The

Global Divides: The North andContemporary

the South
Global North Global North
Home to all members of G8 and Largely corresponds with the
to four of the five permanent Third World.
members of UN Security
Council
United States, Canada, Western Africa Latin America
Europe
Developed parts of Asia, Developing Asia, including
Australia and New Zealand Middle East
The Group of Eight or G8
was the name of a political forum that ran from 1997 until 2014.
Devoted to addressing global issues such as world hunger, security,
medicine, and poverty, its membership included the following
nations:
France
Germany
Italy
Japan
United Kingdom
United States
Canada
Russia
The European Union ("non-enumerated" member)
The forum that grew into the G8 was founded in the early 1970s.
Though it inititally included only four member countries (the US,
UK, West Germany, and France), it quickly added Japan, Italy, and
Canada and became the Group of Seven (G7) in 1976. Russia
accepted an invitation to join in 1997, forming the G8.
However, when Russia annexed the Ukranian region of Crimea in
2014, its membership in the G8 was suspended. The remaining
members reverted back to the G7 name, and Russia officially
withdrew from the group in 2017.
These seven nations have about 58% of the world’s total wealth at
about $317 trillion. Over 46% of the world’s nominal GDP is
represented in these nations.
The forum was founded in order to facilitate macroeconomic
initiatives following the collapse of the exchange rate in 1971. The
group meets every year to talk about economic policies and has taken
on many initiatives throughout the years, including an initiative for
the world’s heavily indebted poor countries in 1996 and a meeting to
discuss the global financial crisis of the 2000s.
The Brandt line
World: MIDTERMS
Prevalent 2021
Lacks of appropriate technology, no political stability, the
economies are disarticulated, and the foreign exchange earnings
depend on primary product exports.
Concepts of Economic Relations
 Major Premise
The North—with one quarter of the world population—controls
four-fifths of the income earned anywhere in the world. 90% of
the manufacturing industries are owned by and located in the
North. Inversely, the South—with three quarters of the world
populations—has access to one-fifth of the world income.
 Prevalent
The countries with capital will unfortunately become investors
of countries incapable of developing industry. the regulation of
policies and laws is the way to attract investors.
Concepts of Natural Resources Relations
 Major Premise
The South's lack of development and the high level of
development of the North deepen the inequality between them
and leave the South a source of raw material for the developed
countries. The north becomes synonymous with economic
development and industrialization while the South represents the
previously colonized countries which are in need of help in the
form of international aid agendas.
 Prevalent
An aftermath effects of Age of Imperialism of the western
world.
Concepts of Global Relations
 Major Premise
The underdevelopment of certain states/peoples and their lack of
representations in global political process is a reality
 Prevalent
Imbalances of Aggregate economics and political power
between states Interstate dimensions

The Brandt line- a definition from the 1980s dividing the world into
the wealthy north and the poor south.
 Northern Hemisphere
Rich, Industrialized Wealthy Nations
Democratic Capitalist Countries
Implications
 Southern Hemisphere
 The sameness represents the cultural homogenization that
Poor, Agricultural Developing Nations
many critics have associated with globalization. (Same as the
Non-Democratic Countries
rich influenced the poor).
Concepts of Sociological Relation
 The spaces of affluence in the developing world may mirror the
 Major Premise
Global North
95% of the North has enough food and shelter. Similarly, 95%
of the North has a functioning educational system. In the South,  The spaces of underdevelopment in developed countries may
on the other hand, only 5% of the population has enough food mirror the poverty of the Global South.
and shelter.

1
  The global economic integration is not The Contemporary
inevitable given the rise World: MIDTERMS
of new technologies; it is, more importantly, a normative
international goal. (Globalism: Steger)
 The Dominant ideology of colonialism and the topic that
shaped the birth of international order.
 Outlined the historical progression terms of a society’s capacity
to produce and consume material goods. (Modernization
Theory, Rostow).
Asian Regionalism
Towards Asian Regionalism
The center of gravity of the global economy is shifting to Asia. The
region’s economy is already similar in size to those of Europe and
North America, and its influence in the world continues to increase.
