ihs.

com

AIR-TO-AIR, Jordan

Date Posted: 01-Nov-1999

Jane's Missiles and Rockets

Ramjet BVRAAM used in Gulf War combat

TEXT:

Under a "black" programme the US Department of Defense has developed a ramjet‐powered

beyond‐visual range air‐to‐air missile (BVRAAM). The weapon was deployed to the Gulf in 1990‐91
for use by a single USAF F‐15 squadron, Jane's Missiles & Rockets has been told. It was used in
combat, downing at least one Iraqi aircraft whose destruction was officially credited to another
type of missile.

US interest in air‐breathing air‐to‐air missiles dates back around two decades. Even before the
basic rocket‐powered AMRAAM had entered service, the US DoD was investigating alternative
powerplants. The development of a ducted rocket motor was begun under the PE 63313F
'Advanced Missile Subsystem Demonstration' programme.
At that time, AMRAAM was a Hughes programme, and the company was given a $16.9 million Air
contract to develop and test a ducted rocket powerplant, and to deliver flight‐test hardware. The
new motor was seen as likely to double the range of a 300lb class missile. The USAF planned to
flight test this powerplant by 1990.
An article by Nick Cook in our sister publication Jane's Defence Weekly reports that the weapon
used in the Gulf was based on the Raytheon AIM‐120 AMRAAM medium‐range missile, and was
"relatively crude, with box‐like external ramjets...it has supposedly been refined since under a
number of technology‐feeder programmes."

In theory there is no reason why a technology‐demonstration missile such as the Hughes ramjet‐
powered AMRAAM could not have been deployed for limited testing. In most flight‐test
programmes involving small missiles, the space reserved for a warhead is used to accommodate a
telemetry package of similar form and weight, so test rounds could have been converted to war
stocks by replacing the telemetry package with a live warhead.
However the degree of envelope and stores clearance needed to conduct launches in the relatively
benign conditions of a test range fall far short of those needed for combat use. Integration and
clearance of a new missile takes time, and can cost tens of millions of dollars, says one missile
manufacturer, and no air‐to‐air weapon is more complex or difficult to integrate than a medium‐
range missile incorporating radar guidance and an aircraft‐to‐missile datalink.

© Copyright IHS and its affiliated and subsidiary companies, all rights reserved. All
trademarks belong to IHS and its affiliated and subsidiary companies, all rights reserved.
Article 1 Page 1 of 4
 ihs.com

Although the description of the ramjet‐powered weapon used in the Gulf could match the late‐
1980s configuration devised by Hughes, the timescale of Hughes project was probably too late to
allow 1990 deployment in a combat role. The missile is more likely to have been the result of
some other programme which had completed the aircraft‐ integration process, and whose missile
had completed enough test launches to be considered reliable enough for combat use.

The concept of applying air‐breathing propulsion to an AMRAAM‐class weapon was also

investigated in the late 1980s and early 1990s under two USAF "black" programmes codenamed
"Have Dash 1" and "Have Dash 2". Intended to develop the technology for low‐drag stealthy air‐to
‐ air weapons for use on next‐generation fighters such as the F‐22, Have Dash used some Sparrow
and AMRAAM components. It is reported to have used a flattened body shape intended to offer
lower drag when carried conformally, and a higher degree of body lift when in free flight. Initial
flight trials were carried out using AIM‐7 Sparrow rocket motors, and it is not known whether the
planned air‐breathing powerplant was ever flown.

The reported configuration and timescale of the 'Have Dash' programmes make these an unlikely
candidate for the Gulf‐war weapon, but there have been reports of a third "black" air‐to‐air missile
programme, a ramjet‐powered weapon developed by Lockheed.

The most intriguing aspect of the deployment of a ramjet‐powered BVRAAM to the Gulf War is the
likely reason. With the rocket‐powered AMRAAM potentially available, why risk compromising a
higher‐ performance "black" weapon? The most likely answer must be that somewhere in the
anticipated spectrum of Iraqi targets were platforms which would have to be engaged at the
earliest possible moment after detection, or while they were heading away from the combat zone.
Obvious candidates in the first category could have been Iraq reconnaissance aircraft attempting
to locate the Allied forces deploying south of the Iraqi and Kuwaiti borders prior to the start of the
ground campaign, or aircraft suspected of attempting to deliver a weapon of mass destruction.

