MRK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Subject Title : Fluid Mechanics & Machinery Title : QB
Subject Code : CE8394 Unit : IV
Year/ Sem : II/III
PUMPS
Impact of jets – Euler’s equation - Theory of roto-dynamic machines – various efficiencies– velocity
components at entry and exit of the rotor- velocity triangles - Centrifugal pumps– working principle -
work done by the impeller - performance curves - Reciprocating pump- working principle – Rotary
pumps –classification.
PART A – (Two Marks)
Impact of jets – Euler’s equation - Theory of roto-dynamic machines – various efficiencies–
velocity components at entry and exit of the rotor- velocity triangles
1. Define impact of jet.
The force generated by a jet of water deflected by an impact surface is measured and
compared to the momentum change of the jet. Apparatus. The experimental apparatus
consists of a water nozzle, a set of impact surfaces, a spring scale connected to a balance
beam, a flow meter, and plumbing for recirculating the water.
A jet is a stream of fluid that is projected into a surrounding medium, usually from some
kind of a nozzle, aperture or orifice. Jets can travel long distances without dissipating. In
the Earth's atmosphere there exist jet streams that travel thousands of kilometres.

2. Define impulse momentum principle.

Since force is a vector quantity, impulse is also a vector in the same direction. Impulse
applied to an object produces an equivalent vector change in its linear momentum, also in
the same direction. The SI unit of impulse is the newton second (N).
The impulse-momentum theorem is logically equivalent to Newton's second law of
motion (the force law).
Units
The SI unit of impulse is the newton second
The SI unit of momentum is the kilogram meter per second.
These units of impulse and momentum are equivalent.
[N s = kg m/s]

3. Write the Euler equation for a turbo machines.

The force exerted by the water in the direction of motion is given by
F = ρaV1 (Vw1 + Vw2 )
But the momentum of the water or impulse = F×u
F = ρaV1 (Vw1 + Vw2 ) × u
This momentum or impulse is known as work done by the fluid on the rotating element.

4. What are the forces exerted by a fluid jet on stationary plate and moving plate?
A jet of water coming out from the nozzle strikes the vertical plate
V = velocity of jet,
d = diameter of the jet,
a = area of
x – section of the jet

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 The force exerted by the jet on the plate in the direction of jet.
Fx = Rate of change of momentum in the direction of force
= initial momentum – final momentum / time
= mass x initial velocity – mass x final velocity / time
= mass/time (initial velocity – final velocity)
= mass/ sec x (velocity of jet before striking – final velocity of jet after
striking)
= ρaV (V -0)

Fx = ρaV2

5. Find the force exerted by a jet of water of diameter 75mm on a stationary flat plate,
when the jet strikes the plate normally with a velocity of 20m/s?
Diameter of jet, d = 75mm = 0.075 m
Velocity of jet plate, V = 20 m/s
Solution:
Area, a= 2
2
= = 0.004417m2
Velocity of jet plate, V = 20 m/s
The force exerted by the jet of water on a stationary vertical plate is given by
2

Where,
ρ = 1000 kg/ m3
F = 1000 x 0.004417x 202

F = 1766.8 N
6. Define flow ratio.
It is the ratio of the velocity of flow at exit (Vf2) to the theoretical velocity of the jet
corresponding to monometric head (Hm).
Vf 2
Kf =
2 gH m
K f var ies from 0.1to 0.25
7. Define degrees of reaction?
The degree of reaction is defined as the ratio between the kinetic energy change in moving
blade to the kinetic energy change in the stage. We can also state, it is the ratio between
increase in relative kinetic energy in moving blade and the stage work output.
Degree of reaction,

8. Give short notes on hydraulic machines.

Hydraulic machines are machinery and tools that use liquid fluid power to do simple
work. Heavy equipment is a common example.

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 In this type of machine, hydraulic fluid is transmitted throughout the machine to various
hydraulic motors and hydraulic cylinders and becomes pressurised according to the
resistance present.
The popularity of hydraulic machinery is due to the very large amount of power that can
be transferred through small tubes and flexible hoses, and the high power density and
wide array of actuators that can make use of this power.
Hydraulic machinery is operated by the use of hydraulics, where a liquid is the powering
medium.
9. Define manometric head.
The manometric head is defined as the head against which a centrifugal pump has to work.
It is denoted by Hm. It is given by the following expression:
Hm = Head imparted by the impeller to the water – Loss of head in the pump.
This is defined by British Standards as the sum of the actual lift + the friction losses in
the pipes + the discharge velocity head. However for special pumps allowance must also
be made for the velocity of flow towards the suction intake and any pressure differences at
the water surfaces in the supply and receiving tanks.
Thus:

Commonly the suction and delivery pipes are of equal diameter. In which case:

If the two pressures are registered on different gauges. A correction must be made for any
difference in the datum heights of the gauges

10. Define manometric efficiency and mechanical efficiency of centrifugal pump.

[Apr/May – 2015]
Manometric Efficiency
The ratio of the manometric head to the head imparted by the impeller to the water is
known as manometric efficiency. Mathematically it is written as

Mechanical efficiency of a centrifugal pump (ηm)

Mechanical efficiency of a centrifugal pump (ηm) is the ratio of theoretical power that
must be supplied to operate the pump to the actual power delivered to the pump.
Mechanical efficiency can be used to determine the power loss in bearings and other
moving parts of a centrifugal pump. It determines the actual power that must be supplied
to a centrifugal pump for desired result.
Theoretica l power that must be delivered to a pump
Mechanical efficiency (η m ) = × 100
Actual power delivered to the pump

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11. Define hydraulic efficiency and axial thrust of a roto-dynamic hydraulic machine.
[M/J 13]
Hydraulic Efficiency
It is defined as the ratio of power developed by the runner to the power supplied by the
water jet.
Power developed by the runner
ηh =
Power sup plied by the water jet
ρ Q(Vw1 ± Vw 2 ) u (Vw1 ± Vw 2 ) u H r
ηh = = =
ρ gQH gH H
1
The parameter H r = (Vw1 + Vw2 ) × u represents the energy transfer per unit weight of the
g
water and is referred to the runner head or Euler head.
Hydraulic loss within the turbine, ΔH = H - Hr
Axial thrust
The net axial down thrust force is carried by the pump shaft. The shaft will stretch, or
elongate, under this load. Before the pump starts up, any stretch that occurs is due to rotor
weight, the sum of the static forces. The thrust load will increase after the pump starts up
due to the addition of the dynamic forces.
12. Why priming is necessary in centrifugal pumps? [Nov/Dec 2016]
The operation of filling liquid (which is to be pumped) in the suction pipe, casing of the
pump and a portion of the delivery pipe up to delivery valve before starting the pump is
called priming of a centrifugal pump.
Centrifugal pumps are a sub-class of dynamic axis-symmetric work-absorbing turbo-
machinery. Centrifugal pumps are used to transport fluids by the conversion of rotational
kinetic energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow. The rotational energy
typically comes from an engine or electric motor. The fluid enters the pump impeller
along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially
outward into a diffuser or volute chamber (casing), from where it exits.
Common uses include water, sewage, petroleum and petrochemical pumping. The reverse
function of the centrifugal pump is a water turbine converting potential energy of water
pressure into mechanical rotational energy.
13. Explain the functions of a foot valve. Indicate how it works.
Foot Valves are a form of check valve, installed at the bottom of Pump suction line, inside
the wet well. Foot valves are an inexpensive way to prime a single centrifugal pump. Foot
valves are a type of check valve and are placed at the pump’s wet well. Unlike other
valves, a foot valve is created with a larger flow area than the actual pipe size to make sure
that there is less head loss. Foot valves are either made of PVC plastic or stainless steel,
and they are known for keeping the continuous presence of suction within the pump.
Foot valves are used to maintain hydraulic pressure to keep the water flow in accordance
with the given settings or configurations. There are instances where the pressure can
actually pop the valve out and cause major leakage; thus, it is important to use the right
kind of material in the tubing to be able to support the force within the valve.
14. What is cavitation? Where does it occur in centrifugal pumps?

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 Pump cavitation is the formation and subsequent collapse or implosion of vapor bubbles
in a pump. It occurs when the absolute pressure on the liquid falls below the liquid’s vapor
pressure.
Primary cause of centrifugal pump cavitation is vapor formation in the suction of pump.
Vapor bubbles can be formed and carried to the centrifugal pump due to various reasons
such as low available NPSH, high liquid temperature in the pump suction, reduced liquid
flow to the pump etc.
Preventive measures against pump cavitation need to consider the cause of pump
cavitation and prevent that cause from taking place. Different precautions need to be taken
against pump cavitation occurring due to different reasons.
15. What are the effects of cavitation? Give the necessary precautions against cavitation.
The major effects are break down of the machine itself due to severe pitting and erosion of
blade surface.
Precautions:
• Sudden drop in efficiency
• Head falls suddenly
• More power requirement
• Noise and vibrations.
16. Define specific speed.
Specific speed (Ns) of a centrifugal pump is defined as the speed in revolutions per minute
of a geometrically similar pump which deliver one m3 of liquid (unit quantity) per second
against a head of one metre (unit head). Specific speed can be used as a basis for
comparison of the performance of different pumps.
N Q
N s = 3/ 2
Hm
17. What are the advantages of centrifugal pumps over reciprocating pumps?
The centrifugal pump claims to have following advantages over positive displacement
also called reciprocating pump
• Because of fewer parts centrifugal pump have less cost than reciprocating pump
• Also because of fewer parts installation and maintenance are easier and cheaper as
compared to reciprocating pump
• Centrifugal pump have much greater discharging capacity than reciprocating pump
• Centrifugal pump is compact and small in size and have less weight for the same
capacity and energy transfer as compared to reciprocating pump
• Centrifugal pump performance characteristics are superior as compared to reciprocating
pump
• Centrifugal pump can be used for lifting highly viscous liquid such as paper pulp,
muddy and sewage water sugar molasses and oil but reciprocating pump cannot do that
• Centrifugal pump can be used at high speed without the danger of separation and
cavitation whereas reciprocating pump has a danger of separation and cavitation
• Centrifugal pump can be directly coupled to an oil engine or electric motor whereas
reciprocating pump lack this property

18. What is the role of a volute chamber of a centrifugal pump?

The role of a volute chamber of a centrifugal pump is listed below:
• To guide water to and from the impeller
• To partially convert the kinetic energy into pressure energy
One of the main purposes of a volute casing is to help balance the hydraulic pressure on
the shaft of the pump. However, this occurs best at the manufacturer's recommended
capacity. Running volute-style pumps at a lower capacity than the manufacturer
recommends can put lateral stress on the shaft of the pump, increasing wear-and-tear on

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 the seals and bearings, and on the shaft itself.

