\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

OKO D
\GMBK@WFWKM
;.;.
;.;. Fktk
Fktkrr Ogfk
Ogfkak
akmh
mh
\R. _gikj Hrcup
Hrcup ogrbdr
ogrbdrdd sgnka
sgnka kwkf
kwkf tk`um
tk`um ?<;9 bkm bdbdr
bdbdrdak
dakm
m cfg`
cfg` 7
(fdek)
(fdek) crkmh
crkmh bdrgat
bdrgatur
ur ykmh
ykmh ogrhgr
ogrhgrka
ka bkfke
bkfke odbkmh
odbkmh prcbuas
prcbuasdd ecodf
ecodf ekdmkm
ekdmkm
Rkedykk 2XB. Bkfke egeufkd usk`kmyk sgokhkd pgrusk`kkm okru, \R. _gikj
Rkedy
Hrcup
Hrcup egepum
egepumykd
ykd st
strkt
rktghd
ghd ykdtu
ykdtu bgmhkm
bgmhkm egfkaua
egfkauakm
km pgrgmj
pgrgmjkmkk
kmkkm
m tgr
tgr`kbk
`kbkp
p
sgfuru`
sgfuru` aghdktkm
aghdktkm prcbuasdmyk
prcbuasdmyk sg`dmhhk odsk egmnkbdakm
egmnkbdakm pgrusk`kkm \R. _gikj
Hrcup ykmh bkpkt ogrskdmh bgmhkm pgrusk`kkm ykmh fkdmmyk. \grgmjkmkkm ykmh
bdekas
bdekasub
ub kbkfk`
kbkfk` egfdpu
egfdputd
td pgrgmjk
pgrgmjkmkk
mkkm
m prcbua
prcbuasd
sd bkm agoutu
agoutu`km
`km ektgrd
ektgrdkf.
kf.
\grgmjkmkkm bkfke suktu pgrusk`kkm egrupkakm egmnkbd `kf ykmh utkek bkm
egmn
egmnkbd
kbd iumh
iumhsd
sd utke
utkekk ekmkn
ekmknge
gegm
gm yk
ykmh
mh nu
nuhk
hk egfd
egfdmha
mhaup
updd pg
pgra
radr
drkk
kkm
m sg
sgrt
rtkk

 pgmh`dtumhkm egmhgmkd sgfuru` aghdktkm prcbuasd ykmh kakm bdfkauakm pkbk

suktu wkatu tgrtgmtu.
\grgmjkmkkm khrghkt kbkfk` pgrgmjkmkkm ykmh bdoukt umtua egegmu`d
tctkf
tctkf bge
bgekmb
kmb bkrd
bkrd sgfuru
sgfuru`
` gfgegm
gfgegm prcbuas
prcbuasdd bkm nuefk`
nuefk` tgmkhk
tgmkhk agrnk
agrnk ykmh
bdoutu`akm.
bdoutu`akm. \grgmjkmkkm khrghkt
khrghkt dmd ogriumhsd umtua egeokmtu
egeokmtu pgrusk`kkm
pgrusk`kkm
bkfke
bkfke egmktu
egmkturr nuefk`
nuefk` bkm wkatu
wkatu ykmh tgpkt
tgpkt bkfke
bkfke egfkas
egfkaskmk
kmkakm
akm prcsgs
prcsgs
 prcbuasd. Rgrbkpkt buk acepcmgm pgmtdmh pgrgmjkmkkm ykmh `krus bdfkauakm
 pgrusk`kkm ykdtu pgrgmjkmkkm prcbuasd bkm agoutu`km ektgrdkf.
\grgmjkmkkm prcbuasd ogriumhsd umtua egegmu`d tctkf sgeuk agoutu`km
 prcbua ykmh kakm bd`ksdfakm egmhhumkakm sueogr bkyk
b kyk ykmh kbk. Zgbkmhakm
 pgrgmjkmkkm agoutu`km ektgrdkf kbkfk` bdhumkakm umtua pgrgmjkmkkm bkm
 pgmhgmbkfdkm dtge acepcmgm
acepcmg m ykmh skfdmh ogrhkmtumh pkbk dtge-dtge ykmh kbk
bdtdmhakt fgod` tdmhhd. \grgmjkmkkm prcbuasd bkm agoutu`km ektgrdkf skmhktfk`
 pgmtdmh umtua egmnkedm agfkmjkrkm bkfke prcsgs prcbuasd. Kpkodfk agbuk
 pgrgmjkmkkm tgrsgout bkpkt bdfkauakm ekak pgrusk`kkm bkpkt
egepgr
egepgr`dt
`dtumha
umhakm
km agoutu
agoutu`km
`km ykmh
ykmh bdoutu
bdoutu`akm
`akm bgmhkm
bgmhkm sueogr
sueogr bkyk
bkyk ykmh
tgrsgbdk sg`dmhhk kpkodfk tgrbkpkt agmbkfk bkfke prcsgs prcbuasd bkpkt sghgrk

bdtkmhkmd sgbdmd eumhadm bkm prcsgs prcbuasd egmnkbd fkmjkr.

;
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk
 

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

\g
\grg
rgmj
mjkm
kmkk
kkm
m prcb
prcbua
uasd
sd bk
bkm
m agout
agoutu`
u`km
km ektg
ektgrd
rdkf
kf nu
nuhk
hk og
ogrh
rhum
umkk um
umtu
tua 
a 
egedmdeks
egedmdeksdd tctkf odkyk prcbuasd
prcbuasd kpkodfk
kpkodfk pgrgmjkmkkm
pgrgmjkmkkm bkpkt bdfkauakm
bdfkauakm bgmhkm
tgpkt. Bkfke suktu aghdktkm prcbuasd odsk sknk tgrnkbd ogrokhkd `kf tka tgrbuhk
ykmh egmygokoakm kbkmyk odkyk tkeok`km ykmh `krus bdagfukrakm pgrusk`kkm
sgpgrtd odkyk fgeour, odkyk dmvgmtcrd, odkyk suoacmtrka bkm fkdm sgokhkdmyk.
Zgfkdm dtu nuhk pgrgmjkmkkm prcbuasd bkm agoutu`km ektgrdkf ogrhumk
umtua egegmu`d pgredmtkkm acmsuegm kpkodfk bkpkt bdfkauakm bgmhkm tgpkt.
\gegm
\gegmu`k
u`km
m pg
pgre
redm
dmtk
tkkm
km ac
acms
msue
uegm
gm egru
egrupk
pkak
akm
m tu
tunu
nukm
km ut
utke
kekk pg
pgru
rusk
sk`k
`kkm
km
sg`dmh
sg`dmhhk
hk bdpgrc
bdpgrcfg`
fg` agumtu
agumtumhkm
mhkm ykmh ekasde
ekasdekf
kf sg`dmh
sg`dmhhk
hk sgodsk
sgodsk eumhad
eumhadm
m
 pgrusk`kkm odsk egegmu`d sgfuru` pgredmtkkm acmsuegm sgsukd bgmhkm
ag
agtg
tgrs
rsgb
gbdk
dkkm
km pg
pgru
rusk
sk`k
`kkm
km yk
ykmh
mh bded
bdedfd
fdad
ad.. Bgmh
Bgmhkm
km kb
kbkm
kmyk
yk pg
pgrg
rgmj
mjkm
kmkk
kkm,
m,
 pgrusk`kkm bkpkt egrkekfakm pgredmtkkm acmsuegm ykmh bkpkt ogruok`

sgwkatu-wkatu umtua egmhkmtdsdpksd agoutu`km sueogr bkyk ykmh bdoutu`akm

 pgrusk`kkm umtua egegmu`d pgredmtkkm acsmuegm dtu. Cfg` akrgmk dtu umtua 
egmh
egmhkt
ktur
ur sg
sghk
hkfk
fk katdv
katdvdt
dtks
ks pg
pgru
rusk
sk`kk
`kkm
m bk
bkfk
fke
e egmn
egmnkf
kfkm
kmakm
akm pr
prcb
cbua
uasd
sdmyk
myk
bdpgrfuakm suktu pgrgmjkmkkm ykmh tgruaur bkm bkpkt bdpgr`dtumhakm.
;.
;.?.
?. \gru
\grueu
eusk
skm
m Eksk
Ekskfk
fk`
`
;. Okhk
Okhkde
dekmk
kmk jkrk
jkrk egmyu
egmyusu
sum
m _gscurjg _gqudrgegmt \fkmmdmh 3
?. Okhk
Okhkde
dekmk
kmk jkrk
jkrk egfk
egfkau
auakm
akm Khrghkt
 Khrghkt \fkmmdmh 3
:. Okhkdekmk
Okhkdekmk jkrk
jkrk egmyusum
egmyusum Nkbwkf Dmbua \rcbuasd
\rcbuasd ktku Ekstgr
ktku Ekstgr \rcbujtdcm
Zj`gbufg33
Zj`gbufg
2. Okhk
Okhkde
dekmk
kmk jkrk
jkrk egmyu
egmyusu
sum
m _cuh` Jut Jkpkjdty \fkmmdmh 3
7. Okhk
Okhkde
dekmk
kmk jkrk
jkrk egmyu
egmyusu
sum
m Ektgrdkf _gqudrgegmt \fkmmdmh 3
;.:.
;.:. Runu
Runukm
km \rk
\rkat
atda
daue
ue
;. Bkpk
Bkpktt egmh
egmhhu
humk
mkak
akm
m dmpu
dmputt `k
`ksd
sdff pg
pgrk
rkek
ekfk
fkm
m um
umtu
tua
a egmy
egmyus
usum
um rg
rgmj
mjkm
kmkk
khrghkt prcbuasd.
?. Egmh
Egmhkpf
kpfda
daks
ksda
dakm
km tg
tgamd
amda
a bdsk
bdskhr
hrgh
ghks
ksdd yk
ykmh
mh kb
kbkk um
umtu
tua
a egmy
egmyus
usum
um Nk
Nkbw
bwkf
kf
Dmbua \rcbuasd ktku Ekstgr
ktku Ekstgr \rcbujtdcm Zj`gbufdmh .
:. Egeouk
Egeouktt pgrgmj
pgrgmjkmk
kmkkm
km akpksdtks
akpksdtks akskr
akskr umtua
umtua emgygsukd
emgygsukdakm
akm ND\ bgmhkm

akpksdtks prcbuasd ykmh tgrsgbdk.

?
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk
 

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

2. Ekepu
Ekepu egeoukt
egeoukt jktktkm
jktktkm tgmtkmh
tgmtkmh nkbwkf
nkbwkf pgegskmk
pgegskmkm
m ektgrdkf
ektgrdkf ykmh `krus
`krus
bdfkauakm.
7. Bkpkt egeogrdakm
egeogrdakm dmbdaks
dmbdaksdd odfk
odfk bdpgrfuakm
bdpgrfuakm pgmnkbw
pgmnkbwkfkm
kfkm ufkmh.
ufkmh.
9. Ekepu egeogrdakm
egeogrdakm dmbdaks
dmbdaksdd tgmtkmh
tgmtkmh agkbkkm
agkbkkm bkrd pgrsgbdkkm.
pgrsgbdkkm.
8. Egekstdakm
Egekstdakm / egmhgsk
egmhgsk`akm
`akm pgmhhumk
pgmhhumkakm
akm E_\
E_\ egfkfud
egfkfud J_\.

:
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk
 

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

;.2. Egtcbcfc
Egtcbcfchd
hd \rkat
\rkatdaue
daue (Ifcwj`
(Ifcwj`krt
krt \rkatda
\rkatdaue)
ue)

Eufkd

Ztubd Fdtgrktur 

\gmhuepufkm Bktk
- Bktk @ksdf \grkekfkm
- Bktk Odkyk
- Bktk @krd Agrnk/\grdcbg
- Bktk Nke Agrnk/@krd
- Fgkb tdeg
- Dmvgmtcry

Egmh`dtumh Akpksdtks
\rcbuasd ykmh Rgrsgbdk
bgmhkm __\

Egfkauakm \grgmjkmkkm
Khrghkt (K\)

Egfkauakm pgrkekfkm
gmb dtge bgmhkm ND\

Egfkauakm pgr`dtumhkm
_JJ\

Egfkauakm pgr`dtumhkm
E_\ tdkp pkrt

Egfkauakm pgr`dtumhkm
ekmukf sgeuk egtcbg

Kmkfdsk

Agsdepufkm bkm Zkrkm

Zgfgskd

Hkeokr ;.; Ifcwj`krt \rkatdaue

2
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk
 

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

;.
;.7.
7. Zdst
Zdstge
gekt
ktda
dak
k \gmuf
\gmufds
dskm
km
OKO D \GMBK@WFWKM
Ogrd
Ogrdsd
sd egmhg
egmhgmk
mkdd fk
fktk
tkrr og
ogfk
fkakm
akmh,
h, pg
pgru
rueu
eusk
skm
m eksk
ekskfk
fk`,
`, tu
tunu
nukm
km pg
pgmu
mufd
fdsk
skm,
m,
sdstgektdak pgmufdskm ykmh bdhumkakm.
OKO DD RDMNKWKM \WZRKAK
Ogrdsdd egmhgmkd
Ogrds egmhgmkd tgcrd-tgcr
tgcrd-tgcrdd ykmh egmnkbd fkmbkskm bkfke egeoukt fkpcrkm
ykmh ogr`uoumhkm bgmhkm aksus bkm ekskfk` ykmh tgrnkbd ykdtu bkfke `kf dmd
kbkfk` egmhgmkd tgcrd fkmbkskm egmhgmkd pgrgmjkmkkm prcbuasd bkm agoutu`km
ektgrdkf. Rgcrd ykmh bdhumkakm bkfke tdmnkukm pustkak dmd kbkfk` pgrgmjkmkkm
 prcbuasd, __\, \grgmjkmkkm khrghkt, E\Z, Rgamda bdskhrghksd, _JJ\, E_\.
OKO DDD \GMHCFK@KM BKRK
Ogrdsd egmhgmkd pgmhuepufkm bktk, pgmhcfk`km bktk.

OKO DY KMKFDZK
Ogrdsd egmhgmkd kmkfdsk-kmkfdsk bkrd `ksdf pgmhcfk`km bkm pgmhuepufkm bktk
bdoko
bdoko sgogfu
sgogfuemy
emykk ykdtu
ykdtu __\,
__\, Khrghk
Khrghktt pfkmmd
pfkmmdmh,
mh, ND
ND\/E
\/E\Z,
\Z, _JJ
_JJ\,
\, E_\
E_\,,
 pgedfd`km egtcbg sgtdkp acepcmgm bkm kmkfdsk `ksdf E_\ bkm egtcbg ykmh
tgrpdfd`.
OKO Y \GMWRW\
Ogrdsd egmhgmkd agsdepufkm bkm skrkm.

7
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk
 

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

OKO DD
RDMNKWKM \WZRKAK
?.; _gsc
_gscurj
urjgg _gq
_gqudr
udrge
gegm
gmtt \fkm
\fkmmd
mdmh
mh (__\)
(__\)
\grgmj
\grgmjkmk
kmkkm
km agoutu
agoutu`km
`km sueogr
sueogr bkyk
bkyk egrupk
egrupkakm
akm td
tdmhak
mhaktt pgrgmj
pgrgmjkmkk
kmkkm
m
tgrtdmhhd bkfke `drgkrad pgrgmjkmkk akpksdtks. \gr`dtumhkm nuefk` stksdum agrnk
dmd egmhumkakm rueus>
  Rctkf Bgekmb
Bgekmb x Xkatu Okau
Nuefk`
Nuefk` Ztksdum Agrnk 5
Ztksdum Agrnk
 Nke
 Nke Agrnk
Agrnk
∛ Nuefk
Nuefk`` @krd
@krd Agrnk
Agrnk x
 @krd
Zgbkmhakm umtua egmh`dtumh akpksdtks prcbuasdmyk>
Akpks
Akpksdt
dtks
ks _R (nke
(nke)) 5 `kr
`krdd agr
agrnk
nk x nke
nke agrnk
agrnk x stk
stksd
sdum
um ag
agrn
rnkk
Akpksdtks CR (nke) 5 ?7% x _R
_R
Akpks
Akpksdt
dtks
ks _R (umd
(umdt)
t) 5 akpk
akpksd
sdtk
tkss _R
_R (nk
(nke)
e) x (:9
(:9<</
<</Xo
Xo))
Akpks
Akpksdt
dtks
ks CR (umd
(umdt)
t) 5 akpk
akpksd
sdtk
tkss CR
CR (nk
(nke)
e) x (:9<
(:9<</
</Xo
Xo))
\gr`dt
\gr`dtumhk
umhkm
m __\ dmd bdpgrf
bdpgrfuakm
uakm umtua
umtua egm
egmhgt
hgtk`u
k`udd sgogrk
sgogrkpk
pk ogskr 
ogskr 
akpks
akpksdt
dtks
ks prcbu
prcbuas
asdd bk
bkrd
rd _R bk
bkm
m CR yk
ykmh
mh bk
bkpk
pktt bd
bdpka
pkakd
kd kpkod
kpkodfk
fk tg
tgrm
rmyk
yktk
tk
akpksdtks prcbuasd bkrd _R tdbka bkpkt egegmu`d bgekmb. __\ bdhumkakm
umtua
umtua egrgmj
egrgmjkmk
kmkakm
akm ogrkpk
ogrkpk akpksd
akpksdtks
tks prcbuas
prcbuasdd ykmh adtk
adtk outu`a
outu`akm
km kpkak`
kpkak`
juaup egmhhumkakm _R sknk ktku pgrfu tkeok`km odfk tgrmyktk tdbka egegmu`
 pgredmtkkm.
?.?
?.? Khrg
Khrghk
hktg
tg \fk
\fkmm
mmdm
dmh
h (K\
(K\))

\grgmjkmkkm khrghkt
\grgmjkmkkm khrghkt egrupkakm
egrupkakm pgrgmjkmkkm
pgrgmjkmkkm egmhgmkd
egmhgmkd nuefk`
nuefk` tgmkhk
agrnk bkm tdmhakt prcbuasd pkbk iksdfdtks ykmh bdogrdakm bkfke pgrgmjkmkkm
khrghk
khrghkt.
t. _gmjkm
_gmjkmkk tgrsgo
tgrsgout
ut bdoukt
bdoukt sgjkrk
sgjkrk ueue
ueue sgakfd
sgakfd sgtdkp
sgtdkp pgrdcb
pgrdcbgg umtua 
umtua 
 pgrdcbg sgfkmnutmyk. Agputuskm pgrgmjkmkkm bdoukt umtua egedmdeksd odkyk
tctk
tctkff bkfke
bkfke egeg
egegmu`
mu`dd pg
pgre
redm
dmtk
tkkm
km yk
ykmh
mh bd
bdrk
rkek
ekfa
fakm
km.. _gmjk
_gmjkmk
mk tg
tgrs
rsgou
goutt
egepgr
egepgr`dt
`dtumha
umhakm
km ogrekj
ogrekjke-e
ke-ekjk
kjke
e ngmds
ngmds odkyk.
odkyk. Runukm
Runukm bkrd
bkrd pgrgmj
pgrgmjkmkk
kmkkm
m
khrghk
khrghktt kbkfk`
kbkfk` pgmhhumk
pgmhhumkkm
km ykmh
ykmh prcbua
prcbuatdi
tdi okda
okda ktks
ktks sueogr
sueogr bkyk ekmusd
ekmusdkk
ekupum sueogr bkyk pgrfgmhakpkm.

9
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk
 Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

Dmput \grgmjkmkkm Khrghkt

;. \grkekfkm pgredmtkkm ( icrgjkstdmh 
 icrgjkstdmh )
?. \grgmjkmkkm Ztrktghd \gekskrkm ( Ekragtdmh Ztrktghdj \fkmmdmh )
:. \grgmjkmkkm Ztrktghd Ekmuikaturdmh ( Ekmuikjturdmh
 Ekmuikjturdmh Ztrktghdj \fkmmdmh )
2. \grgmjkmkm Ztrktghd _dsgt bkm \gmhgeokmhkm ( _&B Ztrktghdj \fkmmdmh )
7. \grgmjkmkkm Ztrktghd Agukmhkm ( Idmkmjdkf Ztrktghdj \fkmmdmh )
Cutput \grgmjkmkkm Khrghkt
Cutputmyk kbkfk` rgmjkmk umtua pgfkaskmkkm prcbuasd ktku ekmuikatur.
Zgjkrk idsda cutputmyk ogrupk nkbwkf prcbuasd, ykdtu pgmhkeodfkm agputuskm
 nuefk` prcbuasd tdkp pgrdcbg bkfke sktukm khrghkt.

