“DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH”

This paper was prepared to fulfil an assignment for the Qualitative and
Quantitative Reasearch subject that taught by Mr. H. Shafa, S.Pd.I., M.Pd.

Arranged by:
Mustika Dian Azis 1911204074
Shinta Agustina 1911204078
Mila Kusumawati 1911204065
Rosiana 1911204043
Muhammad Sammy Koto Rachmana 1911204085

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

TEACHER TRAINING AND TARBIYAH FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SULTAN AJI MUHAMMAD IDRIS
SAMARINDA
2021/2022

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 PREFACE
With all the praise and thanks to God the Almighty, who has given His
love and mercy so that a paper entitled "Descriptive Research" can we finish well.
The paper is structured to meet one of the tasks of the courses Qualitative and
Quantitative Research.
On this occasion, we would like to thank profusely to all those who have
helped us in completing the writing of this paper, to Mr. H. Shafa, S.Pd.I., M.Pd
as lecturer in Qualitative and Quantitative Research. for the support and
motivation and also to friends who have contributed their ideas and motivation for
writing this paper.
We are fully aware that the many flaws in the writing of this paper, in
terms of material, technical and presentation material. Therefore, we expect
criticism and constructive suggestions to further refine the writing of this paper.
Finally, we hope that the writing of this paper can be useful for readers.

Samarinda, October 8th, 2021

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE..........................................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER I.......................................................................................................................................4
INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................4
A. Background of the paper.......................................................................................................4
B. Problem of the paper.............................................................................................................4
C. Purpose of the paper..............................................................................................................4
CHAPTER II......................................................................................................................................5
THEORY AND DISCUSSION..........................................................................................................5
A. Definition of Descriptive Research.......................................................................................5
B. Descriptive Research Objectives...........................................................................................5
C. Characteristics of Descriptive Research................................................................................6
D. Descriptive Research Steps...................................................................................................8
E. Types of Descriptive Research Methods...............................................................................9
F. Advantages and Disvantages of Research Methods............................................................11
G. General Requirements of Descriptive Research..................................................................12
CHAPTER III...................................................................................................................................14
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................15

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the paper

Background of the Problem Descriptive research is a research method that
seeks to describe and interpret objects as they are (Best, 1982: 119). This research
is also often called non-experimental, because this research does not control and
manipulate research variables. With descriptive methods, research allows to
perform relationships between variables, test hypotheses, develop generalizations,
and develop theories that have universal validity (West, 1982).
In addition, descriptive research is also research, where data collection is to
test research questions or hypotheses related to current conditions and events.
They report the state of the object or subject under study in accordance with what
is.

B. Problem of the paper

1. What is Definition of Descriptive Research ?
2. What are Characteristics of Descriptive Research ?
3. What are Descriptive Research Steps ?
4. What are Types of Descritive Research ?
5. What are Advantages and Disvantages of Research Methods ?
6. What is Descriptive Research Objectives ?
7. What are General Requirements of Descriptive Research ?

C. Purpose of the paper

1. Find out Definition of Descriptive Research
2. Find out Characteristics of Descriptive Research
3. Find out Descriptive Research Steps
4. Find out Types of Descritive Research
5. Find out Advantages and Disvantages of Research Methods
6. Find out Descriptive Research Objectives

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 7. Find out General Requirements of Descriptive Research

CHAPTER II

THEORY AND DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Descriptive Research

Descriptive method can be interpreted as a problem solving procedure that is
investigated by describing the state of the subject or object in the study, which can
be in the form of people, institutions, communities and others which are currently
based on visible facts or what they are.
The word research is defined as the activity of collecting, analyzing, and also
presenting data in a systematic and objective manner to solve a problem or test a
hypothesis to develop general principles.
While the descriptive word itself in the KBBI is defined as having the nature
of description and describing what it is. So when combined, descriptive methods
in research can be interpreted as research methods carried out by describing the
object of research as it is.
1. According to Nazir (1988: 63) in the Sample Book of Research Methods,
descriptive method is a method of examining the status of a group of
people, an object, a set of conditions, a system of thought or a class of
events in the present. The purpose of this descriptive research is to make a
systematic, factual and accurate description, picture, or painting of the
facts, characteristics and relationships between the phenomena being
investigated.
2. According to Sugiyono (2005: 21) states that the descriptive method is a
method used to describe or analyze a research result but is not used to
make broader conclusions.
3. According to Whitney (1960: 160) descriptive method is a fact-finding
with the right interpretation estions.