19. What is meant by priming of pumps? [Nov/Dec 2010]

The delivery valve is closed and the suction pipe, casing and portion of the delivery pipe
upto delivery valve are completely filled with the liquid so that no air pocket is left. This
is called as priming of a centrifugal pump. For small pumps priming is done by pouring
water directly in the pump casing through a funnel provided at the top casing.

20. What is mean by Vortex casing? How can we identify the cavitations in pumps?
In vortex casing, circular annual space is provided between the impeller and the volute
chamber. This circular chamber is known as vortex or whirlpool chamber and such a
pump is known as volute pump with vortex chamber. The vortex chamber converts some
of the kinetic energy into pressure energy.
We can identify the cavitation in pumps as:
• Sudden drop in efficiency
• Head falls suddenly
• More power requirement
• Noise and vibrations.
21. Define (i) suction head (ii) delivery head?
Suction head:
It is the vertical height of the centre line of the centrifugal pump above the water surface
in the tank or pump from which water is to be lifted. This height is also called suction lift
and it is denoted by hs.
Delivery head:
The vertical distance between the centre line of the pump and the water surface in the tank
to which water is delivered is known as delivery head. It is denoted by hd.

22. What are backward curved vanes?

When the outlet tip of the blade bends in the form of curve in a direction opposite to that
of motion, then it is called backward curved blade/vane. For backward curved blades, ϕ <
900. The tangential component, Vw2 is much reduced and consequently for a given
impeller speed, the impeller will have a low energy transfer. Centrifugal pumps do not
always have backward curved vanes. But when they do, it is mostly for fluids in the
incompressible regime of operation such as water. For compressible operation of fluids
such as air, forward curve-vaned centrifugal pumps are used.
23. What is a forward curved vane?
When the outlet tip of blade curve is in the direction of motion, then it is called as forward
curved blade/vanes. For forward curved vanes, ϕ is greater than 900. Direction of relative
velocity at outlet is fixed by angle ϕ and obviously, the velocity vector changes depending
upon vane configuration.
24. How can we identify the cavitations in pumps?
Cavitatin is defined as the phenomenon of formation of vapour bubbles a of a flowing
liquid in a region where the pressure of the liquid falls below its vapour pressure and the
sudden collapsing of these vapour bubbles in a region of high pressure. If the pressure at
the suction side of the pump drops below the vapour pressure of the liquid then the
cavitation may occur. The cavitation in a pump can be noted by a sudden drop in
efficiency and head.
25. Why is forward curved blading rarely used in pumps? [May/June 2016]
The forward curved blades are rarely used in pump because it requires speed reduction
mechanism between the pump shaft and prime mover (i.e) electric motor. Moreover it has
low efficiency about 75%. In case of radial and forward-facing blades, if the pump motor
is rated for maximum power, then it will be under utilized most of the time, resulting in an

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 increased cost for the extra rating. Whereas, if a smaller motor is employed, rated at the
design point, then if Q increases above the motor will be overloaded and may fail. It,
therefore, becomes more difficult to decide on a choice of motor in these later cases
(radial and forward-facing blades).
Centrifugal pumps– working principle – work done by the impeller – performance curves –
Reciprocating pump- working principle – Rotary pumps –classification.
26. Classify the types of Impellers. N/D 2020 & A/M 2021
1.Open impeller,
2.Semi-open Impeller,
3.Closed Impeller
4.Vortex Impeller
5.Cutter Impeller
27. Define pump and multistage centrifugal pumps.
Pump:
In general pump is a device which converts the mechanical energy supplied into hydraulic
energy by lifting water to higher levels. For example in olden days, it is mainly used for
water supply or irrigation purposes.
Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and consume
energy to perform mechanical work by moving the fluid. Pumps operate via many energy
sources, including manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind power, come in many
sizes, from microscopic for use in medical applications to large industrial pumps.
Multi Centrifugal pump:
If a centrifugal pump consists of two or more impellers, the pump is called a multistage
centrifugal pump. The impellers may be mounted on the same shaft or on different shafts.
A multistage centrifugal pump having the following two functions are:
• To produce a high head
• To discharge a large quantity of liquid

28. Classify pumps.

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by
mechanical action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the
method they use to move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps

29. What are the design aspects of a centrifugal pump?

Speed ratio (Ku): it is the ratio of peripheral speed at outlet (ur) to the theoretical velocity
of jet corresponding to manometric head Hm.

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 Flow ration (Kf): it is the ratio of the velocity of flow at exit (Vf2) to the theoretical
velocity of the jet corresponding to manometric head (Hm).
Outlet diameter of impeller (D2)
84.6 K u H m
D2 =
πN
Inlet diameter of impeller (D1): the inlet diameter D1 is 2/3 to 1/3 of D2 depending upon
specific speed Ns or total head Hm. however, in most of the cases, D1 = 0.5 D2.
Least diameter of impeller: the least diameter of the impeller can be derived on the basis
of the fact that the pump starts delivering liquid only when centrifugal head is equal to the
head Hm.
Diameter of suction pipe (Ds): if Ds be the diameter of the suction pipe and Vs be the
velocity of flow in suction pipe, then the amount of water to be pumped.
4Q
Ds =
π Vs
Diameter of delivery pipe: if Dd is the diameter of delivery pipe and Vd is the velocity of
flow in delivery pipe, then
4Q
Dd =
π Vd
30. State any two precautions against cavitations.
• The pressure of the flowing fluid in any part of the hydraulic system should not be
allowed to fall below its vapour pressure. In case of water, absolute pressure head
should not be allowing 2.5 m of water.
• Special material coatings can be given to the surfaces where the cavitation occurs. The
special materials such as Aluminium – bronze and stainless steel are cavitation resistant
materials.

31. List the losses in Centrifugal pump. [ Nov/Dec – 2014]

• Mechanical friction power loss due to friction between the fixed and rotating parts in the
bearing and stuffing boxes.
• Disc friction power loss due to friction between the rotating faces of the impeller (or
disc) and the liquid.
• Leakage and recirculation power loss. This is due to loss of liquid from the pump and
recirculation of the liquid in the impeller. The pressure difference between impeller tip
and eye can cause a recirculation of a small volume of liquid, thus reducing the flow rate
at outlet of the impeller as shown in Fig.

1.
32. What is meant by ‘Net positive suction head (NPSH)? [ May/June- 2014 & Nov/Dec-
2014]
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) is defined as the available total suction head at the
pump inlet above the head corresponding to the vapour pressure at that temperature.
The margin of pressure over vapor pressure, at the pump suction nozzle, is Net Positive
Suction Head (NPSH). NPSH is the difference between suction pressure (stagnation) and
vapor pressure. In equation form:
NPSH = Ps - Pvap

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 Where:
NPSH = NPSH available from the system, at the pump inlet, with the pump running

33. Explain the cavitation problem in Centrifugal pump. [ Nov/Dec-2015]

Operating a pump under the condition of cavitation for even a short period of time can
have damaging consequences for both the equipment and the process. Operating a pump at
low flow conditions for an extended duration may also have damaging consequences for
the equipment.
Prevent cavitation
Cavitation of the pump should not occur throughout its operating capacity range.
Minimize low flow operation
Continuous operation of centrifugal pumps at low flows i.e. reduced capacities, leads to a
number of unfavorable conditions. These include reduced motor efficiency, excessive
radial thrusts, excessive temperature rise in the pumping fluid, internal re-circulation, etc

34. What are the operating characteristics curves of centrifugal pump? [Apr/ May –
2015]
• If the speed is kept constant, the variation of manometric head, power and efficiency
with respect to discharge gives the operating characteristics of the pump. above figure
shows operating characteristic curves of a pump.
• This input power curve for pumps shall not pass through the origin. It will be slightly
away from the origin on the y-axis, as even at zero discharge some power is needed to
overcome mechanical losses.
• The head curve will have minimum value of head when discharge is zero.
• The output power curve will start from origin as at Q = 0, output power (ρQgH) will be
zero
• The efficiency curve will start from origin as at Q = 0, η = 0.

35. Why the reciprocating pump is called a positive displacement pump? [ Ap/May 2011]
The reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump as it sucks and raises the liquid
by actually displaying it with a piston/plunger that executes a reciprocating nation in a
closely fitting cylinder. The amount of liquid pumped is equal to the volume displaced by
the piston. The pumps designed with disk pistons create pressure upto 25 bar and the
plunger pumps built up still higher pressures. Discharge from these pumps is almost
wholly depends on the pump speed.
36. List some types of positive displacement pumps.

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37. Define reciprocating pump.
The mechanical energy is converted into hydraulic energy or pressure energy by sucking
the liquid into a cylinder in which a piston is reciprocating (moving backwards and
forwards), which exerts the thrust on the liquid and increases its hydraulic energy, the
pump is known as reciprocating pump.
Types:
• Single acting Reciprocating pump
• Double acting Reciprocating pump.
38. List out the various components of a centrifugal pump?
Impeller: It is a wheel or rotor which is provided with a series of backward curved blades
or vanes.
Casing: The casing surrounds the impeller. It is an air tight casing, like the casing of a
reaction turbine.
Suction pipe, strainer and foot valve: it is a pipe whose upper end is connected with the
pump on suction side and lower end is submerged in the source of water, i.e., sump.
Delivery pipe and delivery valve: It is connected between the outlet of the pump and
lower end of the delivery pipe. It is used to regulate the quantity of water to be lifted by
controlling the opening of the water.
39. What are the types of casings used in centrifugal pumps?
Volute casing: In volute casing type of centrifugal pump the impeller is surrounded by the
spiral casing.
Vortex casing: This is the improvement on vortex casing. In this type of casing, an
annular space known as vortex or whirlpool chamber is provided between the impeller and
volute casing.
Casing with guide blades: the guide vanes are arranged at the outlet of the impeller. The
guides vanes are fixed with the ring are shaped in such a manner that they provide
gradually enlarged passage for the flow of liquid. The liquid coming out of the impeller,
enters the guide vanes without shock while flowing through the increasing area in the
guide vanes, kinetic energy of liquid get transferred into pressure energy.
40. List out the main parts of reciprocating pump.
• A cylinder with a piston, piston rod, connecting rod and a crank,
• Suction pipe,
• Delivery pipe,
• Delivery valve,
• Suction valve.
41. Define slip, negative slip in reciprocating pump. [May/June-2014] [ Nov/Dec-2015]
Slip-The difference of theoretical discharge and actual discharge is known as slip of the
pump, mathematically

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 But slip is mostly expressed as percentage of slip which is given by

= (1 —Cd ) x 100 = Coefficient of discharge.