Asia’s economic rise is unprecedented. The region is home to over
half the world’s population, produces three tenths of global output (in
terms of purchasing power), and consistently records the world’s
highest economic growth rates. Regionalism is a relatively new
aspect of Asia’s rise. Asia’s economies are increasingly connected
through trade, financial transactions, direct investment, technology,
labor and tourist flows, and other economic relationships. Asian
economies are principally connected through markets— but where
markets lead, governments are following. Asian leaders have
committed to work together more closely and have already taken
concrete steps in some areas.
How can Regionalism benefit Asia?
 link the competitive strengths of its diverse economies in order
to boost their productivity and sustain the region’s exceptional
growth;  Types of media:
 connect the region’s capital markets to enhance financial
stability, reduce the cost of capital, and improve opportunities
for sharing risks;
 cooperate in setting exchange rate and macroeconomic policies
in order to minimize the effects of global and regional shocks
and to facilitate the resolution of global imbalances;  systems.
 pool the region’s foreign exchange reserves to make more
resources available for investment and development;
 exercise leadership in global decision making to sustain the open
global trade and financial systems that have supported a half
century of unparalleled economic development;
 build connected infrastructure and collaborate on inclusive
development to reduce inequalities within and across economies
and thus to strengthen support for pro-growth policies;
and create regional mechanisms to manage cross-border health,
safety, and environmental issues better.
How can Asian Regionalism benefit World?
 generate productivity gains, new ideas, and competition that
boost economic growth and raise incomes across the world;
 contribute to the efficiency and stability of global financial
markets by making Asian capital markets strong
 diversify sources of global demand, helping to stabilize the
world economy and diminish the risks posed by global
imbalances and downturns in other major economies;  other forms of writing tools led to advent of paper
 provide leadership to help sustain open global trade and
financial systems; and
 create regional mechanisms to manage health, safety, and
environmental issues better, and thus contribute to more
effective global solutions of these problems.
The Economics of Asian Regionalism
 The economics of regionalism have a complex and troubled
history.
In the 1930s, countries created preferential trade blocs in an
attempt to shelter their economies from the Great Depression.
Several countries established discriminatory currency blocs with
strict exchange controls against outsiders.
 Far from helping, these arrangements led to the collapse of
international trade and financial flows, accelerating the
downward spiral of economic activity. This experience was
foremost in the mind of the architects of the post-war global
economic system as they adopted the principle of
nondiscrimination as a central pillar of the General Agreement
on Tariffs and 2021
Trade (GATT), the forerunner of the World Trade
Organization (WTO). Many economists and policy makers
remain skeptical about regionalism because of its potentially
negative impact on the multilateral trade and financial system.
 The case for regionalism therefore has to be carefully
formulated. Regionalism must not lead to protectionist blocs—a
“fortress Asia” is no more desirable than a “fortress Europe” or
a “fortress North America” would be.
 But the open, outward-oriented regionalism that is emerging in
Asia can avoid posing such a threat. Just as the absence of
barriers to commerce within national economies—that is, among
the states and provinces of countries such as the People’s
Republic of China (PRC), India, Germany,and the United States
(US)—is generally beneficial, so too is the creation of a market
spanning several national economies. Much of the evidence
assembled in this report suggests that Asia has—and will
continue to have—a fundamental stake in both regional and
global integration.
 Asia comprises several powerful countries and centers of
economic activity, with many shared economic priorities, but
also some diverging ones. At times, these differences are
amplified by history and politics. The price of cooperation is the
loss of some national sovereignty and the narrowing of policy
options for pursuing purely national objectives.
Global Media Cultures
Media-Are the communication outlets or tools used to store and
deliver information or data. Various means of communication.
1. Print Media- Newspaper Information, opinion, current
events, and news
2. Broadcast Media- Television, system of transmitting visual
images and sound used for broadcast.
3. Internet- Network system of the interconnected computer
 Traditional/Old Media- Print media such as books,
newspapers, magazines, newsletters, journals, pamphlets, fliers,
broadsides, billboards
 New media- means of communication using digital technologies
such as : Telephone, computers, social media, mobile phones
Stages of Evolution
1. Pre-industrial age
 Time before there were machines and tools to help
perform tasks on mass.
