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Materials Today: Proceedings: Amit Kumar Rai, Gaurav Singh, Atul Kumar Tiwari
Materials Today: Proceedings: Amit Kumar Rai, Gaurav Singh, Atul Kumar Tiwari
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: In the Indian subcontinent, some soils possess significantly low California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and shear
Received 22 December 2019 strength. Such soils cannot withstand heavy loads. So, to overcome such problems treatment of soil is
Received in revised form 15 March 2020 needed to be done using different stabilizers like furnace slag, limestone fines, bitumen, etc. However,
Accepted 22 March 2020
some of these materials have problems with seasonal variations and flakiness behavior. Hence, instability
Available online xxxx
of the foundation of buildings and subgrade of roads may occur. So, we need to look up for new additive
materials including modern wastes. This review paper is aimed at providing two solutions, the first one is
Keywords:
towards a comparative study of modern wastes like glass powder, plastic, and e-waste in soil stabilization
Wastes
Soil stabilization
and the other one is with the disposal problem of these wastes. For this various laboratory test results on
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) soil like Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), CBR, Proctor Test (PT), etc. were studied and compared
Disposal Problems by analyzing the known test results of the previous research studies.
Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Con-
ference on Innovative Technologies for Clean and Sustainable Development.
1. Introduction According to the recent research studies it has been found that
these materials can be used as a stabilizing agent in the weaker
In this contemporary world, due to the accretion in the quality soil. The previous studies showed that the weaker soil is not able
of living and industrial developments, hundreds of tonnes of differ- to withstand heavy loads during and after constructional works
ent wastes are generated every year globally [1]. The majority of which cause instability of the heavily loaded structures [3]. So,
the wastes produced globally in a year are due to glass powder, for the durable and safe designing of massive structures on such
plastic, and e-waste, of which India contributes 2.48, 5.6, and 1.5 weaker soils, we need to study and analyze the engineering prop-
million tonnes respectively [2]. Recent survey reports of the envi- erties of such soil thoroughly. The previous researches also con-
ronmental committee of the government of India states that the cluded that variations in the climatic conditions of the
continuous unabated production of these wastes is causing the for- environment results in the significant changes in the properties
mation of giant garbage dumps. This plague of discarded wastes on of these soils causing the development of cracks, damage in the
rivers, roads, and on the open land areas are causing several ill foundation of the structures and subgrade of the pavements. To
impacts on the health of the living beings as well as on the nature. enhance the bearing capacity and reduction of the settlement of
It is expected that soon the dumps of such wastes may over cross these weak soils, numerous methods are available. Among them,
high buildings like the dumps in the Ghazipur areas whose height Soil stabilization using e-wastes, glass powder, and plastic waste
approximately leveled up the height of Qutub Minar in Delhi. If are some of the effective methods in which there will be a healthy
these wastes are not recycled immediately then their disposal will increase in many engineering and index properties [25]. These
become a hugely challenging assignment due to constraint in the methods eventually proved to be an effective alternative solution
availability of the land areas. To combat such problems these waste for the disposal of wastes and soil stabilization at a lesser cost
materials should be utilized in the best possible way. [4–6]. The present investigation provides a comparative approach
including all the aspects of the change in the properties of the soil
by using such wastes, their use areas, and case studies related to
the application of these waste materials in soil stabilization in
⇑ Corresponding author. the field of Civil Engineering.
E-mail address: gauravsinghmpi@gmail.com (G. Singh).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.570
2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Conference on Innovative Technologies for Clean and Sustainable
Development.
Please cite this article as: A. Kumar Rai, G. Singh and A. Kumar Tiwari, Comparative study of soil stabilization with glass powder, plastic and e-waste: A
review, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.570
2 A. Kumar Rai et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Table 1
Properties of soil.