  Ousdmgss
Icrgjkstdmh
\fkmmdmh

Crbgr  Bgekmb \rcbujtdcm _gscurjg

Ekmkhgegmt \fkmmdmh \fkmmdmh

Ekstgr  _cuh` Jut

Idmkf Kssgeofy
\rcbujtdcm Jkpkjdty
Zj`gbufdmh
Zj`gbufdmh \fkmmdmh

Ektgrdkf Jkpkjdty
_gqudrgegmt _gqudrgegmt
\fkmmdmh \fkmmdmh

\rcbujtdcm Dmput/Cutput
Ygmbcr Icffcw Jcmtrcf &
Kjtdvdty
Wp Zystge Cpgrktdcm
Jcmtrcf
Zj`gbufdmh

Hkeokr ?. ; Hkeokr Zdafus Ekmuikatur

8
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
 Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

Iumhsd Khrghktg \fkmmdmh

Kbkpum iumhsd-iumhsd pgrgmjkmkkm khrghkt bkpkt bdurkdakm sgokhkd ogrdaut>
;. Egmn
Egmnke
kedm
dm rg
rgmj
mjkmk
kmk pgmnu
pgmnukf
kfkm
km bk
bkm
m rg
rgmj
mjkm
kmkk pr
prcb
cbuas
uasdd ac
acms
msds
dstg
tgm
m tg
tgr`
r`kb
kbkp
kp
strktghd pgrusk`kkm
?. Kfkt uaur pgricreksd
pgricreksd prcsgs pgrgmjkmkkm
pgrgmjkmkkm prcbuasd
prcbuasd
:. Egmnkedm
Egmnkedm agekepukm
agekepukm prcbuasd
prcbuasd acmsdstg
acmsdstgm
m tgr`kbkp
tgr`kbkp rgmjkmk
rgmjkmk prcbuasd
prcbuasd
2. Egecmd
Egecmdtcr
tcr `ksdf
`ksdf prcbuasd
prcbuasd katukf
katukf tgr`kbkp
tgr`kbkp rgmjkmk
rgmjkmk prcbuasd
prcbuasd bkm egeoukt
egeoukt
 pgmygsukdkm
7. Egmh
Egmhkt
ktur
ur pg
pgrs
rsgb
gbdk
dkkm
km prcb
prcbua
ua nk
nkbd
bd um
umtu
tua
a egmj
egmjkp
kpkd
kd tk
tkrh
rhgt
gt bk
bkm
m egou
egoukt
kt
 pgrsgbdkkm
9. Egmhkrk`akm
Egmhkrk`akm pgmyusumkm
pgmyusumkm bkm
bkm pgfkaskmk
pgfkaskmkkm
km nkbwkf
nkbwkf dmbua
dmbua prcbuas
prcbuasdd
Runukm Khrghktg \fkmmdmh

Runukm bkrd pgrgmjkmkkm khrghkt kbkfk` pgmhhumkkm ykmh prcbuatdi okda 

ktks sueogr bkyk ekmusdk ekupum sueogr bkyk pgrfgmhakpkm. \grgmjkmkkm
khrghkt ogrkwkf bkrd pgrgmjkmkkm strktghd odsmds ykmh tgrakdt bgmhkm pgrkekfkm
 pgredmtkkm ( icrgjkstdmh 
 icrgjkstdmh ).
) . \grgmj
\grgmjkmk
kmkkm
km Khrghk
Khrghktt bdbksk
bdbkskrak
rakm
m pkbk
pkbk pgrkek
pgrkekfkm
fkm
 pgredmtkkm tk`umkm bkrd oufkm ag oufkm bkm sueogr bkyk prcbuatdi ykmh kbk
(nuefk`
(nuefk` tgmkhk agrnk, tdmhakt pgrsgbdkkm,
pgrsgbdkkm, odkyk prcbuasd,
prcbuasd, nuefk`
nuefk`  suppfdgr bkm
su
suoac
oacmt
mtrk
rkat
atcr
cr)) bg
bgmh
mhkm
km ks
ksue
uesd
sd ak
akpks
pksdt
dtks
ks pr
prcbu
cbuas
asdd rg
rgfk
fktd
tdii tg
tgtk
tkp.
p. Bkfk
Bkfke
e
 prkatgamyk sgrdmh tgrnkbd prcygasd pgredmtkkm ykmh tdbka acmstkm ykmh kakm
egmdmh
egmdmhakt
aktakm
akm agsufd
agsufdtkm
tkm bkfke
bkfke pgeoukt
pgeouktkm
km pgrgmj
pgrgmjkmk
kmkkm
km prcbua
prcbuasdm
sdmyk.
yk. \cfk
\cfk
 pgredmtkkm ykmh eusdekm egeoutu`akm ag`ktd-`ktdkm bkfke pgrgmjkmkkmmyk
sg`dmhhk
sg`dmhhk bkpkt egedmdeksd
egedmdeksd ageumhadmkm
ageumhadmkm agruhdkm.
agruhdkm. Fkmhak`-fkmh
Fkmhak`-fkmhak`
ak` bkfke
 pgrgmjkmkkm khrghkt kbkfk` sgokhkd ogrdaut>
;. Dmput `ksdf
`ksdf pgrkekf
pgrkekfkm,
km, akpksdtks
akpksdtks egsdm
egsdm bkm tgmkhk agrnk,
agrnk, nke
nke agrnk,
agrnk, bkm fkdm-
fkdm-
fkdm.
?. Wok`
Wok` sgfuru`
sgfuru` vkrdk
vkrdkogf
ogf egmnkb
egmnkbdd sktu sktuk
sktukm
m uaurkm.
uaurkm.
:. Rgmtua
Rgmtuakm
km agodnkas
agodnkaskmkk
kmkkm
m pgrusk
pgrusk`kkm
`kkm bkm pdfd`
pdfd` sktu
sktu ktku
ktku ogogrkp
ogogrkpkk str
strktg
ktghd
hd
 pgrgmjkmkkm.

2. Rgmtuakm
Rgmtuakm ecbgf ekmk ykmh
ykmh kakm bdpkakd
bdpkakd sgsukd
sgsukd ardtg
ardtgrdk
rdk cmhacs
cmhacs tgrgmbk`.
tgrgmbk`.

0
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
 Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

?.?.; Ztrktghd Khrghktg

Khrghktg \fkmmdmh
\fkmmdmh
Ztrktghd Khrghktg \fkmmdmh kbkfk` upkyk ekmkngrdkf ykmh egmjkaup
ekmdpufksd
ekmdpufksd tdmhakt dmvgmtcry,
dmvgmtcry, prcbuasd,
prcbuasd, tdmhakt
tdmhakt tgmkhk agrnk, akpksdtks
akpksdtks
bkm vkrdkogf-vk
vkrdkogf-vkrdkog
rdkogff fkdmmyk
fkdmmyk ykmh bkpkt bdagmbkfdak
bdagmbkfdakm.
m. Zgjkrk ueue,
strktghd khrghktg pfkmmdmh bdokhd egmnkbd buk ngmds ykdtu>
k) Ztrk
Ztrktg
tghd
hd Eurm
Eurmdd ( \urg
 \urg Ztgtghdgs)
Ztgtghdgs)
Kbkf
Kbkfk`
k` st
strk
rktg
tghd
hd bk
bkfk
fke
e kh
khrg
rghk
hktg
tg \f
\fkm
kmmd
mdmh
mh ykmh
ykmh egmh
egmhuok
uok`
` sk
sktu
tu
vkrdkogf
vkrdkogf umtua bdagmbkfdakm
bdagmbkfdakm ktku bdacmtrcf.
bdacmtrcf. Ykrdkogf bdsdmd
bdsdmd kbkfk`
vkrdkogf- krdkogf bkfke pgrgmjkmkkm prcbuasd ykmh odsk bdacmtrcf bkm
bdtgmtuakm sgsukd bgmhkm tkrhgt prcbuasd ykmh bdtgtkpakm cfg` tcp
fgvgf ousdmgss pfkm. Kbk ogogrkpk vkrdkogf ykmh bkpkt adtk uok`,
ykmh sgrdmh bdsgout bgmhkm jcmtrcffkofg (bgjdsdcm) vkrdkofg. Ykrdkofg-

vkrdkogf tgrsgout kbkfk`>

- Egmhuok` Rdmhakt dmvgmtcrd
Zkkt pgrusk`kkm egmhkfked pgmuepuakm dmvgmtcrd pkbk pgrdcbg
bdekmk pgredmtkkm egmurum, odkyk ykmh ogr`uoumhkm bgmhkm
stcrkh
stcrkhg,
g, `kmbfd
`kmbfdmh,
mh, ksurkm
ksurkmsd,
sd, bkm agrusk
agruskakm
akm kakm
kakm egmdmh
egmdmhakt
akt..
Zgokfd
Zgokfdamyk
amyk,, skkt
skkt tgrnkb
tgrnkbdd pgm
pgmdmh
dmhakt
aktkm
km pgredm
pgredmtkk
tkkm,
m, agau
agaurkm
rkmhkm
hkm
 pgrsgbdkkm kakm egmygokoakm pgmurumkm eutu pgfkykmkm
acmsuegm, pgmdmhaktkm fgkb tdeg, agruhdkm kadokt pgredmtkkm
ykmh
ykmh tdbka
tdbka tgrpgm
tgrpgmu`d
u`d,, bkm eksuamy
eksuamykk acepgt
acepgtdtc
dtcrr okru
okru bkfke
bkfke
 pkskr.
- Egmhuok` fgvgf tgmkhk agrnk
Ekmk
Ekmkng
ngrr bk
bkpk
pktt egmhu
egmhuok
ok`
` nu
nuef
efk`
k` tg
tgmkh
mkhkk ag
agrn
rnkk bg
bgmhk
mhkm
m jk
jkrk
rk
egrgar
egrgarut
ut bkm egeogr
egeogr`gmt
`gmtdak
dakm
m tgmkhk
tgmkhk agrnk
agrnk prcbua
prcbuasd
sd umtua 
umtua 
egmygsukdakm
egmygsukdakm tdmhakt prcbuasd bkm pgredmtkkm
pgredmtkkm bgmhkm tgpkt.
tgpkt.
Zgfkdm dtu, bkpkt nuhk bdfkauakm bgmhkm jkrk egepgrtk`kmakm
 nuefk` tgmkhk agrnk, mkeum nke agrnk ykmh bdvkrdksdakm.

4
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
 Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

- Zuoacmtrka 
Zkfk` sktu kftgrmktdi ykmh bkpkt bdfkaskmkakm pgrusk`kkm kbkfk`
bgmhkm
bgmhkm egmsuo
egmsuoacmt
acmtrka
rkaakm
akm sgokhd
sgokhdkm
km prcbua
prcbuasd
sd agtdak
agtdak tgr
tgrnkb
nkbdd
 pgredmtkkm egfgod`d akpksdtks prcbuasd.
- Egepgmhkru`d pgredmtkkm
Ekmkng
Ekmkngegm
egm bkpkt
bkpkt egeoukt
egeoukt agputus
agputuskm
km umtua
umtua egepgm
egepgmhkr
hkru`d
u`d
 pgredmtkkm, jkrk ykmh bkpkt bdfkauakm kmtkrk fkdm kbkfk`
bgmhkmegeogrdakm bdsacm, ocmus, prcecsd bkm fkdm-fkdm akrgmk
 pgredmtkkm egupkakm skfk` sktu sueogr utkek pgrekskfk`km
khrghktg pfkmmdmh.
 o) Ztrktghd Jkepurkm ( Edxgb
 Edxgb Ztrktghdgs)
Ztrktghdgs)
Ztrktg
Ztrktghd
hd jkepur
jkepurkm
km kbkfk`
kbkfk` str
strktg
ktghd
hd bkfke
bkfke khrghk
khrghktg
tg pfkmmd
pfkmmdmh
mh ykm
ykmh
h

egfdokt
egfdoktakm
akm bubukk kt
ktku
ku fg
fgod
od`
` vk
vkrd
rdko
kogf
gf ykmh
ykmh bk
bkpk
pktt bd
bdacm
acmtr
trcf
cf um
umtu
tua 
a 
egmjkpkd
egmjkp kd rgmjkmk
rgmjkmk ykmh igksdogf. Ogogrkpk aceodmksd pgmhuok`km
bkrdd ogogrkp
bkr ogogrkpkk jcmtrcf
jcmtrcffko
fkofg
fg (bgjds
(bgjdsdcm
dcm)) vkrdko
vkrdkofg
fg odsk
odsk egmh`k
egmh`ksdf
sdfakm
akm
suktu
suktu str
strktg
ktghd
hd Khrghk
Khrghktg
tg \fkmmd
\fkmmdmh
mh ykmh tgr
tgrokd
okda
a bkm igksd
igksdofg
ofg umtua 
umtua 
bdnkfk
bdnkfkmakm
makm.. Edskfm
Edskfmyk
yk pgrusk
pgrusk`kkm
`kkm bkpkt
bkpkt egmhhum
egmhhumkakm
kakm aceodm
aceodmksd
ksd
kmtkrk nke fgeour, suoacmtrka, bkm pgegrktkkm pgrsgbdkkm sgokhkd
strktghd egrgak.
Edxgb
Edxgb str
strktg
ktghy
hy fgod`
fgod` sgrdmh
sgrdmh bdhumka
bdhumkakm
km agtdak
agtdak suktu
suktu pgrusk
pgrusk`kk
`kkm
m
egepgrtde
egepgrtdeokmhakm
okmhakm ageumhadmkm
ageumhadmkm bkrd pgmjkepurkm
pgmjkepurkm strktghd
strktghd ykmh
 ogrvkrdksd bgmhkm tdbka tgroktksmyk rksdc umtua egfkauakm strktghd
ykmh
ykmh ogrvkr
ogrvkrdks
dksdd tgrsgo
tgrsgout,
ut, ekak
ekak pgrusk
pgrusk`kk
`kkm
m okru
okru kakm
kakm egmykbk
egmykbkrd
rd
tkmtkmhkm ykmh sgbkmh bd`kbkpdmyk. Okhdkm pgmhgmbkfdkm prcbuasd
bkm okhdkm
okhdkm pgeksk
pgekskrkm
rkm `krus
`krus egmh`k
egmh`ksdf
sdfakm
akm ekstgr
ekstgr sj`gbuf
sj`gbufgg ykmh
egmjk
egmjkau
aup
p og
ogogr
ogrkp
kpkk agodn
agodnka
kaks
kskm
kmkkm
kkm pg
pgru
ruok
ok`k
`km
m bkm pr
prcs
csgb
gbur 
ur 
 pgmhcpgrksdkm.

;<
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
 Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

?.?.? Odkyk ykmh

ykmh Rgrfdokt
Rgrfdokt bkfke Khrghktg
Khrghktg \fkmmdmh
\fkmmdmh
Ogrdaut dmd kbkfk` odkyk-odkyk ykmh tgrfdokt bkfke pgrgmjkmkkm khrghkt
kbkfk`>
;.  @drdmh Jcst  (cmhacs
 (cmhacs pgmkeok`km tgmkhk agrnk).
\gmkeok`km
\gmkeok`km tgmkhk agrnk egmdeoufakm
egmdeoufakm cmhacs-cmhacs
cmhacs-cmhacs umtua dafkm,
 prcsgs sgfgasd, bkm trkdmdmh.
?.  Fkycii Jcst  (cmhacs
 (cmhacs pgeogr`gmtdkm tgmkhk agrnk).
\g
\geo
eogr
gr`gm
`gmtd
tdkm
km tg
tgmk
mkhk
hk ag
agrn
rnkk od
odks
kskm
kmyk
yk tg
tgrn
rnkbd
kbd ak
akrg
rgmk
mk sg
sgek
ekad
adm
m
rgmbk`myk pgredmtkkm kakm prcbua ykmh bd`ksdfakm, sg`dmhhk tdmhakt
 prcbuasd egmurum sgjkrk brkstds. \geogr`gmtdkm dmd egmhkadoktakm
 pgrusk`kkm `krus egmhgfukrakm ukmh pgskmhcm okhd akrykwkm ykmh
bd-\@A, egmurumakm ecrkf agrnk bkm prcbuatdvdtks akrykwkm ykmh

eksd` ogagrnk, bkm tgakmkm ykmh

ykm h ogrsdikt scjdkf.
:. Cvg
Cvgrtd
rtdeg
eg Jcst
Jcst bkm Wmbgrt
Wmbgrtdeg
deg Jcst 
Jcst   (cm
(cmhac
hacss fgeour
fgeour bkm cmhacs
cmhacs
egmhkmhhur).
\gmhhum
\gmhhumkkm
kkm wkatu
wkatu fgeour
fgeour ogrtun
ogrtunukm
ukm umtua
umtua egmdmh
egmdmhakt
aktakm
akm cutput
cutput
 prcbuasd, tgtkpd acmsgaugmsdmyk pgrusk`kkm `krus egmhgfukrakm
cmhacs tkeok`km fgeour ykmh odkskmyk ;7< % bkrd cmhacs agrnk
rghufkr.
rghufkr. Bd skepdmh
skepdmh cmhacs tgrsgout,
tgrsgout, kbkmyk fgeour odkskmyk
odkskmyk kakm
egepgrogskr
egepgrogskr tdmhakt kosgmt akrykwkm akrgmk jkpga. Agokfdakm
Agokfdakm bkrd
acmbdsd bd ktks kbkfk` odfk pgrusk`kkm egepumykd agfgod`km tgmkhk
agrnk
agrnk bdokmbd
bdokmbdmhak
mhakm
m bgmhkm
bgmhkm nuefk`
nuefk` tgmkhk
tgmkhk agrnk
agrnk ykmh bdoutu
bdoutu`akm
`akm
umtua aghdktkm prcbuasd. Rgmkhk agrnk ogrfgod` dmd akbkmh-akbkmh
 odsk bdkfcaksdakm
b dkfcaksdakm umtua aghdktkm fkdm ykmh prcbuatdi egsadpum tdbka 
sgfkekmyk gigatdi. Odfk tdbka bkpkt bdfkauakm kfcaksd ykmh gigatdi,
ekak pgrusk`kkm bdkmhhkp egmkmhhumh cmhacs egmhkmhhur ykmh
 ogskrmyk egrupkakm pgrakfdkm kmtkrk nuefk` nke agrnk ykmh tdbka 
tgrpkakd bgmhkm tdmhakt upk` bkm tumnkmhkm fkdmmyk.

;;
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
 Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

2.  Dmvgmtcry Jcst bkm Okjacrbgr Jcst ( cmhacs

cmhacs pgrsgbdkkm bkm cmhacs
ag`kodskm pgrsgbdkkm).
\grsgbdkkm
\grsgbdkkm egepumykd
egepumykd iumhsd
iumhsd egmhkmtdsd
egmhkmtdsdpksd
pksd tdeoufmyk
tdeoufmyk agmkdakm
agmkdakm
 pgredmtkkm pkbk skkt-skkt tgrtgmtu. Acmsgaugmsd bkrd agodnkaskmkkm
 pgrsgbdkkm okhd pgrusk`kkm kbkfk` tdeoufmyk cmhacs pgmydepkmkm
(dmvgmtcry jcst/`cfbdmh jcst ) ykmh ogrupk cmhacs tgrtk`kmmyk ecbkf,
 pknka, ksurkmsd, agruskakm ok`km, bkm cmhacs sgwk hubkmh.
Agokfd
Agokfdakm
akm bkrd
bkrd acmbdsd
acmbdsd bd ktks,
ktks, agodnka
agodnkaskm
skmkkm
kkm tdbka
tdbka egmhkb
egmhkbkak
kakm
m
 pgrsgbdkkm sgcfk`-cfk` egmhumtumhakm, tgtkpd sgogmkrmyk bkpkt
egmdeoufakm agruhdkm bkfke ogmtua cmhacs ag`kodskm pgrsgbdkkm.
Cmha
Cmhacs
cs ag`ko
ag`kods
dskm
km pg
pgrs
rsgb
gbdk
dkkm
km dm
dmdd bd
bd`d
`dtu
tumh
mh ogrbk
ogrbksk
skra
rakm
km og
ogrk
rkpk
pk
 pgredmtkkm ykmh bktkmh tgtkpd tdbka bkpkt bdfkykmd akrgmk okrkmh

ykmh bdedmtk tdbka tgrsgbdk.

7. Zuojcmt
Zuojcmtrkj
rkjtt Jcst
Jcst (Cmhac
(Cmhacss Zuoacmt
Zuoacmtrka
rka).
).
\k
\kbk
bk sk
skkt
kt pg
pgre
redm
dmtk
tkkm
km egfg
egfgod
od`d
`d ageke
agekepu
pukm
km akpks
akpksdt
dtks
ks rg
rghu
hufk
fkr,
r,
 odkskmyk pgrusk`kkm egmsuoacmtrkaakm agfgod`km pgredmtkkm ykmh
tdbka odsk bdtkmhkmdmyk sgmbdrd agpkbk pgrusk`kkm fkdm. Acmsgaugmsd
bkrd agodnkaskmkkm
agodnkaskmkkm dmd kbkfk` tdeoufmyk
tdeoufmyk cmhacs suoacmtrka,
suoacmtrka, bdekmk
 odkskmyk cmhacs egmsuoacmtrkaakm dmd fgod` ek`kf bdokmbdmhakm
egeprcbuasd
egeprcbuasd sgmbdrd bkm kbkmyk rgsdac
rgsdac tgrnkbdmyk
tgrnkbdmyk agtgrfkeokt
agtgrfkeoktkm
km
 pgmygrk`km bkrd acmtrkatcr.
?.?.: Egtcbg bkfke Khrghktg
Khrghktg \fkmmdmh
\fkmmdmh
Egtcbg-egtcbg ykmh tgrbkpkt bkfke khrghktg pfkmmdmh kmtkrk fkdm>
;. Egtc
Egtcbg
bg @gur
@gurds
dstd
tda 
a 
Egtc
Egtcbg
bg dmd
dmd bdsg
bdsgou
outt nuhk
nuhk sg
sgok
okhkd
hkd egtc
egtcbg
bg pgeouk
pgeouktk
tkm
m hr
hrki
kids
ds bk
bkm
m
bdkhrke. Egtcbg dmd sgrdmh bdhumkakm akrgmk egrupkakm skfk` sktu
egtc
egtcbg
bg yk
ykmh
mh pk
pkfd
fdmh
mh eubk`
eubk` pg
pgmh
mhhum
humkk
kkmmy
mmyk.
k. Ogrd
Ogrdaut
aut dm
dmdd kb
kbkf
kfk`
k`
 ogogrkpk tk`kpkm bkfke egmhhumkakm egtcbg `gurdstda, ykdtu>

;?
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
 Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

- Rgmtuakm pgredmtkkm pkbk sgtdkp pgrdcbg

- Rgmtuakm nuefk` akpksdtks pkbk wkatu mcrekf, wkatu fgeour,
bkm tdmbkakm suoacmtrka umtua sgtdkp pgrdcbg
- Rgmt
gmtuakm
uakm odky
odkykk tg
tgmk
mkhk
hk agr
agrnk, od
odky
kykk pgmh
pgmhkm
kmha
hakt
ktkm
km bkm
bkm
 pgeogr`gmtdkm pgagrnk, sgrtk odkyk pgmk`kmkm pgrsgbdkkm
- \grtdeokmhakm agodnkakm pgrusk`kkm ykmh bkpkt bdtgrkpakm pkbk
 pkrk pgagrnk bkm tdmhaktkm pgrsgbdkkm
- Ageokmh
Ageokmhakm
akm rgmjkm
rgmjkmk-r
k-rgmjk
gmjkmk
mk kft
kftgrm
grmktd
ktdii bkm kektdf
kektdfk`
k` odkyk
odkyk
tctkfmyk.
Ekjk
Ekjke-
e-ek
ekjke
jke egtc
egtcbg
bg `g
`gur
urds
dstd
tda
a pk
pkbk
bk pg
pgrg
rgmjk
mjkmk
mkkm
km pr
prcbu
cbuas
asdd
khrghk
khrghktt kmtkrk
kmtkrk fkdm
fkdm kbkfk`
kbkfk` egtcbg
egtcbg pgmhgmbk
pgmhgmbkfd
fdkm
km tgmkhk
tgmkhk agrnk,
agrnk, egtcbg
egtcbg
 pgmhgmbkfdkm pgrsgbdkkm, egtcbg pgmhgmbkfdkm suoacmtrka, bkm egtcbg

jkepurkm.
?. Egtc
Egtcbg
bg Cptd
Cptdek
eksd
sd
Egtcbg ptdeksd tgrbdrd bkrd ecbgf prhrkek fdmdgr bkm trkmspcrtksd
fk
fkmb
mb.. Egtc
Egtcbg
bg dmd
dmd egmh
egmhdn
dndm
dmak
akm
m pg
pgmh
mhhu
humk
mkkm
km pr
prcb
cbua
uasd
sd rg
rghu
hufg
fgr,
r,
cvgrtdeg, dmvgmtcrd, okjacrbgr, bkm suoacmtrka. @ksdf pgrgmjkmkkm
ykmh
ykmh bdpgrc
bdpgrcfg`
fg` bkpkt
bkpkt bdnked
bdnkedm
m cptdek
cptdekff bgmhkm
bgmhkm ksuesd
ksuesd cptded
cptdedstd
stda 
a 
 ok`wk tdmhakt prcbuasd bkpkt
bk pkt bdruok` bgmhkm jgpkt. khkr egtcbg dmd
bk
bkpk
pktt bdkp
bdkpfd
fdak
aksd
sdak
akm,
m, adtk
adtk `k
`kru
russ egei
egeicr
creu
eufk
fksd
sdak
akm
m pg
pgrs
rsck
ckfk
fkm
m
 pgrgmjkmkkm khrghkt sg`dmhhk>
- Akpksd
Akpksdtks
tks tgrsgb
tgrsgbdk
dk bdmykt
bdmyktkak
kakm
m bkfke
bkfke umdt
umdt ykmh
ykmh skek
skek bgmhkm
bgmhkm
agoutu`km (bgekmb).
- Rctkf akpksdtks umtua `crdscm pgrgmjkmkkm `krus skek bgmhkm
tctk
tctkff pg
pgrk
rkek
ekfk
fkm
m ag
agout
outu`k
u`km.
m. Od
Odfk
fk td
tdbk
bka
a sk
skek
ek,, ad
adtk
tk humka
humkakm
km
vkrdkogf
vkrdkogf okykmhkm
okykmhkm (bueey)
(bueey) sgokmyka
sgokmyka nuefk`
nuefk` sgfdsd`
sgfdsd` tgrsgout
tgrsgout
bgmhkm umdt jcst skek bgmhkm mcf.
- Zgeuk `uoumhkm odkyk egrupkakm `uoumhkm fdmdgr.