Negative slip-When Qact> Qth then the slip of the pump becomes negative.
Where Qact is the actual discharged Qth is the theoretical discharge.
This is possible when the length of suction pipe is considerably long, delivery head low
and pump is running at high speed.
42. Why priming is used to centrifugal pump?
Enough liquid for priming can be stored in a specially designed pump casing, resulting in
a centrifugal pump that is self-priming. During priming the liquid is recirculated within
the casing. Gas from the suction port mixes with the liquid in the pump. The impeller
repeatedly ejects the mixture back into the casing. The liquid sinks to the bottom of the
casing, where it reenters the pump along with more gas from the suction port. Gradually
the gas is expelled from the pump into the discharge line, and the suction line fills with
liquid. Normal centrifugal pump operation begins.
43. Classify the reciprocating pump.
The reciprocating pumps are classified as:
(i) According to the water being in contact with one side or both side of the piston.
1. Single acting pump
2. Double acting pump.
(ii) According to the number of cylinders provided.
1. Single cylinder pump
2. Double cylinder pump
3. Triple cylinder pump.
44. What is indicator diagram?
The indicator diagram for a reciprocating pump is defined as the graph between the
pressure head in the cylinder and the distance travelled by piston from inner dead centre
for one complete revolution of the crank. As the maximum distance travelled by the piston
is equal to the stroke length and hence the indicator diagram is a graph between pressure
head and the stroke length of the piston for one complete revolution. The pressure head is
taken as ordinate and stroke length as abscissa.
45. Define speed ratio.
Speed ratio is the ratio of peripheral speed at outlet u2 to the theoretical velocity of jet
corresponding to manometric head Hm

u = u2 /

u varies from 0.95 to 1.25

46. Mention the significance of ‘back leakage’. [Nov/Dec- 2013]
This highly pressurized fuel is provided by a high pressure pump. At low engine speed the
pressure delivered by the fuel pump will be lower than the pressure delivered when revs
are high. Excessive back leakage in the injectors means that the high pressure pump
cannot provide enough pressure. This is particularly pronounced at starting or tick-over
because of the low engine and low pump speed.
47. List the advantages and limitations of reciprocating pumps over dynamic pumps.
Advantages:
• High efficiency
• No priming needed

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 • Can deliver water at high pressure
• Can work in wide pressure range
• Continuous rate of discharge
Limitations:
• More parts mean high initial cost
• High maintenance cost
• No uniform torque
• Low discharging capacity
• Pulsating flow
• Difficult to pump viscous fluid
• High wear in parts
48. Compare single acting and double acting reciprocating pumps.
• A Single Acting Reciprocating (piston) compressor or pump consists of a single cylinder
which only takes in and discharges fluid at one end. On the 'Back' (Suction) stroke and
discharges on the 'Forward' (Discharge) stroke.
• A Double acting unit also has only one cylinder but it is piped up to take in and
discharge fluid at both ends.
• On the back stroke, the suction valve at the front end opens and the discharge valve at
the back end opens. On the forward stroke the reverse action takes place. Front end
suction closes and discharge opens. Back end suction opens and discharge closes. As
fluid is being drawn in at one end, fluid is being discharged at the other end.
49. What is a casing? List their types.
Casing surrounds the impeller. It is an air tight casing, like the casing of a reaction turbine.
It is designed in such a way that the large kinematic energy of leaving water is gradually
converted into pressure energy till it leaves the casing into delivery pipe. Two openings
are provided in the casing for suction and delivery of water. The following three types of
casings are commonly adopted:
• Volute casing
• Vortex casing
• Casing with guide blades.
50. What are the causes of negative slip? [May/June 2013]
When pumps have long suction pipe, low delivery head and have high speed. It happens
because in such case inertia pressure in suction pipe will be large in comparison pressure
outside delivery valve, which may cause delivery valve to open before suction stroke is
completed. Some liquid is thus pushed directly into delivery pipe even before delivery
stroke is commenced, which results in making actual discharge more than theoretical
discharge.
51. What are the advantages of installing air vessels in reciprocating pumps?
[May/June-2013]
An air vessel usually fitted in the discharge pipe work to dampen out the pressure
variations during discharge. As the discharge pressure rises the air is compressed in the
vessel, and as the pressure falls the air expands. The peak pressure energy is thus stored in
the air and returned to the system when pressure falls. Air vessels are not fitted on the
reciprocating boiler feed pumps since they may introduce air into the de-aerated water
Advantages of Air vessel:
• To obtain liquid at uniform discharge.
• Due to air vessel frictional head and acceleration head decreases and the work
overcoming friction resistance in suction and delivery pipe considerably decreases
which results in good amount of work.
• Reciprocating pump can run at high speed without flow separation.

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52. What are the uses of Indicator diagram?
PV diagrams can be used to estimate the net work performed by a thermodynamic cycle.
The network is the area enclosed by the PV curve in the diagram. This usage derived from
the development of indicator diagrams which were used to estimate the performance of a
steam engine. Specifically, the diagram records the pressure of steam versus the volume of
steam in a cylinder, throughout a piston's cycle of motion in a steam engine. The diagram
enables calculation of the work performed and thus can provide a measure of the power
produced by the engine.
53. Explain the purpose of air vessel and in which pump it is used [ May/June-
2014][Ap/May 2017]
An air vessel is a closed cast iron chamber having an opening at the base through which
water flows in and out. The top portion of the ar vessel contains compressed air, which
will be further compressed when the liquid enters the vessel and it will expand when the
liquid flows out from the vessel. It can be filed either on the suction or delivery pipe or
both and is always fitted near the cylinder.
• To obtain a continuous supply of liquid at a uniform rate.
• To save a considerable amount of work in overcoming the frictional resistance in the
suction and delivery pipes, and
• To run the pump at a high speed without separation.
54. What is the function of air vessel in reciprocating pumps? [Nov/Dec -2016]
Air vessel is a closed chamber containing compressed air at the top and liquid at the
bottom. Air vessel is connected to the reciprocating pump through the opening at the base
through which liquid enters into it during delivery stroke of the pump and compressed. It
flows out during suction stroke of the pump as the compressed air expands in the air
vessel.
Uses:
• 1. It provides uniform discharge from pump.
• 2. The chances of cavitations’ or separation are considerably reduced.
• 3. A considerable amount of work is saved as frictional resistance.
• 4. The pump can run at higher speed and provides higher discharge.
55. Draw the relationship between discharge and crank angle for a single acting pump.
[Nov/Dec -2013]

Discharge through a single acting reciprocating pump.

D = diameter of the cylinder, A = cross section are of the piston or cylinder
r = radius of crank, N = rpm of the crank
L = Length of the stroke = 2 x r
hs = Suction head or height of the axis of the cylinder from water surface in sump.
hd = Delivery head or height of the delivery outlet above the cylinder axis.
Discharge of water in one revolution = Area x Length of stroke
=AxL
Number of revolution per second = N/60
Discharge of the pump per second, Q = Discharge in one revolution x No.of revolution per
second
Q= ALN/60

13
56. Explain what causes additional head than static head in reciprocating pumps.
The flow in the suction and discharge piping of a reciprocating pump is not constant. The
pump age must accelerate and decelerate a number of times for each revolution of the
crankshaft. Because the liquid has mass, and therefore inertia, energy is required to
produce the acceleration. This energy is returned to the system upon deceleration, so there
is no loss. However, sufficient NPSH must be provided on the suction side of the pump to
accelerate the liquid to prevent cavitation in the suction pipe and/or pumping chambers.
57. Can actual discharge be greater than theoretical discharge in a reciprocating pump?
In most of the cases, actual discharge is less than theoretical discharge. But in sometimes,
actual discharge may be higher than theoretical discharge. In such cases, Cd is greater than
unity and the slip will be ‘negative’. In that case the slip of the pump is known as negative
slip.
Negative slip is possible, when the delivery pipe is short, suction pipe is long and pump is
running at high speed.

58. Under what conditions would you suggest the use of double suction pump and a
multistage pump?
The following conditions are:
• If the need of continuous delivery of fluid
• If uniform discharge of fluid is needed
• If the required discharge of fluid is more
• If the space is limited to use single suction pump for the higher capacity.
59. Define “slip” of reciprocating pump. When does the negative slip occur?
[Nov/Dec 2008] [May/June 2016]
The difference between the theoretical slip and actual discharge of the reciprocating pump
is defined as
Slip = Qth - Qa
Q − Qa
Percentage Slip = th ×100 = (1 − C d ) ×100
Qth
As Qa is less than Qth, the value of Cd is less than unity and the slip of the pump is
positive. If the actual discharge is more than the theoretical discharge the slip of the pump
will become negative, which is then known as negative slip. This may happen in the case
of pumps having long suction pipe and low delivery head and pump running at high speed.
60. List the advantages of double acting reciprocating pumps. [ Nov/Dec – 2014]
• Reciprocating pumps will deliver fluid at high pressure (High Delivery Head).
• They are 'Self-priming'
• No need to fill the cylinders before starting.
• Can work in wide pressure range
• Continuous rate of discharge
61. What are rotary pumps?
Rotary pumps resemble like a centrifugal pumps in appearance. But the working method
differs. Uniform discharge and positive displacement can be obtained by using these
rotary pumps. So, we can clearly say, it has the combined advantages of both centrifugal
and reciprocating pumps.
Rotary pump are classified as
(i) External gear pump
(ii) Internal gear pump
(iii) Lobe pump and
(iv) Vane pump
PART – B (16 MARKS)

14
1. A jet of water 30 mm diameter strikes a hinged square plate at its centre with a
velocity of 20 m/s. The plate is deflected through an angle of 20o. Find the weight of
the plate. It the plate is not allowed, to swing, what will be the force required at the
lower edge of the plate to keep the plate in vertical position. (13)
Given:
Diameter of jet d = 30 mm = 0.03 m
Area
Velocity of jet V = 20 m/s
Angle of swing θ = 20o
To find:
Weight W
Force P
Solution:

W.k.T

Or

If the plate is not allowed to swing a force P will be applied at the lower edge of the plate
as shown in fig. The weight of the plate is acting vertically downward through the C.G of
the plate
Let
F = Force exerted by jet of water
h = Height of plate
= Distance of P from the hinge.
The jet strikes at the centre of the plate and hence distance of the centre of the jet from
hinge = h/2
Taking moments * about the hinged O, P X h = F X h/2

15
 Result:
W = 826.6 N
P = 141.36 N

2. (i) A jet of water of diameter 10 cm strikes a flat plate normally with a velocity of 15 U
m/s. The plate is moving with a velocity of 6 m/s in the direction of the jet and away
from the jet. Find 1. The force exerted by the jet on the plate 2. Work done by the jet
on the plate per second. 3. And find the power and efficiency of the jet. (6)
Given:
Diameter of jet d = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Area a = 0.007854 m2
Velocity of jet V = 15 m/s
Velocity of plate u = 6 m/s
To find:
1. The force exerted by the jet on the plate Fx
2. Work done by the jet on the plate per second.
3. Power of the jet in kW
4. efficiency of the jet , η
Solution:
1. The force exerted by the jet on the plate is given by equation as