Please cite this article as: A. Kumar Rai, G. Singh and A. Kumar Tiwari, Comparative study of soil stabilization with glass powder, plastic and e-waste: A
review, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.570
A. Kumar Rai et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx 3
Table 3
Various Properties of glass powder, plastic and e-waste.
chemical compounds they can withstand climatic changes and 2.4. Experimental findings by different researchers on the glass
remain unaffected i.e. makes the soil durable when mixed. How- powder, plastic, and e-waste
ever, these materials have good mechanical and thermal properties
which makes them feasible in the process of soil stabilization In the Table 4 variation in the results of the MDD, UCS, and CBR
[4–6]. values was compared when the different proportion of wastes was
used by different researchers.
Please cite this article as: A. Kumar Rai, G. Singh and A. Kumar Tiwari, Comparative study of soil stabilization with glass powder, plastic and e-waste: A
review, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.570
4 A. Kumar Rai et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Table 4
Various Properties of glass powder, plastic and e-waste.
Classification System (USCS). In this study, the researchers mixed and CBR values of the reinforced soil were found at 6% scrap rein-
the very finely grinned glass powder with the soil. The healthy forcement, having a size of 25 mm 5 mm PET scrap strip. The
increment of CBR, direct shear test, modified proctor values were study also reveals that the optimum dosage of scrap causes a sub-
found at an 8% mix of the glass powder. Moreover, it was also con- stantial reduction in the thickness of pavement and hence reduces
cluded that the powdered glass can be successfully utilized as a soil the total cost of the project. Hence, it was concluded that the
stabilizer since it could create impressive changes in the geotech- method is an economical and eco-friendly method to dispose of
nical properties of the expansive soil and the use of this method the waste plastic because good quality soil is scarce for embank-
also have technical, economic and environmental advantages. ments and fills.
Babatunde et al. [6] analyzed the effect of using waste glass Mallikarjuna and Mani [15] examined the effect of using the
powder (i.e. 2%, 4%, 6% & 8% by dry weight of soil) on the engineer- plastic bottle strips (i.e. 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% & 2.5% by dry weight
ing properties of black cotton soil. The soil sample was collected of soil) with the expansive soils for providing the solution to the
from the Yamaltu Deba district of the Gombe state using the dis- stability problems of the weak soils. The soil sample was collected
turbed sampling method. The soil was classified as loose expansive from the Bidadi city in the Banglore district of the Karnataka state
soil as per Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). In their paper, (India) and was classified as clay of intermediate compressibility
the researchers performed several tests like CBR and UCS for (CI) as per Indian Standard Soil Classification System (ISSCS). In this
obtaining the efficient percentages of waste glass powder at which study, the researchers carried out different tests like UCS and CBR
maximum positive results were obtained. In this study, the opti- for finding out the optimum doses of the waste for blending with
mum values of UCS and CBR tests were obtained at the addition the soil. They found that 2% of waste gives a healthy increment
of 4% waste glass powder. It was concluded from the study that in UCS and CBR values. It can be concluded from the study that
the soil which was stabilized by this method has a good bearing the strength of subgrades of the pavements can be enhanced by
capacity. using the optimum doses of plastic bottle strips.
Poweth et al. [13] examined the effect of plastic granules on the Tarun et al. [16] examined the effect of using plastic waste in
geotechnical properties of the weak soils. In a proportion of 0.25%, various percentages 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% by the dry weight of the soil,
0.5% & 0.75% by the weight of dry soil, plastic granules were added for productive and safe disposal of this waste plastic by using it for
in the soil sample which was collected from the Kothamangalam stabilization of soil. The soil sample was collected from the Nazir-
city of Ernakulam district in Kerala (India) and was classified as abad city in the Kolkata district of West Bengal state (India) and
clay of intermediate compressibility (CI) as per Indian Standard was classified as a silt of Low Compressibility (ML) as per Indian
Soil Classification System (ISSCS). The study concluded that the Standard Soil Classification System (ISSCS). In their paper, the
proposed method was an effective method to improve the engi- researcher obtained the peak values of CBR and UCS test results
neering properties of the clayey soil in terms of compressive, ten- with the 6% blend of plastic waste. The outcomes of this study con-
sile, and shear strength, which further enhanced the stability and cluded that the soil that was blended with 6% plastic waste could
durability of the soil. Based on the compressive strength, California be effectively used for soil stabilization in an environmentally
Bearing Ratio (CBR), shear strength, and failure characteristics of friendly and economic manner.