From definition we can understand that the descriptive research is a research that
seeks to reveal the facts of an event, object, activity, process, and human as it is

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“at the present time or a period of time that is still possible in respondent’s
memory.

B. Descriptive Research Objectives

Objective of Descriptive research methods is closely related to the variety of
research methods. As stated by Nazir (1989:64), for comparative studies, the
purpose of the research is to compare certain phenomena. Meanwhile, for
normative surveys, the purpose of the research is to conduct classifications and
research on phenomena by determining a certain standard or norm. Then, for case
studies, the research objective is to investigate the position of a phenomenon with
other factors.
Meanwhile, according to Suharsimi Arikunto (2003:310), wheeling around
the existence of a variable, symptom, or situation, is not to test hypotheses. The
same thing was also stated by Donald Ary (2007:447) that the purpose of this
study was to describe variables or conditions "as is" in a situation. For example, a
descriptive study was conducted for the purpose of describing what is acceptable
in school next year so that it can be made plan for the use of school facilities and
staff as effectively as possible in the school administrator wants to find out how
many new students need to be studied as a variable associated with other
variables. In other words, the administrator is not testing hypotheses, but looking
for information that can be used in decision making. Accommodating the entire
school population New student admissions are not (status study), the purpose of
the research is to investigate the status (status) of phenomena or factors and see
the relationship between one factor, a standard or a certain norm.
Then, when viewed from the side of its usefulness, descriptive research
methods can be used for various specific purposes (Surakhmad 1994: 140). The
limited concept sees this method as a superficial activity, consisting of data
collection, tabulation, and narrative. The concept of scientific inquiry sees the
position of this method more broadly and in depth, as has been described
previously by the existence of various descriptive investigation techniques. In

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fact, descriptive investigations have helped a lot to find new avenues, especially in
longitudinal, genetic, and clinical investigations.

C. Characteristics of Descriptive Research

Each research method has its own characteristics. The same thing also
happened to the descriptive method. Among other things, this method is a
research method to create a picture of a situation or event so that this method
intends to hold only the accumulation of basic data. However, in the broader
sense of research methods, descriptive research includes a broader range of
research methods beyond historical methods and experimental methods. In
general it is often given the name "survey method". The work of researchers is
not only to provide an overview of phenomena, but also to explain relationships,
test hypotheses, make predictions, and get the meaning and implications of a
problem to be solved. Meanwhile, in data collection, this method uses interview
techniques, using a sohedule questionnaire or an interview guide (structured
interview) (Nazir, 1989:64).
Meanwhile, Surakhmad (1994:140-141) more specifically and in detail
suggests that the characteristics (certain traits that are generally present) in the
descriptive method consist of two kinds as follows, 1. Focusing on solving
problems that is in the present, on actual problems. 2. The data collected is first
compiled, explained, then analyzed (because this method is often called the
analytical method). Then, essentially every research method has a descriptive
nature and every research conducts an analytical program. However, description
and analysis have a very important place in the descriptive method.
A description is a subjective representation of the phenomenon being
considered. In reality, this response cannot be completely separated from the
subject matter so that it cannot be guided by a completely objective research. It
would be difficult to find such research. However, researchers can monitor
themselves not to act too subjectively. In a sense, he does not confuse his opinion
with the facts of the phenomenon in the pattern or in the discussion material
(Surakhmad, 1994:141). Then, to conduct an analysis, a researcher must first

