Interviewer Name: - Nesra Yusuf Osman Date of Interview_________________

Signature_____________________ Start Time____________ End Time_____________

Part I: Profile of the Informant

1. Zone/Woreda/Keble: - Fafaan/ Fafaan Zones

2. Age: - 32 Sex: - Female
3. Name: -
4. Position: - Fafaan zone female focal person

Part II: Conflict Profile

1. What is the political, economic, and socio-cultural context of the study area?

Fafan zone is among other eleven zone of the region and under Fafan zone we have eleven
administrative districts which are totally separated from Fafan zone administration. In this zone
or area, most people are pastoralist, and the only agricultural area are Tuluguled and ------------
NB for your information the most communities in Fafan zone is agro-pastoralists and the most
ward that known by agriculture in this zone is Awbere

2. What are the clans living in this area? How does their interrelationship look like?

Jijiga, the capital of the region, is in the Fafan zone and this zone has more diversity and a larger
population size than the other zones.

3. What are emergent political, economic, ecological, and social issues in the study area?

There was political reform in the country, Somali regional state in Fafan zone in particular there
are a lot of reforms undergoing by president mustefa .

4. What specific conflict prone/affected areas can be situated within this context?

Yes, but most of them were solved for instance, the conflict that happened in Hawed area
between sub-clain of Absekul and sub-clain of Akisho were already solved, but the most difficult
conflict that ongoing still is the one between Geree and Jarsoo Trib in Tuleguled whenever the
elders reach an agreement to stop the conflict and thought it over, it will break up again within
over night.

5. Is there a history of conflict in this study area? If yes, what were/are those conflicts?
In this zone are there any historical conflicts between the Tribes or, I can say Previous conflict
that happened between them A She say no, but actually it is yes. As far as Gire and Jarso is
concerned, they have a historic conflict between them for long time.

Part III: Drivers and Causes of Conflict

1. What are the underlying or root causes of conflict in the study area?
A First and for most is a lack of education, and poorly managing of agricultural land, even some
of those educated individuals and elders are narrow minded, shellfishes and have the tendency of
tribalism.

2. What issues can be considered as proximate/immediate causes of conflict in the study

area?

I can look in two ways, the cause of Tuluguled and the other. The other conflict that happed
between other tribe is normal conflict and obvious, they kill each other, whereas the conflict
between Gire and Jarso is wearies. They destroyed and barned houses crop, vegetables, and
slaughter cattle. They are also a killed women, elders, and children’s so it has a different nature
from the other conflicts.

3. What triggers can contribute to the outbreak / further escalation of conflict?

It was a clear involvement during TPLF government, Ormiy region was supporting the Jarso
tribe and Somali region was supporting the Geri tribe both regional administrations are speeded
up the conflict.

4. What new factors contribute to prolonging conflict dynamics in the study area?

there some beneficiaries, like public administration, business, people, and intermediate elders.
This conflict is their means of income, they do not want to get a fair solution to avoid the conflict
in addition to this in the mediation process the participation of women is zero. specifically, the
diaspora community those who uses Facebook, and YouTube are spreading harmful information
which speeding up the conflict, without any evidence. As world became one village, the
information can spread within a short time, but the one mostly affected is the community those
living at the grass roots level where the conflict is happened.

5. Trans-border nature of conflicts?

The conflict or dispute between the two regional boundaries Keble’s supported by the federal
political elites and TPLF generals to benefit from the political gains. This conflict is still there,
for example, the conflict that happened between Ormiy region is till existing they tried to solve
so many times, but it is not satisfactory, even though there is not a conflict now,

Part IV: Consequences of the Conflict

1. What were the main consequences of the conflict in the area?

The conflict between regions

 It led to money death

 Displacement of the people
 Property damage
 Decrease in productivity
 They do not get medical care basic health services and education
 Even they do not have proper shelter.

2. Who are most affected by the conflict? And how?

The main acters are intermediate elders and administrators to keep their interest.

Part V: Actors Involved in Conflict

1. Who are the main actors (both local and external) involved in conflicts in the study
area?

 The regional administrators

 immoral clan/religious’ leader
2. What are their main interests, goals, positions, capacities, and relationships of the
actors involved in the conflict?

For expansion of land for natural and economic resource benefits while some political elite.
3. Are there actors that can be identified as spoilers?
The internal and external conflicts between the Somali and Oromo regional state lead by the
TPLF.
4. How do you explain the role of youths in those conflicts?
Youths as a conceptual category are frequently ‘othered’ in the discourse on conflict. They are
seen as potentially dangerous ‘subjects’ and policy approaches often regard them as ‘a problem’.
Often, male youths have been observed as the main protagonists of criminal and political
violence but youth of fafan zone grow up with diversity clans and are not willing to participate in
conflict.

