The Insurance Act 2015: practical changes

for insurers to consider

Out-Law Guide | 06 Jan 2016 | 3:17 pm | 7 min. read

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The 2015 Insurance Act (2015 Act) applies to all commercial contracts of insurance, and
variations to existing contracts of insurance, from 12 August 2016 and introduces what the UK
government has described as “the biggest reform to insurance contract law in more than a
century”.

The Act is the result of a joint review by the Law Commission and Scottish Law Commission
into insurance law. It introduces substantial changes to the laws governing disclosure in non-
consumer insurance contracts; warranties and other contractual terms; and insurers’ remedies for
fraudulent claims.

This guide sets out some of the most importance changes introduced by the Act, and considers
the practical implications of these changes for insurers and insureds.

New disclosure duties in non-consumer insurance contracts

Previously, insured parties were required to disclose every circumstance that they knew, or ought
to have known, which would influence an insurer in fixing a premium or deciding whether to
underwrite a risk. This required insured parties to predict, without much guidance, what factors a
hypothetical prudent insurer would be influenced by. The same obligation extended to brokers
acting on behalf of insured parties.

Part 2 of the 2015 Act has created a new ‘duty of fair presentation’ aimed at encouraging active,
rather than passive, engagement by insurers as well as clarifying and specifying known or
presumed to be known matters. From 12 August 2015, before entering into a contract of
insurance, insured parties will be required to disclose either:

 every matter which they know, or ought to know, that would influence the judgement of
an insurer in deciding whether to insure the risk and on what terms (very similar to the
current position); or
 sufficient information to put an insurer on notice that it needs to make further enquiries
about potentially material circumstances.

Insured parties will be considered to have known, or ought to have known:

  matters that could be expected to be revealed by a reasonable search of information
available to the insured party – for example, information held within an organisation or
by a broker;
 anything known by a person responsible for their insurance – for example, a broker;
 insured organisations will also be deemed to have the knowledge of anyone who is a part
of the organisation’s senior management, or who is responsible for their insurance.

Insurers will be considered to have known, or ought to have known:

 matters known to individuals who participate on behalf of the insurer in deciding whether
to take the risk and on what terms – for example, underwriting teams;
 knowledge held by the insurer and readily available to the person deciding whether to
take the risk;
 matters known by an employee or agent of the insurer and which should reasonably have
been passed on to the person deciding whether to take the risk.

Brokers will no longer be subject to disclosure duties.

Under the Act, disclosure must be made in a reasonably clear and accessible manner, material
representations of fact must be ‘substantially correct’ and material representations of expectation
or belief must be made in ‘good faith’. Individuals will be deemed to know matters which they
suspected and which they would have known about had they not deliberately refrained from
confirming or enquiring about it.
Practical implications from these changes

Insured parties will have to review their disclosure processes to ensure that those responsible
for procuring insurance disclose all matters they will be presumed to know. For example:

 consider keeping internal records of the name and roles of individuals responsible for
arranging insurance cover, as matters within their knowledge will need to be disclosed;
 senior management should be involved in any disclosures made;
 evaluate the steps taken to obtain information from internal and external sources and keep
records to demonstrate that reasonable searches have been made.

The Law Commissions stated that the new standards were designed in part to prevent ‘data
dumping’, meaning the presentation of large volumes of material without distinction between the
material and the trivial. Pre-disclosure analysis and filtering of relevant information will be
needed to ensure that disclosure is made in a reasonably clear and accessible manner.

Insurers will not be able to rely on a passive approach to disclosure if seeking to exercise
remedies for non-disclosure. More active engagement will now be encouraged and, if not in
place already, insurers should consider establishing systems and processes to identify when
further enquiries need to be made before underwriting risks.
Insurers will have to review what information is readily available to those who decide whether to
accept risks and the terms on which to do so. For example:

 consider keeping internal records of the names and roles of individuals responsible for
these decisions;
 establish appropriate processes and lines of communication to ensure that relevant
information is shared widely enough with those making decisions to cover certain risks.

