WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

: WORK :
- The product of an effective force and the displacement caused by such
effective force itself.
-It is considered as a scalar quantity.
Consider: Units:
Fy
F Force Disp. Work
θ Fx MKS N m N•m
CGS dyne cm dyne•cm
X FPS lb ft lb•ft

WF = (Fx)(X)
WF = (Fcosθ)(X) JOULE ERG Ft•lb
WF = XFcosθ
(General Formula for Work) 1
Case I: Force and Displacement have same directions.

F θ = 0o W = X Fcosθ (General Formula)

o
1
W = X Fcos0
X

W=XF
Case II: Force and Displacement have opposite directions.

θ = 180o
F W = X Fcosθ (General Formula)
-1
W = X Fcos180o
X
W=-XF

Case III: Force and Displacement have perpendicular directions.

F θ = 90o W = X Fcosθ (General Formula)

0
W = X Fcos90 o

X W=0
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Problem 1: A 40-kg crate is pulled 8.0 m across a horizontal surface. The pulling
force has a magnitude of 200 N and inclined at an angle of 35o above the
horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the surface is
0.21. Calculate the work done by (a) the pulling force (b) the friction (c) the normal
force (d) the gravity or weight (e) calculate the total work done on the crate.
(a) WF = X Fcosθ
W WF = (8.0)(200)cos35o
F = 200 N
WF = 1,310.64 Nm or Joules
35 o

(b) WfK = - XfK

fK WfK = - (8.0)(58.23)
N WfK = - 465.84 Joules
X = 8.0 m
W = mg fK = (0.21)(277.28) (c) WN = 0 (Case III)
W = (40)(9.8)
fK = 58.23 N (Case III)
W = 392.00 N (d) WW = 0

ƩFy = 0 (e) WTotal = WF + WfK + WN + WW

N + Fy – W = 0
WTotal = 1,310.64 + (-465.84) + 0 + 0
N = W - Fy
WTotal = 844.80 Joules
N = 392 – 200sin35o
N = 277.28 N 3
: ENERGY :
- The capacity to do work.
- It is needed by an object to do work by itself alone.
- An object with no energy has no capacity to do work.
- Hence, an object which can do work by itself alone has the energy stored in it.
- Energy can be stored in a body by doing work on it by an external agent.
- It can not be created nor destroyed. It is known as “Law of Conservation of Energy”.
: Types of Energy : : Units :
A. Mechanical Energy Force Disp. Work Energy
A.1. Kinetic Energy MKS N m N•m Joule
A.2. Gravitational Potential Energy CGS dyne cm dyne•cm Erg
A.3. Elastic Potential Energy FPS lb ft lb•ft ft•lb
B.  Electrical Energy
C. Chemical Energy
D. Heat Energy
E. Nuclear Energy
F. Etc. 4
: KINETIC ENERGY :
- Energy stored in a body by virtue of its motion.
KEi = ½ mvi2 KEf = ½ mvf2
KE = ½ mv2
Vi X Vf
Where: KE – Kinetic Energy a
t
m – mass of the object
∆KE = KEf - KEi
v – velocity of the object
∆KE = ½ mvf2 – ½mvi2

If vf > vi , then, ∆KE = + (KE is Gained)

If vf < vi , then, ∆KE = - (KE is Lost)
: Things to ponder : If vf = vi , then, ∆KE = 0 (KE is Conserved)
- All objects in motion have kinetic energy.
- Any object at rest will not have kinetic energy.
- The greater the velocity of the object, the greater is the kinetic energy stored in it.
Q: Does an object moving at constant speed have kinetic energy?
Q: Does an object moving at constant speed have change in kinetic energy (∆KE)?
Q: Does an object moving with an acceleration have change in kinetic energy (∆KE)?
Q: Is it possible that a very small object will have the same kinetic energy that of
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a very big object?
: GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY :
- Energy stored in a body by virtue of its position or vertical location or height with
respect to a certain reference horizontal line.

GPE = mgh
GPEf = mghf
Where: GPE – Gravitational Potential Energy
m – mass of the object
hf
GPEi = mghi
g – gravitational acceleration
hi
h – height of the object from a reference line

∆GPE = GPEf - GPEi

∆GPE = mghf - mghi

If hf > hi, then ∆GPE = + (GPE is gained)

If hf < hi, then ∆GPE = - (GPE is Lost)

If hf = hi, then ∆GPE = (GPE is Conserved)

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: ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY :
- Energy stored in a body by the presence of an elastic material.

EPE = ½ kX2 F = kX

Where: EPE – Elastic Potential Energy

F – Applied force to compress or elongate a spring.
k – Spring Constant
X – deformation of the spring from its undisturbed position.

∆EPE = EPEf - EPEi

Undisturbed ∆EPE = ½ kxf2 – ½ kxi2

EPE = ½ kXi2 If Xf > Xi, then ∆EPE = + (EPE is Gained)

Xi
If Xf < Xi, then ∆EPE = - (EPE is Lost)

If Xf = Xi, then ∆EPE = + (EPE is Conserved)

Xf EPE = ½ kXf2 7
: CONSERVATIVE FORCES :
- These are the forces whose work is not dependent on the path of motion.
- These are the WEIGHT, ELASTIC SPRING FORCE, and ELECTRIC FORCE.

: NONCONSERVATIVE FORCES :
- These are the forces whose work is dependent on the path of motion.
- There are the FRICTIONAL FORCE, and APPLIED FORCES.

: TOTAL WORK DONE and KINETIC ENERGIES :

- The total work done of all the forces (Conservative and Nonconservative) is
equal the the change in Kinetic Energy.