2. Work done by the jet on the plate per second.

3. Power of the jet in kW

4. efficiency of the jet,

Where out of jet /sec = Work done by jet per second = 3817.02 Nm/s
And
A input per second = Kinetic energy of the jet /sec

Therefore

Result:
1. The force exerted by the jet on the plate Fx = 636.17 kN
2. Work done by the jet on the plate per second. = 3817.02 Ns/m
3. Power of the jet in kW = 3.817 kW

16
4. Efficiency of the jet , η = 28. %

(ii) A jet of water of diameter 7.5 cm strikes a curved plate at its centre with a
velocity of 20 m/s. The curved plate is moving with a velocity of 8 m/s in the direction
of the jet. The jet is deflected through an angle of 165o, assuming the plate smooth
find: 1. Force exerted on the plate in the direction of jet, 2. Power of the jet 3.
Efficiency of the jet. (7)
Given:
Diameter of jet d = 7.5 cm = 0.075 m
Area
Velocity of jet V = 20 m/s
Velocity of plate u = 8 m/s
Angle of deflection of jet θ = 165o
angle made by relative velocity at he outlet of the plate
θ = 180o - 165o = 15o
To find:
1. Force exerted on the plate in the direction of jet,
2. Power of the jet
3. Efficiency of the jet.
Solution:
1. Force exerted on the plate in the direction of jet,

2. Work done by the jet on the plate per second.

3. Power of the jet = 10003.04/1000 = 10 kW

4. Efficiency of the jet

Result:
FX = 1250.38 N
P = 10 kW
η = 56.4 %

17
3. (i) A jet of water having a velocity of 20 m/s strikes a curved vane, which is moving
with a velocity of 10m/s. The jet makes an angle of 20o. With the direction of motion
of vane at inlet and leaves at an angle of 130o to the direction of motion of vane an
outlet. Calculate: 1. Vane angles so that the water enters and leaves the vane without
shock.2. Work done per second per unit weight of water striking (or work done per
unit weight of water striking) the vane per second. (6)
Given:
Velocity of jet V1 = 20 m/s
Velocity of vane u1 = 10 m/s
Angle made by jet at inlet, with direction of motion of vane
α= 20o
Angle made by leaving jet, with the direction of motion = 130o
β= 180o -130o = 50o
In this problem u1 = u2 = 10 m/s
Vr1=Vr2
To Find:
1. Vane angles
2. Work done
Solution:
1. Vane angle means angle made by the relative velocities at inlet and outlet that is θ
and φ
From figure in ΔABD we have ……………1
Where Vf1 = V1sin α = 20 X sin 20o = 6.84 m/s
Vw1 = V1cos α = 20 X cos 20o = 18.794 m/s
u1 = 10 m/s

‫؞‬
‫؞‬

From ΔABC

Vr2 = Vr1 = 11.14 m/s

From ΔEFG applying sine rule we have

2. Work done per second per unit weight of the water striing the vane per second is
given by

18
 Where
Vw1 = 18.794 m/s ,
Vw2 = GH – GF = Vr2 – cosϕ – u2 = 11.14 X cos 6.56o – 10 =1.067 m/s
u = u1= u2
‫ ؞‬Work done per unit weight of water

Result:
1.
2. Work done per unit weight of water= 20.24 Nm/N

(ii) Explain the working principle with the main parts of centrifugal pump.
[Nov/Dec-2015] (4)
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

These are so called because energy is imparted to the fluid by centrifugal action of moving
blades from the inner radius to the outer radius. The main components of centrifugal
pumps are (1) the impeller, (2) the casing and (3) the drive shaft with gland and packing.
Additionally suction pipe with one way valve (foot valve) and delivery pipe with delivery
valve completes the system.
The liquid enters the eye of the impeller axially due to the suction created by the impeller
motion. The impeller blades guide the fluid and impart momentum to the fluid, which
increases the total head (or pressure) of the fluid, causing the fluid to flow out. The fluid
comes out at a high velocity which is not directly usable. The casing can be of simple
volute type or a diffuser can be used as desired. The volute is a spiral casing of gradually
increasing cross section. A part of the kinetic energy in the fluid is converted to pressure
in the casing. Show in fig a sectional view of the centrifugal pump. Volute type
centrifugal pump. Gland and packing or so called stuffing box is used to reduce leakage
along the drive shaft. By the use of the volute only a small fraction of the kinetic head can
be recovered as useful static head. A diffuser can diffuse the flow more efficiently and
recover kinetic head as useful static head. A view of such arrangement is shown in figure
Diffuser pump are also called as turbine pumps as these resembles Francis turbine with
flow direction reversed.

19
 (2)

Impeller:

The impeller consists of a disc with blades mounted perpendicularly on its surface. The
blades may of three different orientations. These are (i) Radial, (ii) Backward curved, and
(iii) Forward curved. Backward and forward refers to the direction of motion of the disc
periphery. Of these the most popular one is the backward curved type, due to its desirable
characteristics, which reference to the static head developed and power variation with flow
rate.
A simple disc with blades mounted perpendicularly on it is called open impeller. If
another disc is used to cover the blades, this type is called shrouded impeller. This is more
popular with water pumps. Open impellers are well adopted for use with dirty or water
containing solids. The third type is just the blades spreading out from the shaft. These are
used to pump slurries. Impellers may be of cast iron or bronzes or steel or special alloys as
required by the application. In order to maintain constant radial velocity, the width of the
impeller will be wider at entrance and narrower at the exit. This may be also noted from
figure. The blades are generally cast integral with the disc. Recently even plastic material
is used for the impeller. To start delivery of the fluid the casing and impeller should be
filled with the fluid without any air pockets. This is called priming. If air is present the
three will be only compression and no delivery of fluid. In order to release any air
entrained an air valve is generally provided The one way foot value keeps the suction line
and the pump casing filled with water. (2)
4. A jet of water having a velocity of 15 m/s, strike a curved vane which is moving with
a velocity of 5 m/s in the same direction as that of the jet at inlet. The vane to be
smooth, find: 1. Force exerted by the jet on the vane in the direction of motion, 2.
Power exerted on the vane and 3. Efficiency of the vane. (13)
Given:
Velocity of jet V1 = 15m/s
Velocity of vane u2= u1 = 5 m/s
At jet and vane are in the same direction hence α = 0
Diameter of jet d = 100 mm = 0.1 m

20
Area = 0.007854 m2
Angle of defection of the jet = β= 135o =180o –ϕ
ϕ = 180o – 135o = 45o
As vane is given smooth hence Vr1 = Vr2
To Find:
1. Force exerted by the jet on the vane in the direction of motion,
2. Power exerted on the vane and
3. Efficiency of the vane.
Solution:
From the inlet velocity triangle which is a straight line in this case we have
Vr1 = V1 – u1 = 15-5 = 10 m/s
Vw1 = V1 = 15 m/s
From the outlet velocity triangle DEG we have
Vr2 = Vr1 =10 m/s
u2=u1 = u = 5 m/s

Vr2 cosϕ = u2+Vw2 or 10 cos 45o= 5 + Vw1

Vw2 cosϕ = 10 cos 45o - 5 =7.07-5=2.07 m/s

1. Force exerted by the jet on the vane in the direction of motion is given by equation

=1000 x 0.007854 x 10[15+2.07]

Fx= 1340.6 N
2. Power of the vane is given as
Fx = u = 1340.6 x 5 = 6703 W
u = 6.703 kW
3. Efficiency of the vane

21
 Result:

Fx= 1340.6 N

u = 6.703 kW

η = 50%

5. (i) A centrifugal pump running at 920 rpm and delivering 0.32 m3/s of water against
a head of 28 m, the flow velocity being 3 m/s. If the manometric efficiency is 80 %
determine the diameter and width of the impeller. The blade angle at outlet is 250.
[Nov/Dec – 2014] (9)
Given:
Speed, N= 920 rpm
Discharge, Q= 0.32 m3/s
Head, H= 28 m
Flow velocity, V= 3 m/s
Manometric efficiency= 80%= 0.8
Blade angle = 25o
To Find:
Diameter and Width of impeller
Solution:
The velocity diagram at outlet is as shown. The inlet whirl is generally as zero unless
mentioned

.
gH
ηm =
u 2V u 2

9.81× 28
∴ u2Vu 2 = = 345.35
0.80
Vf
tan 25 =
u2 − Vu 2

3
∴ u 2 − Vu 2 =
tan 25
= 6.43352
Vu 2 = u 2 − 6.43352
u 2 × (u 2 − 6.43352 ) = 345.35
u 2 = 22.076 m / s

22
 πDN
u2 =
60
u × 60
D= 2
πN
22.076 × 60
D=
π × 920
= 0.4582 m
or 45.82 mm

Q = πD 2 b2V f 2

Q
b2 =
πD2V f 2
0.32
=
π × 0.4582 × 3
= 0.0741 m or 7.41 cm

Result:
Diameter, D= 45.82 mm
Width of impeller, b= 7.41 cm

(ii) Discuss the working of lobe and vane pump. [Nov/Dec – 2014] (4)
Lobe Pump:

This type is also popularly used with oil. The diagrammatic sketch of a lobe pump is
shown in figure. This is a three lobed pump. Two lobe pumps is also possible. The gear
teeth are replaced by lobes. Two lobes are arranged in a casing. As the rotor rotates, oil is
trapped in the space between the lobe and the casing and is carried to the pressure side.
Helical lobes along the axis are used for smooth operation. Oil has to be filled before
starting the pump. Lobe type of compressors is also in use. The constant contact between
the lobes makes a leak tight joint preventing oil leakage from the pressure side. The
maximum pressure of operation is controlled by the back leakage through the clearance.
This type of pump has a higher capacity compared to the gear pump.
Vane Pump:

23
 This is another popular type not only for oil but also for gases. A rotor is eccentrically
placed in the casing as shown in figure. The rotor carries sliding vanes in slots along the
length. Springs control the movement of the vanes and keep them pressed on the casing.
Oil is trapped between the vanes and the casing. As the rotor rotates the trapped oil is
carried to the pressure side. The maximum operating pressure is controlled by the back
leakage.
6. (i) The internal and external diameters of the impeller of a centrifugal pump are 300
mm and 600 mm respectively. The pump is running at 1000 rpm. The vane angles of
the impeller at inlet and outlet are 20o and 30o respectively. The water enters the
impeller radially and velocity of flow is constant. Determine the work done by the
impeller per unit weight of water. Sketch the velocity triangle [Nov/Dec - 2015] (7)
Given:
Internal diameter of impeller D1 = 0.3 m
External diameter of impeller D2 = 0.6 m
Speed N = 1000 r.p.m
Vane angle inlet θ = 20o
Vane angle outlet ϕ = 30o
Water enters radially means α = 90o and Vw1= 0
Velocity of flow Vf1 = Vf2
To Find:
Work done by the impeller per unit weight of water
Solution:
Tangential velocity of impeller at inlet and outlet are