;:
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
 Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

:. Egtc
Egtcbg
bg \r
\rch
chrk
rke
e Fd
Fdmd
mdgr 
gr 
\rchrke
\rchrke fdmdgr
fdmdgr bkpkt bdhumkakm sgokhkd kfkt pgrgmjkmkkm
pgrgmjkmkkm khrghkt.
khrghkt.
Cbgf dmd bdoukt akrgmk vkfdbdtks pgmbgaktkm acgidsdgm
acgidsdgm ekmkngegm
ekmkngegm
suakr bdpgrtkmhhumhnkwkoakm. Ksuesd ecbgf prchrkek fdmdgr kbkfk`>
- Rdmhakt pgredmtkkm bdagtk`ud bkm bdksuesdakm bgtgredmdstda.
- Odkyk vkrdkogf-vkrdkogf dmd ogrsdikt fdmdgr bkm vkrdkogf-vkrdkogf
tgrsgout bkpkt ogrogmtua odfkmhkm rddf.
- Okttks
Ok kt
ktks
ks bkm
bkm okwk
okwk`
` nuef
uefk` pr
prcb
cbua
uasd
sd bkm
bkm dmvgm
mvgmttcr
crdd
egrg
egrgpr
prgs
gsgm
gmtk
tksd
sdak
akm
m ok
oktk
tksk
skm
m akpk
akpksd
sdtk
tkss bk
bkm
m sp
spkjg
kjg yk
ykmh
mh od
odsk
sk
bdpkakd.
Ksuesd bdktks sgrdmhakfd egmygokoakm ecbgf prchrke fdmdgr aurkmh
rgkfdstds
rgkfdstds ndak bdtgrkpakm.
bdtgrkpakm. Edskfmyk
Edskfmyk vkrdkogf
vkrdkogf ykmh ogrogmtua
ogrogmtua odfkmhkm
odfkmhkm

rddf, sgegmtkrk dtu pkbk agmyktkkmmyk mdfkd vkrdkogf-vkrdkogf tgrsgout

 oufkt. Runukm bkrd icreufksd prchrkme fdmdgr kbkfk` umtua 
egedmdeksd cmhacs tctkf ykmh ogrogmtua fdmdgr tgr`kbkp agmbkfk-
agmbkf
agmbkfkk fdmdgr
fdmdgr.. Icreuf
Icreufkd
kd tgr
tgrgou
goutt bdhkeo
bdhkeokra
krakm
km bkfke
bkfke pgrske
pgrskekkm
kkm
bdokwk` dmd>
R 

 Edm^ 5 ∛
5
 K p , t\t + Kr ,t\t + Kc , t\t + Kd , t\t + K` , t\t + Kf , t\t  
t  ;

Z/R >
 D t ∟;∟ Zt ∟;5 D t ∟;∟ Zt ∟;+ \t ∟ I t  umtua t 5 ;,?,:,....,
 _t 5 _t ∟; + @ t ∟ Ft  umtua t 5 ;,?,:,....,R
Ct ∟W t 5a \t ∟ _ t  umtua t 5 ;,?,:,....,R
 \t , _t , Ct  , D t  , Zt  , @ t  , Ft , W t  ≧ < umtua t 5 ;,?,:,....,R

?.?.2 Zktukm
Zktukm Khrghkt
Khrghkt
Zk
Zktu
tukm
km khrgh
khrghkt
ktgg kb
kbkf
kfk`
k` sk
sktu
tukm
km yk
ykmh
mh bk
bkpk
pktt egwk
egwkad
adfd
fd ogrok
ogrokhkd
hkd
ekjke prcbua sg`dmhhk tctkf agoutu`km umtua prcbua-prcbua tgrsgout
bkpkt bdokmbdmhakm
bdokmbdmhakm bgmhkm akpksdtks
akpksdtks iksdfdtks
iksdfdtks prcbuasd ykmh tgrsg
tgrsgbdk.
bdk.
Zktukm
Zktukm khrghkt
khrghkt kakm
kakm egwkad
egwkadfd
fd khrghk
khrghksd
sd sgfuru
sgfuru`
` dtg
dtge
e prcbua
prcbua sg`dmh
sg`dmhhk
hk

 pgredmtkkm tctkf umtua agoutu`km sgfkek sktu aurum wkatu pgrgmjkmkkm

;2
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
 Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

bkpkt bd`dtumh. Jcmtc` ykmh bkpkt bdageuakakm dkfk` sktukm khrghkt tcm
 oknk wkfkupum oknk ykmh bd`ksdfakm bkpkt ogrupk oknk oktkmhkm, oknk
akwkt, oknk fgeokrkm ktku oknk rcf. Bkfke `kf sktukm khrghkt dmd bkpkt
bdhumkakm sktukm umdt surrchktg prcbujt (prcbua ykmh egwkadfd) ktku
sktukm nke crkmh ktku sktukm nke egsdm. Runukm bkrd sktukm khrghktg
kbkfk` egeoukt pgrgmjkmkkm prcbuasd sgsukd pgredmtkkm pkskr bgmhkm
ardt
ardtgr
grdk
dk ed
edmd
mded
edsk
sksd
sd odkyk
odkyk prcb
prcbua
uasd
sd.. \g
\gmh
mhhum
humkk
kkm
m sk
sktu
tukm
km khrgh
khrghkt
kt dm
dmdd
bdfkau
bdfkauakm
akm egmhdm
egmhdmhkt
hkt agumtu
agumtumhkm
mhkm ‚ agumtu
agumtumhkm
mhkm ykmh bkpkt
bkpkt bdpgrc
bdpgrcfg`
fg`
kmtkrk fkdm>
k. Ageu
Ageubk
bk`k
`km
m bkfke
bkfke pgmhc
pgmhcfk
fk`km
`km bktk
bktk
Bgmhkm egmhhumkakm sktukm khrghkt ekak pgmhcfk`km bktk tdbka 
bdfkau
bdfkauakm
akm umtua
umtua sgtdkp
sgtdkp dmbdvd
dmbdvdbuk
bukff prcbua.
prcbua. Agumtu
Agumtumhk
mhkm
m dmd kakm
kakm

sgeka
gekadm
dm tgr
grks
kskk ndak
ndak pkor
pkorda
da tgepk
gepktt pgr
pgrgmjk
gmjkmk
mkkm
km bd
bdfk
fkau
auak
akm
m
egeprcbuasd okmyka ngmds prcbua.
 o. Agtgfdtdkm `ksdf ykmh bdbkpktakm
Bgmhkm `kmyk egmhcfk` sktu ngmds bktk prcbua ekak ageumhadmkm
umtua
umtua egmgrk
egmgrkpakm
pakm egtcbg
egtcbg ykmh
ykmh jkm
jkmhhd
hhd`
` sgekad
sgekadm
m ogskr
ogskr sg`dmh
sg`dmhhk
hk
agtgfdtdkm `ksdf ykmh bdbkpktakm sgekadm okda.
j. Age
Ageubk`
ubk`km
km umt
umtua egf
gfdd`kt
`kt bkm
bkm eg
ege
ek`
k`ke
kedd egak
egakmd
mdsseg sds
dstg
tge
e
 prcbuasd ykmh tgrnkbd bkfke depfgegmtksd rgmjkmk.Zgjkrk hkrds ogskr 
tgrbkpkt
tgrbkpkt tdhk strktghd
strktghd eurmd ykmh bkpkt bdfkauakm umtua egmh`kbkpd
egmh`kbkpd
ifuatuksd pgredmtkkm dmd, ykdtu>
- Egfkauakm pgmhkturkm sgtdkp skkt ktks nuefk` tgmkhk agrnk ykmh
bdpgrh
bdpgrhumka
umkakm
km bkfke
bkfke `kf dmd egrgar
egrgarut
ut tgmkhk
tgmkhk agrnk
agrnk okru
okru odf
odfkk
 pgredmtkkm egmdmhakt bkm egeogr`gmtdakm sgokhdkm tgmkhk
agrnk odfk pgredmtkkm egmurum.
- Rgtkp egepgrtk`kmakm nuefk` tgmkhk agrnk tgtkpd ykmh bdktur 
kbkfk` agjgpktkm prcbuasd, edskfmyk ndak pgredmtkkm egmdmhakt
agjgpktkm prcbuasd bdtdmhaktakm edskfakm bgmhkm egmhkbkakm

 nke fgeour.

;7
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
 Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

- Rg
Rgtk
tkp
p egep
egepgr
grtk
tk`km
`kmakm
akm ok
okda
da nu
nuef
efk`
k` tg
tgmkh
mkhkk ag
agrn
rnkk ekup
ekupum
um
agjgpktkm
agjgpktkm prcbuasd
prcbuasd bkm umtua egmhktksd ifuatuksd
ifuatuksd pgredmtkkm
pgredmtkkm
bdkbkakm pgrsgbdkkm (dmvgmtcry).
?.: Ekstgr
Ekstgr \rcb
\rcbujt
ujtdcm
dcm Zj`gb
Zj`gbufg
ufg (E\Z)
(E\Z)
\kbk bkskrmyk nkbwkf prcbuasd dmbua ekstgr prcbujtdcm sj`gbufg (E\Z)
egrupkakm suktu pgrmyktkkm tgmtkmh prcbua ka`dr (tgreksua pkrts pgmhhkmtd
suau jkbkmh) bkrd suktu pgrusk`kkm dmbustrd ekmuikatur ykmh egrgmjkmkakm
egeprc
egeprcbuas
buasdd cutput
cutput ograkd
ograkdtkm
tkm bgmhkm
bgmhkm aukmtdt
aukmtdtks
ks bkm pgrdcb
pgrdcbgg wkatu.
wkatu. E\Z
egmbdskhrghrksdakm bkm egmhdepfgmtksdakm rkmjkmk prcbuasd. Kpkodfk rgmjkmk
 prcbuasd ykmh egrupkakm `ksdf bkrd prcsgs pgrgmjkmkkm prcbuasd (katdvdtks
 pkbk fgvgf ; bkfke `dgrkad pgrgmjkmkkm prdcrdtks) ykmh bdmyktkakm bkfke
 ogmtua krhghktg, ekak E\Z ykdtu `ksdf bkrd prcsgs pgmnkbwkfkm prcbuasd dmbua 

ykmh bdmyktkakm bgmhkm acmidhurksd spgsdida bgmhkm mcecr-mcecr dtge ykmh

kbk bkfke Dtge ekstgr kmb OCE (Odffs Ci Ektgrdkf).
?.:.; Acmsgp Bkskr, Iumhsd
Iumhsd bkm
bkm Dmpu Bktk ND\
Katdvd
Katdvdtks
tks pgmnkb
pgmnkbwkf
wkfkm
km prcbuas
prcbuasdd dmbua
dmbua pkb
pkbkk bkskrm
bkskrmyk
yk ograkd
ograkdtkm
tkm
bgmhkm okhkdekmk egmyusum bkm egepgrok`krud nkbwkf prcbuasd dmbua,
egep
egeprc
rcsg
sgss trkm
trkmsk
skas
asdd bkrd
bkrd E\Z,
E\Z, eg
egeg
egfd
fd`kr
`krkk jk
jktk
tktk
tkm-j
m-jkt
ktkt
ktkm
km E\Z,
E\Z,
egmhgv
egmhgvkfu
kfuksd
ksd gigatd
gigatdid
idtks
tks bkrd
bkrd E\Z bkm egeogr
egeogrdak
dakm
m fkpcrk
fkpcrkm
m gvkfuks
gvkfuksdd
bkfke pgrdcbg wkatu ykmh tgrktur umtua agpgrfukm uepkm okfda (iggb
 okja) bkm tdnkukm ufkmh. Ogrbkskrakm urkdkm bd ktks adtk egmhgtk`ud
 ok`wk E\Z ograkdtkm bgmhkm pgrmyktkkm tgmtkmh prcbuasd bkm ouakm
 pgrmyktkkm tgmtkmh pgredmtkkm pkskr. E\Z sgrdmh bdbgidmdsdakm sgokhkd
kmtdjdpkbgb oudfb sj`gbufg umtua dtge-dtge ykmh bdsusum cfg` pgrgmjkmk
 nkbwkf prcbuasd dmbua (Ekstgr Zj`gbufgr) E\Z egeogmtua nkfdmkm
aceumdaksd kmtkrk okhdkm pgekskrkm bkm okhdkm ekmuikaturdmh, sg`dmhhk
 okhdkm pgekskrkm sg`krusmyk nuhk egmhgtk`ud dmicreksd ykmh kbk bkfke
E\Z tgrutkek ograkdtkm bgmhkm KR\ (Kvkdfkofg Rc \rcedsg) khkr bkpkt
egeogrdakm nkmnd ykmh kaurkt agpkbk pgfkmhhkm. Ogrdaut ogogrkpk iumhsd

E\Z>

;9
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
 Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

- Egmnkbwkfakm prcbuasd bkm crbgr pgeogfdkm umtua dtge-dtge E\Z.

- Egmygbdkakm ktku egeogrdakm dmput bkskr okhd sdstge E_\.
- Egmnkbd bkskr okhd pgmgmtu agoutu`km sueogr bkyk (tgmkhk agrnk,
 nke egsdm, bkm fkdm-fkdm) egfkfud _JJ\.
- Egmnkbd bkskr bkfke egeoukt nkmnd pgmhdrdekm (Bgfdvgry \rcedsgs)
 pkbk acmsuegm.
Ogrdaut ogogrkpk tunukm E\Z>
- Egfkfud tkrhgt tdmhakt pgfkykmkm tgr`kbkp acmsuegm.
- Gidsdgmsd pgmhhumkkm sueogr bkyk prcbuasd.
- Egmjkpkd tkrhgt tdmhakt prcbuasd.
\gmnkbw
\gmnkbwkfk
kfkm
m prcbua
prcbuasd
sd bdsgtd
bdsgtdkp
kp pgrusk
pgrusk`kkm
`kkm bkpkt
bkpkt ogrogb
ogrogbk,
k, eka
ekakk
 ogrbkskrakm `kf dmd tgrbkpkt tdhk ngmds pgrusk`kkm, ykdtu>

;. Ekag
Ekag tc Ztcj
Ztcja
a Jce
Jcepkpkmy
my
\rcbua bdrkekfakm,
bdrkekfakm, bdrgm
bdrgmjkmkakm
jkmkakm,, bdprcbuasd
bdprcbuasd bkm bdsdepkm
bdsdepkm tgrfgod`
tgrfgod`
bk
bk`u
`ufu
fu sg
sgog
ogfu
fue
e pgrus
pgrusk`
k`km
km egmg
egmgrd
rdek
ek pgskmk
pgskmkm
m bk
bkrd
rd pg
pgfk
fkmhh
mhhkm
km..
Bgmh
Bgmhkm
km bged
bgedad
adkm
km fgkb
gkb td
tdeg
eg km
kmttkr
krkk egm
gmgr
grddek pgsk
pgskmk
mkm
m bkm
bkm
 pgmhdrdekmmyk juaup pgmbga. _gmjkmk prcbuasd bdtgakm sgokhkd fknu
 prcbuasd, sgbkmhakm E\Z bdmyktkakm bkfke mcecr pkrt bkrd dtge
ka`dr ykmh kakm bdprcbuasd.
?. Ekag
Ekag tc
tc Crbg
Crbgrr Jcep
Jcepkm
kmy
y
Bkfke pgrusk`kkm sgpgrtd dmd, prcbuasd tdbka bdnkbwkfakm skepkd kbk
 pgskmkm bkrd pgfkmhhkm, sg`dmhhk fgkb tdeg kmtkrk wkatu egmgrdek
 pgskmkm bkm
bk m pgmhdrdekmmyk juaup pkmnkmh,
p kmnkmh, jcmtc`myk
jcmtc`my k kbkfk` pkorda 
 pgeouktkm pgskwkt tgrokmh.
:. Kssg
Kssgeo
eofy
fy tc
tc Crbgr
Crbgr Jcep
Jcepkm
km
\grusk`kkm sgpgrtd dmd egeoukt acepcmgm bkm suo kssgeofy prcbua 
ka`dr skepkd kbk pgskmkm
pgskmkm bkrd pgfkmhhkm. \gmnkbwkfkm
\gmnkbwkfkm bdfkauakm
bdfkauakm
bk
bkfk
fke
e buk ik
iksg
sg,, ykdtu
ykdtu ik
iksg
sg ekst
ekstgr
gr sj
sj`g
`gbuf
bufdm
dmh
h umtua
umtua egeo
egeouk
uktt
acepcmgm bkm prcbua suo kssgeofy. Iksg kssgeofy prcbua ka`dr 

;8
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
 Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

egrupk
egrupkakm
akm tk`kp
tk`kp kssgeo
kssgeofy
fy acepcm
acepcmgm
gm bkm prcbua
prcbua suo kssgeo
kssgeofy
fy
egmnkbd prcbua ka`dr, jcmtc`myk kbkfk` pkorda ecodf.

;0
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
 Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

Ogrdaut dmicreksd-dmicreksd ykmh bdoutu`akm umtua egeoukt E\Z>

- \rcbujtdcm pfkm.
- Bgekmb bktk.

- Dmvgmtcry stktus.
- Crbgrdmh pcfdjy
?.:.? Rgamda
Rgamda Bdskhr
Bdskhrghks
ghksdd
Bdskhrghks
Bdskhrghksdd kbkfk` sgouk` prcsgs
prcsgs pgmgrngek`km
pgmgrngek`km rgmjkmk khrghkt
khrghkt
egmnkbd rgmjkmk pgrsgbdkkm bkm pgmnkbwkfkm ykmh tgrpgrdmjd. Runukm bkrd
bdskhrghksd kbkfk` umtua egeoukt nkbwkf prcbuasd sgtdkp dtge prcbua 
sgjkrk tgrpgrdmjd, fkfu ND\ ktku E\Z kbkfk` `ksdf
`k sdf rdmjdkm tgmtkmh>
- \gmnkbwkfkm pgagrnkkm
- Kfcaksd nkmhak pgmbga katdvdtks prcbuasd
- Nuefk` prcbuasd dtge ykmh spgsdida 
- Xkatu crbgr prcbuasd dtge ykmh spgsdida 
Egtcbg bdskhrghksd sgmbdrd tgrokhd egmnkbd gepkt okhdkm, ykdtu>
k. Egt
Egtcbg
cbg Jut
Jut & Idt
Idt
\rcsgs bdskkhrghksd bgmhkm egmhhumkakm pgmbgaktkm egtcbg jut kmb
idt dmd rgfktdvg fgod` sgbgr`kmk bdokmbdmhakm bgmhkm egmhhumkakm
egtcbg
egtcbg fkdmmyk
fkdmmyk.. Weuemy
Weuemykk pgrusk
pgrusk`kkm
`kkm egmjco
egmjcokk ogrokh
ogrokhkd
kd vkrdks
vkrdksdd
kfcaks
kfcaksdd akpksd
akpksdtks
tks prcbua
prcbua bkfke
bkfke suktu
suktu hrup
hrup skepkd
skepkd tgr
tgrjkpk
jkpkdd suktu
suktu

aceodmksd ykmh egeuksakm.

_ueus ykmh bdhumkakm bkfke bdskhrghksd pgmbgaktkm egtcbg jut
kmb idt>
 Bgekmb khrghkt . % Dtge
 y 5  
 Ikatcr acmvgrsd
Bdekmk>
y> @ksdf pgrekfkm bdskhrghksd dtge
% dtge> prgsgmtksd agoutu`km eksdmh-eksdmh dtge
Bgek
Bgekmb
mb khrgh
khrghkt
kt>> Khrg
Khrghkt
hkt pf
pfkm
km `k
`ksd
sdff pg
pgmhc
mhcfk
fk`km
`km bktk
bktk rg
rgmj
mjkm
kmkk
 prcbuasd khrghkt.

;4
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
 Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

?<
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
 Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

 o. Egtcbg @kx & Ordtkm

Egtcbg dmd tgrbdrd bkrd ogogrkpk fkmhak`, ykdtu>
;. Egmgmt
Egmgmtuakm
uakm iked
ikedfd
fd ykmh
ykmh pgrfu
pgrfu bdprcbu
bdprcbuasd
asd..
?. Bd
Bdsk
skhr
hrgh
ghks
ksdd ik
iked
edfd
fd..
:. Bdsk
Bdskhr
hrgh
ghks
ksdd dtge
dtge..
2. Egmgmt
Egmgmtuakm
uakm stktu
stktuss dmvgmtc
dmvgmtcrd
rd ka`dr
ka`dr tdkp
tdkp prcbua.
prcbua.
j. Egtc
Egtcbg
bg Fdm
Fdmgkr
gkr \r
\rch
chrk
rkee
eedm
dmh
h
Ecbgf bdskhrghksd
bdskhrghksd fdmgkr
fdmgkr prchrkeedm
prchrkeedmh
h dmd bdknuakm cfg` Arkngwsad
bkm _dtzekm. Ecbgf dmd ogrtunukm umtua egedmdekfakm odkyk tctkf
bkrd cutput, suoacmtrka, dmvgmtcrd, okjafch , `drdmh , fky cii , cvgr tdeg
bkm hknd umtua R  pgrdcbg.
 pgrdcbg.