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have a way of thinking, a way of stripping, with a reference, or a certain starting
point. For example, the researcher analyzes a phenomenon in terms of elements,
and the elements are placed according to certain starting points for shelter. What
is done in the first stage of analysis and is actually classification. For example, in
the form, pattern, position, quantity, or classification that shows a dynamic,
relationship, and so on. This classification is needed to be able to see the position
of each phenomenon (or elements of the phenomenon) in one large structure. For
example, in the life sciences: classification of plants. All of this serves as a
regulator of one's thoughts and responses in conducting analysis. what is
important is not to adhere to an absolute classification, but to create a functional,
classifiable way of thinking, with the aim of rearranging the data in an
organization that allows interpretation and conclusions to be made.

D. Descriptive Research Steps

Nazir (1988: 73-74) reveals that there are various steps that are often
followed as follows:
1. Selecting and formulating problems that require a conception of the
usefulness of the problem and can be investigated with existing sources
2. Determine the purpose of the research to be carried out. The purpose of
the research must be consistent with the formulation and definition of the
problem
3. Provide a limitation of the area or scope or the extent to which the
descriptive research will be carried out. This includes the geographic area
in which the research will be conducted, chronological boundaries, the
size of the shallow depth and how fully the research area will be covered.
4. In the field of science that already has strong theories, it is necessary to
formulate a theoretical framework or conceptual framework which is
then derived in the form of hypotheses to be verified. For social sciences
that have developed well, the analytical framework can be described in
the form of mathematical models

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 5. Search for bibliographic sources that are related to the problem you want
to solve
6. Formulate the hypotheses to be tested, either explicitly or implicitly
7. Carry out field work to collect data, use data collection techniques
suitable for research
8. Make tabulations and statistical analysis is carried out on the data that
has been collected. Reduce the use of statistics to workable limits with
commensurate units of measurement
9. Provide an interpretation of the results in relation to the social conditions
to be investigated as well as from the data obtained as well as specific
references to the problem to be solved
10. Conduct generalizations and deductions from findings and hypotheses to
be tested. Provide recommendations for policies that can be drawn from
research
11. Making research reports in a scientific way

E. Types of Descriptive Research Methods

According to Nazir (1988: 64-65) suggests that in terms of the type of
problem investigated, the techniques and tools used, as well as the place and time,
the research is divided into several types, namely :
1. Survey method
The survey method is an investigation conducted to obtain facts from
existing phenomena and seek factual information, whether about social,
economic, or political institutions of a group or an area. (Nazir, 1988: 65)
2. Sustainability descriptive method
Descriptive method can be interpreted as research that is carried out
continuously or continuously so that comprehensive knowledge is
obtained about problems, phenomena, and social forces that are obtained if
phenomena relations are studied over a long period.
3. Case study research

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 Case study research focuses intensively on one particular object, by
studying it as a case. Various social units such as a student showing
abnormalities, a family group, a group of delinquents, a village, a social
institution and others can be investigated intensively, both as a whole and
regarding certain aspects that receive special attention.
4. Job analysis research and activities
According to Nazir (1988: 71) in the book Research Methods suggests that
research on job and activity analysis is research aimed at investigating in
detail human activities and work, and the results of this research can
provide recommendations for future needs.
5. Action research
Action research is research that focuses on implementing actions with the
aim of improving the quality or solving problems in a group of subjects
being studied and observing the level of success or impact of their actions.

6. Library Research
Library research is an activity of observing various literatures related to
the subject matter raised, whether in the form of books, papers or writings
that are helpful so that they can be used as guidelines in the research
process.
7. Comparative Research
Comparative research is a kind of descriptive research that analyzes the
factors causing the occurrence or emergence of a certain phenomenon
(Nazir, 1989:68). The time range is the present because if the time range
occurs in the past, the research is a historical method.
8. Continous Descriptive
This method is a research work carried out continuously on an object of
research. In general, this method is used to research social problems.
9. Time and Motion Study