From inlet velocity triangle

From outlet velocity triangle

Vw2 = 31.4-9.89 = 21.51 m/s

The work done by impeller per kg of water per second is given by equation

24
Result:
W.D by the impeller/ unit weight of water = 68.84 Nm/N

(ii) A jet of water having a velocity of 30 m/s strikes a series of radial curved vanes
mounted on a wheel which is rotating at 200 rpm. The jet makes an angle of 20o with
the tangent to the wheel at inlet and leaves the wheel with a velocity of 5 m/s at an
angle of 130o to the tangent to the wheel at outlet. Water is flowing from outward in a
radial direction. The outer and inner radii of the wheel are 0.5 m and 0.25 m
respectively. Determine 1. Vane angles at inlet and outlet, 2. Work done per unit
weight of water 3. Efficiency of the wheel. (6)
Given:
Velocity of jet V1 = 30 m/s
Speed of wheel = N = 200 r.p.m
Angular speed ω = 2πN/60 = (2πX200)/60 = 20.94 rad/s
Angle of jet at inlet α = 20o
Velocity of jet at out let V2 = 5m/s
Angle made by the jet at outlet with the tangent to wheel = 130o
Angle β= 180o-130o = 50o
Outer radius R1 = 0.5m
Inner radius R2 = 0.25 m
Velocity u1 = ω x R1 = 20.94 X 0.5 = 10.47 m/s
And u2= ω x R2=20.94 x 0.25 = 5.235 m/s
To Find:
1. Vane angles at inlet and outlet,
2. Work done per unit weight of water
3. Efficiency of the wheel.
Solution:
Vane angle at inlet and out let means the angle made by the relative velocities Vr1 and Vr2
That is angle θ and ϕ
From ΔABD Vw1=V1 cos α = 30 x cos 20o = 28.19 m/s
Vf1=V1 sin α = 30 x sin 20o = 10.26 m/s
In ΔCBD
θ= 30.07o or 30o4.2’
From outlet velocity Δ Vw2 = V2 cos β = 5 x cos 50o = 3.214 m/s
Vf2 = V2 x sinβ = 5 x sin 50o = 3.83 m/s

In ΔEFH

= 24.385o or 24o23.1’
Work done per second by water is given by equation

25
 Work done per second per unit weight of water striking per second

Efficiency η

Result:
1. Vane angles at inlet and outlet, θ=30o4.2’, ϕ = 24o23.1’
2. Work done per unit weight of water = 31.8 Nm/N
3. Efficiency of the wheel.= 69.32 %

7. (i) The dimensionless specific speed of centrifugal pump is 0.06. Static head is 32 m.
Flow rate is 50 l/s. The suction and delivery pipes are each of diameter 15 cm. The
friction factor is 0.02. Total length is 60 m other losses equal 4 times the velocity head
in the pipe. The vanes are forward curved at 120o. The width is one tenth of the
diameter. There is a 7% reduction in flow area due to the blade thickness. The
manometric efficiency is 80 %. Determine the impeller diameter if inlet is radial.
[Nov/Dec – 2014] (7)
Given:
Specific speed, Ns= 0.06
Static head, H= 32 m
Flow rate, Q= 50 lit/s
Delivery diameter, Dd= 15 cm
Friction factor, f= 0.02
Length, L= 60 m
Manometric efficiency= 0.08
To Find:
Diameter, D1
Solution:

Frictional head is calculated first. Velocity in the pipe

0.05 × 4
= = 2.83 m / s
π × (0.15 )2
flV 2 4V 2
Total loss of head = +
2 gD 2 g
6.367
∴Vu 2 =
D

26
 0.02 × 55 × 2.832 4 × 2.832
= +
2 × 9.81 × 0.15 2 × 9.81
= 4.63 m
Total head against which pump operates=34.63 m
Speed is calculated from specific speed N s = N Q / ( gH )
3/ 4

0.06 × (9.81 × 84.63) 3 / 4

N=
0.051 / 2
= 21.23 rps
Flow velocity is determined:
D
= π × D × × 0.94 = 0.2953 D 2
10
0.05
Vf 2 = = 0.1693 / D 2 ....................(1)
0.2953 D 2
u 2 = πDN
Flow area = 21.23 × π × D = 66.7 D.............................(2)
9.81 × 34.63
η m = 0.8 =
66.7 D × V2

6.367
∴ Vu 2 = .............................................(3)
D
From velocity diagram,
Vf 2 0.1693 1
tan 60 = = .
Vu 2 − u 2 D 2
 6.367 
 − 66.7 D 
 D 
3
Rearranging, 11.52D 11.026 D0.1693=0
Solving D=0.3 m
Result:
Diameter, D=0.3 m

(ii) Explain about the performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps. [Nov/Dec –

2014] (6)
Characteristic curves of centrifugal pumps are defined as those curves which are plotted
from the results of a number of tests on the centrifugal pump. These curves are necessary
to predict the behavior an performance of the pump when the pump is working under
different flow rate head and speed. The following are the important characteristic curves
for pumps:
1. Main characteristic curves
2. Constant efficiency or Muschel curves.
3. Operating characteristic curves
1. Main characteristic curves

27
 2. Operating characteristic curves

3. Constant efficiency or Muschel curves.

8. A Centrifugal pump having outer diameter equal to two times the inner diameter
and running at 1000 r.p.m, works against a total head of 40m. The velocity of flow
through the impeller is constant and equal to 2.5 m/s. The vanes are set back at an
angle of 400 at outlet. If the outer diameter of the impeller is 500 mm and width at
outlet is 50 mm determine:
a. Vane angle at inlet
b. Work done by impeller on water per second and c. Manometric efficiency. (13)
[May/June 2017]
Given:
Speed N = 1000 rpm
Head ,Hm = 40 m
Vane angle at outlet ϕ = 40o
Outer diameter of impeller D2 = 0.5 m
Inner diameter of impeller D1 = D2/2 = 0.25 m
Width of outlet B2 = 0.05 m
To Find:
a. Vane angle at inlet.
b. Work done by impeller on water per second and
c. Manometric efficiency.
Solution:

28
 Tangential velocity of impeller at inlet and outlet are

Discharge is given by Q = πD2B2Vf2 = π x 0.5 x 0.05 x 2.5 = 0.1963 m3/s

1.Vane angle at inlet θ.
From inlet velocity triangle

θ=tan-10.191 = 10.81o or 10o48’

2.Work done by impeller on water per second is given by equation

But outlet velocity triangle we have

26.18 – Vw2 = 2.5/tanϕ = 2.979

Vw2 = 26.18 – 2.979 = 23.2 m/s
Substituting this value of Vw2 in equation 1

3.Manometric efficiency (ηman)

Result:

a. Vane angle at inlet. = 10o48’

b.W.D by impeller on water/ second = 119227.9 Ns/N
c. Manometric efficiency. = 64.4 %
9. A centrifugal pump has an impeller 500 mm in diameter running at 400 rpm. The
discharge at the inlet is entirely radial. The velocity of the flow at outlet is 1 m/s. The
vanes are curved backwards at outlet at 30o to the wheel tangent. If the discharge of
the pump is 0.14 m3/s, calculate the impeller power and the torque on the shaft. [
Apr/May – 2015] (13)
Given:
Diameter of impeller, d= 500 mm
Speed, N= 400 rpm

29
 Velocity of the flow at outlet Vf2 = 1m/s
Vane angle, ϕ = 30o
Discharge, Q= 0.14 m3/s
To Find:
Power and Torque
Solution:
The velocity triangle

Tangential velocity at outlet,

From outlet velocity triangle we have

Vw2= (10.47- 1.732) --------------------1

Power,

We know that Manometric head,

There fore

Torque of the shaft using,

Result:
Power P = 12.8 kW
Torque, T= 305.6 N-m

10. A centrifugal pump is running at 1000 rpm. The outlet vane angle of the impeller is
450 and velocity of flow at outlet is 2.5 m/s. The discharge through the pump is 200
lit/s when the pump is working against a total head of 20 m. If the manometric
efficiency of the pump is 80%, determine 1. The diameter of the impeller 2. The
width of impeller at outlet. (13)
Given:
Speed N = 1000 rpm

30
 Vane angle at outlet ϕ = 45o
Velocity of flow outlet Vf2 = 2.5 m/s
Discharge Q = 0.2 m2/s
Head Hm = 20 m
Manometric efficiency ηman= 0.8
To Find:
The diameter of the impeller
The width of impeller at outlet.
Solution:
From outlet velocity triangle we have

Vw2=(u2-2.5) --------------------1
Using the equation as

=245.25 ------------2

Substituting the value of Vw2 from equation 1 and 2

(u2-2.5)u2 = 245.25

Which is a quadratic equation in u2 and its solution is

1. Diameter of impeller (D2)

Using

2. Width of impeller at outlet (B2)

31
 Q = πD2B2Vf2 = π x 0.324 x B2 x 2.5

B2=0.2/ π x 0.324 x 2.5= 0.0786 m = 78.6 mm

Result:

The diameter of the impeller, D= 324 mm

The width of impeller at outlet, B= 78.6 mm

11. The internal and external diameters of the impeller o centrifugal pump are 200mm
and 400 mm respectively. The pump is running at 1200 rpm. The vane angle of the
impeller at inlet and outlet are 20o and 30o. The water enters the impeller radially
and velocity of flow is constant. Determine the work done by the impeller per unit
weigh of water. (13)
Given:
Internal diameter of impeller D1 = 0.2 m
External diameter of impeller D2 = 0.4 m
Speed N = 1200 r.p.m
Vane angle inlet θ = 20o
Vane angle outlet ϕ = 30o
Water enters radially means α = 90o and Vw1= 0
Velocity of flow Vf1 = Vf2
To Find:
Work done by the impeller per unit weigh of water

Solution:
Tangential velocity of impeller at inlet and outlet are

From inlet velocity triangle

From outlet velocity triangle

Vw2 = 25.13 – 7.915 = 17.215 m/s

The work done by impeller per kg of water per second is given by equation

32
 Result:

W.D by the impeller/unit weigh of water = 44.1 Nm/N

12. A centrifugal pump has a head discharge characteristic given by H = 35 – 2200 Q2, where
H is head developed by pump in ‘m’ and Q is discharge in m3/sec. The pump is to deliver
a discharge against a static head of 12 m. The suction pipe is 15 cm diameter and 40 m
long with an f value of 0.02. Calculate the head and discharge delivered by the pump. If
the overall efficiency is 0.7, calculate the power supplied. [ May/June 2016] (13)