5. How are women involved in conflicts in the area?

Women are not participating in conflict in fafan zone.
Part VI: Peace Building Efforts and Agreements (Past and Present)

1. What was the peace’s building efforts being made by various actors to resolve the
conflict in the study area?
Building of peace and reconciliation has been done in Fafan zone both the legal entities efforts-
the governmental institutions (conference regarding for peace building Oromia and Somali
regional leaders, clan leaders, elders, security office and Keble administration) and Indigenous
conflict resolution practices (clan leaders, religious leader).

2. What peace-building actors and structures (both formal and informal) exist in the
area? Describe the composition, ways of operation, level of acceptance, and contributions
made by those actors?

Formal institution

 Government official
 Law enforcement (military/police/ justice)
 Ruling party member
 District Administration/ officials
An informal institution

 Xeer dhaqameedka (Customary Justice system)

 Religious leaders

3. Do you think that those actors are playing out their best in the peace building
processes? If yes, which ones and how?

play a significant role in bringing peace in Fafan zone because some conflict may require the
government interventions force to intervenes while other required indigenous conflict
resolution method to bring together for mediation and negotiation using the clan and
religious leaders.

4. Please explain indigenous knowledge practices and institutions used by the local
communities to deal with conflicts in your area?

Different groups within Somali society undertake oral agreements with each other to define xeer
law. Despite this informal nature, there is a series of generally accepted principles, agreements,
and ideas that constitute xeer, referred to collectively as "xissi adkaaday". These are:-the
payment of mag by the collective group (clan, sub-clan, lineage, or mag group) from which an
offender originates as compensation for the crimes of murder, bodily assault, theft, rape, and
defamation of character, given to the victim or victim's family-and the division and use of natural
resources like water and land.

5.What are the underlying challenges of using indigenous knowledge practices in conflict
management?

The major challenges to the management and preservation of indigenous knowledge are issues
relating to

collection development,
intellectual property rights,
access and the preservation media
6. How do you evaluate the roles of the clan leaders in resolving conflicts and promoting
sustainable peace in the future?
The clan leaders have a great role to resolving of conflicts in Somali region since all Somali
people have its own clan leader it useful to manage or minimize the conflict.

7.How do you evaluate the role of the government in conflict resolution and peace building
in the study area?
Formal legal institution that is the government play crucial role in creating peace justice in this
region because most of conflict requires governmental force intervention immediately after the
conflict.
8. What roles do women and youth play in the management of clan/ cross border
conflicts?

Women and youth have no any participation in the management of clan because of our
traditional resolving of conflict that is customary system of indigenous are not allowed to
participate.

9. Which do you think is the most effective way in resolving internal conflicts, the
customary practices, or the formal legal system? and Why?

Both the customary practices and the formal legal system, because most of the conflict requires
first intervention like Law enforcement (military/police/ justice) clan leader during meeting and
discussion.

10. Were there peacebuilding agreements or reconciliations reached between the

conflicting parties? If yes, when, and how? How is the status of the peace agreement now?
(still binding or violated)

Peace building agreement between the Somali regional stated and the Oromia regional
state with the mediation of federal minister in middle of April, 2009 which are final and
biding
Peace agreement between the Somali ethnic clan leader, Ugasa and Oromia clan leaders,
Abaa Gedaa not to cross trans boundaries of each other during the conflict of Gerri and
Jarsso in 2010 which is not bidding but violated.
11. If there is continuous breaching/violation of peace agreements, why do you think is
the reason?

There is not interrelation between clans or not cross boundary movement between Gerri clans of
Tuli-Gulled and Jarsso clans of Chenaksan violated and not bidding

12. What lessons can be learned from past peace processes?

 Displace from where they live

 Burning of their farms

13. What entry points and opportunities are available to support conflict resolution and
peacebuilding in the study area?

Response immediate after conflict

Part VII: Conflict Dynamics

1. What are the current conflict trends in the study area?

The conflict dynamics are shrinking from time to time because

Clan religious leader, youth, women, local and federal government play vital role in
peace building.

2. Are there windows of opportunity for peace building initiatives in the study area?

 The active participation with clan leaders’ and the local government.
 Awareness creation about peace
 Benefits of fogginess

3. What measures can be taken now and in the future to counter conflict in the study
area?

 Strength of the Government security office

 Encourage the role of clan leaders in playing conflict resolution