PROPOSED DESIGN OF A LEARNING CENTER… …

Chapter II

INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses relevant readings and articles on topics relating to

Proposed Design of a Learning Center for Lucban Academy Annex as the research

topic. The following topic discusses the aspect for the design of a learning center. 

It's been such a long time since individuals seem to have such a pandemic.

This tragedy has affected school libraries the most. Researchers have seen that this

learning center can allow students to improve skills and provide students with freedom

to talk about their thoughts with other students to gain more knowledge. Researchers

agreed to proposed design of a learning center because students are craving to learn

further information. The topics below are presented to achieve the following

objectives:

1. To determine where the structure will be located

2. To design a floor plan for a proposed learning center

3. To design a 3D model for the exterior and interior of a learning center

4. To determine the acceptability

Location of Structure

In an article by Razavi (2012) Construction location aware computing is an

emerging field in which the location of materials, labor, and equipment may be

utilized to extract knowledge about the condition of the project. The goal of this study

is to provide a low-cost location sensing solution for inside construction and

 PROPOSED DESIGN OF A LEARNING CENTER… …

subsurface facilities when satellite navigation systems are not available. The method

has been tested on a construction site in Montreal as well as in a controlled laboratory

setting. The experimental results show an average error rate of 0.17 for detecting the

target's zone and an accuracy of 1.3 m for detecting the coordinates. The promising

results presented in this paper show the potential for a high-accuracy, reduced location

estimation method for indoor construction sites.

Song (2005) stated that the existing approaches imply economically prohibitive

deployment, which is a major issue in using these technologies for this purpose. This

paper describes a method for densely deploying RFID tags with a few mobile RFID

readers equipped with GPS to form the backbone of a construction materials tracking

system using a combination of RFID and GPS technologies. The solution proposed

here is intended to extend the use of current RFID technology to tracking the precise

movement and location of materials on site, without mandating such a change to the

existing hardware and at a fraction of the cost of pure GPS or other existing

approaches.

Another report from Song (2006) that a mathematical model has been

developed to assess the technical feasibility of this approach, in which the job site is

represented as a grid and the location of materials within the grid is determined by

combining proximity reads from a discrete range. Field experiments were conducted

out using widely viable RFID technology, and several metrics were developed to

quantify field performance and compare it to the theoretical positional accuracy

derived from the discrete formulation. The automated material tracking on

 PROPOSED DESIGN OF A LEARNING CENTER… …

construction projects has the potential to improve project performance even while

enabling for the simple derivation of project performance indicators.

According to Kenley (2009), There are numerous terms used to describe the

location of construction scheduling methods, which may involve repetition, linear

relationships, vertical or horizontal staging, or mapping production units against time

in some other way. This paper examines the underlying rationale for those terms and

proposes a new typology and terminology to encompass the entire family of

scheduling methods, with a focus on distinguishing the location of production-oriented

methodologies from the more common critical path methodologies. It then

demonstrates how location production in the location-based methodology involves

focusing on locations as the unit of analysis and tasks as the unit of control as the

framework for production management.

Cheng and Teizer (2013) reported that the access to a real-time information

and subsequent technology that enables effortless data collection, processing, and

visualization is one of the main reasons that limits higher quality in project site

management decision making, particularly in resource intensive and complex

operations. Although recent advances in remote data sensing and intelligent data

processing supplement manual data recording and analysis practices, there are few

data visualization tools in development that gather data from dynamic resources and

stream it in real-time to a field-realistic virtual reality environment.

Floor Plan
 PROPOSED DESIGN OF A LEARNING CENTER… …

According to Oblinger (2005), As a result, the library design should make a

strong visual statement that reflects the image of an art school. Third, we needed to

consider the likely usage and behavioral patterns of the Y-generation, particularly art

students. In Western literature, much has been written about the Y generation, also

known as the next generation. A similar picture emerged from our observations of

local students. However, it was determined that adequate and interesting user space is

also critical to attracting users to the library. As a result, we had to plan for a less-than-

ideal physical collection area in order to increase the proportion of user space.

Secondly, as the majority of the targeted users were art students from whom we expect

a higher level of sensitivity towards the aesthetic aspects of the library building.