^ 5∛ ∛ Q J ; P dt +J ? Zdt + J : D dt +J 2 Odt + J 7 @  ndt + J 9 I  nt + J 8 C ndt + J 0 X  ndt  U
t  d

 P dt + D d . t ∟; ∟ D dt + Zdt + Odt ∟ Od . t ∟; 5 B dt 

 umtua sgeuk d  F
fd

∛ Q rden P d t +e +r' den ωd t +e5 \dnt 

. .
e5;   umtua sgeuk d  M  n bkm
 bkm n
 n  N .

∛  \dnt ∟X  nt ∟C nt ≢<
d ∀ F  umtua sgeuk n
sgeuk n  N 

X  nt ∟X  n . t ∟;∟ @  nt + I  nt 5<
 umtua sgeuk n
sgeuk n  N

C nt∟ΰX nt ≢<
 umtua sgeuk n
sgeuk n  N 

{
ω dt5 ³ < ndak P dt5<
; ndak P dt =<
 umtua sgeuk d  F  

b. Egtc
Egtcbg
bg @kx
@kx & Egkf
Egkf
Egtcbg @kx & Egkf ogrtunukm umtua egmgmtuakm nuefk` prcbuasd
 ogrbkskrakm trkbg cii kmtkrk odkyk sdepkm bgmhkm odkyk sgtup ktku
 pgskm. Fkmhak`-fkmhak` ykmh bdfkauakm pkbk egtcbg @kx & Egkf
kbkfk`>
;. Egedfd`
Egedfd` ikedfy
ikedfy prcbua ykmh kakm
kakm bdprcbuasd
bdprcbuasd pkbk pgrdcbg
pgrdcbg ykmh
ykmh

 ogrskmhautkm.

?;
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
 Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

 Ddnt-;-Bdnt≢ Zkigty Ztcja (Zsdn)

(Zsdn)
?. Egmg
Egmgmt
mtuak
uakm
m og
ogog
ogrk
rkpk
pk nuef
nuefk`
k` umdt
umdt yk
ykmh
mh ka
kakm
km bd
bdpr
prcbu
cbuas
asdd bk
bkrd
rd
sgtdkp dtge d ikedfy n pkbk pgrdcbg ogrskmhautkm.
:. Egmh
Egmh`d
`dtu
tumh
mh au
aukm
kmtd
tdtk
tkss ekmui
ekmuika
katu
turr ykmh
ykmh gacmc
gacmced
edss bk
bkrd
rd sg
sgtd
tdkp
kp
dtge d ikedfy n

( B ³³ dn )?
[ dn 5? K N  ³
∛  @   B
kffdmn
dn dn

Bdekmk>
K n 5 Odkyk pgegskmkm ikedfy n
Bdn 5 \gredmtkkm dtge d ikedfy n
@dn 5 cmhacs sdepkm pgr umdt/pgrdcbg
2. Egmh`dtumh
Egmh`dtumh aukmtd
aukmtdtks
tks prcbuasd
prcbuasd khrghkt
khrghkt bkrd dtge d ikedfy
ikedfy n
[dn (kbn
kbn)) 5 [dn* xa dndn
bdekmk a ddnn 5 ikatcr acmvgrsd
 nuefk` tctkf [dn(kbn) = \t bgmhkm mdfkd [dn tctkf sgokhkd ogrdaut>
[dn (kbn
kbn))tctkf 5 ∛ [dn (kbn
kbn)) (?.?<)
ekak aukmtdtks nuefk` prcbua sgtdkp dtge d pkbk ikedfy n pgrfu
bdsgsukdakm bgmhkm ikatcr pgmygsukdkm>
  \t 
[dn 5
[dn ( kbn ) tctkf

7. Aukmtdtks
Aukmtdtks prcbua sgtdkp
sgtdkp dtge
dtge egmnkbd
egmnkbd sgokhkd ogrdaut>
ogrdaut>
[ dn 5rx [ y.

9. Egmh`dtumh
Egmh`dtumh nuefk`
nuefk` prcbua
prcbua khrghkt ykmh kakm bdprcbuasd
bdprcbuasd
Bgmhkm bdagtk`ud `krhk nuefk` prcbua ykmh bdsgsukdakm ekak
 nuefk` prcbua khrghkt bkpkt bdagtk`ud bgmhkm pgrskekkm.
 \dn t 5 a dn x [dn )

?.2 _cuh
_cuh`
` Jut
Jut Jkpkj
Jkpkjdt
dty
y \fk
\fkmmd
mmdmh
mh (_JJ
(_JJ\)
\)
_cuh` jut jkpkjdty pfkmmdmh kbkfk` pgrgmjkmkkm akpksdtks bgmhkm fgod`
sgbdadt akfaufksd bkm pgr`dtumhkm. Krtdmyk, akfaufksd eksd` bdfkauakm sgjkrk

??
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
 Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

akskr. _JJ\ kakm bdhumkakm umtua egmhund agfkykakm akpksdtks bkrd suktu
rgmjkmk nkbwkf dmbua prcbuasd sgogfue E\Z tgrsgout bdtgtkpakm. \rcsgbur dmd
bdfkaua
bdfkauakm
km umtua
umtua egeogr
egeogrdak
dakm
m agykad
agykadmkm
mkm ok`wk
ok`wk E\Z ykmh bdt
bdtgtk
gtkpak
pakm
m tdbka 
tdbka 
kakm egfgod`d akpksdtks prcbuasd tgrpkskmh pkbk sgfuru` puskt agrnk. Kpkodfk
 puskt agrnkmyk juaup okmyka, pgmhundkm dtu ueuemyk `kmyk bdfkauakm pkbk
 puskt agrnk ykmh eumhadm egmnkbd octtfgmgja .
\kbk bkskrmyk, _JJ\ bdbgidmdsdakmm sgokhkd prcsgs acmvgrsd bkrd rgmjkmk
 prcbuasd bkm ktku E\Z ag bkfke agoutu`km akpksdtks ykmh ograkdtkm bgmhkm
sueogr-sueogr bkyk ardtds sgpgrtd> ttgmkhk agrnk, egsdm bkm pgrkfktkm, akpksdtks
hubkmh, akpkodfdtks pgeksca ektgrdkf bkm pkrts, bkm sueogr bkyk agukmhkm.
_JJ\
_JJ\ sg
sgru
rupk
pk bgmhk
bgmhkm
m \g
\grg
rgmj
mjkm
kmkk
kkm
m Agou
Agoutu
tu`k
`km
m Zueogr
Zueogr Bkyk
Bkyk ( _gscurjg
 _gqudrgegmts \fkmmdmh 5 __\), agjukfd ok`wk _JJ\ kbkfk` fgod` tgrpgrdmjd

bkrdpkbk
bkrdpkbk __\ bkfke ogogrkpk
ogogrkpk `kf sgpgrtd>
sgpgrtd> _JJ\ bdbdskhrghk
bdbdskhrghksdakm
sdakm ag bkfke
fgvgf dtge ktku ZAW (Ztcja
( Ztcja Aggpdmh Wmdt )1
)1 bkm _JJ\ egepgrtdeokmhakm
fgod` okmyka sueogr bkyk prcbuasd.
Ageubk`km pgfkaskmkkm _JJ\>
;. Rgamda
Rgamda ykmh
ykmh bdhumk
bdhumkakm
akm rgfkt
rgfktdi
di sgbgr
sgbgr`kmk
`kmk..
?. @kmyk egfdputd
egfdputd oktkskm
oktkskm ktku
ktku wcra
wcra Jgmtrg
Jgmtrg ykmh utkek.
utkek.
:. Rdbka egegrfuakm
egegrfuakm ikatcr
ikatcr pgr`dtumh
pgr`dtumhkm
km ykmh
ykmh prgsdsd
prgsdsd..
Agfgek`km _JJ\>
;. @kmyk
@kmyk egeogbka
egeogbkakm
km mdfkd pgmbga
pgmbgaktk
ktkm
m umtua
umtua sueogr
sueogr bkyk ykmh bdpgrfua
bdpgrfuakm
km
bkfke prcbuasd.
?. Rdbk
Rdbka
a egmn
egmnke
keddm tgr
grpg
pgmu
mu`d
`dmy
mykk agou
agouttu`km
u`km akpk
akpkssdt
dtks
ks bkfk
bkfke
e tk
tk`k
`kp
p
 pgrgmjkmkkm agoutu`km ektgrdkf.
\kbk bkskrmyk tgrbkpkt gepkt fkmhak` umtua egfkaskmkakm _JJ\, ykdtu>
;. Egepgrcfg`
Egepgrcfg` dmicre
dmicreksd
ksd tgmtkmh
tgmtkmh rgmjkmk
rgmjkmk prcbuasd
prcbuasd bkrd E\Z
?. Egepgrcfg`
Egepgrcfg` dmicre
dmicreksd
ksd tgmtkmh
tgmtkmh struatur
struatur prcbua
prcbua bkm wkatu
wkatu tumhhu
tumhhu
:. Egmgmtu
mtuakm odff ci rgscurjgs
2. Egmh`dtumh
Egmh`dtumh agoutu`k
agoutu`km
m sueogr
sueogr bkyk
bkyk spgsdida
spgsdida bkm
bkm egeoukt
egeoukt fkpcrkm
fkpcrkm _JJ\

?:
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
 Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

?.7 Ektgr
Ektgrdkf
dkf _gqud
_gqudrg
rgeg
egmt
mt \fkm
\fkmmdm
mdmh
h (E_\
(E_\))
 Ektgrdkf _gqudrgegmt \fkmmdmh   (E_
(E_\)
\) egrupka
egrupkakm
km suktu
suktu tgamda
tgamda ktku
ktku
 prcsgbur fchds umtua egmtgrngek`akm Nkbwkf \rcbuasd Dmbua (N\D) bkrd okrkmh
 nkbd ktku gmb dtge egmnkbd agoutu`km ogrsd` umtua ogogrkpk acepcmgm ykmh
bdou
bdoutu
tu`a
`akm
km um
umtu
tua
a egmhd
egmhdep
epfg
fgeg
egmt
mtks
ksda
dakm
km N\D.
N\D. E_\
E_\ dm
dmdd bd
bdhu
humk
mkakm
akm umtua 
umtua 
egmgmtuakm nuefk` bkrd agoutu`km ektgrdkf umtua egmbuaumh Nkbwkf \rcbuasd
Dmbua
Dmbua bkm akpkm
akpkm agoutu
agoutu`km
`km ektgrd
ektgrdkf
kf tgr
tgrsgo
sgout
ut bdnkbw
bdnkbwkfa
kfakm.
km. (Crfd
(Crfdjay,
jay,gt
gt kf.,
kf.,
;442). \gmhgrtdkm
\gmhgrtdkm fkdmmyk
fkdmmyk  Ektgrdkf _gqudrgegmt \fkmmdmh   (E_\) egrupkakm
katdvd
katdvdtks
tks pgrgmj
pgrgmjkmkk
kmkkm
m ektgrd
ektgrdkf
kf umtua
umtua Zgfuru
Zgfuru`
` acepcm
acepcmgm
gm bkm rkw ektgrd
ektgrdkf
kf
(ok`km okau) ykmh bdoutu`akm sgsukd bgmhkm Nkbwkf \rcbuasd Dmbua (N\D) ykmh
skek `kfmyk bgmhkm bgekmb ktku pgredmtkkm pgr acepcmgm (Nc`m K. X`dtg, gt
kf., ;408).

 Ektgrdkf _gqudrgegmt \fkmmdmh   (E

(E_\
_\)) fg
fgod
od`
` bk
bkrd
rd sg
sgagb
agbkr
kr egtc
egtcbg
bg
 prcygasd agoutu`km-agoutu`km kakm acepcmgm dmbdvdbukf bkrd suktu prcbua.
Zdstge E_\ egepumykd tdhk iumhsd utkek, ykdtu>
;. Zgokhkd
Zgokhkd acmtrcf
acmtrcf tdmhakt
tdmhakt pgrsgb
pgrsgbdkk
dkkm
m
?. \gmuhks
\gmuhkskm
km acepcmg
acepcmgm
m ogrbkskr
ogrbkskr urutk
urutkm
m prdcrdtk
prdcrdtkss

\gmgmtu agoutu`km akpksdtks (jkpkjdty

( jkpkjdty rgqudrgegmt ) pkbk tdmhakt ykmh fgod`
bgtkdf bkrdpkbk prcsgs pgrgmjkmkkm pkbk rcuh`-jut jkpkjdty-rgqudrgegmts.
?.7.;
?.7.; Ksue
Ksuesd
sd E_\
E_\

Ksuesd-ksuesd bkfke pgeouktkm E_\>

;. Kbkmyk bk
bktk idfg
 idfg ykmh
 ykmh tgrdmtghrksd.
?.  Fgkb tdeg umfdma  sgeuk
 sgeuk dtge bdagtk`ud.
:. Zgtdkp
Zgtdkp dtge
dtge pgrsgbd
pgrsgbdkkm
kkm sgfkfu
sgfkfu kbk bkfke
bkfke pgmhgmbkfdkm
pgmhgmbkfdkm..
2. Zgeuk
Zgeuk acepcmg
acepcmgm
m umtua suktu
suktu pgrkadt
pgrkadtkm
km bkpkt bdsgb
bdsgbdka
dkakm
km pkbk skkt
skkt
 pgrkadtkm bdfkauakm.
7. \gmhkbkkm
\gmhkbkkm bkm
bkm pgekakd
pgekakdkm
km acepcmgm
acepcmgm ogrsdikt
ogrsdikt bdsardt
bdsardt
\rcsgs pgeouktkm suktu dtge tdbka tgrhkmtumh tgr`kbkp prcsgs pgeouktkm
dtge fkdmmyk.

?2
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
 Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

?7
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
 Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

?.7.?
?.7.? Fkmh
Fkmhak`
ak` E_\
E_\
;.  Mgttdmh 
 Mgttdmh   egru
egrupk
pkak
akm
m prcs
prcsgs
gs pg
pgmg
mgmt
mtuk
ukm
m ag
agou
outu
tu`k
`km
m og
ogrs
rsd`
d` (mgt 
rgqudrgegmt ) ykmh ogskrmyk egrupkakm sgfdsd`
sgfdsd` bkrd agoutu`km actcr 
( hrcss
 hrcss rgqudrgegmt ) bdaurkmh bgmhkm nkbwkf pgmgrdekkm pgrsgbdkkm
( sj`gbufg
 sj`gbufg rgjgdpt ) bdaurkmh pgrsgbdkkm kwkf ykmh tgrsgbdk (cm
(cm `kmb ))..
 M_ 5H_ ∟ Z_ ∟C@ 
Agoutu`km ogrsd` bdkmhhkp tdbka kbk ktku tdbka kbk agoutu`km
kpkodfk mdfkd M_ fgod` agjdf ktku skek bgmhkm mcf.
?. Ciisgttdmh 
Egrupkakm prcsgs ykmh ogrtunukm umtua egmgmtuakm skkt ykmh tgpkt
umtua egfkauakm pgegskmkm. Fkmhak` dmd ogrtunukm
ogrtunukm khkr agoutu`km
agoutu`km

acep
acepcm
cmgm
gm bk
bkpk
pktt tg
tgrs
rsgb
gbdk
dk tg
tgpk
pktt pk
pkbk
bk sk
skkt
kt bd
bdou
outu
tu`a
`akm
km bg
bgmh
mhkm
km
egep
egepgr
grtd
tdeo
eokm
kmha
hakm
km pk
pkrk
rkeg
egtg
tgrr fgkb tdeg  pgmhkbkkm acepcmgm
tgrsgout.
:.  Fcttdmh 
Egrupkakm suktu prcsgs umtua egmgmtuakm ogskrmyk nuefk` pgskmkm
ykmh
ykmh cptd
cptde
ekf umt
umtua sg
sgttdk
dkp
p dtge
dtge   sgj
sgjkrk
krk dmbdvd
dmbdvdbukf
bukf pkbk
pkbk sgtdkp
sgtdkp
 pgegskmkm. Fkmhak` dmd bdtgmtuakm ogrbkskrakm tgamda 
fcttdmh/fctsdzdmh . \krkeg
\krkegtgr
tgr ykmh
ykmh bdhumka
bdhumkakm
km odkskm
odkskmyk
yk kbkfk`
kbkfk` odkyk
odkyk
sdepkm bkm odkyk pgskm.
2.  Gxpfcbdmh/ Gxpfcsdcm
Fkmhak` dmd egrupkakm prcsgs pgr`dtumhkm agoutu`km actcr umtua 
tdmhakt dtge (acepcmgm) pkbk fgvgf ykmh fgod` rgmbk` bkrd struatur 
 prcbua ykmh tgfk` tgrsgbdk. \gr`dtumhkm dmd bdbkskrakm pkbk
 pgegskmkm dtge-dtge
dtge-dtge prcbua
 prcbua pkbk fgvgf ykmh fgod` ktks.

?9
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
 Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

?.7.: Dmput
Dmput bkm Cutpu
Cutputt E_\
 Dmput
;. Nkbwkf
Nkbwkf Dmbua
Dmbua \rcbuas
\rcbuasdd (ND\)/
(ND\)/ Ekdm
 Ekdm \rcbujtdcm Zj`gbufg (E\Z)
Nkbwkf
Nkbwkf Dmbua
Dmbua \rcbua
\rcbuasd
sd (N
(ND\)
D\) ktku
ktku bkfke
bkfke ok`ksk
ok`ksk dmhhrd
dmhhrdss bdsgout
bdsgout
Zj`gbufg  (E\
 Ekstgr \rcbujtdcm Zj`gbufg  (E\Z)
Z) bdoukt
bdoukt sgjkrk
sgjkrk spgsdi
spgsdida
da umtua 
umtua 
egmgmtuakm pgeouktkm suktu dtge (prcbua ka`dr). Bgmhkm oghdtu ND\
egrupkakm bdskhrghksd bkrd suktu _gmjkmk Khrghkt. Aghumkkm ND\
(Nkbwkf
(Nkbwkf Dmbua \rcbuasd/E\Z)
\rcbuasd/E\Z) kbkfk` egmnkbwkfak
egmnkbwkfakm
m pgskmkm
pgskmkm bkm
 pgeogfdkm ektgrdkf.
?.  Odff ci Ektgrdkf (OCE)
 Odff ci Ektgrdkfs (OCE), ogrdsd dmicreksd ktks ektgrdkf, acepcmgm,
bkm suo
bkm  suo kssgeofdgs ykmh bdpgrfuakm umtua egmh`ksdfakm tdkp prcbua 

ka`dr. OCE bkfke nkbwkf dmbua prcbuasd (ND\) egrgmjkmkakm ogrkpk

 okmyka bkrd tdkp dtge `krus tgrsgbdk pkbk wkatu-wkatu tgrtgmtu umtua 
egm
gmju
juau
aupd
pd pgre
pgreddmtkk
mtkkm
m dmbgpgmbgmt . OCE bd
bdh
humk
mka
akm umt
mtu
ua 
egmurumakm nuefk` bkrd acepcmgm ykmh bgpgmbgmt , ykmh bdpgrfuakm
umtua egeokmhum gmb dtges.
dtges.
:. Ztkt
Ztktus
us \grsg
\grsgbd
bdkk
kkm/
m/ Dmvgmtcry
 Dmvgmtcry
Ztktuss dmvgmtcrd
Ztktu dmvgmtcrd ogrdsd dmicreksd
dmicreksd cm-
cm-`k
`kmb
mb bkm stkt
stktus
us cm-
cm-crb
crbgr
gr bkrd
tdkp
tdkp dtge
dtge dmvgmtcrd
dmvgmtcrd.. Krsdp dmd bdjga umtua egmgmtuakm dmvgmtcrd kpk
ykmh kakm tgrsgbdk bkfke egegmu` nkbwkf prcbuasd 
prcbuasd bkm ndak ogrfgod`
kakm bdhumkakm umtua egmutupd agoutu`km pkbk pgrdcbg tgrtgmtu. Bd
skepdm
skepdmh
h dmicre
dmicreksd
ksd idfg
idfg stktus
stktus dmv
dmvgmt
gmtcrd
crd  nuhk ogrdsd bktk fgkb-tdeg
umt
umtua fgk
fgkb-t
b-tdeg
deg ciisgt
ciisgttdm
tdmh
h (pgmyg
(pgmygsukdk
sukdkm
m crbgr ktku pgskmkm
pgskmkm umtua 
egepgr`ktdakm pgrdcbg fgkb-tdeg
fgkb-tdeg).
). Dmicreksd fkdm, sgpgrtd uaurkm fct 
(agfcepca), urkdkm dtge, bkitkr pgmnukf, pgekakdkm skepkd skkt dmd,
sgn
gnkr
krk`
k` bgekmb , pg
pgmj
mjkpk
kpkdk
dkm
m pgmyg
pgmygrk
rk`k
`km
m pg
pgmn
mnuk
ukf,
f, jk
jktk
tktk
tkm
m bk
bkfk
fke
e
 pgegskmkm tgrageuak, bkm tdmhakt tkrdi sdsk nuhk tgrakbkmh bdtgeud
 pkbk idfg stktus pgrsgbdkkm. \gegfd`krkkm bktkoksg `krus

?8
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
 Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

bdfkaskmkakm umtua egfdmbumhd agtgfdtdkm dmicreksd dmd. (@krtdmd, Zrd.