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 Time and motion research method is a descriptive method that seeks to
investigate production efficiency by conducting a detailed study of the use
of time and worker behavior in the production process (Nazir, 1989:72).
10. Analysis Quantitative
This research method is basically to get a systematic picture of the
contents of a document, that is, when done using the historical method, it
is considered inaccurate. The method is that the contents of the document
are examined, classified according to certain criteria or patterns, and
analyzed or assessed (Surakhmad, 1994:144–145).
11. Operational Study
The operational research method is an investigation in the midst of a real
situation in search of a basis for officers to act (operations, actions) to
address an urgent practical need (Surakhmad, 1994:145).
12. Development Study
This research is a study to make a comparison between initial status and
subsequent status to determine which factors influence or cause and if it
occurs, how far the level of influence is (Basuki, 2006:114).

13. Trend Studies

This research method is similar to development research in that it
measures or evaluates at certain stages at various time intervals to
determine the rate and direction of change (Basuki, 2006:115).
14. Comparation Study
This research method is actually still being debated, whether it is a
research method or a research subject. For example, comparative
librarianship is a study of libraries in two different places, for example
cultural differences (public libraries in the Netherlands and in Indonesia),
situations (school libraries in cities and in rural areas) (Basuki, 2006:116)
15. Follow up Studies
This research method is somewhat similar to the longitudinal method.
Follow-up research method is a research method that investigates the

11
 development of the subject after being given certain treatments or
conditions. These investigations are often carried out to assess the success
of a particular program.
16. Documentary Analysis
This method is also called content analysis, which is a research method
that is not limited to simple calculations, but can also be used to
investigate sociological and psychological variables. For example, when
comparing McGuffey's readings of the 1870s with texts of the 1930s,
Estensen found many interesting cultural and ethical differences. Ary,
2007:461).

F. Advantages and Disvantages of Research Methods

1. Advantages
a. The brevity by which descriptive investigations are carried out means
that their costs are not high, compared to other types of investigations.
b. It enables both the collection of quantitative data and qualitative data.
c. They allow to formulate hypotheses, as well as provide a large amount
of valuable data for the development of future investigations.
Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research
d. By using descriptive research, the data is collected in the place where it
occurs, without any type of alteration, ensuring the quality and
integrity of the same
2. Disadvantages
a. Descriptive methods only provide the answers for “what” and do not
answer the why and how. Therefore, descriptive research methods are
not suitable for determining cause and effect relationships.
b. Descriptive methods mainly depend on the responses of people. There
are chances that people might not act their true selves if they know
they are being observed. In the case of the survey method, there are
chances that some people don’t answer the questions honestly, which

12
 makes the output of the descriptive research study invalid. Because the
results derived from this type of data will not be accurate.
c. Another problem associated with descriptive research is the halo
effect. A researcher might get partial if he knows the participant
personally. The observations made in this way would be considered
invalid.
d. In descriptive research methods, participants are picked randomly. The
randomness of the sample can’t represent the whole population
accurately.

G. General Requirements of Descriptive Research

Descriptive Nazir (1989:72-73) reveals that descriptive research methods
have general criteria and specific criteria. Each of these criteria can be explained
as follows.
1. General Criteria
a. The problem formulated must be appropriate, have scientific value,
and not be too broad.
b. Research objectives should be stated clearly and not too general. used
must be trusted facts and not opinions.
c. Standards used to make comparisons must
d. Data have validity. There should be a clear description of where and
when the research was conducted.
e. The results of the research must contain details that are used, both in
collecting data and in analyzing data
2. Specific Criteria
a. The principles or data used are expressed in values.
b. The facts or principles used are about status issues.
c. The nature of the research is ex post facto so that there is no control
over the variables and the researcher does not regulate or manipulate
the variables. Instead, the variables are seen as they are.