 Enhanced processing of language:
Oral tradition as the basic ancestor of information and
communication flow
Communication through writing symbols and drawing
crude pictures
 Symbolic impressions in clay and stone tablets; e.g.
Code of Hamurabi.
 With discovery of papyrus by Ancient Egyptians and
2. Industrial Age
 Defined by mass production, broadcasting the rise of
the nation state, power, modern machine and running
water
 Inventions with electricity related experimentation
 Active role of technology in communication and
dissemination of information
 Existence of printing press
Newspaper- access to news and information
 Image recording and invention of photography
 Other technological advancement that led to our
modern-day media such as telegraph, wires and cables
3. Electronic Age
 Began when electronic equipment, including computers
came into use
 Realization of the importance and relevance of Information
as a commodity
  Development of fax machine and The Contemporary
cellphones- faster way of World: MIDTERMS Language2021 became the most important tool as human being
transmitting messages: Cable and satellite technologies explored the world and experience different cultures.
 Development of broadcast industry; expansion of radio and It helped them move and settle down.
television It led to markets, trade and cross-continental trade.
 Portable gadgets like Walkman and discman revolutionized 2. Script
the access to mass media Language was important but imperfect, distance became a
4. Digital Age strain for oral communication.
 Starting 1970’s with introduction of personal computer and Script allowed human to communicate over a larger space
subsequent technology and much longer times.
 Refers to our current age; information is seen as It allowed for the written and permanent codification of
commodity economic, cultural, religious, and political practice.
 Evolution of personal computer- Apple, IBM 3. The Printing Press
Company,Windows It started the “information revolution”.
It transformed social institutions such as schools, churches,
 emergence of digital photography with digital single lens
governments and more.
reflex camera known as DSLR
Elizabeth Eisenstein (1979) surveyed the influences of the
Cultural Imperialism
printing press.
Global Media Debate
1. It changed the nature of knowledge. It preserved
Cultural Imperialism
and standardized knowledge.
 Argues that audiences across the globe are heavily affected by
2. It encouraged the challenge of political and
media messages emanating from the Western industrialized
religious authority because of its ability to
countries.
circulate competing views.
 Nation-states as primary actors in international relations. They 4. Electronic Media
imputed rich, industrialized, and Western nation-states with The vast reach of these media continues to open up new
intentions and actions by which they export their cultural vistas in the economic, political, and cultural processes of
products and impose their sociocultural values on poorer and globalization.
weaker nations in the developing world. Radio- quickly became a global medium, reaching distant
 flow of news and entertainment was biased in favor of regions.
industrialized countries. Television- considered as the most powerful and pervasive
 This bias was clear both in terms of quantity, because most mass medium. It brought together the visual and aural
media flows were exported by Western countries and imported power of the film with the accesibility of radion.
by developing nations, and in terms of quality, because 5. Digital Media
developing nations received scant and prejudicial coverage in Digital Media are often electronic media that rely on digital
Western media. code. Many of our earlier media such as phones and tvs are
 The global media debate was launched during the 1973 General now considered digital media. In the realm of politic
Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and computer allowed citizens to access information from
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in Nairobi, Kenya. around the world.
 As a specialized agency of the United Nations, the mission of Global Imaginary and Global Village
UNESCO includes issues of communication and culture. Media have linked the globe with stories, images, myths and
Cultural Imperialism to Globalization metaphors.
 First, the end of the Cold War as a global framework for - Global Imaginary- the globe itself as imagined community.
ideological, geopolitical, and economic competition calls for a Global Village
rethinking of the analytical categories and paradigms of thought. Marshall McLuhan
 Second, according to John Tomlinson (1991), globalization Media have connected the world in ways that create a global village.
replaced cultural imperialism because it conveys a process with As McLuhan predicted media and globalization have connected the
less coherence and direction, which will weaken the cultural world. However, the “global village have brought no collective
unity of all nation-states, not only those in the developing world. harmony or peace. Why do think so?
