PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Moment of Inertia

LEARNING
MODULE 07: –
Moment of Inertia

AMT 3102-
ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Prepared by:
ENGR. CARMELITA C. ARBOZO

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Moment of Inertia
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page Allotted Time
Introduction 4 5 minutes
Moment of inertia 4 5 minutes
Moment of Inertia about x-axis 4 5 minutes
Polar Moment of Inertia 4 5 minutes
Radius of Gyration 5 10 minutes
Perpendicular Axis Theorem 5 10 minutes
Moments of Inertia for Composite Areas 5 10 minutes
Parallel-Axis Theorem. 5 10 minutes
Moment of Inertia of Common Shapes 6 10 minutes
Example Solved Problems 6-11 130 minutes
Module Activity No. 7 Moment of Inertia 12 40 minutes
Plate No. 7 Moment of Inertia 13 60 minutes
Total No. of Minutes 300 minutes

TABLES OF REFERENCES
References No.
Materials (textbooks, references, journals, online) 1
Singer, Ferdinand L., Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics 2
Mcgill, David J., Engineering Mechanics: Statics and an Intro to Dynamics 3
Singer, F.L (1954). Engineering Mechanics (2nd Ed.) New York: Harpens
4
and Row, Publishers, Inc.
Hibbeler, R.C. (2010) Engineering Mechanics (12th Ed.) New Jersey:
5
Pearson Prentice Hall
Beer, F.P. & Johnston, Jr. E.R. (2016) Vector Mechanics for Engineers 6
Static (11th Ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill Education

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Moment of Inertia
This module discusses the introduction to moment of inertia, Polar Moment of Inertia,
Radius of Gyration, Perpendicular Axis Theorem, Moments of Inertia for Composite
areas, Moment of Inertia of Common Shapes and examples solved problems.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Course Learning Outcomes [CLO]

CLO 03:Convey an overall

understanding of Engineering Module Learning Outcomes [MLO]
mechanics by associating their
knowledge in aircraft maintenance.
Topic Learning Outcomes [TLO]
CLO 06. Analyzing mechanics MLO 01. Define Moment of Inertia by
problems by examining the stresses of relating its usage in engineering mechanics
trusses, beams and frames MLO 2. Compute moment of Inertia TLO 06 Comprehend the concept of
problems by the use of composite method. Moment of Inertia, Polar Moment of Inertia
CLO 07. Comprehend procedures and & Radius of Gyration through interpreting
mechanism of different structures by ideas in said topics.
inferring appropriate conclusions on
how said procedures or mechanism
works.. .
CLO 10. Demonstrate honestly through
doing individual/group task reuired for
this course.

HONESTY CLAUSE

As a state college, students are expected to uphold and integrity, principle and self-
respect, using their knowledge and skills for the enhancement of human welfare and
environment; being honest and fair in their class activity, requirements and other
projects will not engage in cheating or plagiarism. The institution undertakes as a
modest and nominal ideal of behaviors in academic matters that students be
straightforward and that they distribute for deposit solely the produce of their particular
efforts.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Moment of Inertia
Introduction

What is a Moment of Inertia?

• It is a measure of an object’s resistance to changes to its rotation.
• Also defined as the capacity of a cross-section to resist bending.
• It must be specified with respect to a chosen axis of rotation.
• It is usually quantified in 𝑚4 𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚2

Moment of Inertia

Moment of inertia, also called the second moment of area, is the product of
area and the square of its moment arm about a reference axis.
The moment of inertia is a geometric property of an area used to assess a
structural member 's strength or the position of a resultant pressure force acting on a
plate that is submerged in a fluid. It is often referred to as the second moment of the
area around an axis, since it squares the distance from the axis to each area variable.