13. Find the rise in pressure in the impeller of a centrifugal pump through which water
is flowing at the rate of 0.01 m3/s. The internal and external diameter of the impeller
is 15 cm and 30 cm respectively. The widths of the impeller at inlet and outlet are 1.2
cm and 0.6 cm. The pump is running at 1500 rpm. The water enters the impeller
radially at inlet and impeller vane angle at outlet is 45o .Neglect losses through the
impeller. (13)
Given:
Discharge Q = 0.1 m3/s
Internal diameter D1 = 0.15 m
External diameter D2 = 0.3 m
Width at inlet B1=0.012 m
Width at outlet B2 = 0.006 m
Speed N = 1500 rpm
Vane angle at inlet ϕ = 45o
To Find:
Pressure in the impeller
Solution:
Velocity of flow at inlet

flow at outlet

33
 Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet

Using
Pressure rise

Pressure rise
Result:

Pressure rise up = 28.13 m

14. (i) A three stage centrifugal pump has impellers 40 cm in diameter and 2 cm wide at
outlet. The vanes are curved back at the outlet at 45o and reduce the circumferential
area by 10%. The manometric efficiency is 90% and the overall efficiency is 80%.
Determine the head generated by the pump when running at 1000 r.p.m. delivering
50 litres per second. What should be the shaft horse power? (8)
Given:
Number of stages n = 3
Diameter of impeller at outlet D2 = 0.4 m
Width of outlet B2 = 0.02 m
Vane angle at outlet ϕ = 45o
Reduction in area at outlet = 10% = 0.1
Area of flow at outlet = 0.9 x πD2 x B2 = 0.9 x π x 0.4 x 0.02 = 0.02262 m2
Manometric efficiency ηman = 0.9
Overall efficiency ηo = 0.8
Speed N = 1000 r.p.m
Discharge Q = 0.05 m3/s
To Find:
1. Head generated by pump
2. Shaft power
Solution:
Velocity of flow at outlet Vf2 = Discharge/Area of flow
= 0.05/0.2262
= 2.21 m/s
Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet

34
w.k.t

Using

Using equation for total head generated by pump = n X Hm = 3 X 35.98 = 107.94 m

Power output of the pump = (Weight of water lifted X total Head) / 1000
= ρgQ X 107.94 / 1000 = 52.94 kW.
W.K.T ηo=Power output of pump / Power input to the pump =52.94/S.P
Shaft power = 52.94/ ηo = 52.94/0.8=66.175 kW.
RESULT:
Power = 52.94 kW, Shaft power SP = 66.175 kW

(ii) A centrifugal pump with an impeller diameter of 0.4 m runs at 1450 rpm. The
angle at outlet of the backward curved vane is 25o with tangent. The flow velocity
remains constant at 3 m/s. If the manometric efficiency is 84 % determine the
fraction of the kinetic energy at outlet recovered as static head. [Nov/Dec-2013] (5)
Given Data:
Diameter, D= 0.4 m
Speed, N= 1450 rpm
Vane angle, = 25o
Velocity V1 = V2 = 3 m/s
Monomeric efficiency = 84%
To Find:
Fraction of the kinetic energy at outlet recovered as static head
Solution:

35
The whirl at inlet is zero. The velocity triangle is as shown.

Tangential velocity at outlet,

πDN π × 0.4 × 1450
u2 = =
60 60
= 30.37m / s
From outlet triangle
V
Vw 2 = u 2 − f 2
tan β 2
 3 
= 30.37 −   = 23.94 m / s
 tan 25 

Similarly the outlet velocity triangle diagram

2 2
V2 = Vw 2 + V f 2

= 23.94 2 + 32
= 24.12 m / s
30.37 × 23.94
Total head developed = 74.11m
9.81
24.12 2
=
Kinetic head 2 × 9.81
= 29.65 m

32
=
Kinetic head at inlet 2 × 9.81
= 0.46 m

∴Static head at impeller exit (using Bernoulli equation between inlet and outlet)
=74.110.4629.65=44.92 m
u × Vu 2
Actual static head = η m × 2 = 0.84 × 74.11 = 62.26 m
9.81
Static head recovered =62.2544.92=17.33 m
Let the traction be φ
φ × 24.12 2
= 17.33
2 × 9.81
Solving
φ = 0.5823

36
 Result:
Kinetic head at inlet= 0.46 m

15. (i) A single acting reciprocation pump, running 50 rpm, delivers 0.01m3/s of water.
The diameter of the piston is 200 mm and stroke length 400 mm. Determine: 1. the
theoretical discharge of pump 2. Co-efficient of discharge 3. Slip and the percentage
of the slip.(8) [Ap/May 2017]
Given:
Speed of the pump N = 50 rpm
Actual discharge Qact = 0.01 m3/s
Diameter of pistion D = 200 mm = 0.2 m
Area A = 0.31416 m2
Stroke L = 0.4 m
To Find:
1. the theoretical discharge of pump
2. Co-efficient of discharge
3. Slip and the percentage of the slip

Solution:
1.The theoretical discharge of pump

2.Co-efficient of discharge

3.Slip and the percentage of the slip.

Slip = Qth – Qact = 0.01047 – 0.01 = 0.00047 m3/s
4.Percentage of slip =
Result:

1. The theoretical discharge of pump, Qth = 0.01047 m3/s

2. Co-efficient of discharge, Cd = 0.955
3. Slip = 0.00047 m3/s , percentage of the slip = 4.489 %

(ii) A double acting reciprocating pump running at 40 rpm is discharging 1.0 m3 of

water per minute. The pump has a stroke of 400 mm. The diameter of the piston is
200 mm. The delivery and suction head are 20 m and 5 m respectively. Find the slip
of the pump and power required to drive the pump.(5)
Given:
Speed N = 40 rpm
Actual discharge Qact = 0.016666 m3/s
Stroke L = 0.4 m
Diameter of piston D = 0.2 m
Area of piston A = 0.031416 m2
Suction head hs = 5m
Delivery head hd = 20m
To Find:
Slip

37
 Power required
Solution:
Theoretical discharge for double acting pump as

Using

Slip = Qth – Qact = 0.1675 – 0.01666 = 0.00009 m3/s

Power required to drive the double acting pump is

Result:
Qth = 0.01675 m3/s
Slip = 0.00009 m3/s
P = 4.109 kW

16. (i) Explain the working principle of Reciprocating pump with neat sketch. (5)

Air vessel is a strong closed vessel as shown in figure. The top half contains compressed
air and the lower portion contains water or the fluid being pumped. Air and water are
separated by a flexible diaphragm which can move up or down depending on the
difference in pressure between the fluids. The air charged at near total delivery
pressure/suction pressure from the top and sealed. The air vessel is connected to the pipe
lines very near the pump, at nearly the pump level. On the delivery side, when at the

38
beginning and up to the middle of the delivery stroke the head equals hs + hf + ha , higher
than the static and friction heads. At this time part of the water from pump will flow into
the air vessel and the remaining will flow through the delivery pipe. This will increase the
compressed air pressure. At the middle stroke position the head will be sufficient to just
cause flow. The whole of the flow from pump will flow to the delivery pipe. At the second
half of the stroke the head will be equal to hs + hf – ha. At the position the head will be
not sufficient to cause flow. The compressed air pressure will act on the water and water
charged earlier into the air vessel will now flow out. Similar situation prevails on the
suction side. At the start and up to the middle of the suction stroke the head at the pump is
higher than static suction head by the amount of acceleration head. The flow will be more
and part will flow into the air vessel. The second half of the stroke water will flow out of
the air vessel. In this process the velocity of water in the delivery pipe beyond the air
vessel is uniform, and lower than the maximum velocity if air vessel is not fitted. Similar
situation prevails in the suction side also. The effect is not only to give uniform flow but
reduce the friction head to a considerable extent saving work. Without air vessel the
friction head increases, reaches a maximum value at the mid stroke and then decreases to
zero. With air vessel the friction head is lower and is constant throughout the stroke. This
is due to the constant velocity in the pipe.
The advantages of installing air vessels are:
(i) The flow fluctuation is reduced and a uniform flow is obtained.
(ii) The friction work is reduced.
(iii) The acceleration head is reduced considerably.
(iv) Enables the use of higher speeds.
The maximum friction head of water without air vessel.

The average friction head = 2/3 hf max.. When the air vessel is placed
near the pump, the uniform velocity,

Reduction is 84.8%
Naturally the work done due to friction will reduce by this percentage.

(ii) A single acting reciprocating pump running at 60 rpm delivers 0.02 m3/s of water.
The diameter of the piston is 250 mm and stroke length 450 mm. Determine 1.
Theoretical discharge of the pump 2. Co efficient of discharge 3. Slip of pump and 4.
% slip of the pump. [Nov/Dec-2015] (8)
Given:
Speed of the pump=60 rpm
Actual discharge Qact = 0.02 m3/s
Diameter of the piston D= 250 mm = 0.25 m

39
 Stroke length L= 450mm = 0.45 m
To find:
1. Theoretical discharge of the pump, Qth
2. Co efficient of discharge, Cd
3. Slip of pump, (Qth- Qact)
4. % slip
Solution:

Area =

1. Theoretical discharge for single acting reciprocating pump is given by equation

as , Qth:

2. Co efficient of discharge, Cd is given by

3. Using equation as

4. Percentage of slip

Result:

1. Theoretical discharge of the pump, Qth = 0.02205 m3/s

2. Co efficient of discharge, Cd = 0.089
3. Slip of pump, (Qth- Qact) = 0.00205 m3/s
4. % slip = 9.29 %

17. (i) The plunger diameter and stroke length of a single acting reciprocating pump are
300 mm and 500 mm respectively. The speed of the pump is 50 rpm. The diameter
and length of delivery pipe are 150 mm and 55 mm respectively. If the pump is
equipped with an air vessel on the delivery side at the center line of the pump, find
the power saved in overcoming friction in the delivery pipe. Take friction co-efficient
f=0.01. [May/June -2014] (8)
Given:
Diameter of plunger, D = 300 mm = 0.3 m
Area, A = 0.0706 m2
Stroke length, L = 500 mm = 0.5 m
Crank radius , r= 0.5/2 = 0.25 m
Speed of the pump N= 50 rpm
Angular velocity = 5.23 rad/s
Diameter of delivery pipe, dd = 150 mm = 0.15 m
Area of delivery pipe, ad = 0.01767 m2
Length of delivery pipe ld = 55 m
Friction factor, f = 0.01

40
 To Find:
Power saved in overcoming friction in the delivery pipe
Solution:

Power saved in overcoming friction in the delivery pipe:

Maximum velocity of water in delivery pipe

Maximum loss of head due to friction

Power required to overcoming friction

With air vessel fitted the velocity in the delivery pipe becomes constant and is given
by

Loss of head due to friction,

Power required to overcome friction

Hence the power saved by fitting an air vessel = 3.938 – 0.595 = 3.343 kW
Result:
Power saved by fitting an air vessel = 3.343 kW

(ii) Define indicator diagram. Prove that the work done by the pump is proportional to the
area of indicator diagram. [May/June -2014] (5)
The pressure variation in the cylinder during a cycle consisting of one revolution of the
crank. When represented in a diagram is termed as indicator diagram. The same is shown
in figure.