?<<4)
 Cutput
Cutput sdstge E_\ kbkfk`>
;. Nkbwkf
Nkbwkf pgegsk
pgegskmkm
mkm ykmh
ykmh `krus
`krus bdfkaua
bdfkauakm
km
?. Dmbdak
Dmbdaksd
sd odfk
odfk bdpgrfu
bdpgrfuakm
akm pgm
pgmnkb
nkbwkf
wkfkm
km ufkmh
ufkmh
:. Dmbdak
Dmbdaksd
sd umtua
umtua pgeokt
pgeoktkfk
kfkm
m ktks pgegs
pgegskmk
kmkm
m
2. Dmbdaksd
Dmbdaksd tgmtkmh
tgmtkmh agkbkkm bkrd pgrsgb
pgrsgbdkkm.E
dkkm.Egtcbg
gtcbg Fcttdmh
Fcttdmh pkbk E_\
E_\
?.7.2 Egtcbg
Egtcbg Fcttdmh
Fcttdmh pkbk
pkbk E_\
;.  Fct icr fct (FIF)
 Fct icr fct   egmg
egmgmt
mtuak
uakm
m ua
uaur
urkm
km fc
fctt sk
skek
ek og
ogsk
skrm
rmyk
yk bg
bgmhk
mhkm
m M_.
M_.
Ksuesd ykmh kbk bd okfda egtcbg dmd kbkfk` ok`wk pgeksca (bkrd

fukr ktku bkrd fkmtkd pkorda) tdbka egmsykrktakm uaurkm fct tgrtgmtu1
krtdmyk ogrkpkpum uaurkm fct ykmh bdpdfd` kakm bkpkt bdpgmu`d.
Egtcbg FIF ktku bdagmkf nuhk sgokhkd egtcbg pgrsgbdkkm edmdekf,
 ogrbkskrakm pkbk dbg egmygbdkakm pgrsgbdkkm (ktku egprcbuasd)
sgsukd bgmhkm ykmh bdpgrfuakm sknk, nuefk` pgrsgbdkkm bdusk`kakm
sg
sged
edmd
mdek
ekff eumh
eumhad
adm.
m. Nuef
Nuefk`
k` pg
pgsk
skmk
mkm
m sg
sgsu
sukd
kd bg
bgmh
mhkm
km nu
nuef
efk`
k`
sgsumhhu`myk ykmh bdpgrfuakm (fct icr fct) dmd egmh`ksdfakm tdbka 
kbkmyk
kbkmyk pgrsgbdk
pgrsgbdkkm
km ykmh bdsdep
bdsdepkm.
km. Zg`dmhhk
Zg`dmhhk odkyk
odkyk ykmh
ykmh tdeouf
tdeouf
`kmyk ogrupk odkyk pgegskmkm sknk. Mkeum egtcbg dmd nuhk ogrgsdac
 ndak tgrnkbd agtgrfkeoktkm bkfke pgmhdrdekm okrkmh kakm
egmhkadoktakm tgr`gmtdmyk prcbuasd.
?.  Gjcmce
 Gjcmcedj
dj Crbgr [ukmtdty
[ukmtdty ( GC[
GC[ )
 )

∞
? x Z x B
 GC[ 5
 @ 
Bdekmk>
GC[ 5 nuefk` pgeogfdkm ok`km okau ykmh gacmceds
Z 5 odkyk pgskm sgtdkp akfd pgegskmkm

B 5 nuefk` agoutu`km ok`km okau umtua sktu pgrdcbg

?0
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
 \rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

@ 5 odkyk pgmydepkmkm
Kbk ogogrk
ogogrkpk
pk ksuesd
ksuesd ykmh `krus
`krus bdpgr`
bdpgr`ktd
ktdakm
akm bkfe
bkfe pgmhhumk
pgmhhumkkm
km
egtcbg GC[, ykdtu sgokhkd ogrdaut>
k. Okrkmh
Okrkmh ykmh
ykmh bdpgsk
bdpgskm
m bkm bdsde
bdsdepkm
pkm `kmyk
`kmyk sktu
sktu ekjke
ekjke
 o. Agoutu`km/pgredmtkkm okrkmh ykmh bdagtk`ud bkm acmstkm
j. Odkyk pgegsmkm
pgegsmkm bkm
bkm odkyk
odkyk pgmydepkmkm
pgmydepkmkm bdagtk`ud
bdagtk`ud bkm acmstk
acmstkm
m
b. Okrkmh
Okrkmh ykmh bdpgskm
bdpgskm bdtgrde
bdtgrdekk bkfke
bkfke sktu
sktu agfcepca
agfcepca (oktj`)
(oktj`)
g. @krhk okrkmh tgtkp bkm
bkm tdbka
tdbka tgrhkmtu
tgrhkmtumh
mh bkrd nuefk`
nuefk` ykmh bdogfd
bdogfd
i. Xkatu
Xkatu tgmhhk
tgmhhkmh
mh (fgkb
(fgkb tdeg
tdeg)) bdagtk
bdagtk`ud
`ud bkm
bkm acmst
acmstkm
km
Agfgod`km>
Egrupkakm tgamda ykmh eubk` ykmh egeksuaakm pkrkegtgr odkyk
bkm tgamda ykmh egmgmtuakm trkbg cii kmtkrk odkyk odkyk pgskm, sgt 
pgskm,  sgt 

up bkm
up bkm cmhacs sdepkm.
Agaurkmhkm>
Egtcbg dmd egmhkokdakm ageumhadmkm pgredmtkkm ykmh kakm bktkmh
 pkbk E_\. Rgamda dmd ouakm tgamda gaska sg`dmhhk sgrdmh
egmh
egmhka
kado
dokt
ktak
akm
m kb
kbkm
kmyk
yk sd
sdsk
sk bk
bkrd
rd pg
pgrs
rsgb
gbdk
dkkm
km sg`
g`dm
dmhh
hhkk ka
kakm
km
egmdmhaktakm cmhacs sdepkm.
:.  \grdcb Crbgr
Crbgr [ukmtdty
[ukmtdty (\C[)
 (\C[)
Egtcbg \C[ dmd egmgmtuakm nuefk` pgrdcbk ykmh kakm bdeksuaakm
ag bkfke sgakfd pgegskmkm. Fkmhak`-fkmhak` pgmgmtukm uaurkm fct
bgmhkm egtcbg dmd kbkfk`>
;. @dtumh gjcmcedj crbgr qukmtdty (GC[).
qukmtdty (GC[).
?. @d
@dtu
tumh
mh nuef
nuefk`
k` (irg
(irgau
augm
gmsd
sd)) pgegs
pgegskm
km  M , ykdtu bgmhkm egeokhd
 pgredmtkkm pgr tk`um ( B)
 B) bgmhkm GC[. Oufktakm ag ktks odfk
`ksdf pgeokhdkm (mdfkd M 
(mdfkd M ) ouakm odfkmhkm oufkt
:. @dtumh
@dtumh \C[ bgmhkm
bgmhkm egeok
egeokhd
hd nuefk`
nuefk` edmhhu
edmhhu pgr
pgr tk`um
tk`um bgmhkm
bgmhkm
 M. @ksdf pgeokhdkm dmd ageubdkm bdoufktakm ag ktks
2. Idxgb Crbgr [ukmtdty (IC[)
[ukmtdty (IC[)

?4
 \rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

Egtcbgg dmd egfkauakm pgegskmkm

Egtcb pgegskmkm bgmhkm nuefk` fcttdmh ykmh skek
 pkbk sgtdkp pgegskmkmmyk.
Agfgod`km>
Egeumjufakm ageumhadmkm-ageumhadmkm pgredmtkkm ykmh kbk pkbk
eksk ykmh kakm bktkmh pkbk E_\ bkm egedmdeksd cmhacs pgskm.
Agaurkmhkm>
Aurk
Aurkmh
mh tk
tkmhh
mhhkp
kp tg
tgr`
r`kb
kbkp
kp pgruok
pgruok`k
`km
m pg
pgre
redm
dmtk
tkkm
km bd
bdokm
okmbd
bdmha
mhakm
km
bgmhkm F2F. Rgamda dmd bdhumkakm kpkodfk adtk egeoutu`akm okrkmh
bkm bdfkauakm pgegskmkm sgjkrk pgrdcbda bgmhkm ogsk pgegskmkm
tgtkp (subk` bdtgtkpakm).
7. Idxgb \grdcb _gqudrgegmt  (I\_)
 (I\_)
Egtcbg
Egtcbg dmd egfkau
egfkauakm
akm pgegsk
pgegskmkm
mkm sgjkrk
sgjkrk pgrdcb
pgrdcbda
da sgsukd
sgsukd bgmhkm
bgmhkm

 ogskrmyk agoutu`km sgfkek pgrdcbg tgrsgout. Edskfmyk egtcbg ykmh

bdtg
bdtgtk
tkpa
pakm
km kb
kbkf
kfk`
k` ? ekak
ekak sg
sgtd
tdkp
kp ? pg
pgrd
rdcb
cbg,
g, pg
pgru
rusk
sk`k
`kkm
km ka
kakm
km
egfkauakm
egfkauakm pgegskmkm
pgegskmkm bgmhkm ogskr pgegskmkm
pgegskmkm bdsgsukdakm
bdsgsukdakm ogskr 
bgekmb pkbk ? pgrdcbg tgrsgout.
9.  Fgkst Wmdt
Wmdt Jcst  (FWJ)
 (FWJ)
Egtcbg
Egtcbg dmd egfkau
egfkauakm
akm pgmnue
pgmnuefk`
fk`km
km agoutu`
agoutu`km
km eufkd
eufkd agoutu
agoutu`km
`km
 pgrdcbg kwkf skepkd bdpgrcfg`myk aueufktdi pgredmtkkm ykmh
egmh`ksdfakm cmhacs pgr umdt ykmh tgragjdf.
8.  Fgkst Rctkf
Rctkf Jcst  (FRJ)
 (FRJ)
Egtcbg FRJ dmd ogrkmhakt bkrd fchdak ok`wk umtua pgredmtkkm ykmh
 ogrsdikt bdsardt ekak cmhacs tctkf edmdeue kakm bdjkpkd pkbk skkt
cm
cmhac
hacss sd
sdep
epkm
km bkm cmhac
cmhacss pg
pgsk
skm
m ogrde
ogrdeok
okmh.
mh. Cf
Cfg`
g` akrgm
akrgmkk dt
dtu,
u,
egtcbg FRJ dmd bdnkfkmakm bgmhkm fkmhak`-fkmhak` ogrdaut>
;. Eufkd
Eufkd bgmhkm
bgmhkm pgrdcbk
pgrdcbk kwkf
kwkf skkt suktu
suktu crbgr
crbgr bdpgrfua
bdpgrfuakm
km
?. Nuefk`akm
Nuefk`akm pgredm
pgredmtkkm
tkkm ag
ag bgpkm,
bgpkm, pgrdcbk
pgrdcbk pgr pgrdcbk,
pgrdcbk, bkm `dtumh
cmha
cmhacs
cs sd
sdep
epkm
km au
aueu
eufk
fktd
tdii pk
pkbk
bk sg
sgtd
tdkp
kp ak
akfd
fd pg
pgmn
mnue
uefk
fk`k
`km
m
 pgredmtkkm bdfkauakm, skepkd mdfkd cmhacs sdepkm aueufktdi 

tgrsgout egmbgaktd cmhacs sdepkm.

:<
 \rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

:. Fkauak
Fkauakm
m `kf ykmh skek
skek umtua
umtua pgrdcb
pgrdcbkk ykmh ogfue
ogfue tgreks
tgreksua
ua ag
bkfke pgegskmkm sgogfuemyk.
0.  \krt \grdcb
\grdcb Okfkmjdmh 
Okfkmjdmh  (\\O)
 (\\O)
Egtcbg dmd skek sknk bgmhkm egtcbg FRJ `kmyk sknk fkmhak` ykmh
bdfkauakm ouakm egmnuefk`akm cmhacs sdepkm aueufktdimyk tgtkpd
 pkrt-pgrdcb  aueufktdi.
  aueufktdi. Waurkm fct bdpdfd` odfk pkrt
odfk  pkrt pgrdcb  aueufktdi 
  aueufktdi 
dmd egmbgaktd pkrt
egmbgaktd pkrt pgrdcb  gacmceds
  gacmceds (\\G). \\G dmd egrupkakm rksdc
kmtkrk cmhacs pgskm bkm cmhacs sdepkm.
Egtc
Egtcbg
bg pgmyg
pgmygde
deok
okmh
mh sg
sgok
okhd
hdkm
km pg
pgrd
rdcb
cbg,
g, egru
egrupk
pkakm
akm sk
skfk
fk`
` sk
sktu
tu
 pgmbgaktkm bkfke egmgmtuakm uaurkm fct umtua suktu agoutu`km
ektgrd
ektgrdkf
kf ykmh tdbka
tdbka sgrkhk
sgrkhke,
e, ykmh
ykmh ogrtun
ogrtunukm
ukm umtua
umtua egepgr
egepgragjd
agjdff
 odkyk tctkf pgrsgbdkkm. Egsadpum tdbka egmnkedm bdpgrcfg`myk odkyk

tctkf edmdeue, egtcbg dmd egeogrdakm pgegjk`km ykmh juaup okda.

Egtcbg dmd bkpkt egmhhumkakm nuefk` pgskmkm ykmh ogrogbk umtua 
sgtdkp pgskmkm, ykmh bdakrgmkakm nuefk` pgredmtkkm sgtdkp pgrdcbg
tdbka skek. Waurkm fct ykmh bdjkrd bgmhkm egmhhumkakm pgmbgaktkm
sgokhd
sgokhdkm
km pgrdcb
pgrdcbgg gacmce
gacmceds
ds (gjcmc
(gjcmcedj
edj pkrt
pkrt pgrdcb
pgrdcb,, G\\),
G\\), ykdtu
ykdtu
bgmhkm egeokhd odkyk pgegskmkm bgmhkm odkyk pgmydepkmkm pgr 
umdt pgr pgrdcbg.
G\\ 5 odkyk pgegskmkm/odkyk pgmydepkmkm pgr umdt pgr pgrdcbg
4. Xkhmgr-X`dtdm
Xkhmgr-X`dtdm  Kfhcrdtek
 Kfhcrdtek (XXK)
Egtc
Egtcbg
bg dmd
dmd egmh
egmhhu
humk
mkak
akm
m pg
pgmb
mbga
gakt
ktkm
km pr
prch
chrk
rkek
ek bd
bdmk
mked
edss bk
bkm
m
egmh`k
egmh`ksdf
sdfakm
akm scfusd
scfusd cptdek
cptdekf.
f. Fkmhak`
Fkmhak`-fk
-fkmha
mhak`
k` bkfke
bkfke XXK dmd
kbkfk` sgokhkd ogrdaut>
;. @dtumh ektrdas tctkf cmhacs vkrdkogf (cmhacs pgskm bkm
cmhacs sdepkm) umtua sgfuru` kftgrmktdi crbgr bd sgfuru` `crdscm
 pgrgmjkmkkm ykmh tgrbdrd bkrd  M   pgrdcbk. Bgidmdsdakm ^ 
Bgidmdsdakm ^ jg
jg sgokhkd

tctkf cmhacs vkrdkogf (bkrd \grdcbk j skepkd \grdcbk g)  odfk

odfk crbgr 
bdfkauakm
bdfkauakm pkbk \grdcbk
\grdcbk j umtua egegmu`d pgredmtkkm \grdcbk j

skepkd \grdcbk g. _ueuskm ^ 

_ueuskm ^ jg
jg tgrsgout kbkfk` sgokhkd ogrdaut>

:;
 \rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

^ jg5J + ` ∛
5
([
d j
jg ∟[jd ) umtua ; ≢ j ≢ g ≢ M  

Bgmhkm>
J 5 cmhacs pgskm
` 5 cmhacs sdepkm pgr umdt pgr pgrdcbk
g

[jg5 ∛5  B
a  j
a 

 Ba  5 pgredmtkkm pkbk pgrdcbk a 

?. Bgidmdsdakm  i g sgokhkd cmhacs edmdeue ykmh eumhadm
bk
bkfk
fke
e \g
\grd
rdcb
cbkk ; sk
skep
epkd
kd \g
\grd
rdcb
cbkk g, bg
bgmhk
mhkm
m ks
ksue
uesd
sd td
tdmh
mhak
aktt
 pgrsgbdkkm bd ka`dr \grdcbk g kbk
kbkfk`
fk` mcf.
mcf. Kfhcrd
Kfhcrdtek
tek eufkd
eufkd
bgmhkm i 
bgmhkm i < 5< bkm eufkd egmh`dtumh sgjkrk ogrurutkm i 
ogrurutkm  i ;,  i ?, ..., i 
..., i  M .

 Mdfkd i  M  kbkfk` mdfkd cmhacs bkrd pgegskmkm cptdekf.

 Mdfkd i 
i g 5 Edm { ^ jg + i  j∟; } umtua j 5;,? , … , g .
umtua

:. Dmtgrprgtksdakm  i  M   egmn

egmnkb
kbdd ua
uaur
urkm
km fc
fctt bg
bgmhk
mhkm
m jkrk
jkrk
sgokhkd ogrdaut>
Rkogf ?. ; Dmtgrprgtksd Waurkm Fct

  i M  ^wM  i  w ;

\gegskmk
\gegskmkm-tgr
m-tgrka`d
ka`drr bdfk
bdfkauakm
auakm pkbk \grdcbk
\grdcbk w
umtua
umtua egegm
egegmu`d
u`d pgr
pgredm
edmtkk
tkkm
m bkr
bkrdd \grdcb
\grdcbkk w
skepkd \grdcbk M 
\grdcbk M .
  i w ;
 ^vw ;
 i  v ;
\gegskmkm sgogfue pgegskmkm-tgrka`dr `krus
bd
bdfk
fkau
auak
akm
m pk
pkbk
bk \g
\grd
rdcb
cbkk v  umtua egegmu`d
egegmu`d
 pgredmtkkm bkrd
bkrd \grdcbk v skepkd \grdcbk w-;.
  i  u ;   ^;u ;
 i  < \gegskmkm ykmh pgrtkek `krus bdfkauakm pkbk
\grdc
\grdcbk
bk ; umtua
umtua eg
egegm
egmu`d
u`d pgr
pgredm
edmtkk
tkkm
m bkr
bkrdd
\grdcbk ; skepkd \grdcbk u-;.

:?
 \rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

OKO DDD
\GMHWE\WFKM BKM \GMHCFK@KM BKRK
:.;
:.; \g
\gmh
mhue
uepu
pufk
fkm
m Bkt
Bktk
k
:.;.; Bktk
Bktk _kekfkm
_kekfkm ;? \grdcbg
\grdcbg
Ogrbkskrakm rkekfkm ykmh tgfk` bdfkauakm sgogfuemyk, egtcbg tgrpdfd`
bkfke egfkauakm
egfkauakm pgrkekfkm
pgrkekfkm ykdtu bgmhkm egmhhu
egmhhumkakm
mkakm egtcbg Xgdh`t 
 Ecvdmh Kvgrkhg.
Kvgrkhg. Kbkpkum bktk `ksdf pgrkekfkm umtua ;? pgrdcbg bkpkt
bdfd`kt pkbk tkogf :.; bdokwk` dmd>
Rkogf :.; Bktk \grkekfkm ;? \grdcbg

\grdcbg ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
Bgekm :?<4 :?<4 :?<4 :?<4 :?<4 :?<4 :?<4 :?<4 :?<4 :?<4 :?<4
:?<4:
b : : : : : : : : : : :

:.;.? Odkyk-O
Odkyk-Odky
dkyk
k \rcbua
\rcbuasd
sd
Ogrd
Ogrdaut
aut dmd
dmd kb
kbkf
kfk`
k` odky
odkyk-
k-od
odky
kykk yk
ykmh
mh bd
bdhu
humka
mkakm
km bk
bkfk
fke
e egfk
egfkaua
auakm
km
 prcbuasd>
- Odkyk _ghufgr Rdeg > _p. ;<.<<</umdt
- Odkyk Cvgrtdeg > _p. ;?.7<</umdt
- Odkyk Zuoacmtrka > _p. ;:.7<</umdt
- Odkyk Zgt Wp > _p. 7<.<<</umdt
- Odkyk ARR\ > _p. 7<</umdt
- Odkyk Dmvgmtcry > _p. 7<</umdt

- Odkyk Fky Cii > _p. ;.<<<.<<</umdt

- Odkyk @drdmh > _p. 7<<.<<</umdt
- Akpksdtks Cvgrtdeg > ?7% bkrd akpksdtks _R
- Akpksdtks Zu
Zuoacmtrka >;
;<
<% b
bkkrd a
akkpksdtks _R
_R
Ogrdaut kbkfk` `krd agrnk ykmh tgrsgbdk umtua
um tua eksdmh-eksdmh pgrdcbg>
Rkogf :.? @krd Agrnk ykmh Rgrsgbdk

\grdcbg ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
;?
Nuefk` @krd ; ; ;
?< ?? ?; ?? ?? ?; ?; ?; ?;
Agrnk 4 4 4

::
 \rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

:.;.: @krhk \rcbua bkm Odkyk

Odkyk \gskm
\gskm
Ogrdaut dmd kbkfk` `krhk ykmh tgrbkpkt pkbk eksdmh-eksdmh pkrt>
Rkogf :.: Bkitkr @krhk \krt
@krhk/Wmdt Odkyk \gskm
Mc. Mkek \krt
(_p) (_p)
; Gygfgt ;<< ;<<<
? Ks _cbk 9<< ;7<<
: _cbk Kssy ;<<< ;7<<
2 \dma Hgkr 2<< ;7<<
7 Tgffcw Hgkr 2<< ;7<<
9 _cffgr Ogskr :<< ;7<<
8 Okmtkfkm _cffgr ;<< ;<<<
0 _dmh Agjdf ;<< ;<<<
4 Okut \kmnkmh ?<< ;<<<
;< _cffgr Agjdf :<< ;<<<
;; Okut \gmbga ;<< ;<<<
;? Bdmkec ?<<< ?<<<
;: Hgkr Bdmkec 7<< ;<<<
;2 \fkt Ogfkakmh Ogskr 2<< ;<<<
;7 _uek` Bdmkec ;?<< ;7<<
;9 \fkt Ogfkakmh Agjdf 2<< ;<<<
;8 Ofug Hgkr :<< ;7<<
;0 \crcs Ofug Hgkr 2<< ;7<<
;4 \gmhumjd Bdmkec 2<< ;7<<
?< \fkt Bgpkm 2<< ;<<<
?; Rutup J`ksds Bgpkm 0<< ;7<<
?? Ruks Cm/Cii 7<< ;<<<
?: Hkrbkm 2wb ;<<< ;7<<
?2 Ouepgr Ogfkakmh ;<<< ;7<<
?7 \gmutup Oktgrkd 9<< ;<<<
?9 Ocbd Ktks \utd` ?7<< ?<<<
?8 Ocbd Ktks @dtke ;0<< ?<<<
?0 \gmhumjd Ocbd 9<< ;<<<
?4 J`ksds :<<< ?<<<

Nuefk` fdmd >?