Remedies for breach of duty of pre-contractual disclosure

Previously, an insurer was able to refuse all claims under an insurance contract if the pre-
contractual disclosure duty was breached, even if the breach was committed by the broker. The
2015 Act has now introduced a range of proportionate remedies, applicable depending on the
scale of the breach and the state of mind of the insurer. These are:

 deliberate or reckless breach: the insurer will be able to avoid the contract and keep any
premiums;
 breach is neither deliberate nor reckless and the insurer would not have entered into the
contract: the insurer will be able to avoid the contract but must return any premiums;
 breach is neither deliberate nor reckless and the insurer would have entered into the
contract on different terms, other than terms relating to premium: the insurer will be able
to treat the contract as if those different terms apply – for example, any additional
exclusions that would have been imposed;
 breach is neither deliberate nor reckless and the insurer would have entered into the
contract for a higher premium: the insurer will be able to reduce the cover to which the
insured is entitled on a proportionate basis.

These remedies will only be available if the insurer would not have entered into the insurance
contract had the breach not occurred, or would have done so on different terms.
Practical implications from these changes

To bring an action for relief for non-disclosure, insurers will need to be able to prove how they
would have acted differently if the breach had not occurred. Disclosure of underwriting guides
and other relevant documents may now be required, along with records of underwriting decisions
made and factors considered in particular cases. Insurers will need to consider the extent to
which they are willing to disclose commercially sensitive information contained within such
records or documents.

Changes to contractual terms and warranties: consumer and non-consumer

contracts

Previously, ‘basis of the contract’ clauses could convert all representations made in the course of
a non-consumer insurance contract into contractual warranties. Breaching a warranty would
completely discharge an insurer from liability for all risks covered by the policy from the time of
the breach, even if the warranty had no bearing on the risk.
Part 3 of the 2015 Act has now banned ‘basis of the contract’ clauses from non-consumer
insurance contracts. Instead of discharging liability, a breach of warranty now results in the
insurance cover being suspended for the duration of the breach and re-instated once the breach
has been fixed. An insurer will no longer be able to rely on non-compliance with a warranty, or
any other term relating to loss of a particular kind or at a particular location or time, if the non-
compliance could not have increased the risk of loss that occurred in the circumstances that it
occurred. For example, if a requirement in a policy to maintain window locks is not complied
with by the insured party and loss is subsequently caused by flooding, then the insurer will no
longer be able to rely on the insured party’s non-compliance to avoid liability as the maintenance
of window locks could not have reduced the risk of flooding occurring.

This will not apply in respect of terms that define the risk as a whole: for example, terms
restricting cover to non-commercial use, rather than a term that relates to loss of a particular kind
during such non-commercial use.

Remedies for fraudulent claims by policyholders: consumer and non-consumer

contracts

Previously, in the event of fraud, an insured party would forfeit the whole claim and insurers
could also avoid the whole contract. Part 4 of the 2015 Act now sets out a clear statement of
insurers’ remedies in the event of fraudulent claims brought by policyholders. Insurers:

 will not be liable to pay the fraudulent claim;

 may recover any sums paid to the insured in respect of the fraudulent claim; and
 may, by notice, treat the policy as terminated with effect from the fraudulent act and
retain all premiums paid. Previous valid claims are unaffected.

The same rights apply in respect of fraudulent claims made by persons under group insurance
policies, although only in respect of those persons who committed fraudulent acts and not the
other innocent members of the group policy. Insurers will need to serve a notice on the
fraudulent group member and the person who took out the policy on behalf of the group. Sums
paid in respect of the claim may be recovered from the person who committed the fraudulent act,
or the person who took out the policy on behalf of the group if they had not passed sums on to
the fraudulent person.

Duty of utmost good faith: consumer and non-consumer contracts

Previously, either party could avoid the insurance contract if the other failed to act in accordance
with ‘utmost good faith’. Significantly, Part 5 of the 2015 Act has now removed avoidance of
contract as a remedy for breach of this duty, and abolished any parts of legislation prescribing
this as a remedy. Insurance contracts will still be based on utmost good faith, and clauses and
obligations will be interpreted in a way that favours compliance with this duty.

Contracting out of the Insurance Act: consumer and non-consumer contracts

Finally, it is important to note that Part 5 of the Act prevents an insurer from contracting out of
its provisions with the effect of placing an insured party in a worse position than they would
have been in under the provisions of the Act. Parties to non-consumer insurance contracts can
agree less favourable terms than those in the Act, provided that the alternative provisions are
clear and unambiguous and sufficient steps are taken to draw them to the attention of the insured
party or its agent before the contract is concluded.

Parties to both consumer and non-consumer contracts cannot contract out of the new prohibition
on ‘basis of contract’ clauses.