Equipment for Engineering Education

Instruction Manual
HM150.20 Demonstration
Francis Turbine

G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH

P.O. Box 1125
D-22881 Barsbüttel • Germany
Phone (040) 670854-0
Fax (040) 670854-42
 HM150.20 Demonstration
Francis Turbine
All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel

0,4 0,6

0,2 0,8

0 1
bar
Kl.1,6

Instruction Manual

Druckschrift Nr.: 917.000 20 A150 12 05/96

 HM150.20 Demonstration
Francis Turbine

Table of Contents
1 Unit description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Preparation and performance of experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.1 Preparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Settings and measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3 Experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.1 Turbine characteristic curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

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3.2 Power curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4 Technical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1
 HM150.20 Demonstration
Francis Turbine

1 Unit description

The unit is intended for instruction and experimen-

tation and serves to demonstrate the operating
principle of a Francis turbine.
The vanes in the scroll casing can be adjusted.
The turbine can be loaded with an adjustable
mechanical brake unit.
Typical turbine characteristic curves and power
curves for various speeds can thus be recorded by
way of the vane adjustment and brake unit.

The water supply should be provided using the

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HM 150 Basic Fluid Mechanics Module, as the

Francis turbine is designed for these pump
data.
The HM 150 enables a closed water circuit to be
constructed.

In the event of connection to a laboratory water

supply, it is to be ensured that a volumetric flow
rate of approx. 40 l/h and a water pressure of 0.1
bar are attained with the turbine connected to
enable the demonstration experiments described
below to be performed.

A hand-held tachometer is additionally required for

the experiments. This is not part of the scope of
delivery.

1 Unit description 1
 HM150.20 Demonstration
Francis Turbine

The unit essentially consists of the following:

3
6
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4
9
5
0,4 0,6

0,2 0,8

0 1
bar
2
Kl.1,6

10

1 Base plate 6 Vane adjustment

2 Pressure tube inlet 7 Adjustable brake unit
3 Scroll casing 8 Spring balance
4 Vanes 9 Pressure gauge
5 Runner 10 Draft tube outlet

1 Unit description 2
 HM150.20 Demonstration
Francis Turbine

A sectional view through the scroll casing illustra-

tes the power transmission from runner to pulley.

2 5

12

11
6
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10

1 Pressure tube inlet 7 Shaft seal

into scroll casing 8 Turbine shaft
2 Scroll casing 9 Axial adjuster for runner
3 Vanes 10 Pulley
4 Runner 11 Belt
5 Vane adjustment 12 Spring balance
6 Draft tube

1 Unit description 3
 HM150.20 Demonstration
Francis Turbine

2 Preparation and performance of experiment

2.1 Preparation

2
- Position experimentation set-up on HM 150
such that the outlet from the draft tube (1) can
guide the water into the duct of the HM 150.

- Make hose connection between HM 150 and

connection (2) of Francis turbine and open
drain of volumetric tank of HM 150.

1
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- Use handwheel (3) to fully release brake unit

of turbine. This relieves the load on the spring
balances (4) and the belt (5) is no longer pulled
against the pulley.
4

- Close HM 150 main cock and switch on HM 150

pump; slowly open main cock as far as it will
go.

6
- Release lever (6) for vane adjustment by tur-
7 ning it and expel air from draft tube (1) by slowly
opening and closing (7) the vanes.

2 Preparation and performance of experiment 4

 HM150.20 Demonstration
Francis Turbine

2.2 Settings and measurements

Vane adjustment
1 2

The angle of impact of the water on the runner

vanes (1) is stipulated by the position of the vanes
(2). The above angle determines the speed and
thus also the power of the turbine.
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Vane adjustment is released by turning the lever

(3).

The position of the vanes is shown on the scale on

the adjuster (4).

2 Preparation and performance of experiment 5

 HM150.20 Demonstration
Francis Turbine

8
7
8 4 2 5,7 6
3

1
9

2
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The shafts (1) of the vanes (2) are routed out of the
casing (3) such that they can rotate and are tightly
sealed. External hinged levers (4) are fitted to the
shafts. Pins (5) in the adjuster (6) guide the hinged
levers in a slot (7), thus enabling the vanes to be
externally adjusted with the lever (8) during opera-
tion. The locking lever clamps the adjuster in posi-
tion on the shaft bearing (9).

2 Preparation and performance of experiment 6

 HM150.20 Demonstration
Francis Turbine

Adjustment of gap between cover plate and

runner
2 3

The cover-plate gap (1) can be adjusted with the

setting sleeve (2). This involves loosening the
pulley (3), which locks the setting sleeve. The
sleeve can be turned using a 10 mm open-ended
wrench.