Moment of inertia about the x-axis:

The moments of Inertia, by definition, of a

differential area 𝑑𝐴 about the x and y axes are
𝑑𝐼𝑥 = 𝑦² 𝑑𝐴 and 𝑑𝐼𝑦 = 𝑥² 𝑑𝐴, respectively Fig.1,
The moments of inertia are calculated for the
whole area A by integration;

𝑰𝒙 = ∫ 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝑨 𝑰𝒚 = ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝑨

Figure 7.1

Polar Moment of Inertia

An integral part of the problem relating to the
torsion of cylindrical shafts and problems with
the rotation of slabs

𝐽𝑜 = ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝐴

where r is the distance from O to the element of

area 𝑑𝐴, Fig.7.2. This integral is the polar
moment of inertia of the area A with respect to the
“pole” O. Figure 7.2

𝐽𝑜 = ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Moment of Inertia
Radius of Gyration
The radius of gyration of an area around an axis has units of length, and is a
quantity often used in structural mechanics to construct columns. In so far as the areas
and moments of inertia are known, the gyration radii are calculated from the formulas

𝑰 𝑰𝒙 𝑰𝒚 𝑱
𝒌=√ 𝒌𝒙 = √ 𝒌𝒚 = √ 𝒌𝒛 = √
𝑨 𝑨 𝑨 𝑨

The form of these equations is easily remembered as it is identical to that for finding
the moment of inertia around an axis in a differential field.

Perpendicular Axis Theorem

The moment of inertia (MI) of a plane area about an axis normal to the plane is
equal to the sum of the moments of inertia about any two mutually perpendicular axes
lying in the plane and passing through the given axis.

That means the Moment of Inertia

𝐼𝑧 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦 𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑦′ + 𝐴𝑑𝑦2 ̅ + 𝐴𝑑𝑥2

𝐼𝑦 = 𝐼𝑦′

Moments of Inertia for Composite Areas

A composite area consists of a set of "simpler" parts or shapes connected, such
as rectangles, triangles, and circles. If the moment of inertia of each of these parts is
known or can be calculated by a common axis, then the moment of inertia of the
composite area of this axis is equal to the algebraic sum of the inertia moments of all
its parts.

Procedure for Analysis

The moment of inertia around a reference axis for a composite area can be calculated
using the following procedure.

Composite Parts. Divide the area into its composite parts using a sketch, and show
the perpendicular distance from the center of each part to the reference axis.

Parallel-Axis Theorem. If the centroid axis does not coincide with the reference axis
for each component, then the parallel axis theorem, I = I + Ad², the moment of inertia
of the part with reference axis should be determined. Using the table below to measure
the I.

Summation. The moment of inertia of the whole area over the reference axis is
calculated by summing up the results of its composite parts over this axis. o If a
composite element has an empty region (hole), its moment of inertia is found by
removing the moment of inertia of that region from the moment of inertia of the whole
component including the region.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Moment of Inertia

Moment of Inertia of Common Shapes

Shape Moment of Inertia Radius of
Gyration

Triangle

Circle

Semicircle

Quarter
circle

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Moment of Inertia
Ellipse

Example 7.1 A rectangle is 3 in. by 6 in. Determine the polar moment of inertia
and the radius of gyration with respect to a polar axis through one corner.
Given: Required: J =? and 𝑘𝑧 =?

Figure 7.3

Solution:
Moment of inertia about the x-axis Moment of Inertia about the y-axis
𝑏ℎ3 6(33 ) ℎ𝑏 3 3(63 )
𝐼𝑥 = = = 54𝑖𝑛4 𝐼𝑦 = = = 216𝑖𝑛4
3 3 3 3

Polar Moment of Inertia Radius of Gyration about the corner

𝐽 270
𝐽 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼𝑥 = 54 + 216 = 270𝑖𝑛4 𝑘𝑧 = √ = √ = 3.873𝑖𝑛
𝐴 3(6)

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Moment of Inertia
Example 7.2 Determine the moment of inertia and radius of gyration with respect to
a polar centroidal axis of the cross section of a hollow tube whose outside diameter is
6 in. and inside diameter is 4 in.