 Finally, globalization has emerged as a key perspective across Media and Economic Globalization
the humanities and social sciences, a current undoubtedly Media fosters the conditions for global capitalism.
affecting the discipline of communication. “Economic and cultural globalization arguably would be impossible
A Hybrid or Homogenous Global Culture without a global commercial media system to promote global markets
transnational mass media intensify the hybridity that is already in and to encourage consumer values” – Robert Mc Chesney
existence in cultures across the globe. Consequently, the Media and Political Globalization
globalization of culture through the media is not a process of Though media corporations are themselves powerful political actors,
complete homogenization, but rather one where cohesion and individuals journalists are subject to intimidations as more actors
fragmentation coexist. contend for power.
Global Media Cultures In the age of political globalization: government shape and
Globalization- a set of multiple, uneven and sometimes overlapping manipulate the news. Is this also true for Philippines?
historical processes, including economics, politics, and culture, that Media complicate politics…how?
have combined with the evolution of media technology to create the
conditions under which the globe itself can now be understood as “an
imagined community”. Media and Cultural Globalization
Media on one level are the carriers of culture.
The two concepts have been partners throughout the whole of human It generates numerous and on-going interactions
history. Globalization will bring about and increasing blending or mixture of
“Globalization and media have created the conditions through which cultures. What is the role of media in the blending or mixture of
many people can now imagine themselves as part of one world.” culture?
Evolution of Media and Globalization Popular Music and Globalization
1. Oral Communication Technologies of transport, of information and mediation, including
Language allowed human to cooperate. It allowed sharing social media platforms, have made possible the circulation of cultural
of information.
commodities such Theas Contemporary music. World: MIDTERMS 2021Cosmopolitanism
Circulation of cultural commodities are consumed to gain cultural
capital and social status.
Goods and commodities became a catalyst that set globalization.
Religion and Globalization
Beyond the Secularization Debate
 There is a discontinuity between research agendas that focus on
secularization and globalization.
 Social scientists have debated the scope, nature, extent and
parameters of secularization in an effort to unveil the overall
patterns and/or trajectories of the modern world.
 Initially secularization had a strong following but eventually it
was superseded by re-evaluation.
 Various debated lead to re-appraisal.
 Secularization debate have been reframed.
 Secularization is understood as a shift in the overall frameworks
of human condition; it makes it possible for people to have a
choice between belief and non-belief in a manner hitherto
unknown.
Transnational Religion and Multiple Globalization
 Migration of faiths across the globe has been a major feature of
the worlds throughout the 20th century.
 Transnational religion emerged through the post-World War II.
 Two distinct blends of religious universalism and local
particularism.
It is possible for religious universalism to gain the upper hand,
whereby religion becomes the central reference for immigrants.
 Religion transnationalism= “religion going global”.
 It is possible for local ethnic or national particularism to gain or
maintain the most important place for local immigrant
communities.
Religion in Global Conflict
Religious ideas, values, symbols and rites relate to deep issues of
existence, it should not be surprising when religion enters the picture
in times of crisis.
The ere of globalization brought with it 3 enormous problems,
namely:
1. Identity
2. Accountability
3. Security
Religion provides answer to these problems
1. It provides a sense of identity
2. Traditional religious leadership provides a
sense of accountability.
3. Religion offers a sense of security.
Global City
 The idea emerged in the social science literature in the
1980’s, shortly after the concept of globalization.
 It has a central place in understanding contemporary spatial
patterns of globalization
 It is the main physical and geographic playground of the
globalizing forces
 The global flows of people, capital and ideas are woven
into the daily lived experiences of its residents
 It means power, sophistication, wealth, and influence.
 The ideas and values of the metropolis shape the world.
 Embodies both the good and the bad effects of globalization.
 The global city transcends boundaries of nation-states
 According to Sassen (1991), global cities are characterized
by occupational and income polarization, with the highly
paid professional class on the one end and providers of
low-paid services on the other.
 The lifestyle and needs of the well-off professional classes bring
into the global city an army of low-paid workers who deliver
personal and labor-intensive services like cleaning, child-care,
delivery, restaurants and eateries, catering, maintenance,
transport, hotels, domestic help and retail.
 Sassen (2005) introduces global cities as global command
centers of the world economy.
 It is the phenomenon most readily associated with the global
city.Large, diverse cities attract people, material and cultural
products from all over the world.
 The idea of cosmopolitanism invokes pleasant images of travel,
exploration, and ‘worldly’ pursuits enjoyed by those who have
benefited from globalization
 Everyday life is significantly shaped by commercial culture,
retail and shoppingas well as cross cultural variety of food,
fashion, entertainment and various other consumables and
artifacts.