Xkatu
katu Zdaf
Zdafus
us > :<,0
:<,02
2 bgt
bgtda 5 <,<<
<,<<0
0 nke
;;9,8: umdt  ;;9 umdt 
Cutput Zt
Ztkmbkr >  ≀  
 nke  nke

:2
 \rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

:.?
:.? \g
\gmh
mhcf
cfk`
k`km
km B
Bkt
ktk
k
:.?.; __\ (_gscujgs
(_gscujgs _gqudrgegmt
_gqudrgegmt \fkmmdmh)
\fkmmdmh)
\kbk tk`kp __\ bdfkauakm
bdfkauakm pgr`dtumhkm
pgr`dtumhkm egmhgmkd
egmhgmkd akpksdtks-ak
akpksdtks-akpksdt
pksdtks
ks
ykmh bdpgrfuakm bkfke egfkauakm khrghkt pfkmmdmh  ykdtu
 ykdtu akpksdtks umtua 
rghufgr tdeg bkfke sktukm nke bkm umdt, cvgr tdeg bkfke sktukm nke bkm
umdt sgrtk suoacmtrka bkfke sktukm nke bkm umdt. Ogrdaut kbkfk` jcmtc`
 pgr`dtumhkm eksdmh-eksdmh akpksdtks bgmhkm egmhhumkakm skfk` sktu
 pgrdcbg, ykdtu pgrdcbg 9>
_ghu
_ghufg
fgrr Rde
Rdegg (nk
(nke)
e) 5 nue
nuefk
fk`
` `kr
`krdd x nk
nke
e agr
agrnk
nk x nue
nuefk
fk`
` fdm
fdmdd
_ghufgr Rdeg9 (nke) 5 ?? x 0 x ?
_ghufgr Rdeg9 (nke) 5 :7? nke
Cvgr Rdeg (nke) 5 ?7% x akpksdtks _ghufgr Rdeg9

Cvgr Rdeg9 (nke) 5 ?7% x :7? nke

Cvgr Rdeg9 (nke) 5 00 nke
_ghu
_ghuffgr Rde
Rdeg (umd
(umdt)
t) 5 akpk
akpksd
sdttks _g
_ghu
hufg
fgrr Rdeg
Rdeg9 x cutput stkmbkr 
_ghufgr Rdeg9 (umdt) 5 :7
:7? nke x ;;9 umdt/nke
_ghufgr Rdeg9 (umdt) 5 2<0:? umdt
Cvgr Rdeg (umdt) 5 ?7% x akpksdtks _ghufgr Rdeg9
Cvgr Rdeg9 (umdt) 5 ?7% x 2<0:? umdt
Cvgr Rdeg9 (umdt) 5 ;<?<0 umdt
Zuoacmtrka (nke) 5 ;<% x akpksdtks _ghufgr Rdeg9
Zuoacmtrka 9 (nke)5 ;<% x :7? nke
Zuoacmtrka 9 (nke)5 :7,? nke ≀ :7 nke
Zuoacmtrka (umdt) 5 ;<% x akpksdtks _ghufgr Rdeg9
Zuoacmtrka 9 (umdt)5 ;<% x 2<0:? umdt
Zuoacmtrka 9 (umdt)5 2<0:,? umdt ≀ 2<0: umdt

:7
 \rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

Ogrdaut dmd kbkfk` tkogf rgakpdtufksd `ksdf pgr`dtumhkm akpksdtks rghufgr 

tdeg, cvgr tdeg bkm suoacmtrka>
Rkogf :.2 _gakpdtufksd \gr`dtumhkm

\grdcbg ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
Akpksdtk
s _R :?< :<2 :7? ::9 :<2 :7? :7? ::9 :<2 ::9 ::9 ::9
(nke)
Akpksdtk
s CR 0< 89 00 02 89 00 00 02 89 02 02 02
(nke)
Akpksdtk
:8;? :7?9 2<0: :048 :7?9 2<0: 2<0: :048 :7?9 :048 :048
s _R :0489
< 2 ? 9 2 ? ? 9 2 9 9
(umdt)
Akpksdtk
;<?< ;<?< ;<?<
s CR 4?0< 00;9 4822 00;9 4822 00;9 4822 4822 4822
0 0 0
(umdt)
Akpksdtk
s ZA  :? :< :7 :: :< :7 :7 :: :< :: :: ::
(nke)
Akpksdtk
s ZA  :8;? :7?9 2<0: :048 :7?9 2<0: 2<0: :048 :7?9 :048 :048 :048
(umdt)

:.?.? Khrghkt
Khrghkt \fkmmdm
\fkmmdmh
h
Rk
Rk`k
`kp
p kwkf
kwkf bkfke
bkfke egfk
egfkau
auak
akm
m pgrgm
pgrgmjkm
jkmkk
kkm
m kh
khrg
rghk
hktt ykdtu
ykdtu bgmhk
bgmhkm
m
egmgmtuakm nuefk` dmvgmtcrd kwkf. Bktk dmvgmtcrd tctkf kwkf sgokmyka 
;747. Bktk kwkf tgrsgout bdakfdakm bgmhkm ikatcr acmvgrsd ykdtu ;,<;42
sg`dmhhk bdbkpktfk` bktk dmvgmtcrd khrghkt tctkf ykdtu ;9?7,42: bkm bktk
tgrsgo
tgrsgout
ut bdoufk
bdoufktak
takm
m egmnkb
egmnkbdd ;9?7.
;9?7. \kb
\kbkk aksus
aksus dmd
dmd,, khrghk
khrghktt pfkmmd
pfkmmdmh
mh

bdfkauakm bgmhkm egmhhumkakm egtcbg Rrkmspcrtksd. Odkyk pkbk rghufgr 

tdeg sgogskr _p ;<.<<< pgr umdt, odkyk pkbk cvgr tdeg sgogskr _p ;?.7<<
 pgr umdt bkm odkyk suoacmtrka sgogskr _p ;:.7<< pgr umdt. Odkyk dmvgmtcrd
ktku pgmydepkmkm sgogskr _p 7<< pgr umdt ykmh ogrkrtd odkyk tdkp oufkm
kakm ogrtkeok` sgogskr _p 7<< pgr umdt kpkodfk tgrnkbd pgmydepkmkm
 prcbua. Kbkpum tkogf `ksdf pgmhhumkkm egtcbg Rrkmspcrtksd bkpkt bdfd`kt
bdokwk` dmd>

:9
 \rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

Rkogf :.7 Khrghkt \fkmmdmh bgmhkm Egtcbg Rrkmspcrtksd

  Runukm \G_DCBG
Zueogr  ; ? : 2 7 9 8
A RR AR A Rg Odkyk
< 7<< ;<<< ;7<< ?<<< ?7<< :<<< :7<< 2<<< 27<< 7<<< 77<<
Oufkm grsgbdkkm
;9;2
;<<<< ;<7<< ;;<<< ;;7<< ;?<<< ;?7<< ;:<<< ;:7<< ;2<<< ;27<< ;7<<< ;77<<
_R 9 92 ; : <2
<28 4 :8;?<
:<284
;?7<< ;:<<< ;:7<< ;2<<< ;27<< ;7<<< ;77<< ;9<<< ;97<< ;8<<< ;87<< ;0<<<
; CR 4?0< < 4?0< :<284<<<<

;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<<
ZA  :8;? < :8;?

;<<<< ;<7<< ;;<<< ;;7<< ;?<<< ;?7<< ;:<<< ;:7<< ;2<<< ;27<< ;7<<<
_R :?<4: :;8; :?<4: :7?92
;?7<< ;:<<< ;:7<< ;2<<< ;27<< ;7<<< ;77<< ;9<<< ;97<< ;8<<< ;87<<
? CR 00;9 < 00;9 :?<4:<<<<

;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<<
ZA  :7?9 < :7?9

;<<<< ;<7<< ;;<<< ;;7<< ;?<<< ;?7<< ;:<<< ;:7<< ;2<<< ;27<<
_R 08:4 :?<4: 2<0:?
:?<4:
;?7<< ;:<<< ;:7<< ;2<<< ;27<< ;7<<< ;77<< ;9<<< ;97<< ;8<<<
: CR ;<?<0 < ;<?<0 :?<4:<<<<

;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<<
ZA  2<0: < 2<0:

;<<<< ;<7<< ;;<<< ;;7<< ;?<<< ;?7<< ;:<<< ;:7<< ;2<<<

_R 900: :?<4: :0489
:?<4:
;?7<< ;:<<< ;:7<< ;2<<< ;27<< ;7<<< ;77<< ;9<<< ;97<<
2 CR 4822 < 4822 :?<4:<<<<

;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<<

ZA  :048 < :048

;<<<< ;<7<< ;;<<< ;;7<< ;?<<< ;?7<< ;:<<< ;:7<<

_R :;8; :?<4: :7?92
:?<4:
;?7<< ;:<<< ;:7<< ;2<<< ;27<< ;7<<< ;77<< ;9<<<
7 CR 00;9 < 00;9 :?<4:<<<<

;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<<

ZA  :7?9 < :7?9

;<<<< ;<7<< ;;<<< ;;7<< ;?<<< ;?7<< ;:<<<

_R 08:4 :?<4: 2<0:?
:?<4:
;?7<< ;:<<< ;:7<< ;2<<< ;27<< ;7<<< ;77<<
9 CR ;<?<0 < ;<?<0 :?<4:<<<<

;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<<

ZA  2<0: < 2<0:

;<<<< ;<7<< ;;<<< ;;7<< ;?<<< ;?7<<

_R 08:4 :?<4: 2<0:?
:?<4:
;?7<< ;:<<< ;:7<< ;2<<< ;27<< ;7<<<
8 CR ;<?<0 < ;<?<0 :?<4:<<<<

;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<<

ZA  2<0: < 2<0:

;<<<< ;<7<< ;;<<< ;;7<< ;?<<<

_R 900: :?<4: :0489
:?<4:
;?7<< ;:<<< ;:7<< ;2<<< ;27<<
0 CR 4822 < 4822 :?<4:<<<<

;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<<

ZA  :048 < :048

;<<<< ;<7<< ;;<<< ;;7<<

_R :;8; :?<4: :7?92
:?<4:
;?7<< ;:<<< ;:7<< ;2<<<
4 CR 00;9 < 00;9 :?<4:<<<<

;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<<

ZA  :7?9 < :7?9

;<<<< ;<7<< ;;<<<

_R 900: :?<4: :0489
:?<4:
;?7<< ;:<<< ;:7<<
;< CR 4822 < 4822 :?<4:<<<<

;:7<< ;:7<< ;:7<<

ZA  :048 < :048

;<<<< ;<7<<
_R 900: :?<4: :0489
:?<4:
;?7<< ;:<<<
;; CR 4822 < 4822 :?<4:<<<<

;:7<< ;:7<<
ZA  :048 < :048

;<<<<
_R 900: :?<4: :0489
:?<4:
;?7<<
;? CR 4822 < 4822 :?<4:<<<<

;:7<<
ZA  :048 < :048

\grkekfkm :?<4: :?<4: :?<4: :?<4: :?<4: :?<4: :?<4: :?<4: :?<4: :?<4: :? <4: :?<4: ?:8
?:800?
00? :0:
:0:7<?
7<? 9?;
9?;:02
:02 :0:
:0:7<?
7<?<<<
<<<<
<

:.?.: Nkbwkf
Nkbwkf Dmbua
Dmbua \rcbua
\rcbuasd
sd
Bkfke
Bkfke egmgmt
egmgmtuakm
uakm nkbwkf
nkbwkf dmbua
dmbua prcbua
prcbuasd,
sd, tk`kpkm
tk`kpkm kwkf
kwkf ykmh `krus
`krus
bdfkauakm ykdtu egmhuepufakm bktk bgekmb pkbk eksk fkfu. Ogrdaut dmd
kbkfk` tkogf pgmhuepufkm bktk bgekmb eksk fkfu>

:8
 \rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

Rkogf :.9 Bktk Bgekmb Eksk Fkfu

Rkedyk
\grdcbg
@dtke \utd`
; ;9874 ;8<07
? ;7478 ;9?98

: ;7<;7 ;7:<0
2 ;292< ;24?7
7 ;9704 ;94;;
9 ;7?:4 ;77:7
8 ;2827 ;7<:?
0 ;29:8 ;24??
4 ;7?:8 ;77::
;< ;9<<4 ;9:?<
;; ;9;?: ;92:9
;? ;9224 ;9894
Nuefk` ;08:44 ;4;<2:
Rctkf :8022?

;. Egmh`d
Egmh`dtum
tumh
h \grsgm
\grsgmtks
tksgg Rked
Rkedyk
yk @dtke
@dtke
Ogrdaut dmd kbkfk` pgr`dtumhkm umtua pgrsgmtksg tkedyk `dtke>

%5
 ∛ bgek
bgekmb
mb tkedyk`dtke
tkedyk`dtke
 x ;<<%
∛ tke
tkedy
dyk
k `dtke
`dtke bk
bkm
m pu
putd`
td`
;08:44
%5  x ;<<%
:8022?

% 5 24,7%

?. Egmh`d
Egmh`dtum
tumh
h \grsgm
\grsgmtks
tksgg Rked
Rkedyk
yk \utd`
\utd`

%5
  ∛ bgekmb tkedyk putd`
putd`
 x ;<<%
tkedy
tkedyk
k `dtke
`dtke bk
bkm
m pu
putd`
td`

%5
∛
;4;<2:
 x ;<<%
:8022?

% 57<,7%

Zg
Zgtg
tgfk
fk`
` bdfk
bdfkaua
auakm
km pgr`d
pgr`dtu
tumh
mhkm
km pgrsg
pgrsgmt
mtks
ksg,
g, ekak
ekak bkpkt
bkpkt bd
bdfk
fkau
auak
akm
m
 pgr`dtumhkm pgeokhdkm okmykamyk bgekmb kmtkrk tkedyk `dtke bkm
tkedyk putd` egmhhumkakm pgrsgmtksg eksdmh-eksdmh tkedyk ykmh tgfk`
bdbkpkt sgogfuemyk. Ageubdkm pgrsgmtksg tgrsgout bdakfdakm pkbk bktk
bgekmb pgrkekfkm ;? pgrdcbg agbgpkm ykmh tgfk` bdrkekfakm. Ogrdaut dmd

kbkfk` jcmtc` pgr`dtumhkm `ksdf rkekfkm gmb dtge pkbk pgrdcbg 9>

:0
 \rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

 \grkekfkm9 x \grsgmtksg tkedyk`dtke

tkedyk `dtke
Rkedyk`dtke 95
ikatcrr acmvgrsd
ikatc acmvgrsd tkedyk
tkedyk `dtke
:?<4: x 24,7%
Rkedyk`dtke 95
;

Rkedyk`dtke 95;704? umdt 

 \grkekfkm9 x \grsgmtksg tkedyk putd`
Rkedyk putd`95
ikatcrr acmvgrsd
ikatc acmvgrsd tkedyk
tkedyk putd`
:?<4: x 7<,7%
Rkedyk putd`95
;,<;42

Rkedyk putd`95 ;704: umdt 

Ogrdau
Ogrdautt dmd kbkfk`
kbkfk` pgr`dt
pgr`dtumh
umhkm
km pgeokh
pgeokhdkm
dkm bgekmb
bgekmb tkedyk
tkedyk `dt
`dtke
ke bkm
 putd` umtua ;? pgrdcbg ag bgpkm>
Rkogf :.8 @ksdf _kekfkm Gmb Dtge

\grkekf Rkedyk
km @dtke \utd`
:?<4: ;704? ;704:
:?<4: ;704? ;704:
:?<4: ;704? ;704:
:?<4: ;704? ;704:
:?<4: ;704? ;704:
:?<4: ;704? ;704:
:?<4: ;704? ;704:
:?<4: ;704? ;704:
:?<4: ;704? ;704:
:?<4: ;704? ;704:
:?<4: ;704? ;704:

Nue:fk?`<4: ;<
;478
0<
42? ;4 ;<
78
0;
4?
:
Rctkf :0;2;9

:.?.2 _JJ\ (_cuh`

(_cuh` Jut
Jut Jkpkjdty
Jkpkjdty \fkmmdmh)
\fkmmdmh)
\kbk tk`kp dmd, bdfkauakm rgakpdtufksd akpksdtks rghufkr tdeg, cvgr tdeg
bkm suoacmtrka umtua egmhgtk`ud nuefk` tctkf akpksdtks ykmh tgrsgbdk
umtua egegmu`d
egegmu`d bgekmb ;? pgrdcbg
pgrdcbg ag bgpkm. Kbkpum nuefk` akpksdtks
akpksdtks
ykmh tgrsgbdk bkpkt bdfd`kt pkbk tkogf bdokwk`>

:4
 \rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

Rkogf :.0 \gr`dtumhkm Akpksdtks Rgrsgbdk

\grdcb Akpksdtks Akpksdtks Akpksdtks Akpksdtks
Bgekmb
g _R (Wmdt) CR (Wmdt) ZA (Wmdt) Rgrsgbdk (Wmdt)
; :;807 :8;?< 4?0< :8;? 7<;;?
? :;807 :7?92 00;9 :7?9 289<9

: :;807 2<0:? ;<?<0 2<0: 77;?:

2 :;807 :0489 4822 :048 7?9;8
7 :;807 :7?92 00;9 :7?9 289<9
9 :;807 2<0:? ;<?<0 2<0: 77;?:
8 :;807 2<0:? ;<?<0 2<0: 77;?:
0 :;807 :0489 4822 :048 7?9;8
4 :;807 :7?92 00;9 :7?9 289<9
;< :;807 :0489 4822 :048 7?9;8
;; :;807 :0489 4822 :048 7?9;8
;? :;807 :0489 4822 :048 7?9;8

Ogrdaut dmd kbkfk` hrkida ykmh egmumnuaakm agtgrsgbdkkm akpksdtks ktku

_JJ\>

_JJ\
27<<<
2<<<<
:7<<<
:<<<<
?7<<<
?<<<<
;7<<<
;<<<<
7<<<
<
; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?

Bgekmb pgrke kf kfkm Akpksdtks _

_R
R (W
(Wmdt)
Akpk sdtks CR
CR (W
(Wmdt) Akpksdtks ZA
ZA (Wmdt)

Hrkida :.; _JJ\

:.?.7 E_\ (Ektgrdkf

(Ektgrdkf _gqudrgegmt
_gqudrgegmt \fkmmdmh)
\fkmmdmh)
Bkfke egfkauakm pgmyusumkm E_\ (Ektgrdkf _gqudrgegmt \fkmmdmh),
bdpgrfuakm ogogrkpk dmput bktk sgpgrtd ND\ ktku Nkbwkf Dmbua \rcbuasd
bkm OCE ktku  Odff ci Ektgrdkf .  Odff ci Ektgrdkf   egrup
egrupkakm
kakm bkitkr 
agsgfuru`km sgeuk ektgrdkf, pkrt
ektgrdkf, pkrt bkm
bkm suokssgeofy
 suokssgeofy ogsgrtk
 ogsgrtk aukmtdtks ykmh
bdpgrfuakm bkfke suktu prcbua. Ogrdaut kbkfk` odff ci ektgrdkf ykmh bkpkt
bdfd`kt pkbk hkeokr bdokwk` dmd>

2<
 \rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

Rkedyk

Ocbd Ktks Ocbd Ktks \gmutup

J`ksds \gmhumjd Ocbd
@dtke \u` Oktgrkd
; umdt ; umdt
; umdt ; umdt ; umdt

_uek` Rutup J`ksds \fkt Ogfkakmh \fkt Ogfkakmh Ouepgr

\dma Hgkr Ks _cbk Tgffcw Hgkr Ruks Cm/Ci  Hkrbkm 2wb \fkt Bgpkm
Bdmkec Bgpkm Ogskr Agjdf Ogfkakmh
? umdt ? umdt ; umdt ; umdt ; umdt ; umdt
; umdt ; umdt ; umdt ; umdt ; umdt

\gmhumjd \crcs Ofug Okmtkfkm

Gygfgt _cbk Kssy Bdmkec Ofug Hgkr Hgkr Bdmkec _cffgr Agjdf Okut \kmnkmh _cffgr Ogskr _dmh Agjdf Okut \gmbga
Bdmkec Hgkr _cffgr
? umdt ? umdt ; umdt ; umdt ; umdt ? umdt ? umdt ? umdt ? umdt ? umdt
; umdt ; umdt ? umdt

Hkeokr :.; Odff
:.; Odff ci Ektgrdkf 

2;
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd

Agfcepca 7

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stcja 5;,927 x ( 7,8< x ;< ) x ∞ ;

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kigty stcja   Fgkb Rdeg
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 M_ ;5H_ ;∟ Z_;∟ \C@ 
 M_ ;5;704?∟< ∟704 5;7:<:

 Rkedyk \utd`

 \ C@ 5C@ ∟ ZZ
 \C@ 5;<?7∟< 5;<?7
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 M_ ;5H_ ;∟ Z_;∟ \C@ 
 M_ ;5;704:∟ <∟;<?7 5;2090

2?
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd

Agfcepca 7

Ogrdaut dmd kbkfk` tkogf `ksdf mgttdmh  umtua

 umtua tkedyk `dtke bkm putd`>
Rkogf :.4 Mgttdmh Rkedyk @dtke
Fc t Z d z g C @ Z Z F
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R \g rd c bg \
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Rkogf :.;< Mgttdmh Rkedyk \utd`

Fc t Z d z g C@ ZZ F
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R \g rd c bg \B ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?

