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List of Physics Equations SF016: Physical Quantities and Measurements
List of Physics Equations SF016: Physical Quantities and Measurements
List of Physics Equations SF016: Physical Quantities and Measurements
Magnitude of a vector : | A |= Ax 2 + Ay 2
Ay
Direction of a vector : tan θ =
Ax
written in unit vector notation : A = Axiˆ + Ayˆj + Azkˆ
Dot product : A • B =| A || B | cos θ
A • B = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz
Cross product : | A × B |=| A || B | sin θ
Forces
Newton’s First law of motion : ∑ F = 0
Newton’s Second law of motion : ∑ F = ma or Fnet = ma
1
Work, Energy and Power
Work done by a force, W = F • s = F s cos θ
Gravitational Potential energy, U = mgh
1 2
Elastic Potential energy, U = kx
2
Hooke’s Law , F = kx
1
Kinetic energy, K = mv 2
2
Work energy theorem, W = ∆K
Conservation of energy, ∑E initial =∑ Efinal
∆W
Average Power, Pav =
∆t
dW
Instantaneous Power, P = = F •v
dt
Pout
Mechanical efficiency, η = × 100% ( * 1 horse power = 746 Watt )
Pin
∆θ 2π
Angular velocity, ω = = = 2π f
∆t T
Linear velocity, v = rω
v2
Centripetal acceleration, ac = = rω 2
r
mv 2
Centripetal force, F = = mrω 2
r
Linear distance, s = rθ
Linear velocity, v = rω
Linear (tangential) acceleration, a = rα
Rotational motion with constant angular acceleration :
ω = ωo + α t
ω 2 = ωo 2 + 2α θ
1
θ = ωot + α t 2
2
2
Condition for static equilibrium of rigid body :
∑F x =0 ; ∑F y =0 ; ∑τ =0
Torque, τ = F r sin θ = F d
Moment of Inertia, I = ∑ m r 2
Torque, τ = I α
1 2
Rotational Kinetic energy, Kr = Iω
2
Rotational work, W = τ θ
Rotational power, P = τ ω
1 1
Kinetic energy for rolling object, K = mv 2 + Iω 2
2 2
Angular momentum for a particle, L = mrv
Angular momentum for a rigid body, L = Iω
Conservation of angular momentum, ∑L initial = ∑ Lfinal
Gravitational
GMm
Newton’s law of gravitation, F =
r2
GM
Gravitational Field Strength, g = ag =
r2
GM
Gravitational Potential, V = −
r
GMm
Gravitational Potential Energy, U = −
r
Satellite motion:
GM
Velocity, v =
r
r3
Period of revolution, T = 2π
GM
GMm
Total energy satellite, E = −
2r
3
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
2π
Angular frequency, ω = 2π f =
T
1
Kinetic energy, K = mω 2 ( A 2 − x 2 )
2
1
Potential energy, U = mω 2 x 2
2
1
Total energy SHM, E = U + K = mω 2 A 2
2
l
Simple pendulum, T = 2π
g
m
Spring mass system, T = 2π
k
Mechanical Waves
2π 2π
Angular frequency, ω = ; Wave number, k =
T λ
dy
Particle vibrational velocity, vy = = ωA cos(ω t ± k x + ϕ )
dt
Wave propagation velocity, v = f λ
Stationary (standing) wave equation : Y = 2 A cos k x sin ω t
Sound Waves
Propagation of sound in term of variation of pressure and displacement
y ( x, t ) = A sin(ω t − kx)
p ( x, t ) − po sin(ω t − kx + ϕ )
4
Beat frequency, fb =| f 1 − f 2 |
T m
Velocity of progressive wave in a stretched string, v = where µ =
µ L
nv
Closed end air column : fn = n = 1,3,5,7 * v = speed of sound
4L
nv
With end correction fn =
4( L + c)
nv
Open end air column : fn = n = 1,2,3, * v = speed of sound
2L
nv
With end correction fn =
2( L + 2c)
P
Intensity of sound, I =
4π r 2
Deformation of Solids
F
Stress, σ =
A
e
Strain, ε =
lo
σ
Young Modulus, Y =
ε
1
Strain Energy (energy stored in a wire), U = Fe
2
5
Heat
Conduction
Q k A∆T
=−
t x
Thermal expansion
Linear : ∆L = α Lo ∆T
Area : ∆A = β Ao ∆T β = 2α
Volume : ∆V = γ Vo ∆T γ = 3α
P1 P 2
Pressure Law =
T1 T 2
Ideal Gas equation pV = nRT or pV = NkT
1 1
pV = Nm < v 2 > or p= ρ < v2 >
3 3
N m
No of moles n = =
NA M
R
Boltzmann constant, k =
NA
v1 2 + v 2 2 + + vn 2
Mean square speed, < v 2 >=
N
Root mean square speed,
vrms = < v 2 >
3kT 3RT
vrms = =
m M
6
Degree of freedom, f
Monoatomic f = 3 Diatomic f = 5 Polyatomic f = 6
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic processes :
Isothermal T constant ∆U = 0 obey Boyle’s law
Isovolumetric V constant W =0 obey Pressure law
Isobaric p constant obey Charles’ law
Adiabatic No Heat change Q=0
V2 p1
Work done in isothermal process : W = nRT ln or W = nRT ln
V1 p2