the reinforced soils, the optimum amount of plastic granule mix Rahul and Anand [17] utilized the E-waste of fineness modulus
was obtained at 0.25% addition by the weight of dry soil. 1.48 by blending it with the Black Cotton Soil (BCS) in different
Jaswinder and Vinod [14] studied the effect of using the waste proportions (i.e. 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% by dry weight of the soil) for
plastic PET bottle scrap in various percentages (i.e. 2%, 4% & 6%) enhancing the various properties of the soil. The soil sample was
by the dry weight of the soil, for productive and safe disposal of collected from the Badanavalu city of Chamarajanagar district in
this waste plastic PET bottle scrap by using them in the subgrade Karnataka state (India) and was categorized as high compressible
of the pavement. The soil sample was collected from the Banur city clay (CH) as per Indian Standard Soil Classification System (ISSCS).
of Mohali in Punjab and was classified as clay of low compressibil- In their research paper, the researchers were desired to determine
ity (CL) as per Indian Standard Soil Classification System (ISSCS). In the optimum doses of the E-waste which could be blended with
their paper, a series of compaction and CBR tests were carried out the expansive soils to give the test results with improved values.
with three different sizes of PET strips (i.e. 25 mm 5 mm, In their paper, the changes in the engineering properties (like
35 mm 10 mm & 50 mm 15 mm) to determine the optimum UCS, CBR and shear strength) of the Black cotton soil were
percentages of waste plastic PET bottle scrap in soil reinforcement. increased sharply up to the addition of 6% of e-waste and after that,
The study reveals that appreciable increments in the dry density the increasing rate becomes less. So, the researchers concluded
Please cite this article as: A. Kumar Rai, G. Singh and A. Kumar Tiwari, Comparative study of soil stabilization with glass powder, plastic and e-waste: A
review, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.570
A. Kumar Rai et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx 5
that the 6% blend of e-waste, gives the optimum percentage of 3.3. E-waste
blending it with the black cotton soil. It was also concluded by
the study that, only the constrained percentages of e-waste could With the advancement of technology, various electronic devices
give the solution of effective disposal of it. like DVD players, cell phones, computers, and other electronic gad-
Mangesh et al. [18] observed the use of e-waste in different pro- gets came into existence which makes our life more comfortable.
portions (i.e. 2%, 5% & 8%) in the stabilization of black cotton soil as Due to the excessive use and cheap availability, many such appli-
an effective solution for the disposal problem of this waste. In their ances which are no more fitting in daily life, are leading to giant
study, the soil sample was collected from the Ravet city of Pune garbage dumps of e-waste. So, there comes a problem related to
District in Maharashtra state (India). The sample was classified as their disposal after use because they are non-biodegradable and
clay of low compressibility (CL) as per Indian Standard Soil Classi- thus causing severe problems in the environment [22]. Since we
fication System (ISSCS). In their study, the peak values of UCS and cannot prevent the production of e-waste because our technology
CBR tests were found on the addition of 5% e-waste with the soil. is dependent on electronic devices and with time the problem of e-
Hence, it was concluded from their study, that the 5% doses of e- waste management will become only worse. Globally the Rise in
waste with soil could be an economical and productive method the production of e wastes is 33% in 2017 as compared to 2012
for soil stabilization. and it is also expected that the weight of this increased waste is
Kiran and Praveen [19] examined the consequences of using E- equal to the weight of 8 of the pyramids of Egypt [23]. These
waste in different percentages (i.e. 6%, 8%, 12% and 15%) by the dry wastes also have a very bad impact on the health of human beings
weight of the sensitive loose clayey soil for improving the geotech- as they contain harmful chemical compounds including lead, mer-
nical properties of the soil. The soil sample was obtained from cury, etc. which are eventually absorbed by human beings in the
Chembarambakkam city of Tamil Nadu state (India) at a depth of form of drinking the contaminated water [28].