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 Fgvgf ;
Rkogf :.;; E_\ acepcmgm ocbd ktks fgvgf ; egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke
Fc t Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ F
FR
R \g rd c bg \B ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
I\ _ R 5? 7 04 < ; H_
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Z_ < < < < < < < < < < < <
\ C@ 704 < < < < < < < < < < < <
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\ C\ : <9 <9 < : ;8 02 < : ;8 02 < : ;8 02 < : ;8 02 < :
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Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (9 x _p ?.<<<) + (;704?< x _p 7<<)
> _p 84.28?.<<<
Rkogf :.;? E_\ acepcmgm ocbd ktks fgvgf ; egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk \utd`
Fc t Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ F
FR
R \g rd c bg \B ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
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H_ ; 20 90 ;704: ; 70 4: ;704: ; 70 4: ;704: ; 70 4: ;704: ; 70 4: ;704: ; 7 04 : ; 7 0 4 :
Z_ < < < < < < < < < < < <
\ C@ ;<?7 < < < < < < < < < < < <
 M_ ;:02: ;704: ;704: ;704: ;704: ;704: ;704: ;704: ;704: ;704: ;704: ;704:
\ C\ ? 48 :9 < : ;8 07 < : ;8 07 < : ;8 07 < : ;8 07 < :
:;; 80 7 <
\ C_ < : ;807 < :;807 < :;807 < :;807 < :;807 < <

Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (9 x _p ?.<<<) + (;704?8 x _p 7<<)
> _p 84.287.7<<

2:
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd

Agfcepca 7

Rkogf :.;: E_\ acepcmgm j`ksds fgvgf ; egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fc t Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ F
FR
R \g rd c bg \B ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
I\ _ R 5? ;9 ;2 < ; H_
H_ : <; 8; :;807 : ;8 07 :;807 : ;8 07 :;807 : ;8 07 :;807 : ;8 07 :;807 : ; 80 7 : ; 8 0 7
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\ C@ ;9;2 < < < < < < < < < < < <
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\ C\ 9 <: 2? < 9 :7 94 < 9 :7 94 < 9 :7 94 < 9 :7 94 < 9
9:: 79 4 <
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Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (9 x _p ?.<<<) + (:;8028 x _p 7<<)

> _p ;70.4:7.7<<
Rkogf :.;2 E_\ acepcmgm pgmhumjd ocbd fgvgf ; egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
 Fc t Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ F
FR
R \g rd c bg \B ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
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\ C@ ;9;2 < < < < < < < < < < < <
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\ C\ 9 <: 2? < 9 :7 94 < 9 :7 94 < 9 :7 94 < 9 :7 94 < 9
9:: 79 4 <
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Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (9 x _p ;.<<<) + (:;8028 x _p 7<<)
> _p ;70.4?4.7<<
Rkogf :.;7 E_\ acepcmgm pgmutup oktgrkd fgvgf ; egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fc t Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ F
FR
R \g rd c bg \B ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
I\ _ R 5? ;9 ;2 < ; H_
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9:: 79 4 <
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Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (9 x _p ;.<<<) + (:;8028 x _p 7<<)
> _p ;70.4?4.7<<

22
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd

Agfcepca 7

 Fgvgf ?
Rkogf :.;9 E_\ acepcmgm pdma hgkr fgvgf ? egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fc t Z d z g C@ Z
ZZ
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;? 8 ; : 4 < ;?
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Z_ < < < < < < < < < < < <
\ C@ : ??0 :? ?0 < < < < < < < < < < <
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Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (7 x _p ;.7<<) + (7<0779 x _p 7<<)
 > _p ?72.?07.7<<
Rkogf :.;8 E_\ acepcmgm ks rcbk fgvgf ? egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fct Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ
ZZ F
FR
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Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km

> (7 x _p ;.7<<) + (7<0779 x _p 7<<)

> _p ?72.?07.7<<
Rkogf :.;0 E_\ acepcmgm ygffcw hgkr fgvgf ? egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fct Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ
ZZ F
FR
R \g rd c bg \B ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
I\ _ R 5? ; 9 ;2 < ; H_ < 9:794 < 9 :7 9 4 < 9 : 79 4 < 9:794 < 9:794 < <
Z_ < < < < < < < < < < < <
\ C@ ;9;2 ; 9; 2 < < < < < < < < < < <
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\ C\ 9 < :2 ; < 9:794 < 9 : 79 4 < 9:794 < 9:794 < < <
\ C_ < 9 :794 < 9 :7 9 4 < 9 : 79 4 < 9 :794 < < < <

Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (7 x _p ;.7<<) + (?72?80 x _p 7<<)
> _p ;?8.;29.7<<
Rkogf :.;4 E_\ acepcmgm ruek` bdmkec fgvgf ? egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fct Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ
ZZ F
FR
R \g rd c bg \B ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
I\ _ R 5? ; 9 ;2 < ; H_ < 9:794 < 9 :7 9 4 < 9 : 79 4 < 9:794 < 9:794 < <
Z_ < < < < < < < < < < < <
\ C@ ;9;2 ; 9; 2 < < < < < < < < < < <
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\ C\ 9 < :2 ; < 9:794 < 9 : 79 4 < 9:794 < 9:794 < < <
\ C_ < 9 :794 < 9 :7 9 4 < 9 : 79 4 < 9 :794 < < < <

27
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd

Agfcepca 7

Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (7 x _p ;.7<<) + (?72?80 x _p 7<<)
> _p ;?8.;29.7<<
Rkogf :.?< E_\ acepcmgm tuks cm/cii fgvgf ? egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fct Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ
ZZ F
FR
R \g rd c bg \B ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
I\ _ R 5? ; 9 ;2 < ; H_ < 9:794 < 9 :7 9 4 < 9 : 79 4 < 9:794 < 9:794 < <
Z_ < < < < < < < < < < < <
\ C@ ;9;2 ; 9; 2 < < < < < < < < < < <

 M_ -;9; 2 9;4 77 < 9:79 4 < 9:79 4 < 9:7 94 < 9:7 94 < <
\ C\ 9 < :2 ; < 9:794 < 9 : 79 4 < 9:794 < 9:794 < < <
\ C_ < 9 :794 < 9 :7 9 4 < 9 : 79 4 < 9 :794 < < < <
 Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (7 x _p ;.<<<) + (?72?80 x _p 7<<)
> _p ;?8.;22.<<<
Rkogf :.?; E_\ acepcmgm tutup j`ksds bgpkm fgvgf ? egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fct Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ
ZZ F
FR
R \g rd c bg \B ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
I\ _ R 5? ; 9 ;2 < ; H_ < 9:794 < 9 :7 9 4 < 9 : 79 4 < 9:794 < 9:794 < <
Z_ < < < < < < < < < < < <
\ C@ ;9;2 ; 9; 2 < < < < < < < < < < <

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\ C\ 9 < :2 ; < 9:794 < 9 : 79 4 < 9:794 < 9:794 < < <
\ C_ < 9 :794 < 9 :7 9 4 < 9 : 79 4 < 9 :794 < < < <

Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (7 x _p ;.7<<) + (?72?80 x _p 7<<)
> _p ;?8.;29.7<<
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Fct Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ
ZZ F
FR
R \g rd c bg \B ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
I\ _ R 5? ; 9 ;2 < ; H_ < 9:794 < 9 :7 9 4 < 9 : 79 4 < 9:794 < 9:794 < <
Z_ < < < < < < < < < < < <
\ C@ ;9;2 ; 9; 2 < < < < < < < < < < <
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\ C\ 9 < :2 ; < 9:794 < 9 : 79 4 < 9:794 < 9:794 < < <
\ C_ < 9 :794 < 9 :7 9 4 < 9 : 79 4 < 9 :794 < < < <

Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (7 x _p ;.7<<) + (?72?80 x _p 7<<)
> _p ;?8.;29.7<<

29
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd

Agfcepca 7

Rkogf :.?: E_\ acepcmgm pfkt bgpkm fgvgf ? egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fct Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ
ZZ F
FR
R \g rd c bg \B ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
I\ _ R 5? ; 9 ;2 < ; H_ < 9:794 < 9 :7 9 4 < 9 : 79 4 < 9:794 < 9:794 < <
Z_ < < < < < < < < < < < <
\ C@ ;9;2 ; 9; 2 < < < < < < < < < < <
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\ C\ 9 < :2 ; < 9:794 < 9 : 79 4 < 9:794 < 9:794 < < <
\ C_ < 9 :794 < 9 :7 9 4 < 9 : 79 4 < 9 :794 < < < <

Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (7 x _p ;.<<<) + (?72?80 x _p 7<<)
> _p ;?8.;22.<<<
 Rkogf :.?2 E_\ acepcmgm pfkt ogfkakmh ogskr fgvgf ? egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fct Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ
ZZ F
FR
R \g rd c bg \B ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
I\ _ R 5? ; 9 ;2 < ; H_ < 9:794 < 9 :7 9 4 < 9 : 79 4 < 9:794 < 9:794 < <
Z_ < < < < < < < < < < < <
\ C@ ;9;2 ; 9; 2 < < < < < < < < < < <
 M_ -;9; 2 9;4 77 < 9:79 4 < 9:79 4 < 9:7 94 < 9:7 94 < <
\ C\ 9 < :2 ; < 9:794 < 9 : 79 4 < 9:794 < 9:794 < < <
\ C_ < 9 :794 < 9 :7 9 4 < 9 : 79 4 < 9 :794 < < < <

Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (7 x _p ;.<<<) + (?72?80 x _p 7<<)

> _p ;?8.;22.<<<
Rkogf :.?7 E_\ acepcmgm ouepgr ogfkakmh fgvgf ? egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fct Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ
ZZ F
FR
R \g rd c bg \B ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
I\ _ R 5? ; 9 ;2 < ; H_ < 9:794 < 9 :7 9 4 < 9 : 79 4 < 9:794 < 9:794 < <

Z_ < < < < < < < < < < < <
\ C@ ;9;2 ; 9; 2 < < < < < < < < < < <
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\ C\ 9 < :2 ; < 9:794 < 9 : 79 4 < 9:794 < 9:794 < < <
\ C_ < 9 :794 < 9 :7 9 4 < 9 : 79 4 < 9 :794 < < < <

Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (7 x _p ;.7<<) + (?72?80 x _p 7<<)
> _p ;?8.;29.7<<
Rkogf :.?9 E_\ pfkt ogfkakmh agjdf fgvgf ? egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fct Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ
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FR
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I\ _ R 5? ; 9 ;2 < ; H_ < 9:794 < 9 :7 9 4 < 9 : 79 4 < 9:794 < 9:794 < <
Z_ < < < < < < < < < < < <
\ C@ ;9;2 ; 9; 2 < < < < < < < < < < <
 M_ -;9; 2 9;4 77 < 9:79 4 < 9:79 4 < 9:7 94 < 9:7 94 < <
\ C\ 9 < :2 ; < 9:794 < 9 : 79 4 < 9:794 < 9:794 < < <
\ C_ < 9 :794 < 9 :7 9 4 < 9 : 79 4 < 9 :794 < < < <

Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km

28
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd

Agfcepca 7

> (7 x _p ;.<<<) + (?72?80 x _p 7<<)

> _p ;?8.;22.<<<
 Fgvgf :
Rkogf :.?8 E_\ rcbk kssy fgvgf : egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fct Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ
ZZ F
FRR \g rd cbg \
\BB ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
I\ _ R 5? 927 9 < ; H_ < ?7 2?8 0 < ?7
?7 2 ? 8 0 < ? 72? 8 0 < ?
?7
7 2?80 < < < <
Z_ < < < < < < < < < < < <
\ C@ 92 79 92 79 < < < < < < < < < < <
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\ C_ < ?7 2?8 0 < ?72 ?80 < ? 72? 8 0 < < < < < <
 Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (2 x _p ;.<<<) + (89?0:: x _p 7<<)
> _p :0;.2?<.7<<
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Fct Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ
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FRR \g rd cbg \
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Z_ < < < < < < < < < < < <
\ C@ 92 79 92 79 < < < < < < < < < < <
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\ C\ ? 2;: 9 9 < ?7 2?80 < ? 72? 80 < ? 72?8 0 < < < < <
\ C_ < ?7 2?8 0 < ?72 ?80 < ? 72? 8 0 < < < < < <

Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (2 x _p ;.7<<) + (89?0:: x _p 7<<)
> _p :0;.2??.7<<
Rkogf :.?4 E_\ bdmkec fgvgf : egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fct Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ
ZZ F
FRR \g rd cbg \
\BB ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
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Z_ < < < < < < < < < < < <
\ C@ ;9 ;2 ;9 ;2 < < < < < < < < < < <
 M_ -;9;2 9;477 < 9:794 < 9:794 < 9:794 < < < <
\ C\ 9<: 2; < 9 :794 < 9 : 794 < 9:79 4 < < < < <
\ C_ < 9:79 4 < 9: 794 < 9:7 94 < < < < < <

Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (2 x _p ?.<<<) + (;4<8<4 x _p 7<<)
> _p 47.:9?.7<<

20
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

Rkogf :.:< E_\ ofug hgkr fgvgf : egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fct Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ
ZZ F
FRR \g rd cbg \
\BB ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
I\ _ R 5? ;9; 2 < ; H_ < 9:79 4 < 9: 794 < 9:7 94 < 9 :794 < < < <
Z_ < < < < < < < < < < < <
\ C@ ;9 ;2 ;9 ;2 < < < < < < < < < < <
 M_ -;9;2 9;477 < 9:794 < 9:794 < 9:794 < < < <
\ C\ 9<: 2; < 9 :794 < 9 : 794 < 9:79 4 < < < < <

\ C_ < 9:79 4 < 9: 794 < 9:7 94 < < < < < <

Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (2 x _p ;.7<<) + (;4<8<4 x _p 7<<)
> _p 47.:9<.7<<
 Rkogf :.:; E_\ pgmhumjd bdmkec fgvgf : egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fct Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ
ZZ F
FRR \g rd cbg \
\BB ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
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Z_ < < < < < < < < < < < <
\ C@ ;9 ;2 ;9 ;2 < < < < < < < < < < <
 M_ -;9;2 9;477 < 9:794 < 9:794 < 9:794 < < < <
\ C\ 9<: 2; < 9 :794 < 9 : 794 < 9:79 4 < < < < <
\ C_ < 9:79 4 < 9: 794 < 9:7 94 < < < < < <

Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (2 x _p ;.7<<) + (;4<8<4 x _p 7<<)
> _p 47.:9<.7<<
Rkogf :.:? E_\ pcrcs ofug hgkr fgvgf : egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fct Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ
ZZ F
FRR \g rd cbg \
\BB ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
I\ _ R 5? ;9; 2 < ; H_ < 9:79 4 < 9: 794 < 9:7 94 < 9 :794 < < < <
Z_ < < < < < < < < < < < <
\ C@ ;9 ;2 ;9 ;2 < < < < < < < < < < <
 M_ -;9;2 9;477 < 9:794 < 9:794 < 9:794 < < < <
\ C\ 9<: 2; < 9 :794 < 9 : 794 < 9:79 4 < < < < <
\ C_ < 9:79 4 < 9: 794 < 9:7 94 < < < < < <

Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (2 x _p ;.7<<) + (;4<8<4 x _p 7<<)
> _p 47.:9<.7<<
Rkogf :.:: E_\ hgkr bdmkec fgvgf : egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fct Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ
ZZ F
FRR \g rd cbg \
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\ C\ 9<: 2; < 9 :794 < 9 : 794 < 9:79 4 < < < < <
\ C_ < 9:79 4 < 9: 794 < 9:7 94 < < < < < <

Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km

24
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

> (2 x _p ;.<<<) + (;4<8<4 x _p 7<<)

> _p 47.:70.7<<
Rkogf :.:2 E_\ rcffgr agjdf fgvgf : egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fc t Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ F
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Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
 > (2 x _p ;.<<<) + (:0;2;8 x _p 7<<)
> _p ;4<.8;?.7<<
Rkogf :.:7 E_\ okmtkfkm rcffgr fgvgf : egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fc t Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ F
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R \g rd c bg \B ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
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;?
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Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (2 x _p ;.<<<) + (89?0:: x _p 7<<)
> _p :0;.2?<.7<<
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Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (2 x _p ;.<<<) + (89?0:: x _p 7<<)
> _p :0;.2?<.7<<

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\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

Rkogf :.:8 E_\ rcffgr ogskr fgvgf : egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fc t Z d z g C
C@@ ZZ F
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Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (2 x _p ;.7<<) + (:0;2;8 x _p 7<<)

> _p ;4<.8;2.7<<
 Rkogf :.:0 E_\ rdmh agjdf fgvgf : egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fc t Z d z g C
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Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (2 x _p ;.<<<) + (:0;2;8 x _p 7<<)
> _p ;4<.8;?.7<<
Rkogf :.:4 E_\ okut pgmbga fgvgf : egtcbg I\_ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fc t Z d z g C
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Odkyk
Odkyk > Odkyk
Odkyk \gskm
\gskm + Odkyk
Odkyk Zdep
Zdepkm
km
> (2 x _p ;.<<<) + (:0;2;8 x _p 7<<)
> _p ;4<.8;?.7<<

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Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

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Odky
Odkykk > Odk
Odkyk
yk \g
\gsk
skm
m + Odky
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Rkogf :.2; E_\ acepcmgm pgmutup oktgrkd egtcbg GC[ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
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Odky
Odkykk > Odk
Odkyk
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\gsk
skm
m + Odky
Odkykk Zde
Zdepk
pkm
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> (;? x _p ;.<<<) + (:;807< x _p 7<<)
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\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

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Rkogf :.2? E_\ acepcmgm pgmutup oktgrkd egtcbg \C[ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
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Odky
Odkykk > Odk
Odkyk
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\gsk
skm
m + Odky
Odkykk Zde
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Odky
Odkykk > Odk
Odkyk
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m + Odky
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> (;? x _p ;.<<<) + (:2474? x _p 7<<)
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7:
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Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

7. FWJ
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Odky
Odkykk > Odk
Odkyk
yk \g
\gsk
skm
m + Odky
Odkykk Zde
Zdepk
pkm
m
> (;? x _p ;.<<<) + (:249:7 x _p 7<<)
> _p ;82.0?4.7<<

72
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

9. FRJ
Rkogf :.29 E_\ ; acepcmgm pgmutup oktgrkd egtcbg FRJ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`

Jueufktdvg Dmjfubdmh Jueufktdvg

\ grdc bg R Bgekm b R_
_J
J R_
_J
J/R
Bgekmb @cfbdmh Jcst @cfbdmh Jcst
; ; :<;8; :< ;8; 7<< 7<< ;<<< ;<<<
? ; :;807 :; 807 7<< 7<< ;<<< ;<<<
 : ; :;807 :; 807 7<< 7<< ;<<< ;<<<
2 ; :;807 :; 807 7<< 7<< ;<<< ;<<<
7 ; :;807 :; 807 7<< 7<< ;<<< ;<<<
9 ; :;807 :; 807 7<< 7<< ;<<< ;<<<
8 ; :;807 :; 807 7<< 7<< ;<<< ;<<<
0 ; :;807 :; 807 7<< 7<< ;<<< ;<<<
4 ; :;807 :; 807 7<< 7<< ;<<< ;<<<
;< ; :;807 :; 807 7<< 7<< ;<<< ;<<<
;; ; :;807 :; 807 7<< 7<< ;<<< ;<<<
;? ; :;807 :; 807 7<< 7<< ;<<< ;<<<

Rkogf :.28 E_\ ? acepcmgm pgmutup oktgrkd egtcbg FRJ Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fc t Z d z g C@ ZZ FR \g rd c bg \B
\B ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
FR J ; 9;2 < ; H
H_
_ ; : <;8 ; :;8 07 : ;8 0 7 :; 80 7 :; 80 7 : ;8 07 : ;80 7 :;80 7 : ;8 07 : ;8 07 :; 8 07 :;8 07
Z_ < < < < < < < < < < < <
\ C@ ;9; 2 < < < < < < < < < < < <
 M_ ?077 8 :;807 :;807 :;80 7 :;80 7 :;80 7 :;80 7 :;807 :;80 7 :;80 7 :;80 7 :;807
\ C\ ? 077 8 :;8 07 : ;8 0 7 :; 80 7 :; 80 7 : ;8 07 : ;80 7 :;80 7 : ;8 07 : ;8 07 :; 8 07 :;8 07
\ C_ : ;80 7 :;8 07 : ;8 0 7 :; 80 7 :; 80 7 : ;8 07 : ;80 7 :;80 7 : ;8 07 : ;8 07 :; 8 07 <

Odky
Odkykk > Odk
Odkyk
yk \g
\gsk
skm
m + Odky
Odkykk Zde
Zdepk
pkm
m
> (;? x _p ;.<<<) + (:249:7 x _p 7<<)
> _p ;82.0?4.7<<
8. \\O

77
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

Rkogf :.20 E_\ ; acepcmgm pgmutup oktgrkd egtcbg \\O Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`

\grdcbg Bgekmb Fkek Bds dde

epkm Mdfkd Ka u
ue
eufks d Acmbds d
; :<;8; < < < <6?
*; , ? : ; 80 7 ; : ; 80 7 :; 8 0 7 : ;8 07 =?
: :;807 < < < <6?
*: , 2 : ; 80 7 ; : ; 80 7 :; 8 0 7 : ;8 07 =?
7 :;807 < < < <6?
*7 , 9 : ; 80 7 ; : ; 80 7 :; 8 0 7 : ;8 07 =?
8 :;807 < < < <6?
*8 , 0 : ; 80 7 ; : ; 80 7 :; 8 0 7 : ;8 07 =?
4 :;807 < < < <6?
* 4, ; < : ; 80 7 ; : ; 80 7 :; 8 0 7 : ;8 07 =?
 ;; :;807 < < < <6?
* ;; , ;? : ; 80 7 ; : ; 80 7 :; 8 0 7 : ;8 07 =?

Rkogf :.24 E_\ ? acepcmgm pgmutup oktgrkd egtcbg \\O Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fc t Z d z g C@ ZZ FR \g rd c bg \B
\B ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
\\ O ; 9;2 < ; H
H_
_ : <;8 ; :;8 07 : ;8 0 7 :; 80 7 :; 80 7 : ;8 07 : ;80 7 :;80 7 : ;8 07 : ;8 07 :; 8 07 :;8 07
Z_ < < < < < < < < < < < <
\ C@ ;9; 2 < < < < < < < < < < < <
 M_ ?077 8 :;807 :;807 :;80 7 :;80 7 :;80 7 :;80 7 :;807 :;80 7 :;80 7 :;80 7 :;807
\ C\ 9 <:2 ? < 9 :7 8 < < 9: 78 < < 9 :78 < < 9 :7 8< < 9:
9 : 7 8< <
\ C_ < 9:7 8< < 9: 78 < < 9 :7 8< < 9:78 < < 9 :7 8< < <

Odky
Odkykk > Odk
Odkyk
yk \g
\gsk
skm
m + Odky
Odkykk Zde
Zdepk
pkm
m

> (9 x _p ;.<<<) + (:;807< x _p 7<<)

> _p ;70.4?7.<<<
0. KXX
Rkogf :.7< E_\ acepcmgm pgmutup oktgrkd egtcbg KXX Rkedyk @dtke bkm \utd`
Fc t Z d z g C@ ZZ FR \g rd c bg \B
\B ; ? : 2 7 9 8 0 4 ;< ;; ;?
KX X ; 9;2 < ; H_
H_ ; : <;8 ; :;8 07 : ;8 0 7 :; 80 7 :; 80 7 : ;8 07 : ;80 7 :;80 7 : ;8 07 : ;8 07 :; 8 07 :;8 07
Z_ < < < < < < < < < < < <
\ C@ ;9; 2 < < < < < < < < < < < <
 M_ ?077 8 :;807 :;807 :;80 7 :;80 7 :;80 7 :;80 7 :;807 :;80 7 :;80 7 :;80 7 :;807
\ C\ ? 077 8 :;8 07 : ;8 0 7 :; 80 7 :; 80 7 : ;8 07 : ;80 7 :;80 7 : ;8 07 : ;8 07 :; 8 07 :;8 07
\ C_ : ;80 7 :;8 07 : ;8 0 7 :; 80 7 :; 80 7 : ;8 07 : ;80 7 :;80 7 : ;8 07 : ;8 07 :; 8 07 <

Odky
Odkykk > Odk
Odkyk
yk \g
\gsk
skm
m + Odky
Odkykk Zde
Zdepk
pkm
m

> (;? x _p ;.<<<) + (:249:7 x _p 7<<)

> _p ;82.0?4.7<<
Ogrdaut dmd kbkfk` tkogf rgakpkm odkyk>

79
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

Rkogf :.7; _gakpkm Odkyk Zgeuk Egtcbg

 Mkek
 Mkek
 Mc Odkyk
Egtcbg
; FIF _p ;82.0?4.7<<
? GC[ _p ;70.4:8.<<<
: \C[ _p ;82.0?4.7<<
2 IC[ _p ;82.0<0.<<<
7 I\_   _p ;70.4?4.7<<
9 FWJ _p ;82.0?4.7<<
8 FRJ _p ;82.0?4.7<<
0 \\O _p ;70.4?7.<<<
 4 K XX _p ;82.0?4.7<<
Odkyk Rgragjdf _p ;70.4?7.<<<