An Iraqi IL‐76‐based early‐warning radar aircraft attempting to avoid being engaged could have
been example of a high‐priority retreating target, as could any fixed or rotary‐wing aircraft known
to be carrying senior Iraqi commanders.
The approximate time at which the new missile was fielded in the Gulf remains unknown, so it's
possible that another potential 'retreating' target was Iraqi aircraft trying to leave the country. As
the Allied campaign to target Iraqi aircraft deployed in hardened aircraft shelters, wadis, and even
at roadsides developed, intelligence sources became aware that a move to the safety of another
country was likely, though Jordan was initially seen as the likely destination.

A ramjet‐powered missile could also have had an F‐pole advantage under some combat conditions
over threats such as MIG‐25PDs flying 'shoot & scoot' tactics with R‐40TD missiles, and the risk
that MIG‐ 31s might have been in Iraqi service.

© Copyright IHS and its affiliated and subsidiary companies, all rights reserved. All
trademarks belong to IHS and its affiliated and subsidiary companies, all rights reserved.
Article 1 Page 2 of 4
 ihs.com

The news that a ramjet‐powered missile was used during the Gulf War will be of particular interest
in the UK, since it could influence the Royal Air Force's choice of a next‐generation BVRAAM to
replace AMRAAM. The Meteor team lead by Matra BAe Dynamics is offering the ramjet‐powered
Meteor missile, while the rival Raytheon team is offering the rocket‐powered ERAAMplus and the
option to move at some later stage to a more advanced powerplant such as a ramjet.

Since the Gulf War, US interest in ramjet‐powered air‐to‐air missiles has continued, yet these
developments have scarcely been mentioned in the public debate over the rival BVRAAM
candidates.

In 1996 the USAF started a five‐year Air Superiority Missile Technology (ASMT) programme
intended to demonstrate seeker, warhead, motor and control systems for future air‐to‐air missiles.
AAM applications. Under this programme Atlantic Research Corporation (ARC) and Alliant
Techsystems have developed an AMRAAM‐sized variable flow ducted rocket motor that can
provide variable thrust throughout the flight, and has a nozzleless solid boost motor integrated
into the ramjet.

In the following year, McDonnell Douglas announced it received a five‐year, $22 million contract
under the ASMT programme in June to develop develop and demonstrate an advanced flight
control system that will allow a single missile to perform both close‐in and beyond‐visual‐range air‐
to‐air missions.

"The dual‐range capability of the missile results from a hybrid combination of flight control and
propulsion technologies for both short and longer range missiles," explained Larry Perlmutter,
McDonnell Douglas' programme manager for the ASMT at the time the contract was awarded
"These technologies provide a dramatic increase in missile agility, enabling intercepts in the rear
hemisphere of the launch aircraft, along with enhanced range and speed performance in the
forward hemisphere of the aircraft."
The new flight control system would used technology developed by McDonnell Douglas under the
earlier Alternate Control Technology programme. It would combine small (reduced‐span) tailfins
and side‐ thrusting reaction jets integrated into the aft section of the main rocket motor. The jets
would bleed hot propulsive gas from the rocket motor, and be used when high levels of agility
were required to engage a threat. The technique would be tested on the AMRAAM airframe, and
the programme would include the launch of four controlled test vehicles.
In May 1997 Raytheon was awarded a USAF contract for 36 months of study work on the
Advanced Airbreathing Dual‐Range Missile. This work is probably linked to the USAF's WPNS002
proposed Dual Range Air‐to‐Air Missile (DRAAM) study intended to investigate the feasibility of
combining the performance of the AIM‐120 and the short range AIM‐9 Sidewinder into a single
design which could be a follow‐on the current pre‐planned performance improved (P3I) version of
AMRAAM. A weapon of this type would have increased minimum and maximum kinematic ranges
at all aspects of the launch platform, the ability to detect, track, and guide to future threats, and a

© Copyright IHS and its affiliated and subsidiary companies, all rights reserved. All
trademarks belong to IHS and its affiliated and subsidiary companies, all rights reserved.
Article 1 Page 3 of 4
 ihs.com

'first shot' opportunity over threat aircraft which would increasing survivability and exchange
ratios.

This 1997 photograph shows a mockup of an AIM‐120 airframe fitted with an Atlantic Research
variable flow ducted rocket motor. Interest in weapons of this type may have been boosted by the
secret use of a ramjet‐powered BVRAAM during the Gulf War. (USAF)

This 1997 photograph shows...

0016741

Copyright © IHS Global Limited, 2015

© Copyright IHS and its affiliated and subsidiary companies, all rights reserved. All
trademarks belong to IHS and its affiliated and subsidiary companies, all rights reserved.
Article 1 Page 4 of 4