 Consumption is costly in resources
 Networks and groups rely on geographic proximity
Global Cities are livable cities because:
 They provide jobs that pay an adequate wage
 They provide basic services, including safe water and adequate
sanitation
 They are void of discriminatory practices
 People have access to educational opportunities and health care
 People are not at risk of forced eviction
 People enjoy security of tenure in affordable housing
 People live in communities that are safe and environment that
are clean
 The cities are governed through inclusive local democratic
processes
Japanese Mori Foundation’s Global Power City Index
It measures the global power of cities using the combination of six
(6) criteria:
✓Economy
✓Research and Development
✓Cultural Interaction
✓Livability
✓Environment
✓Accessibility
Downsides of the Global City
✗High costs
✗Alienation
✗Impersonality
✗Social isolation
✗Discrimination against migrants of certain kinds
Features of The Global Power City Index (GPCI)
1. As opposed to limiting the ranking to particular areas of research
such as “Finance” and “Livability,” the GPCI focuses on a
wide variety of functions in order to assess and rank the
global potential and comprehensive power of a city.
2. 44 of the world’s leading cities were selected and their global
comprehensive power evaluated based on the following
viewpoints: six main functions representing city strength
(Economy, Research and Development, Cultural Interaction,
Livability, Environment, and Accessibility), and five global
actors who lead the urban activities in their cities (Manager,
Researcher, Artist, Visitor, and Resident), thus providing an all-
encompassing view of the cities.
3. The GPCI reveals the strengths and weaknesses of each city and
at the same time uncovers problems that need to be overcome.
4. This ranking has been produced with the involvement of the late
Sir Peter Hall, a global authority in urban studies, as well as
other academics in this field. It has been peer reviewed by third
parties, all international experts from both the public and private
sectors.
Key Findings of the GPCI-2017
GPCI-2017 Characteristics
 In the GPCI-2017 comprehensive ranking, the top five cities of
London (No. 1), New York (No. 2), Tokyo (No. 3), Paris (No.
4), and Singapore (No. 5) all maintain their respective positions
from last year. These cities have remained in the top 5 for nine
consecutive years.
 Sydney (No. 10) climbs four spots this year to edge its way into
the top 10for the first time in seven years. Cities such as Los
 Angeles (No. 11), Beijing (No. 13), Theand
Contemporary
San Francisco World: MIDTERMS 2021
(No. 17) also largely improve their rankings from last year.
 By region, the European cities on the whole score highly in
Livability and Environment. The cities of Asia, which rank
highly overall, earn strong scores in Economy.
Trends for the Top 3 Cities
 London, the No. 1 city in the comprehensive ranking for the
sixth year in a row, further extends its lead over the
competition by improving its scores for such indicators as
GDP Growth Rate and Level of Political, Economic and
Business Risk in Economy, and for Attractiveness of Dining
Options and Number of Visitors from Abroad in Cultural
Interaction.
 New York (No. 2) increases its scores for the Economy
indicators of Nominal GDP and GDP Growth Rate, but fails
to make any significant headway in comprehensive score,
having returned weaker scores this year in Cultural
Interactionindicators such as Number of World-Class Cultural
Events Held and Livabilityindicators like Variety of Retail
Shops .
 Tokyo claimed the No. 3 ranking for the first time last year
andcloses the gap on New York (No. 2) this year. This is a result
of the American city’s score stalling while Tokyo continues to
improve every year in the Cultural Interactionindicator of
Number of Visitors from Abroad . However, Japan’s capital
city slips from No. 1 to No. 4 in Economy due to weaker scores
in “Market Size” and “Market Attractiveness.”Results for New
Cities in GPCI-2017
 Dubai and Buenos Aires make their first-ever appearances
in the GPCI in 2017 with respective comprehensive rankings
of No. 23 and No. 40. ✓Dubai boasts strengths in Cultural
Interaction (No. 9) and Economy (No. 11) mainly thanks to
strong evaluations for Corporate Tax Rate in Economy, and
Number of Luxury Hotel Guest Rooms in Cultural
Interaction.