Head (2016) stated that campus libraries as monuments to silence with floors

of stacks are remains of a previous era that now are completely unsuited to the digital

age's teaching, researching, and learning needs. Library projects are about creating

open, collaborative, versatile, and social spaces. The library as the "campus living

room" was a frequent metaphor in our interviews. According to some stakeholders,

they achieved this sensibility by placing oversized, comfortable chairs and couches

near the library's entrance. The space was used by patrons for reading, gathering,

relaxing, and connecting to the campus's high-speed Wi-Fi network.

According to the Department of Justice (2010), An information desk, a

handicapped restroom, three library staff offices, a copy center, a computer lab, five

tech suites, and an art gallery are all located on the ground floor. The first floor of the

library contains only books and printed materials. The concepts and structure of the

interior spaces were first determined by assigning a use-type to each floor. The
 PROPOSED DESIGN OF A LEARNING CENTER… …

library's ground floor is a social space, the first floor houses the library's pamphlets,

the second floor is a group workspace, and the third floor is a quiet study room.

Worpole (2004) said that the issue desk and library catalogues, which are

heavily used against the public, are located near the entrance. Less frequented

customized areas are located in less accessible areas. The reading areas are organized

as follows: each finger houses a specific topic, whereas the various media types are

positioned on different levels: catalogues are on the ground floor, books are on the

first, and journals are on the second. SLUB Section Because the reading areas are

entirely underground, there is no view of the outside world. However, the Reading

Room, as a three-story volume in the center of the building, serves as a central

landmark, assisting the visitor in determining his location.

An article written by Master Class (2021) stated that a floor plan is a 2D graph

drawing that characterizes the basic layout of a property from an aerial view in scale.

The diagram depicts the relationship between rooms as well as how people will move

through them. Floor plans clearly show how different design elements may show up in

a space or point out potential flaws in the design, ultimately serving as a starting point

before drafting actual blueprints for the building. A floor plan is a planning tool used

among interior designers, professional builders, and real estate agents when designing

or selling a new home or property. Floor plans assist you in imagining a space and

how it will seem once construction or renovations are finished.

3D Model
 PROPOSED DESIGN OF A LEARNING CENTER… …

According to Joseph and Perera (2014), using 3D building models throughout

the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) lifecycle is extremely beneficial.

Customers can choose and be impressed with their dream building using such models

and virtual walk - throughs. Creating a polygonal 3D model of a set of floor plans by

hand is difficult and time-consuming. Although learning 3D modeling also takes a

long time, it is much easier to implement designs once you've mastered it. As a result,

automated 3D models will simplify and emphasize appropriate style, particularly in its

interior and exterior designs.

Hui (2015) stated that interior design uses augmented reality technology and

augmented reality 3D as the interior model. According to the characteristics of interior

design, the ideal way to present the concept of interior design projects to consumers in

the conceptual design stage is to create a vibrant 3D prototype. In the augmented

reality interior design system, the designer and the client collaborate to create a 3D

interior space model in the conceptual design stage. He further claims that during the

conceptual design stage, the designer and customer collaborate to develop a 3D

interior space model by first building a 3D interior structural model, then choosing a

hard-soft decorating strategy and customizing decoration demands.

As stated by Chin (2010), the realized simulator enables users to create

harmonized color schemes for an urban color design in 3D, including the automatic

selection of a dominating color and sub colors. Designing a color scheming table

based on a color guideline, extracting the façade color from an image gathered from a

real scene, and executing color scheming on a 3D scenario are among the technical

elements. The proposed solution improves efficiency by offering an automatic color

 PROPOSED DESIGN OF A LEARNING CENTER… …

scheme in 3D while also lowering processing costs. Furthermore, the 3D simulator

makes the suggested method interactive, which provides the flexibility for

manipulating 3D simulated sceneries by rotating, zooming, and navigating the

simulator.

According to Gagnier (2016) a novel strategy to increasing student

comprehension of 3D connection diagrams that is based on students creating their own

prediction diagrams. Participants' understanding of 3D spatial diagrams was assessed

using a pre- and post-design in which students chose the proper 2D slice from 3D

geologic block diagrams. Sketching the model without attempting to forecast unseen

spatial relations resulted in better improvement in diagram knowledge than viewing

the interior of the model without sketching or sketching the model without attempting

to predict unseen spatial relations. Furthermore, we discovered a link between

improved diagram understanding and improved drawn diagram correctness. The

findings imply that creating a predictive graphic improves students' capacity to discern

spatial connections in diagrams.