78
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

OKO DY
KMKFDZK
2.; Km
Kmkf
kfddsk _gscurjg _gqudrgegmt \fkmmdmh
\kbk tk`kp __\ bdfkauakm
bdfkauakm pgr`dtumhkm
pgr`dtumhkm egmhgmkd
egmhgmkd akpksdtks-ak
akpksdtks-akpksdt
pksdtks
ks
ykmh bdpgrf
bdpgrfuakm
uakm bkfke
bkfke egfkaua
egfkauakm
km khrghk
khrghktt pfkmmd
pfkmmdmh
mh ykdtu
ykdtu akpksdt
akpksdtks
ks umtua 
umtua 
rghufgr tdeg bkfke sktukm nke bkm umdt, cvgr tdeg bkfke sktukm nke bkm umdt
sgrtk suoacmtrka bkfke sktukm nke bkm umdt.
um dt.
 _ghufgr tdeg 
tdeg  egrupk
egrupkakm
akm nkbwkf
nkbwkf utkek
utkek bkfke
bkfke egfkaua
egfkauakm
km prcbuas
prcbuasd,
d,
 bdekmk kpkodfk
kpkodfk akpksdtks
akpksdtks wkatu ykmh bdedfdad
bdedfdad pkbk  _ghufgr tdeg tdbka
tdeg tdbka ekepu
egmjuaupd pgredmtkkm, ekak kakm bdfkauakm Cvgr tdeg ktku
tdeg ktku ykmh odksk bdsgout
wkatu tkeok`km ktku fgeour. Xkatu fgeour bdtgmtuakm sgogskr ?7% bkrd wkatu
rghufgr . Kbkpum
Kbkpum suoacmt
suoacmtrka
rka ykdtu
ykdtu egfkau
egfkauakm
akm pgegsk
pgegskmkm
mkm sgjkrk
sgjkrk fkmhsu
fkmhsumh
mh
tgr`
tgr`kb
kbkp
kp pk
pkor
orda
da jk
jkbk
bkmh
mhkm
km kp
kpko
kodf
dfkk bgekmb   td
tdbk
bka
a tg
tgrj
rjuau
uaupd
pd egsa
egsadd tg
tgfk
fk`
`
egfkauakm cvgr tdeg.
tdeg.
Ogrbkskrakm nuefk` fdmd ykdtu ? bkm nuefk` `krd agrnk pgr pgrdcbg ykmh

bkpkt bdfd`kt pkbk tkogf :.?, ekak bktk ykmh bdbkpkt (bgmhkm egmhkeodf jcmtc`
 pgrdcbg ag-9) ykdtu rghufgr tdeg sgfkek
tdeg sgfkek :7? nke sg`dmhhk bkpkt egmh`ksdfakm
2<.0:? umdt, cvgr tdeg sgfkek
tdeg sgfkek 00 nke sg`dmhhk bkpkt egmh`ksdfakm ;<.?<0 umdt
bkm suoacmtrka sgfkek :7,? nke ktku :7 nke sg`dmhhk bkpkt egmh`ksdfakm
2.0<: umdt.
@ksdf rghufgr tdeg tgrtdmhhd tgrbkpkt pkbk pgrdcbg :, 9 bkm 8, bgmhkm `ksdf
:7? nke bkm rghufgr tdeg tgrgmbk` tgrbkpkt pkbk pgrdcbg ?, 7, bkm 4 bgmhkm
`ksdf :<2 nke, `ksdf cvgrtdeg tgrtdmhhd tgrbkpkt pkbk pgrdcbg :, 9 bkm 8, bgmhkm
`ksdf 00 nke bkm cvgrtdeg tgrgmbk` tgrbkpkt pkbk pgrdcbg ?, 7, bkm 4 bgmhkm
`ksdf 89 nke bkm `ksdf suo acmtrka tgrtdmhhd tgrbkpkt pkbk pgrdcbg :, 9 bkm 8
bgmhkm `ksdf :7 nke bkm suo acmtrka tgrbkpkt pkbk pgrdcbg ?, 7, bkm 4 bgmhkm
`ksdf :< nke. Akpksdtks rghufgr tdeg tgrokmyka tgrbkpkt pkbk pgrdcbg :, 9, bkm 8
bgmhkm `ksdf 2<0:? umdt bkm akpksdtks rghufgr tdeg tgragjdf pkbk pgrdcbg ?, 7,
bkm 4 bgmhkm `ksdf :7?92 umdt, akpksdtks cvgrtdeg tgrokmyka tgrbkpkt pkbk
 pgrdcbg :, 9, bkm 8 bgmhkm `ksdf ;<?<0 umdt bkm akpksdtks cvgrtdeg tgragjdf

70
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

tgrbkpkt pkbk pgrdcbg ?, 7, bkm 4 bgmhkm `ksdf 00;9 umdt, akpksdtks suo acmtrka 
tgro
tgrokmy
kmyka
ka tg
tgrb
rbkp
kpkt
kt pkbk
pkbk pgrdc
pgrdcbg
bg :, 9, bk
bkm
m 8 bgmhk
bgmhkm
m `ksdf
`ksdf 2<
2<0:
0: umdt
umdt bk
bkm
m
akpksdtks cvgrtdeg tgragjdf tgrbkpkt pkbk pgrdcbg ?, 7, bkm 4 bgmhkm `ksdf :7?9
umdt.
2.? Km
Kmkf
kfddsk
sk Khrghkt
 Khrghkt \fkmmdmh
\fkmmdmh
Khrghkt pfkmmdmh bdoukt umtua egedmdeksd odkyk tctkf bkfke egegmu`d
 pgredmtkkm ykmh tgfk` bdrkekfakm. Bkfke pgrgmjkmkkm khrghkt, pkbk sgtdkp
 pgrdcbgmyk akpksdtks rghufgr tdeg, cvgr tdeg bkm suoacmtrka ykmh tgrsgbdk
  ogrogbk, odkyk umtua sgtdkp akpksdtks pum ogrogbk. Akpksdtks tgrsgout bkfke
sktukm nke bkm umdt bdbkpkt bkrd pgr`dtumhkm pgrgmjkmkkm agoutu`km sueogr 
bkyk, ykmh bkpkt bdfd`kt pkbk tkogf :.2. Zgfkdm dtu, tgrbkpkt dmvgmtcrd kwkf
sgokmyka ;9;2. Bkfke pgr`dtumhkm khrghkt pfkmmdmh pgrdcbg ag-9 ykmh bkpkt
bdfd`kt pkbk tkogf :.7, akpksdtks ykmh tgrsgbdk umtua rghufgr tdeg, cvgr tdeg bkm
suoacm
suoacmtrk
trka
a eksdmh
eksdmh-ek
-eksd
sdmh
mh sgokmyk
sgokmyka
a 2<.0:?,
2<.0:?, ;<.
;<.?<0
?<0 bkm 2.<0:.
2.<0:. Akp
Akpksd
ksdtks
tks
rghufg
rghufgrr tdeg
tdeg ykmh tgrpka
tgrpkakd
kd sgokmyk
sgokmyka
a :?.<4:
:?.<4: umdt,
umdt, akpksd
akpksdtks
tks cvgr tdeg bkm

su
suoac
oacmt
mtrk
rka
a yk
ykmh
mh bdpka
bdpkakd
kd sg
sgokm
okmyk
yka
a < umdt.
umdt. Akpks
Akpksdt
dtks
ks yk
ykmh
mh tg
tgrp
rpkak
kakdd ka
kakm
km
bd`dtumh pgrumdtmyk bgmhkm odkyk rghufgr tdeg sgogskr _p ;<.<<< pgr umdt,
 odkyk pkbk cvgr tdeg sgogskr _p ;?.7<< pgr umdt bkm
bk m odkyk suoacmtrka sgogskr 
_p ;:.7
;:.7<<
<< pg
pgrr um
umdt
dt.. Zg
Zg`d
`dmh
mhhk
hk odky
odkykk tc
tctk
tkff pk
pkbk
bk pg
pgrd
rdcb
cbgg 9 sg
sgog
ogsk
skrr _p
:?<.4:<.<<<,-. Odkyk ykmh bdagfukrakm pkbk sgtdkp pgrdcbgmyk bd`dtumh bgmhkm
egmh
egmhkf
kfda
dakm
km ak
akpks
pksdt
dtks
ks ykmh
ykmh tg
tgrp
rpka
kakd
kd bg
bgmhk
mhkm
m od
odkyk
kyk bk
bkrd
rd td
tdkp
kp ak
akpks
pksdt
dtks
ks..
Ogrbkskrakm pgr`dtumhkm bdagtk`ud odkyk ykmh bdpgrfuakm umtua ;? pgrdcbg
dkfk` sgokmyka _p :.0:7.<?<.<<<,-
2.: Kmkf
Kmkfdsk
dsk Nkbw
Nkbwkf
kf Dmbu
Dmbua
a \
\rcbu
rcbuasd
asd
Nkbwkf Dmbua bdtgmtuakm
bdtgmtuakm ogrbkskrakm
ogrbkskrakm bktk bgekmb  eksk
  eksk fkfu ykmh bkpkt
bdfd`k
bdfd`ktt pkbk tkogf
tkogf :.9. Bktk 
Bktk  bgekmb   eksk
eksk fkf
fkfu
u ogrhumk
ogrhumk umtua egmhgt
egmhgtk`u
k`udd
 pgrsgmtksg eksdmh-eksdmh tkedyk, bdekmk pgrsgmtksg tgrsgout kakm bdhumkakm
umtua egmh`dtumh eksdmh-eksdmh pcrsd umtua tkedyk `dtke bkm putd` pkbk
 pgrdcbg ykmh tgfk` bdrkekfakm. Kbkpum pgrsgmtksg ykmh bdbkpkt umtua tkedyk
`dtk
`dtke
e sg
sgog
ogsk
skrr 24
24,7
,7%
% bk
bkm
m tk
tked
edyk
yk pu
putd
td`
` sg
sgog
ogsk
skrr 7<,7%
7<,7%.. Ogrb
Ogrbks
kskr
krak
akm
m bktk
bktk

74
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

 pgrkekfkm ;? pgrdcbg egmbktkmh ykmh bkpkt bdfd`kt pkbk tkogf :.8,

: .8, ekak `ksdf
rkekfkm gmb dtge umtua
dtge umtua eksdmh-eksdmh tkedyk ykdtu ;7.04? umdt umtua tkedyk
`dtke bkm ;7.04: umdt umtua tkedyk putd`. @ksdf tgrsgout acmstkm sgfkek ;?
 pgrdcbg ag bgpkm bdakrgmkakm bktk pgrkekfkm nuhk acmstkm sgogskr :?.<4: umdt.
2.2 Km
Kmkf
kfddsk _cuh` Jut Jkpkjdty \fkmmdmh
_JJ\ ogrhumk umtua egmhgtk`ud agekepukm prcbuasd suktu pgrusk`kkm
humk egegmu`d bgekmb. Ogrbkskrakm
Ogrbkskrakm bktk akpksdtks
akpksdtks tdkp-tdkp
tdkp-tdkp pgrdcbg ykmh
bkpkt bdfd`kt pkbk tkogf :.0, ekak bdbkpktfk` bktk _JJ\ ogrupk hrkida ykmh
 bkpkt bdfd`kt pkbk hrkida :.;. Bgekmb
:.;.  Bgekmb pkbk
 pkbk hrkida tgrsgout egrupkakm oktkmhkm
 ogrwkrmk odru bgmhkm mdfkd acmstkm sgogskr :;.807 ykdtu nuefk` bkrd gmb dtge
tked
tkedyk
yk `dtk
`dtke
e bk
bkm
m putd
putd`.
`. \k
\kbk
bk hrki
hrkida
da og
ogrw
rwkr
krmk
mk crkmhg
crkmhg   ykm
ykmh
h egrupk
egrupkakm
akm
akpksdtks rghufgr tdeg,
tdeg, ekak bkpkt bdfd`kt ok`wk bgekmb  bkpkt
  bkpkt bdpgmu`d `kmyk
bg
bgmh
mhkm
km rghufg tdeg. Zg`dm
rghufgrr tdeg. Zg`dmhh
hhkk um
umtu
tua
a cvgr tdeg 
tdeg  bkm suoacmtrka tdbka kakm
bdhumk
bdhumkakm
akm umtua
umtua egegmu`
egegmu`dd bgekmb   sgfkek ;? pgrdcbg ag bgpkm bkm kakm
tgrbkpk
tgrbkpktt akpksdt
akpksdtks
ks tka tgrpkak
tgrpkakdd pkbk rghufgr tdeg, cvgr tdeg 
tdeg  bkm suoacmtrka 

umtua tdkp-tdkp pgrdcbg prcbuasd. @kf dmd bkpkt egmhurkmhd ogskr odkyk ykmh
bdhumkakm,
bdhumkakm, egmhdmhkt odkyk umtua cvgr tdeg bkm
tdeg bkm suoacmtrka nku` fgod` ogskr 
bdokmbdmhakm bgmhkm odkyk pkbk rghufgr tdeg.
tdeg.
2.7 Km
Kmkf
kfddsk Ektgrdkf _gqudrgegmt \fkmmdmh
\g
\gr`
r`dt
dtumh
umhkm
km E_\
E_\ pk
pkbk
bk Rk
Rked
edyk
yk pu
putd
td`
` bk
bkm
m Rk
Rked
edyk
yk `d
`dtk
tke
e bd
bdfk
fkaua
auakm
km
 ogrbkskrakm dmput pkbk `ksdf ND\, ageubdkm egfkauakm pgr`dtumhkm pkbk skigty
stcja
stcja umtua
umtua egmbkp
egmbkpkta
ktakm
km mdfkd
mdfkd Mgt _gqudr
_gqudrgeg
gegmt
mt (M_)
(M_) ykmh
ykmh egmumn
egmumnuak
uakm
m
agoutu`km ogrsd` ykmh bdoutu`akm pgrusk`kkm bgmhkm agoutu`km actcr (hrcss
rgqudrgegmt) bdaurkmh bgmhkm nkbwkf pgmgrdekkm pgrsgbdkkm (sj`gbufg rgjgdpt)
bdaurkmh pgrsgbdkkm kwkf ykmh tgrsgbdk (cm `kmb). Zgtgfk` dtu bdfkauakm fct
sdzdmh bgmhkm egtcbg I\_ (Idxgb \grdcbg _gqudrgegmt) pkbk acepcmgm ykmh
tgrokhd egmnkbd : fgvgf. Fgvgf ; ykdtu tgrbdrd bkrd ocby ktks, j`ksds, pgmhumjd
 ocby bkm pgmutup ocby bgmhkm odkyk edmdeue bkrd aggepkt acepcmgm
tgrsgout ykdtu pkbk ocby ktks pkbk Rkedyk `dtke bgmhkm odkyk sgogskr _p
84.28?.<<<,-. Ageubdkm pkbk fgvgf ? ykmh tgrbdrd ktks hgkr(pdma), ks rcbk, hgkr 

9<
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

(aumdmh),
(aumdmh), ruek` bymkec,
bymkec, tuks cm/cii,
cm/cii, tutup j`ksds,
j`ksds, hkrbgm 2wb, pfkt bgpkm,
bgpkm,
 pfkt ogfkakmh bkm ouepgr ogfkakmh sgrtk pfkt ogfkakmh agjdf bgmhkm odkyk
edmdeue pkbk fgvgf ? tgrbkpkt pkbk tuks cm/cii, pfkt bgpkm bkm pfkt ogfkakmh
agjd bgmhkm odkyk sgogskr _p ;?8.;22.<<<,- bkm fgvgf : bgmhkm acepcmgm
sgpgrtd rcbk kssy, gygfgt, bymkec, ofug hgkr, pgmhumjd bymkec, pcrcs ofug hgkr,
hgkr bymkec, rcffgr agjdf, okmtkfkm rcffgr, okut pkmnkmh, rcffgr ogskr, rdmh agjdf
bkm okut pgmbga. Bkrd ag;: acepcmgm pkbk fgvgf : tgrbkpkt odkyk edmdeue
 pkbk acepcmgm hgkr bymkec sgogskr _p 47.:7<.<<<,-.
 2.9 Kmkf
Kmkfdsk
dsk \g
\gr`dt
r`dtumhkm
umhkm E
Ekmukf
kmukf Z
Zgeuk
geuk E
Egtcb
gtcbg
g
\gr`dtumhkm skfk` sktu acepcmgm egmhhumkakm ogrokhkd egtcbg humk
egeokmbdmhakm egtcbg ykmh egmh`ksdfakm odkyk tgragjdf ykdtu sgpgrtd FIF,
GC[, \C[, FWJ, I\_, IC[, FRJ, \\O bkm KXX. Kbkpum acepcmgm ykmh
bdhumkakm ykdtu \gmutup Ocbd pkbk Fgvgf ;. Ogrbkskrakm bkrd ag 4 egtcbg
ykmh tgfk` bdfkauakm, ekak bdbkpktfk` odkyk edmdeue ykdtu pkbk egtcbg \\O
sgogskr _p ;70.4?7.<<<,-.

9;
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

OKO Y
AGZDE\WFKM BKM ZK_KM
7.;
7.; Ag
Agsd
sdep
epuf
ufkm
km
Kbkpum
Kbkpum agsdep
agsdepufk
ufkm
m ykmh bkpkt
bkpkt bdogrd
bdogrdakm
akm umtua
umtua prkatd
prkatdaue
aue akfd
akfd dmd kbkfk`
kbkfk`
sgokhkd ogrdaut>
;. Jkrk
Jkrk egmyusum
egmyusum __\ bgmhkm
bgmhkm egmh`d
egmh`dtum
tumh
h _ghufgr
_ghufgr Rdeg,
Rdeg, Cvgr Rdeg
Rdeg bkm
Zuoac
Zuoacmt
mtrk
rka
a eksd
eksdmh-
mh-ek
eksd
sdmh
mh bg
bgmhk
mhkm
m sk
sktu
tukm
km umdt
umdt bkm nk
nke.
e. Ageu
Ageubd
bdkm
km
 pgr`dtumhkm agsgfuru`km bdrgakp ag bkfke sktu tkogf.
 ?. Khhrgh
Khhrghkt
kt \fkmmdmh
\fkmmdmh bdsusu
bdsusum
m bgmhkm
bgmhkm egmhhum
egmhhumkakm
kakm egtcbg
egtcbg Rrkmsp
Rrkmspcrt
crtksd
ksd..
Kbkpum oktkskm akpksdtks pkbk _ghufgr Rdeg, Cvgr Rdeg bkm Zuoacmtrka 
bdbkpkt bkrd tkogf __\.
:. Nkbwkf
Nkbwkf Dmbua \rcbuasd
\rcbuasd bkpkt
bkpkt bdsusum
bdsusum bgmhkm
bgmhkm egmhhumkakm
egmhhumkakm dmputmyk
dmputmyk ykdtu
bktk bgekmb eksk fkfu. Ageubdkm eksdmh-eksdmh ngmds tkedyk (bkfke
 prkatdaue akfd dmd ngmdsmyk ykdtu tkedyk `dtke bkm putd`) bd`dtumh
 pgrsgmtksgmyk ykmh kakm bdhumkakm umtua egmgmtuakm rkekfkm gmb dtge

eksdmh-eksdmh tkedyk.
2. Jkrk
Jkrk egmy
egmyus
usum
um _JJ\
_JJ\ yk
ykdt
dtu
u bgmhk
bgmhkm
m egmh
egmhhum
humka
kakm
km bk
bktk
tk akpks
akpksdt
dtks
ks __\
__\
ykmh tgfk`
tgfk` bdbkpkt
bdbkpkt,, ageubd
ageubdkm
km okmbdm
okmbdmhakm
hakm `ksdf
`ksdf akpksdt
akpksdtks
ks bgmhkm
bgmhkm bktk
bktk
bgekmb bkfke ogmtua hrkida.
7. E_\
E_\ bk
bkpk
pktt bdsu
bdsusu
sum
m bgmhk
bgmhkm
m egmh
egmhhum
humka
kakm
km 4 egtc
egtcbg
bg ykdtu
ykdtu Fct
Fct Ic
Icrr Fct,
Fct,
Gjcmcedj Crbgr [ukmtdty, \grdcb Crbgr [ukmtdty, Idxgb Crbgr [ukmtdty,
Idxgb \grdcbg _gqudrgegmt, Fgkst Wmdt Jcst, Fgkst Rctkf Jcst, \krt \grdcb
Okfk
Okfkmj
mjdm
dmh
h bkm Xkhmg
Xkhmgr-
r-X`
X`dt
dtdm
dm Kf
Kfhcr
hcrdt
dtek
ek.. \gmyu
\gmyusu
sumkm
mkm E_\
E_\ bk
bkpkt
pkt
bdfkauakm bgmhkm egmhdautd tktk jkrk eksdmh-eksdmh egtcbg.
7.? Zkrkm
Kbkpum skrkm ykmh bkpkt bdogrdakm umtua prkatdaue akfd dmd kbkfk` sgokhkd
 ogrdaut>
;. Wmtua
Wmtua prkatdak
prkatdakm
m ykmh kakm egfkau
egfkauakm
akm prkatdau
prkatdaue,
e, sgokdamy
sgokdamykk egek`ke
egek`kedd
bkm egmhukskd ektgrd prkatdaue tgrfgod` bk`ufu khkr bkpkt tgfdtd bkfke
egfkauakm prkatdaue.

9?
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

?. Wmtua
Wmtua pgrkfktk
pgrkfktkm
m prkatd
prkatdaue
aue khkr bkpkt
bkpkt fgod` bdfgmhak
bdfgmhakpak
pakm
m fkhd
fkhd khkr bkpkt
egmbuaumh nkfkmmyk prcsgs prkatdaue bgmhkm okda.
 9:
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk

\rkatdaue Rgrdmtghrksd Dmbustrd DD

Ecbuf 0 \grgmjkmkkm \rcbuasd
Agfcepca 7

BKIRK_ \WZRKAK
`ttp>//gfdo.umdace.kj.db/idfgs/bdsa;/8;8/noptumdacepp-hbf-ykbdsu`kry-:70:;-9-
 oko?td-k.pbi 
`ttps>//fdorkry.odmus.kj.db/gJcffs/gR`gsdsbcj/Oko?/?<<0-?-<<7:9-RD%?<oko%?<?.pbi 
`ttp>//dekmbgbg.ofchspct.jc.db/?<<4/;</pgrgmjkmkkm-khrghkt.`tef
`ttps>//suskmtcokhus.wcrbprgss.jce/?<;:/<9/:</;0/
`ttp>//rgpcsdtcry.wdbyktkek.kj.db/xefud/odtstrgke/`kmbfg/;?:279804/:8:8/Oko
%?<?.pbi3sgqugmjg58
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sj`gbufg.`tef
`ttp>//tgmhauyumddg.ofchspct.jc.db/?<;2/;</tuhks-prkatdaue-ecbuf-?.`tef

92
\rchrke Ztubd Rgamda Dmbustrd
Wmdvgrsdtks Rkmnumhpurk