41
 Figure represents an ideal diagram, assuming no other effects are involved except the
suction and delivery pressures. Modifications due to other effects will be discussed later in
the section.
Point 1 represents the condition as the piston has just started moving during the suction
stroke. 1-2 represents the suction stroke and the pressure in the cylinder is the suction
pressure below the atmospheric pressure. The point 3 represents the condition just as the
piston has started moving when the pressure increases to the delivery pressure. Along 3-4
representing the delivery stroke the pressure remains constant. The area enclosed
represents the work done during a crank revolution to some scale.

18. The cylinder of a single acing reciprocating pump is 15 cm in diameter and 30 cm in

stroke. The pump is running at 30 r.p.m. and discharge water jet 12 m. The diameter and
length of the delivery pipe are 10 cm and 30 m respectively. If a large air vessel is fitted in
the delivery pipe at a distance of 2 m from the centre of the pump, find the pressure head
in the cylinder. 1. At the beginning of the delivery stroke and 2. In the middle of the
delivery stroke. Take f=0.01. [May/June-2013] (13)
Given:
Diameter of cylinder D= 15 cm = 0.15 m
Stroke length L = 0.3 m
Crank radius r = L/2 = 0.15m
Speed of the pump N = 30 rpm
Angular speed
Delivery head hd = 12m
Diameter of delivery pipe dd= 0.1 m
Area ad = 0.007854
Length of delivery pipe l =30m
Length of air vessel from the centre of the cylinder ld’ = 2m
Length of delivery pipe above the air vessel ld = l- ld’ = 30-2 = 28 m
Co-efficient of friction f= 0.001
To Find:
Find the pressure head in the cylinder.
1. At the beginning of the delivery stroke and
2. In the middle of the delivery stroke.
Solution:

1. The pressure head in the cylinder at the beginning of the delivery stroke is
given by

42
 2. The pressure head in the cylinder in the middle of the delivery stroke is given
by

Result:
1. At the beginning of the delivery stroke = 12.75 m
2. In the middle of the delivery stroke= 12.116 m

19. A single acting reciprocating pump has following dimensions:

Piston diameter = 25 cm
Stroke = 35 cm
Speed = 40 rpm
Suction head = 4.5 m
Delivery head = 18 m
Suction pipe: Diameter = 15 cm; length = 9 m
Delivery pipe: Diameter = 12 cm; length = 32 m
Coefficient of friction = 0.028
Atmosphere pressure = 10.3 m of water
Find (i) pressure head on the piston at the beginning, middle and end of the suction
and delivery strokes, (ii) HP required to driving the pump. [May/June 2016] (13)

Given:
Piston diameter D = 25 cm
Stroke L = 35 cm
Speed N = 40 rpm
Suction head hs = 4.5 m
Delivery head hd = 18 m
Suction pipe: Diameter ds = 15 cm; length ls = 9 m
Delivery pipe: Diameter dd = 12 cm; length ld = 32 m
Coefficient of friction f = 0.028
Atmosphere pressure Hatm = 10.3 m of water
To find:
(i) pressure head on the piston at the beginning, middle and end of the suction and
delivery strokes,
(ii) HP required to driving the pump.

43
Solution:
Stroke length, L = 35 cm = 0.35 m
Crank radius, r = L/2 = 0.35/2 = 0.175 m
Length of suction pipe, ls = 9 m
Suction head, hs = 4.5 m
Diameter of suction pipe, ds = 15 cm = 0.15 m
Crank speed, N = 40 rpm

Friction coefficient, f = 0.028

The pressure head due to acceleration is suction pipe is given by
l A
has = s × × ω 2 × r cos θ
g as
9
has = × 4.34 × (4.14) 2 × 0.175 cos θ
9.81
has =12.17 cos θ m
l A
had = d × × ω 2 × r cosθ
g ad
32
had = × 4.34 × (4.14) 2 × 0.175 cos θ
9.81
had =10.35 cos θ m
The loss of head due to friction in suction pipe is given by
2
4 fl s  A 
h fs = ×  ω r sin θ 
d s × 2g  as 
4 × 0.028 × 9
h fs = × (4.34 × 4.18 × 0.175 sin θ ) 2
0.15 × 2 × 9.81
h fs = 3.45 sin 2 θ
2
4 × f × ld A 
h fd = ×  ω r sin θ 
d d × 2g  as 
2
4 × 0.28× 32  (0.25) 
2
h fd = 
× × 4.18 × 0.175 × sin θ 
0.12 × 2 × 9.81  (0.12 )2

(
h fd =1.522 × 10.07 sin 2 θ )
h fd =15.33 sin 2 θ
(i) pressure head on the piston at the beginning, middle and end of the suction and
delivery strokes

• Pressure head on the piston in the beginning of suction stroke

At the beginning of suction stroke, θ = 00 and pressure head
has = 12.17 cosθ
had = 10.35 cosθ m
= Hatm – (hs + has) m below atmospheric pressure head
= 10.3 – (4.5 + 12.17 cosθ) = -6.37cosθ (abs)
• Pressure head in the piston at the beginning of delivery stroke
= (hd + had) above atmospheric pressure head
= Hatm + (hd + had) m (abs)
= 10.3 – (18+10.35) = -18 m (abs)

44
 • Pressure head in the piston in the middle of suction and delivery strokes
In the middle of suction and delivery stroke, θ = 90o
has = 0, had = 0, hfs = 3.45 sin290 = 3.45 m, hfd = 15.33 sin2900 = 15.33
• pressure head in the piston at the beginning of suction stroke
= (hs + hfs) below the atmospheric pressure head
= Hatm – (hs + hfs) m (abs)
= 10.3 – ( 4.5 + 3.45 )
= 2.35 m (abs)
• Pressure head in the piston at the beginning of delivery stroke
= (hd + hf) above atmospheric pressure head
= Hatm + (hd + hfd) m (abs)
= 10.3 + (18+15.33) = 43.63 m (abs)
• Pressure head in the piston at the end of suction and delivery strokes
At the end of suction and delivery strokes, θ = 1800
Cos θ = -1 and sinθ = 0
has = 12.17 cosθ = - 12.17 m
had = 43.23 cosθ = - 43.23 m
• Pressure head in the piston at the end of suction stroke
= (hs + has) below the atmospheric pressure head
= Hatm – (hs - has) m (abs)
= 10.3 – (4.5 – 12.17 cosθ)
= 10.3 – (4.5 + 12.17)
= -6.37 m (abs)
• Pressure head in the piston at the end of delivery stroke
= (hd + had) below the atmospheric pressure head
= Hatm + (hd - had) m (abs)
= 10.3 + (4.5+12.17 cosθ)
=10.3 + (4.5 – 12.17)
= 2.63 m (abs)

(ii) HP required to driving the pump

ρgALN
Workdone per sec =
60
π π
Area = D2 = (0.25)2 = 0.049 m 2
4 4
1000 × 9.81× 0.049 × 0.35 × 40
Workdone per sec =
60
= 112.16 Nm / s
Power required to drive the pump in kW
Workdone per sec ond 112.16
= = = 0.112 kW
1000 1000

20. (i) Explain with neat sketch the working of a single acting reciprocating pump. Also
obtain the expression for weight of water delivered by the pump per second. (8)
[Nov/Dec-2015, Apr/May – 2015 ]
DESCRIPTION AND WORKING:
The main components are:
1. Cylinder with suitable valves at inlet and delivery.
2. Plunger or piston with piston rings.
3. Connecting rod and crank mechanism.
4. Suction pipe with one way valve.

45
5. Delivery pipe.
6. Supporting frame.
7. Air vessels to reduce flow fluctuation and reduction of acceleration head and friction
head.
A diagrammatic sketch is shown in Fig.

The action is similar to that of reciprocating engines. As the crank moves outwards, the
piston moves out creating suction in the cylinder. Due to the suction water/fluid is drawn
into the cylinder through the inlet valve. The delivery valve will be closed during this
outward stroke. During the return stroke as the fluid is incompressible pressure will
developed immediately which opens the delivery valve and closes the inlet valve.
During the return stroke fluid will be pushed out of the cylinder against the delivery side
pressure. The functions of the air vessels will be discussed in a later section. The volume
delivered per stroke will be the product of the piston area and the stroke length. In a single
acting type of pump there will be only one delivery stroke per revolution. Suction takes
place during half revolution and delivery takes place during the other half. As the piston
speed is not uniform (crank speed is Uniform) the discharge will vary with the position of
the crank. The discharge variation is shown in figure
Discharge through a reciprocating pump:
D = Diameter of the cylinder
A= Area of cross section
r=radius of crank
N = rpm of crank
L = length of the stroke= 2 x r
hs = height of the axis of the cylinder from water surface in sump
hd = height of delivery outlet above cylinder axis
Volume of water delivered in one revolution or discharge of water in one revolution
= Area x Length of stroke = Ax L
Number of revolution per second = N/60
Discharge of the pump per second
Q = Discharge in one revolution x Number of revolution per second
= ALN/60
Weight of water delivered per second

46
 W = ρ x g x Q = ρgALN/60

(ii) Discuss on the following: Working of double acting pump, indicator diagram,
acceleration head, friction head.(5) [ Nov/Dec -2013]
Fluctuation can be reduced to some extent by double acting pump or multi cylinder pump.
The diagrammatic sketch of a double acting pump is shown in figure.

In this case the piston cannot be connected directly with the connecting rod. A gland and
packing and piston rod and cross-head and guide are additional components. There will be
nearly double the discharge per revolution as compared to single acting pump. When one
side of the piston is under suction the other side will be delivering the fluid under
pressure. As can be noted, the construction is more complex.

