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 45

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Physics Units
Vectors
 Vectors
Notation:

Magnitude:

Dot product :

Cross product :
Kinematics
 Kinematics
Average and Instantaneous Vel. and Accel.

Motion in a straight line with constant a :

Relative Velocity :
 Kinematics
Projectile Motion :
NLM
 NLM

Linear Momentum :

Newton’s first law : inertial frame.

Newton’s second law :

Newton’s third law :

Frictional Force : fstatic, max = 𝜇sN, f kinetic =𝜇kN

Banking angle :
 NLM
Centripetal force :

Pseudo force :

Minimum speed to complete vertical circle :

Conical pendulum :
WPE
 WPE
Work:

Kinetic energy :

Potential energy : for conservative F

Work done by conservative force is path

independent and depends only on initial

and final points :

 WPE

Work - energy theorem : W = ∆ K

Mechanical energy : E = U + K
Conserved if forces are conservative in nature.

Power :
COM
 COM

Centre of mass :

CM of few useful configurations:

1. m1, m2 separated by r:

2. Triangle (CM ≡ Centroid)

 COM

3. Semicircular ring:

4. Semicircular disc :

5. Hemispherical shell:

6. Solid Hemispheres:
 COM
7. Cone : the height of CM from the base is h/4 for
the solid cone and h/3 for the hollow cone.

Motion of the CM: M = ∑mi

Collisions
 Collisions
Collision:

Momentum conservation : m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1’+m2v2’

Elastic Collision:

Coefficient of restitution:

If v2 = 0 and m1 << m2 then v1’ = -v1.

If v2 = 0 and m1 >> m2 then v2’ = 2v1.
Elastic collision with m1 = m2 : v1’ = v2 and v2’ = v1.
 Collisions

Perfect Elastic Collision

Rotational Dynamics
 Rotational Dynamics
Angular velocity:

Angular Accel.:

Rotation about an axis with constant 𝛼:

Moment of Inertia:
 Rotational Dynamics

Radius of Gyration:

Angular Momentum :

Torque:
 Rotational Dynamics

Conservation of

Equilibrium condition:

Kinetic Energy:

Dynamics:
Gravitation
 Gravitation

Gravitational force:

Potential energy:

Gravitational acceleration:
 Gravitation
Variation of g with depth:

Variation of g with height:

Effect of non-spherical earth shape on g:

g at pole > g at equator (∵ Re - Rp ≈ 21 km)

Effect of earth rotation on apparent weight:

Mg𝜃’ = mg - m𝜔2Rcos2𝜃
 Gravitation
Orbital velocity of satellite :

Escape velocity :

Kepler’s laws :

First: Elliptical orbit with sun at one of the focus.

Second : areal velocity is constant .

Third : T2 𝛼 a3. In circular orbit

SHM
 SHM
Hooke’s law : F = - kx (for small elongation x.)

Acceleration :

Time period :

Displacement : x = A sin (𝜔t + 𝜙)

Velocity :
 SHM

Potential energy :

Kinetic energy :

Total energy :
 SHM
Simple pendulum:

Physical Pendulum :
 SHM

Springs in series :

Springs in parallel : keq = k1 + k2

 SHM
Superposition of two SHM’s :

x1 = A1 sin 𝜔t, x2 = A2sin(𝜔t + 𝛿)

x = x1 + x2 = A sin (𝜔t + ∊)
Wave Motion
 Wave Motion
Notation : Amplitude A, Frequency v, Wavelength 𝜆,
period T, Angular Frequency 𝜔, Wave number k,

Progressive wave travelling with speed v:

Y = f(t - x/v), ⇝ + x, y = f(t + x/v), ⇝ - x

Progressive sine wave:

y = A sin(kx -𝜔t) = A sin(2𝜋(x/𝜆 - t/T))
Waves On String

Interference :
y1 = A1 sin(kx - 𝜔t), y2 = A2sin(kx - 𝜔t + 𝛿)
y = y1 + y2 = Asin(kx - 𝜔t + ∊)
 Waves On String

Standing Waves:

y1 = A1 sin(kx - 𝜔t), y2 = A2sin(kx - 𝜔t)

y = y1 + y2 = (2A cos kx)sin𝜔t
 Waves On String
String fixed at both ends:

1. Boundary conditions y = 0 at x = 0 and at x = L

2. Allowed freq:

3. Fundamental/1st harmonics :

4. 1st overtone/2nd harmonics:

5. 2nd overtone/3rd harmonics :

6. All harmonics are present.

 Waves On String
String fixed at one end:
1. Boundary conditions: y = a at x = L

2. Allowed freq:

3. Fundamental/1st harmonics :

4. 1st overtone/3rd harmonics :

5. 2nd overtone/5th harmonics:

6. Only odd harmonics are present.

Sound Waves
 Sound Waves

Displacement wave : s = s0 sin 𝜔 (t - x/v)

Pressure wave : p = p0 cos 𝜔(t-x/v), p0 = (B𝜔/v) s0

Speed of sound waves :

 Sound Waves
Closed organ pipe:

1. Boundary condition: x = 0 at y = 0

2. Allowed freq:

3. Fundamental/1st harmonics :

4. 1st overtone/3rd harmonics:

5. 2nd overtone/5th harmonics:

6. Only odd harmonics are present.

 Sound Waves
Open organ pipe:

1. Boundary condition ; x = 0 at y = 0

Allowed freq:

2. Fundamental/1st harmonics:

3.1st overtone/2nd harmonics:

4. 2nd overtone/3rd harmonics:

5. All harmonics are present.

 Sound Waves
Beats: two waves of almost equal frequencies 𝜔1 ≈ 𝜔2
P1 = P0 sin 𝜔1 (t - x/v), P2 = sin 𝜔2(t - x/v)
P = P1 + P2 = 2P0 cos ∆𝜔(t - x/v) sin 𝜔(t - x/v)
𝜔= (𝜔1 + 𝜔2)/2, ∆𝜔 = 𝜔1 - 𝜔2 (beats freq.)

Doppler Effect:

Where, v is the speed of sound in the medium, u0 is the

speed of the observer w.r.t. the medium, considered positive
when it moves towards the source and negative when it
moves away from the source, and us is the speed of the
source w.r.t. the medium, considered positive when it moves
towards the observer and negative when it moves away
from the observer.
Fluid Mechanics
 Fluid Mechanics

Hydrostatic pressure : P = pgh

Buoyant force : FB = pVg = Weight of displaced

liquid

Equation of continuity : A1V1 = A2V2

Bernoulli’s equation:

Torricelli’s theorem :
Fluid Mechanics

Viscous force:

Stoke's law : F = 6 𝜋𝜂r𝜐

Poiseuille's equation:

Terminal velocity:
Fluid Mechanics

Surface tension: S = F/l

Surface energy: U = SA

Excess pressure in bubble :

∆pair = 2S/R, ∆psoap = 4S/R

Capillary rise:
Temperature And Thermal
Expansion
 Temperature And Thermal
Expansion

Temp. scales:

Ideal gas equation: pV = nRT, n : number of moles

Thermal expansion:
L = L0(1 + 𝛼∆T), A = A0(1 + 𝛽∆T) , = V0(1 + 𝛾∆T)
𝛼 = 𝛽/2 = 𝛾/3

Thermal stress of a material :

Heat Transfer
 Heat Transfer

Conduction:

Thermal resistance:
 Heat Transfer

Kirchhoff’s law:

Wien’s displacement law: 𝜆m T = b

( b = 3 × 10-3 m-k)

Stefan-Boltzmann law: (σ=5.6704×10−8 W/m2·K)

Newton’s law of cooling :

KTG
 KTG
General : M = mNA, k = R/NA

RMS Speed :

Average speed :

Most probable speed :

Pressure :

Equipartition of energy: K = kT for each

degree of freedom. Thus, K = kT for molecule
having f degrees of freedom.
Internal energy of n moles of an ideal gas is
U = nRT.
 KTG
Specific heat :

Latent heat : L = Q/m

Specific heat at constant volume:

Specific heat at constant pressure:

Relation between Cp and Cv : Cp - Cv = R

Ratio of specific heats : 𝛾 = Cp/Cv

 KTG

Relation between U and Cv: ∆U = nCv∆T

Specific heat of gas mixture:

Molar internal energy of an ideal gas U = RT,

f = 3 for monatomic and f = 5 for diatomic gas.