Given: Required: 𝐽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘̅𝑧

Figure 7.4

Solution:
Polar Moment of Inertia 𝐴 = 𝜋(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 ) Radius of Gyration
1
𝐽 = 2 𝜋(𝑅 4 − 𝑟 4 ) = 𝜋(32 − 22 )
𝐽 32.5𝜋
1 = 𝟓𝝅𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑘̅𝑧 = √ = √
𝐽 = 𝜋(34 − 24 ) 𝐴 5𝜋
2
𝐽 = 32.5𝜋𝑖𝑛4 𝑘̅𝑧 = 2.55 𝑖𝑛
𝐽 = 102.10𝑖𝑛4
Example 7.3 A hollow square cross section consists of an 8 in. by 8 in. square from
which is subtracted a concentrically placed square 4 in. by 4 in. Find the polar
moment of inertia and the polar radius of gyration with respect to a z axis passing
through one of the outside corners.

Given:

Required: J =? ; k =?

Figure 7.5

Solution
Centroidal Moment of Inertia Polar moment of inertia
1
𝐼 ̅ = (𝐵𝐻 3 − 𝑏ℎ3 ) 𝐽 = 𝐼𝑧 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦
12
1 𝐽 = 1088 + 1088 = 2176𝑖𝑛4
𝐼 ̅ = 2 [8(83 ) − 4(43 )]
𝐼 ̅ = 320𝑖𝑛4 Radius of Gyration
𝐼𝑥̅ = 𝐼𝑦̅ = 𝐼 ̅ = 320𝑖𝑛4
Area 𝐽 2176
𝑘𝑧 = √ = √ = 6.733𝑖𝑛
𝐴 = 82 + 42 = 48𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 48

By transfer formula for moment of inertia

𝐼 = 𝐼 ̅ + 𝐴𝑑 2
𝐼 = 320 + 48(42 ) = 1088𝑖𝑛4
𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑦 = 𝐼 = 1088𝑖𝑛4

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Moment of Inertia
Example 7.4 Determine the moment of inertia of the T-section shown in Fig. shown
below with respect to its centroidal Xo axis.

Solution: Figure 7.6

𝐴1 = 892) = 16 𝑖𝑛2

8(23 ) 16
𝐼1̅ = = = 5.33 𝑖𝑛4
12 3

𝑦1 = 1 𝑖𝑛
𝐴2 = 8(2) = 16𝑖𝑛2

2(83 ) 256
𝐼2̅ = 12 = 3 = 85.33𝑖𝑛4
𝑦2 = 2 + 4 = 6 𝑖𝑛

𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 16 + 16 = 32𝑖𝑛2

𝐴𝑦̅ = 𝐴1 𝑦1 + 𝐴2 𝑦2 Figure 7.6a

32𝑦̅ = 16𝑖𝑛2 (1𝑖𝑛) + 16𝑖𝑛2 (6𝑖𝑛)
𝑦̅ = 3.5 𝑖𝑛

𝐼 ̅ = [𝐼1̅ + 𝐴1 (𝑦̅ − 𝑦1 )2 ] + [𝐼2̅ + 𝐴2 (𝑦2 − 𝑦̅)2 ]

16 256
𝐼 ̅ = [ 3 + 16(3.5 − 1)2 ] + [ + 16(6 − 3.5)2 ]
3

𝐼 ̅ = 290.67𝑖𝑛4

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Moment of Inertia
Example 7.5 The strength of a W14 x 38 rolled-steel beam is increased by attaching
a 9 x 3/4-in. plate to its upper flange as shown. Determine the moment of inertia and
the radius of gyration of the composite section with respect to an axis that is parallel
to the plate and passes through the centroid C of the section.

Given: Required:
I, k with respect to an axis that is
parallel to the plate and passes
through the centroid.

Figure 7.7

Solution:

STRATEGY: This problem involves finding the

moment of inertia of a composite area with respect
to its centroid. You should first determine the
location of this centroid. Then, using the parallel-axis
theorem, you can determine the moment of inertia
relative to this centroid for the overall section from
the centroidal moment of inertia for each component
part

MODELING and ANALYSIS: Place the origin O of

coordinates at the centroid of the wide-flange shape,
and compute the distance Y to the centroid of the
composite section by using the methods of Figure 7.7a Origin of coordinates placed at
composite. Refer to Fig. 7.7b for the area of the wide- centroid of wideflange shape.
flange shape.