To minimise gap losses, the gap between cover

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plate and runner should likewise be as small as

possible. When performing adjustment it is how-
ever to be ensured that the runner does not catch
on the cover plate.

Pulley, setting sleeve and turbine shaft have left-

hand threads.

2 Preparation and performance of experiment 7

 HM150.20 Demonstration
Francis Turbine

Determination of volumetric flow rate

.
- To determine the volumetric flow rate V
establish the time t required to fill the volu-
metric tank of the HM 150 from, for exam-
ple, 20 to 30 litres.

Determination of speed

- Determination of the speed n requires the

use of a hand-held tachometer which indica-
tes the speed with the aid of a reflection mark
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(1).
The reflection mark is bonded to the pulley
(2). The reflection light barrier of the tacho-
meter then has to be perpendicularly aligned
with the mark.

1 2

Determination of head
1

- The head H of the water gauge corresponds to

the pump pressure applied upstream of the
0,2
0,4 0,6

0,8
turbine. The head is indicated in bar on the
0
bar
Kl.1,6
1
pressure gauge (1).
p kg
H=ρ⋅g where ρ = 1000
m3

m
and g = 9.81
s2

2 Preparation and performance of experiment 8

 HM150.20 Demonstration
Francis Turbine

Determination of torque
3
Torque determination involves applying a load with
4 the brake unit.
A moment can thus be determined with the aid of
the spring balances (1) and the diameter of the
1 pulley (2).
D
M=F⋅ where D = 50 mm
2

2 The difference between the two readings for the

forces F1 and F2 must be substituted for the force
F.
F = F1 − F2
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- Use handwheel (3) to move cross piece (4)

F2 F1
upwards until both spring balances give a rea-
ding. Read off forces F1 and F2 and form the
difference. Note down value F in N.

Attention:
Always keep belt and pulley dry and free from
grease.

2 Preparation and performance of experiment 9

 HM150.20 Demonstration
Francis Turbine

3 Experiments

In order to permit determination of the power and

efficiency of the Francis turbine, certain basic for-
mulae are given below for calculation of the char-
acteristic curves.

Torque M at the shaft:

Torque = Force x Lever arm
D
M = F ⋅ 2 [Nm] where D = 0.05m

Power Pab at the turbine shaft:

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Power = Torque x Angular velocity

n
Pab = M ⋅ 2 ⋅ π ⋅ 60 [W ] with n in min−1

Hydraulic power Phyd :

The hydraulic power is a function of volumetric flow
rate and head
.
Phyd = f (V, H ).

Hence the following applies to hydraulic power:

.
Phyd = V ⋅ H ⋅ ρ ⋅ g.

The head reading can be directly substituted into

the formula below in bar:
.
V ⋅ p ⋅ 105 .
Phyd = 1000 ⋅ 60 [W ] with V in l/min

Efficiency η :

3 Experiments 10
 HM150.20 Demonstration
Francis Turbine

Efficiency = Shaft power / Hydraulic power

P
η = P ab
hyd

Efficiency can be enhanced still further if allowance

is made from the outset for the internal friction
torque of approx. 0.0125 Nm, which is caused
primarily by the shaft seal.
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3 Experiments 11
 HM150.20 Demonstration
Francis Turbine

3.1 Turbine characteristic curves

To record turbine characteristic curves, set the

vanes to the maximum speed position. Measure
speed with hand-held tachometer and then set the
adjustment by tightening the lever.
Increase load at brake unit in stages with approx.
15 - 20 measurement points until turbine shaft has
been braked to approx. 100 min−1.

.
The volumetric flow rate V is virtually constant over
the entire series of measurements. It is substituted
. l
into the calculations with V = 38
min .
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Specimen result:
Torque at Power at Hyd. power Efficiency Efficiency
Speed Braking Head shaft shaft Phyd η without
n force H M Pab in shaft seal
in F in in in W η’
min−1 in bar Nm W
N
1700 0 0.13 0.000 0.00 8.23 0,00 0.00
1600 0.1 0.12 0.003 0.42 7.60 0.05 0.33
1500 0.25 0.11 0.006 0.98 6.97 0.14 0.42
1400 0.3 0.1 0.008 1.10 6.33 0.17 0.46
1300 0.55 0.09 0.014 1.87 5.70 0.33 0.63
1200 0.8 0.09 0.02 2.51 5.70 0.44 0.72
1100 0.9 0.08 0.023 2.59 5.07 0.51 0.80
1000 1 0.08 0.025 2.62 5.07 0.52 0.79
900 1.15 0.08 0.029 2.71 5.07 0.54 0.77
800 1.3 0.08 0.033 2.72 5.07 0.54 0.74
700 1.4 0.09 0.035 2.57 5.70 0.45 0.61
600 1.45 0.1 0.036 2.28 6.33 0.36 0.48
500 1.55 0.1 0.039 2.03 6.33 0.32 0.42
400 1.65 0.11 0.041 1.73 6.97 0.25 0.32
300 1.7 0.11 0.043 1.34 6.97 0.19 0.25
200 1.75 0.12 0.044 0.92 7.60 0.12 0.16
100 1.75 0.13 0.044 0.46 8.23 0.06 0.07