Thermodynamics
 Thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics : ∆Q = ∆U + ∆W

Work done by the gas:

Adiabatic process : ∆Q = 0, PV𝛾 = constant

 Thermodynamics

Efficiency of the heat engine:

Coeff. Of performance of refrigerator :

Electrostatics
 Electrostatics

Coulomb’s law :

Electric field :

Electrostatic energy :

Electrostatic potential :
 Electrostatics

Electric flux :

Gauss’s law :

Field of a uniformly charged ring on its axis :

 Electrostatics
E and V of a uniformly charged sphere:

E and V of a uniformly charged spherical shell:

 Electrostatics

Field of a line charge:

Field of an infinite sheet:

Field in the vicinity of conducting surface:

 Electrostatics
Electric dipole moment :

Potential of a dipole :

Field of a dipole :

Torque on a dipole placed in

Pot. energy of a dipole placed in

Capacitance
 Capacitance
Capacitance : C = q/V

Parallel plate capacitor : C= ∊0A/d

Spherical capacitor :
 Capacitance

Cylindrical capacitor :

Capacitors in parallel : Ceq = C1 +

C2

Capacitors in series :
 Capacitance

Force between plates of a parallel plate

capacitor :

Energy stored in capacitor :

Energy density in electric field:

Capacitor with dielectric : C=KC0

C0= ∊0A/d
Current Electricity
 Current Electricity

Current density : j = i/A = 𝜎E

Drift speed :

Resistance of a wire : R = pl/A, where p = 1/𝜎

Temp. dependence of resistance : R = R0(1 + 𝛼∆T)

Ohm’s law : V = iR
 Current Electricity
Kirchhoff’s Laws :
(i) The junction law: The algebraic sum of all the
currents directed towards a node is zero i.e., ∑node Ii = 0.
(ii) The Loop Law: The algebraic sum of all the
potential differences along a closed loop in a circuit is
zero i.e. ∑loop∆ Vi = 0.

Resistors in parallel :

Resistors in series : Req R1 + R2

Current Electricity

Wheatstone bridge :

Balanced if R1/R2 = R3/R4.

Electric Power : P = V2/R = I2R = IV

 Current Electricity

Galvanometer as an ammeter :

igG = (i - ig)S

Galvanometer as a Voltmeter :

VAB = ig(R + G)
Current Electricity

Charging of capacitors :

Discharging of capacitors :

Time constant in RC circuit : 𝜏 = RC

Magnetism
 Magnetic Field Due To
Current

Biot - Savart law :

Field due to a straight conductor :

Field due to an infinite straight wire :

Magnetic Field Due To
Current
Force between parallel wires :

Field on the axis of a ring :

Field at the centre of an arc :

Magnetic Field Due To
Current
Field at the centre of a ring :

Ampere’s law :

Field inside a solenoid :

Field inside a toroid :

 Force on a charge in B
Lorentz force on a moving charge :

Charged particle in uniform magnetic field :

Force on a current carrying wire :

 Magnetism
Magnetic moment of a current loop (dipole) :

Torque on a magnetic dipole placed in B:

Energy of a magnetic dipole placed in B:

 Magnetism

Field of a bar magnet :

Angle of dip : Bh = B cos 𝛿

EMI
 EMI
Magnetic flux :

Faraday’s law :

Lenz’s Law : Induced current create a B-field

that opposes the change in magnetic flux.

Motional emf : e = Blv

 EMI

Self inductance :

Self inductance of a solenoid : L = 𝜇0n2(𝜋r2l)

Energy stored in an inductor :

Energy density of B field :

Mutual inductance :
 EMI
Growth of current in LR circuit :

Decay of current in LR circuit :

Time constant of LR circuit : 𝜏 = L/R

AC
 AC
EMF induced in a rotating coil : e = NAB 𝜔 sin 𝜔t

Alternating current :
i = i0 sin(𝜔t + 𝜙), T = 2𝜋/𝜔

Average current in AC :

RMS current :

Energy : E = irms2 RT
 AC

Capacitive reactance :

Inductive reactance : XL = 𝜔L

Impedance = Z = e0/i0
 AC
RC circuit :

LR circuit :
 AC
LCR Circuit:

𝜐resonance

Power factor : P = ermsirmscos𝜙

Transformer :
Ray Optics
 Ray optics
Laws of reflection :

(i) Incident ray, reflected ray,

and normal lie in the same plane
(ii) ∠i = ∠r

Plane mirror :

(i) the image and the object are

equidistant from mirror
(ii) virtual image of real object
 Ray optics

Spherical mirror :

1. Focal length: f = R/2

2. Mirror equation :

3. Magnification :
 Ray Optics

Refractive index :

Snell’s Law :

Apparent depth :

Critical angle :
 Ray Optics

Deviation by a prism :

𝛿 = i + i’ - A, general result

i = i’ for minimum deviation

𝛿m = (𝜇 - 1)A, for small A

 Ray Optics

Refraction at spherical surface :

Lens maker’s formula :

 Ray Optics

Lens formula :

Power of the lens : P in diopter if f in metre.

Two thin lenses separated by distance d :

 Ray Optics- Optical
Instruments
Simple microscope : m = D/f in normal adjustment.

Compound microscope :

1. Magnification in normal adjustment :

2. Resolving power :
 Ray Optics- Optical
Instruments

Astronomical telescope :

1. In normal adjustment :

2. Resolving power :
Ray Optics- Dispersion
Dispersion by prism with small A and i :
1. Mean deviation : 𝛿y = (𝜇y - 1) A
2. Angular dispersion: 𝛳 = (𝜇v - 𝜇r)A

Dispersive power : (if A and i small)

Dispersion without deviation :

(𝜇y - 1) A +(𝜇y’ - 1)A’ = 0

Deviation without dispersion :

(𝜇v - 𝜇r)A = (𝜇v’ - 𝜇r’)A’
Wave Optics
 Wave Optics-YDSE

Path difference :

Phase difference :

Interference Conditions :
 Wave Optics-YDSE

Intensity :

Fringe width :

Optical path : ∆x’ = 𝜇∆x

Wave Optics-Diffraction

Diffraction from a single slit :

For minima ; n𝜆 = b sin 𝛳 ≈ b(y/D)

Malus law : I = I0 cos2𝛳

Atoms
 Atoms
Energy in nth Bohr orbit :

Radius of the nth Bohr orbit :

Quantization of the angular momentum :

 Atoms
Photon energy in state transition : E2 - E1 = hv

Wavelength of emitted radiation : for a transition

from nth to mth state :
Photoelectric Effect
 Photoelectric Effect

Photon’s energy : E = h𝜐 = hc/𝜆

Photon’s momentum : P = h/𝜆 = E/c

Max. KE of ejected photoelectron : Kmax = h𝜐 - 𝜙

Threshold freq. in photoelectric effect : 𝜐0 = 𝜙/h

Stopping potential :

De broglie wavelength: 𝜆 = h/p

Radioactivity
 Radioactivity
Nuclear radius : R = R0A1/3, R0 ≈ 1.1 × 10-15 m

Decay rate :

Population at time t : N = N0e-𝜆t

Half life : t1/2 = 0.693/𝜆

Average life : tav = 1/𝜆

Population after n half lives : N = N0/2n

Nuclei
 Nuclei

Mass defect : ∆m = [Zmp + (A - Z)mn] - M

Binding energy : B = [Zmp + (A -Z)mn - M]c2

Energy released in nuclear reaction : ∆E = ∆mc2

Where ∆m = mreactants - mproducts.

Semiconductors
 Semiconductors

Half Wave Rectifier :

Full Wave Rectifier :

 Semiconductors

Current in a transistor : Ie = Ib + Ic

𝛼 and 𝛽 parameters of a transistor :

 Semiconductors

Logic Gates :

A B AND OR NAND NOR

AB A+B AB A+B
0 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0
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Vedantu Super Crash Course
 45

Started on
5th Jul 2021
Ends at
26th Jul 2021
 Unlimited DOUBT solving on doubt
App 8 AM- 11 PM

Regular Mock Tests and Practice

20 All India Level tests
Papers
How to Avail Discount ?
₹10,000
Special Discount for this class

Apply Coupon Code: SMCC

₹4,000/-
(incl. of all taxes)
Visit: https://vdnt.in/JEECCE
Link in Description
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