP ECCS

 Characteristics
 geometry effect
 length effect
 non-dimensional number
 limited range of models

 Three popular mechanisms

 drop dynamics (early)
 film flow dynamics (majority)
 wave dynamics (recent)

Phase change heat transfer, Lecture Note No. 01 5

Flooding – Theoretical Approaches
 Occurrence of a standing wave on the liquid film (Shearev and
Davidson, 1965)
 Smallest velocity to sustain a standing wave

 Liquid Film Instabilities

 James and Cetinbudakar, 1969
 Phase velocity=-interfacial velocity
 Cetinbudakar and James, 1969
 Amplification factor,

 No net flow in the Liquid Film

 Grolmes et al. 1974
 Definition of the flooding point
 Dimensional formula

 Droplet entrainment
 Dukler and Smith, 1976

Phase change heat transfer, Lecture Note No. 01 6

Flooding Mechanism

 Liquid Film hanging by gas y
z

flow z

 Force balance i 
z  i       y l gz     y l g   i
 If film is laminar u
du du   y  l g  i
     Gas Liquid
l l
l
dy dy

 Integrating B
du  l g  y2  i y
u   y    C
dy l  2  l y=, u=0 A

 If y=0, u=0, c=0 u(i=0)

i ↑
l g  y2  i y
u  y    i = 0
l  2  l

Phase change heat transfer, Lecture Note No. 01 7

Flooding Mechanism
 Liquid Film hanging by gas flow
l g  y2 
 If i=0, u  i  0    y  
l  2 
1/ 3 z 
  l g 3
 6 Q  y
 Ql   udy      l l 
0 6l  l g  z
 Point A (u=0, at y=)
l g   2   i l g   2   i i 
uA  0          
l  2  l l  2  l
1 u
    l g
i
A

2
Gas Liquid
 Point B, net liquid flow is zero
  l g 3  i  2 2
Ql  0   udy    i   l g
0 6l 2 l 3

 i
flooding

real
  iabove Growth of waves on the liquid film

Phase change heat transfer, Lecture Note No. 01 8

Flooding
 Phenomenological definitions :
 liquid drop entrainment
 liquid flow reversal
 zero liquid penetration
 liquid bridge
 chaotic flow pattern
 sudden change of gas pressure
across the test section

 Various definitions may

influence measurements

Phase change heat transfer, Lecture Note No. 01 9

Flooding - Correlation
 Flooding Experiments

Phase change heat transfer, Lecture Note No. 01 10

Flooding - Correlation
 Consider Vertical Slug Flow
 In general j gl   1    u
n

 Lecture said for slug flow n0

1/ 2
 gd 
u  0.35  
 Drift flux  l  ug
j gl  1    j g  jl   j  j g dj
 j gl

d
 Flooding Limit (CCFL) ul
dj (jl)*
j gl   j  j g  gl   j g   1    u
n

d jg
dj gl
j g  j gl    n 2 1   n 1 u  0 dj gl
d j
n0 d
dj gl
jl   j gl  1     n  11   n u  u
d (jg)*
j
j g*  jl*  u 0  1l
Phase change heat transfer, Lecture Note No. 01 11
Flooding - Correlation
 Wallis (1961)
1/ 2
 gd 
u ~ C  

 l 

jg jl
j g*  1/ 2
, jl*  1/ 2
 gd   gd 
    

 g   l 

* 1/ 2 * 1/ 2
j g  j l  C0 or C11/ 2 ~ C0  0.8

Phase change heat transfer, Lecture Note No. 01 12

Flooding - Correlation
 Wallis (General)
jg j g  g1/ 2
j 
*

g
 gd 
1/ 2
gd 1/ 2
 
  g  j g* ~ Froude Number 
Inertial Forces
jl j l  l1/ 2 Buoyancy Forces
j 
*

l
 gd 
1/ 2
gd 1/ 2
  
 l 

 l gd 3  Buoyancy Forces
NL  ~ Gr  If NL>103, m=1
 
l
2 1/ 2 Viscosity Forces
If NL<10, m=5.6(NL)-0.5

j  * 1/ 2
g  m j  * 1/ 2
l C
C=F(NL, inlet and outlet condition)
0.7<C<1.0

No Length Effect in this type of correlation

Phase change heat transfer, Lecture Note No. 01 13

Flooding - Correlation
 Kutateladze Type Correlation

jg jl
Kg  1/ 4
Kl  1/ 4
 g   g 
 2   2 
  g   l 

Bubbly Flow

Pushkina and Sorokin (1969)

K g  3.2

Phase change heat transfer, Lecture Note No. 01 14

Flooding - Correlations
Wallis Parameter Kutateladze Number
0 .5 0.25
 k    k2 
jk  jk 
*
 K k  jk  
 gD   g 
 Characteristic : characteristic length surface tension
 D > 5cm : poor good
 D < 5cm : good poor
 Preference : circular circular, annular
annular rectangular, porous
rectangular complicated
 Both are equally used in CCFL correlation development
 No guidance for better choice

 Whalley (1985): One single optimized correlation

0.18 0.25
.    d 2 g 
 g 
K g  0.286 Bo 0.26 Fr 0.22 1  l  , Bo  , Fr  jl  
 w   4   
Water viscosity at room temperature ~10-3Pa.s

Phase change heat transfer, Lecture Note No. 01 15

Flooding – Parametric Effects
 Entrance Phenomena
(Ug)A|flooding < (Ug)B|flooding

(Ug)A
(Ug)B
Sharp Entry
Smooth Entry

 Length Effect Gas. FR

 Highly turbulent  No length effect L↑

 Lower turbulent  Length Effect

Liq. FR
Phase change heat transfer, Lecture Note No. 01 16