WTOTAL = ΔKE Note: WGrav. = mghi - mghf

WElastic = ½ kxi2 – ½ kxf2

WC + WNC = ½ mVf2 - ½ mVi2

WGrav. + WElastic + WNC = ½ mVf2 - ½ mVi2

mghi - mghf + ½ kxi2 - ½ kxf2 + WNC = ½ mVf2 - ½ mVi2

WNC = (½ mVf2 + mghf + ½ kxf2) - (½ mvi2 + mghi + ½ kxi2)

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: CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGIES :
: WORK AND ENERGY RELATION :
- The total work done by ALL EXTERNAL FORCES acting on an object is equal to
the change in its total mechanical energies.

WNC = ∆TME

WNC = TMEf – TMEi

WNC = (KEf + GPEf + EPEf) – (KEi + GPEi + EPEi)

WNC = (½ mvf2 + mghf + ½ kXf2) – (½ mvi2 + mghi + ½ kXi2)

WNC - Total Work done by all EXTERNAL FORCES only.

- Work done by the gravity or weight is NOT INCLUDED.
NOTE: WTOTAL – is the total work done by ALL FORCES including the weight.

WTOTAL is different from WNC

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 : THE FALLING BODY :

WNC = (½ mvf2 + mghf + ½ kXf2) – (½ mvi2 + mghi + ½ kXi2)

A
WNC = 0 Because the only force acting is the weight of the object.
0 = (½ mvf2 + mghf + ½ kXf2) – (½ mvi2 + mghi + ½ kXi2)
B
(½ mvi2 + mghi + ½ kXi2) = (½ mvf2 + mghf + ½ kXf2)

(½ mvi2 + mghi) = (½ mvf2 + mghf)

hA
C
hB When the height decreases, the velocity increases.

Hence, when the GPE decreases, the KE increases.

hC

: FOR RISING BODY:

D
Reference Line When the height increases, the velocity decreases.

Hence, when the GPE increases, the KE decreases.

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Problem 2 : A 65-kg jogger is running at a speed of 5.30 m/s. (a) What is the kinetic
energy of the jogger? (b) How much work is done by the net force that accelerates
the jogger to 5.30 m/s from rest?
Solution: W
FBD:
KEi = 0 KEf = ½ mvf2
F

Vi= 0 X Vf= 5.30 m/s

a
t N
(a) KEf = ½ mvf2 (b) WNC = ∆TME

KEf = ½ (65)(5.30)2 WNC = (½ mvf2 + mghf + ½ kxf2) – (½ mvi2 + mghi + ½ kxi2)

WNC = (½ mvf2) – (½ mvi2)

KEf = 912.93 Js. 0
WF = (½ mvf2) – (½ mvi2)
WF = ½ (65)(5.30)2

WF = 912.93 Js.

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: THE PENDULUM :

A E
W
hA hE

hB B D hD
Reference Line
C
WNC = (½ mvf + mghf + ½ kXf ) – (½ mvi2 + mghi + ½ kXi2)
2 2

Note: WNC = WT , But WT = 0 Because it is Case III.

Hence, WNC = 0 at all points along the motion of the bulb of the pendulum.
0 = (½ mvf2 + mghf + ½ kXf2) – (½ mvi2 + mghi + ½ kXi2)

(½ mvi2 + mghi) = (½ mvf2 + mghf)

: FALLING: When the height decreases, the velocity increases.

Hence, when the GPE decreases, the KE increases.

: RISING: When the height increases, the velocity decreases.

Hence, when the GPE increases, the KE decreases. 12
Problem 3: In screeching to a halt, a car leaves skid marks that are 65 m long. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between the tires and the road is µk = 0.71. How fast was
the car going before the driver applied the brakes?
W = mg
Solution: FBD:

fK = 0.71(mg)
Vi= ? X = 65 m Vf= 0
a
t
N = W = mg

WNC = ∆TME
WNC = (½ mvf2 + mghf + ½ kxf2) – (½ mvi2 + mghi + ½ kxi2)
WNC = (½ mvf2) – (½ mvi2)
vi2 = (0.71)(9.8)(65)(2)
- WfK = (0) – (½ mvi2)
vi = 30.08 m/s
- (fK)(X) = (0) – (½ mvi2)
- (0.71)(mg)(X) = – (½ mvi2)

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: POWER :
- The rate of doing work.
- The faster the work done on an object, the greater is the power input on the object.
- The faster the work done by the object, the greater is the power output on the object.

Where: P – Power
W
P= W – Work done
t
t - Time needed to finish the work.

: UNITS of POWER : : Power Output by the object :

MKS Joule/sec Watt

WObject
CGS Erg/sec POutput =
t
FPS ft lb/sec

: CONVERSION : : Power Input into the object :

1 HP = 746 Watts
WAgent
1,000 Watts = 1 kWatt PInput =
1 HP = 550 ft lb / sec t
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Problem 4: A 70-kg professor climbs a staircase at constant speed. The total
height of the staircase is 18.0 m. If he reaches the top of the staircase in 30 sec,
calculate the power developed by the professor.

Solution: WNC = (½ mvf2 + mghf) – (½ mvi2 + mghi)

WNC = mghf

WP = mghf

WP = (70)(9.8)(18)

WP = 12,348.00 Joules
18.0 m
WObject
POutput = t
Reference Line WProf
PProf = t

12,348.00
PProf =
30
PProf = 411.60 Watts x 1HP / 746 Watts

PProf = 0.55 HP 15
 W
P= W = F ( X)
t

F(X) _
P= v = X/t
t

_ Where:
P = Fv
P : Power

F : Applied Force

_
v : average velocity

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