Kensek (2014) stated that a design reference for architects, engineers, and

contractors that covers the fundamentals and particular applications of building

information modeling (BIM). BIM has the potential to change the building industry,

but not all architects and construction professionals fully comprehend its benefits or

the core ideas underlying it. Building Information Modeling emphasizes BIM's critical

role in developing software tools and office operations in the design, engineering, and

construction professions. It is primarily intended at professionals, but teachers who

want to include this knowledge into their courses on digital design, BIM, and
 PROPOSED DESIGN OF A LEARNING CENTER… …

professional practice will find it beneficial as well. It is useful for anybody using BIM

since it offers a concise presentation of fundamental topics.

Acceptability

As stated by Senaratne (2015), the Acceptability Test determines if a strategy

choice will garner critical support from the individuals, it requires or will face

opposition or criticism. People will adopt new ideas if they accept their concepts and

feel they are true, according to general management theorists. As a result, Lean

Construction concepts and practices are used to achieve the notion. Lean Construction

includes a variety of methodologies and procedures that aid in achieving 'Lean', such

as Just in Time, Total Quality Management, Multifunctional Task Groups,

Simultaneous Engineering Value-Based Management, Co-makership, and Kaizen. The

reduction of non-value-adding flow activities and the improvement of conversion

activities are the key concepts of Lean Construction. In addition, Koskela (1992)

presented several other principles, including: Increase output value through systematic

consideration of customer requirements; Build continuous improvement into the

process; reduce variability; reduce cycle times; simplify by minimizing the number of

steps, parts, and linkages; increase output flexibility; increase process transparency;

balance flow improvement with conversion improvement; and benchmark.

Ansah (2016), the ideas and procedures of lean manufacturing lay the

groundwork for reducing or eliminating waste in the industry. Lean construction has
 PROPOSED DESIGN OF A LEARNING CENTER… …

adopted the concept of flow and value production, rather than the old perspective of

labor flow and work flow dependability, which were regarded the greatest drivers of

construction activity. Essentially, lean construction tries to eliminate losses in

workflow that traditional approaches are unable to eliminate. The goal of this study is

to prove that lean construction is a novel and effective way to deal with waste in the

construction industry that existing or traditional project management approaches have

failed to control.

Kral (2015), in building projects, risk management has historically been used

to control safety, cost, and time. By representing the numerous aspects covering all

phases of the project life cycle, its application range has been enlarged to encompass

such domains as bid-decision making, feasibility studies, marketability studies,

performance assessments, and contingency management. Risk management has

become such an essential aspect of project management that its use has expanded

beyond the traditional scope, which usually focuses on the building phase.

An article written by CMU Education, for project managers, quality control

and safety are becoming increasingly critical considerations. Deficiencies or

breakdowns in built infrastructures might result in exorbitant expenditures. Even slight

flaws may necessitate re-construction, putting the facility's operations at risk. As a

result, there will be higher prices and delays. In the worst-case scenario, failures might

result in serious injury or death. Accidents that occur during the building process can

also result in personal injuries and significant financial losses. Because of the higher

direct expenses, indirect costs such as insurance, inspection, and regulation are fast
 PROPOSED DESIGN OF A LEARNING CENTER… …

rising. Good project managers strive to guarantee that the task is done correctly the

first time and that there are no big mishaps on the job.

Pace (2004), along with technical, financial, and political dimensions, project

marketing emphasizes the importance of the societal dimension in the project offering:

this societal dimension encapsulates all actions taken by the supplier to improve his

position with civilian groups with an interest in - or opposition to - the project

(associations, users, residents, etc.) in order to gain social acceptability. Bechtel, a

well-known American engineering firm, has incorporated elements of "sustainable

development" into projects all around the world. A methodical strategy that focuses on

the improvement of current hypotheses rather than the creation of new ones appears to

be beneficial.

Conceptual Framework

Federick, A. (2005) states that a learning center is a designated area in the

classroom that provides students with easy access to a wide range of learning

resources in an engaging and effective way. Learning centers are often meant to

provide a range of resources, designs, and media through which students may work

alone or collaboratively to operationalize classroom knowledge. Centers are intended

to improve the understanding of concepts, skills, themes, or subjects. This learning can

occur following the presentation of a topic to pupils, during the presentation of

essential concepts, or as a first exposure to content in the book.

PROPOSED DESIGN OF A LEARNING CENTER… …