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 CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION
Descriptive methods in research can be interpreted as research methods carried
out by describing the object of research as it is. Objective of Descriptive research
methods is closely related to the variety of research methods. As stated by Nazir
(1989:64), for comparative studies, the purpose of the research is to compare
certain phenomena. Meanwhile, for normative surveys, the purpose of the
research is to conduct classifications and research on phenomena by determining a
certain standard or norm. Then, for case studies, the research objective is to
investigate the position of a phenomenon with other factors. Surakhmad
(1994:140-141) more specifically and in detail suggests that the characteristics
(certain traits that are generally present) in the descriptive method consist of two
kinds as follows:
1. Focusing on solving problems that is in the present, on actual problems. 2. The
data collected is first compiled, explained, then analyzed (because this method is
often called the analytical method). Then, essentially every research method has a
descriptive nature and every research conducts an analytical program. However,
description and analysis have a very important place in the descriptive method.
Nazir (1988: 73-74) reveals that there are various steps that are often followed as
follows:
1. Selecting and formulating problems that require a conception of the usefulness
of the problem and can be investigated with existing sources.

14
2. Determine the purpose of the research to be carried out.
3. Provide a limitation of the area or scope or the extent to which the descriptive
research will be carried out.
4. In the field of science that already has strong theories, it is necessary to
formulate a theoretical framework or conceptual framework which is then derived
in the form of hypotheses to be verified.
5. Search for bibliographic sources that are related to the problem you want to
solve
6. Formulate the hypotheses to be tested, either explicitly or implicitly
7. Carry out field work to collect data, use data collection techniques suitable for
research
8. Make tabulations and statistical analysis is carried out on the data that has been
collected.
9. Provide an interpretation of the results in relation to the social conditions to be
investigated as well as from the data obtained as well as specific references to the
problem to be solved
10. Conduct generalizations and deductions from findings and hypotheses to be
tested.
11. Making research reports in a scientific way.
According to Nazir (1988: 64-65) suggests that in terms of the type of problem
investigated, the techniques and tools used, as well as the place and time, the
research is divided into several types, namely:
1. Survey Method
2. Sustainability descriptive method
3. Case study research
4. Job analysis research and activities
5. Action research
6. Library Research
7. Comparative Research
8. Continous Descriptive
9. Time and Motion Study

15
10. Analysis Quantitative
11. Operational Study
12. Development Study
13. Trend Studies
14. Comparation Study
15. Follow up Studies
16. Documentary Analysis
Advantages :
1. The brevity by which descriptive investigations are carried out means that
their costs are not high, compared to other types of investigations.
2. It enables both the collection of quantitative data and qualitative data.
3. They allow to formulate hypotheses, as well as provide a large amount of
valuable data for the development of future investigations.
4. By using descriptive research, the data is collected in the place where it
occurs, without any type of alteration, ensuring the quality and integrity of the
same.
Disadvantages :
1. Descriptive methods only provide the answers for “what” and do not
answer the why and how.
2. Descriptive methods mainly depend on the responses of people.
3. Another problem associated with descriptive research is the halo effect.
4. In descriptive research methods, participants are picked randomly.
General Criteria :
1. The problem formulated must be appropriate, have scientific value, and
not be too broad.
2. Research objectives should be stated clearly and not too general. used
must be trusted facts and not opinions.
3. Standards used to make comparisons must.
4. Data have validity.
5. The results of the research must contain details that are used, both in
collecting data and in analyzing data.

16
Specific Criteria :
1. The principles or data used are expressed in values.
2. The facts or principles used are about status issues.
3. The nature of the research is ex post facto so that there is no control over
the variables and the researcher does not regulate or manipulate the variables.

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05-November 2021.
https://serupa.id/metode-penelitian-deskriptif/. 05-November-2021
Lans, dkk.2002.Descriptive Research.Ways to study and research urban,
architectural and technical design. 05-November-2021.
Prastowo, Andi.2016.Memahami Metode Metode Penelitian (Suatu Tinjauan
Teoritis dan Praksis). Yogyakarta.Ar-Ruzz Media.
Soendari, Tjutju.2012.Penelitian Deskriptif.Artikel Academia Edu.04-November-
2021.
Suardi, Wahdi.2017.Catatan Kecil Mengenai Desain Kualitatif Deskriptif
(QD).Vol 2.No 1.Jurnal Ekubis.03-November -2021.

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