3 Experiments 12
 HM150.20 Demonstration
Francis Turbine

0.05

0.04

0.03
M
in
Nm
0.02

0.01
Torque at turbi-
ne shaft
0
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2.5

Pab 2
in
watts 1.5

1
Power at turbi-
0.5 ne shaft

75 η’
without shaft
seal

50

η, η’

25

Efficiency

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
-1
Speed n in min

3 Experiments 13
 HM150.20 Demonstration
Francis Turbine

3.2 Power curves

To record power curves, the brake unit is always

set such that the same speed n is measured with
various vane positions. Read off and note down
the corresponding braking force.

.
The volumetric flow rate V is virtually constant over
the entire series of measurements. It is substituted
. l
into the calculations with V = 38 min .

Specimen result:
-1
n = 750 min n = 850 min-1 n = 1000 min-1
Vane Braking Torque Power at Braking Torque Power Braking Torque Power at
position force at shaft shaft force at shaft at shaft force at shaft shaft
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F M Pab F M Pab F M Pab

in in in in in in in in in
N Nm W N Nm W N Nm W
1 0.40 0.010 0.79 0.22 0.0055 0.49 0.10 0.003 0.20
2 0.65 0.016 1.28 0.44 0.011 0.98 0.35 0.009 0.69
3 0.85 0.021 1.67 0.56 0.014 1.28 0.50 0.013 0.98
4 0.90 0.023 1.77 0.76 0.019 1.67 0.65 0.016 1.28
5 1.05 0.026 2.06 0.80 0.020 1.77 0.75 0.019 1.47
6 1.10 0.028 2.16 0.88 0.022 1.96 0.85 0.021 1.67
7 1.20 0.030 2.36 0.92 0.023 2.06 0.90 0.023 1.77
8 1.25 0.031 2.45 0.96 0.024 2.16 0.95 0.024 1.87
9 1.30 0.033 2.55 1.00 0.025 2.26 1.00 0.025 1.96
10 1.30 0.033 2.55 1.00 0.025 2.26 1.00 0.025 1.96
11 1.35 0.034 2.65 1.08 0.027 2.36 1.00 0.025 1.96
12 1.40 0.035 2.75 1.12 0.028 2.45 1.00 0.025 1.96
13 1.35 0.034 2.65 1.08 0.027 2.36 0.95 0.024 1.87
14 1.30 0.033 2.55 1.00 0.025 2.26 0.95 0.024 1.87
15 1.25 0.031 2.45 0.96 0.024 2.16 0.90 0.023 1.77
16 1.20 0.030 2.36 0.92 0.023 2.06 0.90 0.023 1.77
17 1.15 0.029 2.26 0.92 0.023 2.06 0.90 0.023 1.77
18 1.10 0.028 2.16 0.88 0.022 1.96 0.85 0.021 1.67

3 Experiments 14
 HM150.20 Demonstration
Francis Turbine

2.5
750 min-1

2
850 min-1

1.5 1000 min-1

Power at turbine shaft Pab in watts
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0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20
Vane position

3 Experiments 15
 HM150.20 Demonstration
Francis Turbine

4 Technical data

.
Design data: Flow rate V = 50l/h
Head H=2m
Speed n = 2000 min-1

.
Power at V ≈ 40 l/min
H ≈ 0.8 m = 0.08 bar ≈ 2.8 W / 1000 min-1

Vanes: 6x

Runner: OD: 50 mm
ID: 30 mm
Vane width: 5 mm
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Vanes: 7x
Inlet angle: α1 = 58.1°
Emergence angle: β2 = 90°

Braking force: max. 10 N

Pulley: Diameter: 50 mm

Hose connection: Pressure hose socket D = 20 mm

Dimensions:
Length: 400 mm
Width: 400 mm
Height: 650 mm
Weight: 12 kg

4 Technical data 16