Figure 7.7b
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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Moment of Inertia
The area and the y coordinate of the centroid of the plate are

𝐴 = (9 𝑖𝑛)(0.75 𝑖𝑛) = 6.75 𝑖𝑛2

1 1
𝑦̅ = (14.1 𝑖𝑛) + (0.75 𝑖𝑛) = 7.425 𝑖𝑛
2 2

Section Area, in² ̅, in

𝒚 ̅𝑨, 𝒊𝒏𝟑
𝒚
Plate 6.75 7.425 𝑖𝑛 50.12
Wide-flange shape 11.2 0 0
∑ 𝐴 = 17.95 ∑ 𝑦̅𝐴 = 50.12

𝑌̅ ∑ 𝐴 = ∑ 𝑦̅𝐴
∑ 𝑦̅𝐴 50.12𝑖𝑛3
𝑌̅ = = = 2.792 𝑖𝑛
∑𝐴 17.95 𝑖𝑛2

Moment of Inertia. Use the parallel-axis theorem to determine the moments of

inertia of the wide-flange shape and the plate with respect to the x- axis. This axis is
a centroidal axis for the composite section but not for either of the elements
considered separately. You can obtain the value of I x for the wide-flange shape from
Fig. 7.7b.
For the wide-flange shape For the plate
𝐼𝑥′ = 𝐼𝑥̅ + 𝐴𝑌̅ 2 𝐼𝑥′ = 𝐼𝑥̅ + 𝐴𝑑2
𝐼𝑥′ = 385 + (11.2)(2.792)2 1 3 3
𝐼𝑥′ = 472.3𝑖𝑛 4 𝐼𝑥′ = ( ) (9) ( ) + (6.75)(7.425 − 2.792)2
12 4
𝐼𝑥′ = 0.3164 + 144.887
𝐼𝑥′ = 145.2034 𝑖𝑛4

For the composite Area Radius of Gyration. From the moment of inertia
𝐼𝑥′ = 472.3 + 145.2 and area just calculated, you obtain
𝐼𝑥′ = 617.5 𝑖𝑛4
𝐼𝑥′ 𝐼
2
𝑘𝑥′ = , 𝑘𝑥′ = √ 𝑥′
𝐴 𝐴

617.5𝑖𝑛4
𝑘𝑥′ = √ = 5.87 𝑖𝑛
17.95𝑖𝑛2

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Moment of Inertia

Name: Date: Rating: _________

Course, Year & Section: __________________ Schedule: ____________

Module Activity No. 7

Moment of Inertia

Instruction:
➢ Copy the problem and draw the diagram on a clean sheet of short bond
papers. One problem per page.
➢ Write legibly and avoid erasures.
➢ Box your final answer.
➢ If your done with your problem-solving activity take pictures and submit it in
the LMS assigned to your section.

7.1 Determine the moment of inertia and the radius of gyration of the shaded area
with respect to the x axis

7.2 Determine the moment of inertia and the radius of gyration of the shaded area
with respect to the y axis

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Moment of Inertia

Name: Date: Rating: _________

Course, Year & Section: __________________ Schedule: ____________

Plate No. 7
Moment of Inertia

Instruction:
➢ Copy the problem and draw the diagram on a clean sheet of short bond
papers. One problem per page.
➢ Write legibly and avoid erasures.
➢ Box your final answer.
➢ If your done with your problem-solving activity take pictures and submit it in
the LMS assigned to your section.

7.1 and 7.2 Determine the moments of inertia I x and I y of the area shown with
respect to centroidal axes respectively parallel and perpendicular to side AB.

Figure of prob 7.1 Figure of prob 7.2

4.3 Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded area with respect to the x axis

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