Part C

1. Derive the expression for pressure head due to acceleration in the suction and
delivery pipes of the reciprocating pumps. (15)
Piston is moving with a simple harmonic motion. So the piston has acceleration at the
beginning of the stroke and retardation at the end of the stroke. This acceleration and
retardation causes a variation of pressure in the cylinder which result in variation of
pressure in the suction and delivery pipes.
To find acceleration pressure head ha:
The crank starts from A (inner dead center). After t seconds, it covers the angle θ.
So, θ = ωt
Where ω = angular velocity of crank
Then displacement of piston in t seconds = x
x = r-rcosθ = r –r cos ωt
velocity of piston
dx
V= = ω r sin ωt
dt
Acceleration of piston
d 2x
a = 2 = ω 2 r cos ωt
dt
Here flow of water in pipe = flow of water in cylinder.
va = VA

47
velocity of water in pipe
VA AV A
v= = = ω r sin ωt ......................(1)
a a a
Acceleration of water in pipe
A
= ω 2 r cos ωt ......................(2)
a
Mass of water in pipe
= ρ × Volume of water in pipe
= ρ ×a×l
= ρ a l, where l = length of pipe
Force of water due to acceleration
Force ρ al A 2
= = × ω r cos ωt
Area a a
2
ρ l A ω r cos ωt
=
a
Acceleration pressure head
Pr essure of water due to accelration
ha =
Weight density of liquid
A 2
ρl ω r cos ωt
= a
ρg
l A
ha = × × ω 2 r cos θ
g a
The pressure head due to acceleration in
l A
Suction pipe = has = s × ω 2 r cos θ ...................(3)
g as
ld A r
Deliverypipe = had = × ω r cos θ .......................(4)
g ad
When θ = 00, (at beginning of stroke)
l A
ha = × × ω 2 r [cos θ = 1]
g a
When θ = 900, (at middle of stroke)
ha = 0 [ cos 90 = 0]
0
When θ = 180 , (at end of stroke)
l A
ha = − × × ω 2 r [cos 180 = − 1]
g a
Due to this acceleration head, the actual indicator diagram will become as follow.
Effect of acceleration in the suction pipe and delivery pipe.
(i) At the beginning of the suction stroke
h piston = hatm − ha ......................(5)
Where hatm = atmospheric pressure head = 10.3 m (if it is not)
hs = suction head
ha = acceleration presure head

48
 (ii) At the end of the suction stroke
h piston = hatm − ha + ha ......................(6)
(iii)At the beginning of delivery stroke
h piston = hatm + hd + ha ......................(7)
(iv) At the end of delivery strokes
h piston = hatm + hd − ha ......................(8)

2. Determine the maximum speed in rpm at which a single acting reciprocating pump
without an air vessel of the following details can be operated without causing separation at
any stage during the operation of the pump. Compute the discharge at this speed. What
would be the speed and discharge if air vessel is fitted near the pump on the suction side?
The fluid is water. Assume f = 0.01 for the pipes. Diameter of plunger = 15 cm, stroke =
22.5 cm. suction pipe diameter = 10 cm, length 50 m, static suction head = 4 m, static
delivery head = 25 m, atmospheric pressure = 101 kPa and vapour pressure of water =
25.5kPa (abs). (15)[Ap/May 2015]
3. An axial flow pump running at 620 rpm deliver 1.5 m3/s against a head of 5.2 m. the speed
ratio is 2.5. The flow ratio is 0.5. The overall efficiency is 0.8. Determine the power
required and the blade angles at the root and tip and the diffuser blade inlet angle. Inlet
whirl is zero. (15) [May/June 2016]

4. Discuss about air vessel used with reciprocating pump. A single acting reciprocating
pump handles water. The bore and stroke of the unit are 22 cm and 32 cm. the suction pipe
diameter is 12 cm and length is 10 m. the delivery pipe diameter is 12 cm and length is 30
m. take fractional factor as 0.02. The speed of operation is 32 rpm. Determine the friction
power with and without air vessels. (15) [May/June 2016]
5. A single acting reciprocating pump has a plunger 10 cm diameter and a stroke of
length 200 mm. the centre of the pump is 4 m above the water level in the sump and
14 m below the level of water in a tank to which water is delivery by the pump. The
diameter and length of suction pipe are 40 mm and 6 m while of the delivery pipe are
30 mm and 18 m respectively. Determine the maximum speed at which the pump
may be run without separation, if separation occurs at 7.848 N/cm2 below the
atmospheric pressure. Take atmospheric pressure head = 10.3 m of water. (15)
[Nov/Dec 2016]
Given:
Plunger diameter (D) = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Stroke length (L) = 200 mm = 0.2 m
Crank radius (r) = L/2 = 0.2/2 = 0.1 m
Suction head (hs) = 4 m
Delivery head (hd`) = 14 m
Diameter of suction pipe (ds) = 40 mm = 0.04 m
Length of suction pipe (ls) = 6 m

49
Diameter of delivery pipe (dd) = 30 mm = 0.03 m
Length of delivery pipe (ld) = 8 m
Separation pressure Psep = 7.848 N/cm2 = 7.8484 × 104 N/m2
7.848 ×10 4
Separation head hsep = = 8 (below)
1000 × 9.81

= (Hatm – 8.0) absolute = (10.3 – 8.0) = 2.3 m (abs)

Atmospheric pressure head = 10.3 m of water
To find:
Maximum speed of which pump way be operated without separation N
Solution:
Speed of pump without separation during suction stroke:
During suction stroke, possibility of separation is only at the beginning of the stroke. the
pressure head in the cylinder at the beginning of suction stroke

π π
Area of cylinder ( A) = × D 2 = × (0.1) = 7.85 ×10−3 m 2
2

4 4
π π
Area of the suction pipe (as ) = × d s = × (0.04 ) = 1.256 ×10−3 m 2
2 2

4 4
π π
Area of the delivery pipe (ad ) = × d d = × (0.03) = 7.0685 ×10−4 m 2
2 2

4 4
Acceleration head in beginning of suction stroke
l A
has = s × × ω 2 × r (θ = 00 )
g as
6 7.85 ×10−3
has = × −3
× ω 2 × 0. 1
9.81 1.256 ×10
has = 0.382 ω 2

Absolute pressure = H atm − (hs + has )

=10.3 − (4 + 0.382 ω 2 )
=10.3 − 4.382 ω 2
Separation pressure head hsep = Absolute pressure head in beginning of suction stroke
The separation occurs in the suction stroke beginning only θ = 0

50
 hsep =10.3 − 4.382ω 2
4.382ω 2 =10.3 − hsep =10.3 − 8 = 2.3
2.3
ω2 = = 0.5248
4.382
ω = 0.724 rad / sec
2πN
ω=
60
ω × 60 0.724× 60
N= =
2π 2π
N = 6.91rpm
Acceleration head at end of delivery stroke θ = 1800

l A
had = d × × ω 2 × r (cos1800 = − 1)
g ad
18 7.85×10−3
had = × −4
× ω 2 × 0.1
9.81 7.0685×10
had = − 2.035ω 2
Absolute pressure head = Hatm + hd + had = 10.3 + 14 – 2.035 ω2
Separation occurs only end of delivery stroke so
hsep = Absolute pressure head

g =10.3 +14.2 − 2 − 0.35ω 2

2.035ω 2 =10.3 +14 − 8 =16.3
16.3
ω2 = = 8.00
2.035
ω = 2.830
2πN
ω=
60
ω × 60 2.8300.724 × 60
N= =
2π 2π
N = 27.02 rpm
Result:
Maximum Speed (N) = 27.02 rpm
Innovative Assignment
1. A centrifugal pump impeller has an inlet diameter of 1.25 m and exit diameter of 1.7 m
and is operated at a speed of 730 rpm. The width of the impeller at exit is 0.237 and the
total width at inlet is 0.237 and the total width at inlet is 0.322 m. the pump develops a
pressure of 2800 M/m2 when delivering 150000 m3/hr of air. The air density can be taken
to be constant and equal to 10 N/m3. The vane angle at outlet is 72.50. The relative
velocity of the air stream is found to make an angle of 80 with tangent to the blade angle at

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 the impeller exit.
2. During an experiment, a centrifugal pump operating at 1150 rpm develops a head of 25 m
and a discharge of 3800 lit/min at the best efficiency regime. At this regime, power drawn
by the pump is 28H.P. the mechanical loss due bearings and packing is 2% of the output
and the disc friction loss is 1.6 H.P. the leakage is estimated to 160 lit/min. the impeller is
of 38 cm diameter and is 2 cm wide at exit. The blade angle at outlet is 220.
3. Two geometrically similar pumps aare running at the same speed of 800 rpm. One pump
has an impeller diameter of 0.3 m and lifts the water at the rate of 35 lit/sec against a head
of 25 m. Determine the head and impeller diameter of the other pump to deliver half the
discharge.
4. A double acting reciprocating pump has an air vessel fitted on the suction pipe. The
plunger is 180 mm diameter and 250 mm long. The suction pipe is 10 metres long and 100
mm diameter. Determine the rate of flow into or from the air vessel at crank positions of
300, 900 and 120 from the inner dead centre. Take speed of the pump as 130 rpm.
5. The length and diameter of a suction pipe of a single acting reciprocating pump are 8 m
and 15 cm respectively. The pump has a plunger of diameter 125 mm and of stroke length
of 350 mm. the centre of the pump is 5 m above water surface in the pump. The
atmospheric pressure head is 10.3 m of water. Determine:
(i) Pressure head due to acceleration at the beginning of the suction stroke.
(ii) Maximum pressure head due to acceleration.
(iii)Pressure head in the cylinder at the beginning and at the end of the stroke.
6. A single acting reciprocating pump, running at 150 rpm delivers 0.8 m3 of water/min. the
diameter of the piston is 15 mm and stroke length of 400 mm. the suction and delivery
heads are 4 m and 12 m respectively. Determine
(i) Theoretical discharge
(ii) Coefficient of discharge
(iii)Percentage slip of the pump, and
(iv) Power required running the pump.
7. A double acting single cylinder reciprocating pump of 20 cm bore and 40 cm stroke runs
at 35 rpm. The piston rod is 7.5 cm in diameter. The suction pipe is 2.5 m long and
delivery pipe is 40 m long and both of them are 10 cm in diameter. No air vessel is
provided on either on the suction and delivering pipe. Losses are neglected and the friction
factor of 0.03. The motion is piston is simple harmonic.
8. Find the rise in pressure in the impeller of a centrifugal pump through which water is
flowing the rate of 15 lit/sec. the internal and external diameters of the impeller are 20 cm
& 40 cm respectively. The widths of impeller at inlet and outlet are 1.6 cm and 0.8 Cm.
The pump is runner at 1200 rpm. The water enters the impeller radially at inlet and
impeller vane angle at outlet is 300. Neglect losses through the impeller.
9. A centrifugal pump is running at 1000 rpm. The outlet vane angle of the impeller is 300
and velocity of flow at outlet is 3m/s. the pump is working against a total head of 30 m
and the discharge through the pump is 0.3m/s. if the manometric efficiency of the pump is
75%. Determine (i) diameter of the impeller (ii) the width of the impeller at outlet.
10. A radial flow impeller has a diameter 20 cm and width 8 cm at exit. It delivers 125 litres
of water per second against a head of 25 m at 1450 rpm. Assuming the vanes block the
flow area by 8% and hydraulic efficiency of 0.85, estimate the vane angle at exit.

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