1 m and the soil was classified as loose clayey (CL) soil as per
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offi-
cials (AASHTO). This paper gives the idea of using E-waste as a soil 4. Conclusions
stabilizer and as an alternative solution for the disposal problem of
E-waste into the environment. The researchers performed the dif- In this paper, we reviewed the use of modern non-
ferent tests (i.e. UCS, CBR, Direct Shear test) on the blended soil for biodegradable wastes like glass powder, plastic, and e-waste in soil
determining the optimum percentage of doses of E-waste in the stabilization by performing a comparative study on the various
soil. The results of these tests showed some positive improvements index and engineering properties of soil with the addition of differ-
in the UCS, CBR values but at the 6% blend of e-waste, the maxi- ent percentages of these wastes. The following observations were
mum improvement was determined and hence 6% blend was obtained after studying different research works:
regarded as the optimum dose of the E-waste for soil stabilization.
Over all it can be concluded that the e-waste reinforced soil can be The different types of used waste materials were blended at dif-
considered to be a good ground improvement technique especially ferent proportions with the soil and it was found that various
in engineering projects on weak soils where it can act as a substi- engineering properties of cohesive loose soils are enhanced up
tute to deep/raft foundations, reducing the cost as well as energy. to a certain extent and hence providing adequate constructional
strength to the soil.
3. Environmental aspects In this study, the maximum healthy increment in the various
engineering properties was obtained at the intermediate mixing
3.1. Glass powder proportion of the wastes as shown in Table 4.
It was found that the proper and effective use of modern wastes
Glass is mainly used in the packing of substances (food, juices, since improper handling and disposal of these wastes creates
drinks, etc.), building works and household works. When this huge problems towards the environment as well as human
waste material is grounded or crushed, then it gets converted into and animal life.
a very fine powder, breathing of which causes Silicosis and various Since these wastes are very easily available and also cost-
other respiratory problems. Recycling of this waste glass powder effective so it is a good alternative to use as a soil stabilizer.
isn’t possible and therefore an only possible alternative for the This study also concluded that the waste glass powder, plastic,
management of this waste is disposing of it into land areas [26]. and e-waste can be used in the different suited weather condi-
Since, due to constraints in landfill areas, its disposal is still a huge tions due to their inertness towards the many chemical and
issue. Long term ill effects of waste glass powder are still unknown physical actions.
and are under the study of researchers [27].
CRediT authorship contribution statement
3.2. Plastic waste
Amit Kumar Rai: Visualization, Investigation. Gaurav Singh:
Plastic materials are commonly used in our day to day life. They Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Data curation, Writing
are used in various forms i.e. as packing material, plastics bottles, - original draft. Atul Kumar Tiwari: Supervision, Software, Valida-
etc. they consist of resins which are almost non-biodegradable tion, Writing - review & editing.
[20]. In India, about 5.6 million tonnes of plastic waste is generated
yearly and their rate of production is still increasing, causing ill
effects on the environment as well as living beings [24]. Along with Declaration of Competing Interest
this, it is estimated that about 270,000 tons of plastic wastes are
floating in the oceans which are causing adverse impacts on aque- The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
ous species and if this continues then our oceans will contain more cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
plastic waste than fishes by the year 2050 [21]. to influence the work reported in this paper.
Please cite this article as: A. Kumar Rai, G. Singh and A. Kumar Tiwari, Comparative study of soil stabilization with glass powder, plastic and e-waste: A
review, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.570
6 A. Kumar Rai et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Please cite this article as: A. Kumar Rai, G. Singh and A. Kumar Tiwari, Comparative study of soil stabilization with glass powder, plastic and e-waste: A
review, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.570